2.

LINEAR MODULATION
A: DSB-SC
B: AM
 CONTINUOUS WAVE (CW)
MODULATION
• Denote m(t) as the analog signal to be transmitted.
• The message signal m(t) is transmitted through the
communication channel by putting it on a carrier signal of the
form
c(t )  Ac cos(2f ct  c )

carrier amplitude carrier frequency carrier phase

• The signal m(t) modulates the carrier signal c(t) in three

forms
– Amplitude Modulation (AM)
– Frequency Modulation (FM)
– Phase Modulation (PM)
Linear and Exponential Modulation
• Writing c(t) in the exponential form:
j ( 2f c t c )
c(t )  Re[ Ac e ]
• CW Modulation can be classified as:
– Linear Modulation, or,
– Exponential Modulation.

• Linear modulation includes:

– Conventional Amplitude Modulation, AM
– Double-Side Band Suppressed Carrie AM, DSB-SC
– Single-Side Band AM, SSB
– Vestigial Side Band AM, VSB

• Exponential modulation includes:

– Frequency Modulation, FM
– Phase Modulation, PM
 1. LINEAR MODULATION

• The message signal x(t) is impressed linearly on the amplitude

of the carrier signal c(t).

• Linear modulation includes:

– Conventional Amplitude Modulation, AM
– Double-Side Band Suppressed Carrie AM, DSB-SC
– Single-Side Band AM, SSB
– Vestigial Side Band AM, VSB
 1A. Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM, DSB-SC
• A double-sideband, suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) AM signal
is obtained by multiplying the message signal x(t) with the
carrier signal c(t).
• DSB-SC AM signal is expressed as:

u(t )  x(t )c(t )  Ac x(t ) cos(2f ct  c )

• The spectrum of the modulated signal can be obtained by
taking the Fourier transform of u(t).

U ( f )  F x(t ) F Ac cos(2f c t  c ) 
 X ( f )  e 
A j c
c
 ( f  f c )  e  j  ( f  f c )
c

2

Ac
2

X ( f  f c ) e j c  X ( f  f c ) e  j c 
 DSB-SC Signal in frequency Domain
|X(f)| (f)

upper sideband
upper sideband
lower sideband

Bandwidth: B=2W
 DSB-SC Signal in time Domain

u(t)
• The magnitude of the spectrum of the message signal x(t) has
been translated or shifted in frequency by an amount f c

• The phase of the message signal has been translated in

frequency and offset by the carrier phase c

• The bandwidth of the AM signal is 2W, where W is the

bandwidth of x(t).

• The upper (lower) sideband of U(f) contains all the frequency

content of the message signal X(f).

• u(t) does not contain carrier components - u(t) is called a

suppressed-carrier signal (DSB-SC AM signal)
• To compute power content of DSB-SC signal, we first evaluate the time-average
autocorrelation function of the signal u(t)

1 T /2
Ru ( )  lim  u (t )u (t   )dt
T  T T / 2

• Which can be shown to be given by:

A2c
Ru ( )  Rx ( ) cos(2f c )
2
• Taking Fourier transform of both sides:

 Ac2  Ac2
Su ( f )  F  Rx ( ) cos(2f c )  S x ( f  f c )  S x ( f  f c )
2  4
• The power spectral density of the DSB-SC signal is the power spectral density of
the message shifted upward and downward by f c and scaled by
Ac2 / 4
• The power of the modulated signal Ac2 Ac2
P u  Ru (0)  Rx (0)  Px
• where is the power of the message signal
2 2
• Px  Rx (0)
 1B. Conventional Amplitude Modulation, AM
• A conventional AM signal consists of a large carrier
component in addition to the double sideband AM
modulated signal. The transmitted signal can be expressed
as

u(t )  Ac [1  x(t )] cos(2f ct  c )

with condition x(t )  1
u(t) has two components;

Ac x (t ) cos(2f ct  c ) : DSB AM signal

and
Ac cos(2f ct  c ) : carrier component
• AM has the advantage: of being easy to demodulate
• It is convenient to express x(t) as x(t )  mxn (t )
xn (tis) normalized such that
where
max xn (t )  1
t
The above equation can be done by using
x(t )
xn (t ) 
max x(t )
t

• The scale factor, m, is called the modulation index. The

modulated signal can be expressed as

u(t )  Ac [1  mxn (t )] cos(2f ct )

Overmodulated (m > 1)
 • The spectrum of the amplitude modulated signal u(t) is

U ( f )  F [mxn (t )]  F [ Ac cos(2f c t  c )]  F [ Ac cos(2f c t  c )]

 mX n ( f ) 
2

Ac jc
e  ( f  f c )  e  j c  ( f  f c ) 

Ac jc
2
 
e  ( f  f c )  e  j c  ( f  f c )


2

Ac jc
e mX n ( f  f c )  e jc  ( f  f c )


 e  jc mX n ( f  f c )  e  jc  ( f  f c )

• The spectrum of a conventional AM signal occupies bandwidth twice

the bandwidth of the message signal.
Spectrum of Amplitude Modulation

Bandwidth: B=2W
• Example: Single Tone Modulation.
• Suppose that the modulating signal xn (t
is )a sinusoid of the form
xn (t )  cos(2f mt ) f m  f c
Determine the DSB AM signal, its upper and lower sidebands, and its spectrum,
assuming a modulation index of m.

• Solution: The conventional AM signal

u(t )  Ac [1 ma cos(2f mt )] cos(2f ct  c )

Acm
a
 Ac cos(2f c t  c )  cos(2 ( f c  f m )t  c )
2
lower sidebandcomponent

Ac am
 cos(2 ( f c  f m )t  c )
2
uppersidebandcomponent
• The spectrum of the DSB AM signal

U( f ) 
2

Ac jc

e  ( f  f c )  e  jc  ( f  f c )


Ac m jc
4

e  ( f  f c  f m )  e  jc  ( f  f c  f m ) 

Ac m jc
4

e  ( f  f c  f m )  e  jc  ( f  f c  f m ) 

m m m m

Spectrum of a single tone AM Signal

Power of AM Signals:
• We have already proved in the DSB-SC case, the power in
the modulated signal is

Ac2 Ac2 2
Pu  Px  m Pxn ......... DSB  SC
2 2

• For the conventional AM

Ac2 Ac2 2
Pu   m Pxn ...... AM
2 2

Carrier power Message power

 Implementation of AM Modulators
 Power-Law Modulation

generate a product of
the m(t) with the
carrier

Block diagram of power-law AM modulator

PROVE FOR A SQUARE LAW DEVICE!
 
 vi (t ), C (t )  0
vo ( t )  
 0, C (t )  0

passing vo(t) through a bandpass filter with the

center frequency f = fc and the bandwidth 2W , we
get the AM signal.

PROVE!
 Balanced Modulator for DSB-SC.

Care must be taken to select modulators with approximately

identical characteristics so that the carrier component cancels
out at the summing junction.
 Switching Modulator:
Ring Modulator For DSB-SC

vo (t )  m(t )c(t )

The switching of
the diodes is
controlled by a
carrier wave of
frequency fc,