2nd Material Subject: Descriptive Statistics

Undergraduate of Telecommunication Engineering

MUH1F3 - PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Telkom University
Center of eLearning & Open Education Telkom University
Jl. Telekomunikasi No.1, Bandung - Indonesia
http://www.telkomuniversity.ac.id

Lecturer: Nor Kumalasari Caecar Pratiwi, S.T., M.T. ([email protected])

 TABLE OF CONTENTS:

1. Stem and Leaf Diagram

2. Box Whisker Plot

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

After careful study of this chapter, student should be able to do the following:
1. Construct and interpret visual data displays, including the stem-and-leaf display, and the box
plot
2. Explain how to use box plots and other data displays to visually compare two or more samples
of data
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 STEM LEAF DIAGRAM

A stem-and-leaf diagram is a good way to obtain an informative visual display of a data-set x1 , x2 , x3 , · · ·, xn

where each number xi consists of at least two digits. To construct a stem-and leaf diagram, use the following
steps.

1. Divide each number xi into two parts: a stem, consisting of one or more of the leading digits,
and a leaf, consisting of the remaining digit.

2. List the stem values in a vertical column.

3. Record the leaf for each observation beside its stem.

4. Write the units for stems and leaves on the display.

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 STEM LEAF DIAGRAM

Figure 1: Waiting Time Data (in µs) of 80 Users of Internet Service Users from PT.Cyberjaya Providers

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 STEM LEAF DIAGRAM

To illustrate the construction of a stem and leaf diagram in Figure 1, we will select as stem values the numbers
7, 8, 9, · · · , 24. The resulting stem-and-leaf diagram is presented in Figure 2. The last column in the diagram
is a frequency count of the number of leaves associated with each stem. Furthermore, the waiting time are
distributed approximately symmetrically about the central value. The stem-and-leaf diagram enables us to
determine quickly some important features of the data that were not immediately obvious in the original display
in Figure 1.

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 STEM LEAF DIAGRAM

Figure 2: The Stem and Leaf for Waiting Time Data (in µs) of 80 Users PT.Cyberjaya
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 STEM LEAF DIAGRAM

Figure 3: Various Type of Stem and Leaf Diagram

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 STEM LEAF DIAGRAM

Figure 3 is the stem and leaf diagram for 25 observations on batch yields from a chemical process. In Figure
3(a), we have used 6, 7, 8, and 9 as the stems. This results in too few stems, and the stem-and-leaf diagram
does not provide much information about the data. In Figure 3(b), we have divided each stem into two parts
(Lower and Upper), resulting in a display that more adequately displays the data. Figure 3(c) illustrates a stem
and leaf display with each stem divided into five (z, t, f, s, e) parts. There are too many stems in this plot,
resulting in a display that does not tell us much about the shape of the data.

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 BOX WHISKER PLOT

The Box Whisker Plot is a graphical display that simultaneously describes several important features of a data
set, such as center, spread, departure from symmetry, and identification of unusual observations or outliers. A
box plot displays the three quartiles, the minimum, and the maximum of the data on a rectangular box, aligned
either horizontally or vertically. The box encloses the interquartile range with the left (or lower) edge at the first
quartile Q1 , and the right (or upper) edge at the third quartile Q3 .

i(n + 1)
Qi = Data (1)
4

IQR = Q3 − Q1 (2)

ONE STEP = 1.5 · IQR (3)

TWO STEP = 3 · IQR (4)

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 BOX WHISKER PLOT

UPPER OUTER FENCES (UOF) = Q3 + TWO STEP (5)

UPPER INNER FENCES (UIF) = Q3 + ONE STEP (6)

LOWER OUTER FENCES (LOF) = Q1 − TWO STEP (7)

LOWER INNER FENCES (LIF) = Q1 − ONE STEP (8)

A data is said to be a Mild Outlier if:

LOF < X ≤ LIF or UIF ≤ X < UOF (9)

A data is said to be a Extreme Outlier if:

X ≤ LOF or X ≥ UOF (10)

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 BOX WHISKER PLOT

Figure 4: Description of a Box Whisker Plot

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 BOX WHISKER PLOT

Figure 5: Box Whisker Plot for Waiting Time Data (in µs) of 80 Users of PT.Cyberjaya Users

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 EXAMPLE

Following are the result of exams for 20 Linear Algebra students:

12 1 51 52 54 54 59 58 90 69
65 59 51 56 52 54 57 53 45 29

Construct and interpret visual data displays with stem-and-leaf display and the box whisker plot!
Answer:

• Step 1: Sorting data from the smallest to the biggest

1 12 29 45 51 51 52 52 53 54
54 54 56 57 58 59 59 65 69 90

• Step 2: Each xi value is divided into two parts, the first digit becomes Stem and the second digit
become Leaf.

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 Figure 6: Stem Leaf Diagram

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 Figure 7: Box and Whisker Plot
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From the Box and Whisker Plot, The data has outliers value,
• Mild Outlier is 29 (3rd Data)
• Extreme Outlier are: 1, 12 and 90 (the 1st , 2nd and 20st data).

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 Thank You

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