FTTH (Advanced)

Training

Presented By

Usama Bin Azmat

Deputy Manager (TX)

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 Table of Contents

1) Introduction of Optical Fiber

2) Advantages of Optical Fiber
3) Construction Parts of Optical Fiber
4) Types of Optical Fiber
a. Single Mode/ Multimode
b. Step Index / Graded Index
5) Reflection
6) Refraction
7) Total Internal Reflection
8) Critical Angle
9) Refractive Index
10) Snell’s Law
11) Attenuation
a. Micro Bend
b. Macro Bend
12) Dispersion in Optical Fiber
a. Chromatic Dispersion
b. Modal Dispersion
c. Polarization Mode Dispersion
13) Numerical Aperture
14) Acceptance Angle
15) Mode Field Diameter (MFD)

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16) Optical Link Budgeting

 Transmit/Receive Powers

 Losses

 Receive Sensitivity

17) APC & UPC Connectors

18) Types of Network Deployment (DC, DC Less Network etc.)

19) Construction Parts of Fiber Cables

 2f Cable

 8f Cable

 Drop Cable ADSS

 Figure-8 Cable

20) Cable Pulling & Calculation through formula

21) Guidelines for Cable Hanging

22) Network Deployment for High Rise Buildings

23) Creating Activity in CRM and Steps for performing activity

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 1) Introduction of Optical Fiber
Optical fibers are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the diameter of 250 microns.
They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit light signals over
long distances. The bundles are protected by the cable's outer covering, called a jacket.
Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission
over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of
communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them
with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference.

Figure 1: Optical Fiber Cable

2) Advantages of Optical Fiber

Following are the advantages of Optical Fiber due to which they are strongly
recommended for long distance and reliable communication.

1) Less expensive: Several miles of optical cable can be made cheaper than
equivalent lengths of copper wire. This saves your provider (cable TV, Internet)
and your money.

2) Thinner: Optical fibers can be drawn to smaller diameters than copper wire.

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3) Higher Carrying Capacity: Because optical fibers are thinner than copper wires,
more fibers can be bundled into a given-diameter cable than copper wires.

4) Less Signal Degradation: The loss of signal in optical fiber is less than in
copper wire.

5) Optical Signals: Unlike electrical signals in copper wires, optical signals from
one fiber do not interfere with those of other fibers in the same cable. This means
clearer phone conversations or TV reception.

6) Low Power: Because signals in optical fibers degrade less, lower-power

transmitters can be used instead of the high-voltage electrical transmitters needed
for copper wires.

7) Digital Signals: Optical fibers are ideally suited for carrying digital information,
which is especially useful in computer networks.

8) Non-Flammable: Because no electricity is passed through optical fibers, there is

no fire hazard.

9) Lightweight: An optical cable weighs less than a comparable copper wire cable.
Fiber-optic cables take up less space in the ground.

10) Flexible: Because fiber optics are so flexible and can transmit and receive light,
they are used in many flexible digital cameras for the following purposes:
a) Medical imaging
b) Mechanical imaging: inspecting mechanical welds in pipes and engine.

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3) Construction parts of Optical Fiber
Three basic Construction parts of Optical Fiber are:
a) Core
b) Cladding
c) Buffer Coating

Figure 2: Construction Parts of Optical Fiber

a) Core

Core is a thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels. Core is denser than
cladding to allow Total Internal Reflection. Refractive Index of core is greater than
cladding. The diameter of core for Single Mode Fiber is typically 9 microns and the
diameter of core for Multimode Fiber is typically 50 or 62.5 microns.

b) Cladding

Cladding is outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into
the core. It is less dense than core and refractive index of cladding is less than
refractive index of core. The diameter of cladding is 125 microns.

c) Buffer Coating

It is the outer most coating of a single fiber strand that protects the fiber from damage
and moisture. The diameter of buffer coating is 250 microns.

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4) Types of Optical Fiber

Fiber Optic cables are usually classified into two types:

a) Single Mode Fiber
b) Multi Mode Fiber

a) Single Mode Fiber

 Single-Mode Fiber allows only one mode of light to propagate through the fiber-
optic core.
 The core of Single Mode Fiber is smaller than core of Multi Mode Fiber and its
typical value is 9 microns.
 An infrared laser is used as the light source in single-mode fiber.
 It is preferred for Long Distance communication due to less Dispersion in Optical
Signal.
 Single-mode fiber is capable of carrying higher bandwidth Optical Signal and the
speed of data transmitted is also greater than Multi-Mode Fiber.

b) Multi Mode Fiber

 Multi-Mode fiber allows multiple (more than one) modes of light to propagate
through its core.
 The core diameter of Multi-Mode Fiber is greater than core diameter of Single-
Mode Fiber and its typical value is 50 or 62.5 microns.
 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are usually used with multimode fiber as Light
Source.
 Multi-Mode Fiber is preferred for Short Distance Communication due to
significant dispersion in Optical Signals.
 The speed of the data transmitted in Multi-Mode Fiber is less than Single-Mode
Fiber.

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 Figure 3: Single-Mode and Multi-Mode Fiber

There are 2 Types of Multi-Mode Fiber:

1. Step Index Fiber
2. Graded Index Fiber

 Step Index Fiber

In Step Index Fiber the refractive index of core is uniform throughout the core and
optical signal faces change in refractive index only when it reaches core-clad
boundary. This type of fiber is best suited for transmission over short distances due
to higher dispersion.

 Graded Index Fiber

Graded Index Fiber contains a core in which the refractive index decreases gradually
from the center axis out toward the cladding. The higher refractive index at the center
makes the light rays moving down the axis advance more slowly than those near the
cladding. Due to the graded index, light in the core curves helically rather than zigzag
off the cladding, reducing its travel distance. This helps different modes to arrive at a
receiver at about the same time as the slow but straight rays in the core axis. That is
why digital pulse suffers less dispersion.

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 Figure 4: Step Index and Graded Index Fiber

5) Reflection

Reflection is the change in direction of wave at an interface between two

different media so that the wave returns into the medium from which it originated.
Common examples include the reflection of light and sound waves.

Law of Reflection
The law of reflection says that the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface
equals the angle at which it is reflected.

Figure 5: Demonstration of Reflection

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6) Refraction
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its transmission
medium. When light enters from one medium into another medium it changes its
direction depending upon the refractive index of medium.

 When light enters from dense to rare medium it bends away from the normal.

Figure 6: Refraction from Dense to Rare Medium

 When light enters from rare to dense medium it bends towards the normal.

Figure 7: Refraction from Rare to Dense Medium

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7) Total Internal Reflection

When light enters from dense to rare medium with an incident angle greater than critical
angle the light wave is reflected back into the same medium instead of refracting in
another medium. This phenomenon is called as Total Internal Reflection.

Figure 8: Total Internal Reflection

8) Critical Angle

The angle of incidence at which the angle of refraction is 90º is called as Critical Angle.
It is the angle of incidence above which Total Internal Reflection occurs.

Figure 9: Critical Angle

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9) Refractive Index

Refractive Index of a medium is a dimensionless number that describes how light, or any
other radiation, propagates through that medium. It is the ratio of Speed of light in
vacuum and speed of light in material. It is denoted by “n”. Materials having high value
of refractive index are denser as compared to the materials having low value of refractive
index.
n = Speed of Light in Vacuum / Speed of Light in Material

10) Snell’s Law

Snell’s Law is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of
incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a
boundary between two different mediums such as water, glass and air etc.

Snell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is
equivalent to the ratio of velocities in the two media, or equivalent to the reciprocal of
the ratio of the indices of refraction.

Figure 10: Snell’s Law

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11) Attenuation

Attenuation is the gradual loss in the intensity of Optical Signal as it travels through the
medium. It is basically the loss of power. During transmission, light signals lose some of
their energy. Attenuation is specified in dB/km (decibels per kilometer). The attenuation
which is caused by external mechanisms is the result of two phenomenon mentioned
below:

a. Macro Bend

If a bend is imposed on an optical fiber, strain is placed on the fiber along the region that
is bent. As a result, light traveling in the core can refract out resulting in signal loss. In
order to avoid attenuation due to Macro bending we should take care of Bending Radius
of Optical Fiber Cable.

Figure 11: Macro Bend

b. Micro Bend

This is a small-scale distortion, generally indicative of pressure on fiber cable. Micro

bending will cause a reduction of optical power in the core of the fiber.

Figure 12: Micro Bend

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12) Dispersion

Dispersion refers to the spreading, or broadening of a pulse of light that occurs over
distance as the pulse travels through the fiber. Eventually, pulses broaden to the point
where they cannot be distinguished from each other, causing bit errors.

Figure 13: Dispersion in Optical Signal

Types of Dispersion

Dispersion can be classified into following 3 types:

a. Chromatic Dispersion

Chromatic dispersion is the spreading of the pulses of light due to the different
wavelengths traveling at different speeds down the fiber. (All light sources such as LED’s
and lasers put out a range of wavelengths). If the pulses spread out too much, they will
start to overlap and the light signal receiver cannot distinguish pulse from another, that’s
how bit errors can occur and the data rate of transmission is limited. Chromatic
dispersion can be minimized by using a source with a narrow spectral width (a laser light
source typically has a narrower spectral width than an LED light source).

Figure 14: Chromatic Dispersion

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b. Modal Dispersion
In a multimode fiber there are many different modes within the same pulse of light. Light
traveling in different paths takes different amounts of time to travel down the fiber. This
causes the pulse to spread out and results in Modal Dispersion. There is no Modal
Dispersion in Single Mode Fiber.

Figure 15: Modal Dispersion

c. Polarization Mode Dispersion

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is a form of modal dispersion where two

different polarizations of light, which normally travel at the same speed, travel at
different speeds due to random imperfections and asymmetries in the medium, causing
random spreading of optical pulses.

Figure 16: Polarization Mode Dispersion

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13) Numerical Aperture

The numerical aperture (NA) of an optical system is a dimensionless number that

characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light. By
incorporating index of refraction in its definition, NA has the property that it is constant
for a beam as it goes from one material to another provided there is no optical power at
the interface.

Figure 17: Numerical Aperture

14) Acceptance Angle

A multi-mode optical fiber will only propagate light that enters the fiber within a certain
cone, known as the acceptance cone of the fiber. The half-angle of this cone is called
the acceptance angle, θmax. For step-index multimode fiber, the acceptance angle is
determined only by the indices of refraction of the core and the cladding:

While the core will accept light at higher angles, those rays will not totally reflect off the
core–cladding interface, and so will not be transmitted to the other end of the fiber.

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 Figure 18: Demonstration of Acceptance Angle

15) Mode Field Diameter (MFD)

The mode field diameter is a measure of the radial intensity distribution of radiation
propagating within a fiber. The mode field diameter is that at which
the electric and magnetic field strengths are reduced to 1/e of their maximum
values, i.e., the diameter at which power density is reduced to 1/e2 of the maximum
power density.

Figure 19: Mode Field Diameter

MFD of Longer Wavelengths is greater than MFD of Shorter Wavelengths.

Figure 20: Comparison of MFD for shorter and longer wavelengths

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Power is measured in dBm = 10 x Log10 (Power
output in mW/1mW)
Loss is measured in dB = (Power output in
dBm/Power input in dBm)

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