Summary of the course

Group members : Arnau P, Ainhoa M, Arnau L, Unaï H.

Task: Brainstorm as many grammar topics as possible

Verb tenses: Past simple, Present simple, Conditionals, Present perfect, Present
continuous, Future tenses, Past continuous

Other aspects: Countables and uncountables (Quantifiers), Modal verbs,

Irregular verbs, Modals of probability, Infinitives, Adverbs of frequency,
Superlatives/ Comparatives.

PRESENT
Present simple :

+ + He/She/It + Verb (s) + ext

- + Don't/ Doesn't + Verb + ext

? Do/Does + + Verb (inf)+ ext

Ex: I play football everyday

I don’t play football everyday
Do I play football everyday?

Key words:
Sometimes (a vegades)
twice a week (dues vegades a la setmana)
usually (normalment)
everyday (cada dia)

It’s used to talk about routines and the facts

Modal verbs
+ (must) = (written obligation) You must play football everyday
- (mustn’t) = (written prohibition) You mustn’t play football everyday
+ (should) = (recommendation) You should play football everyday
- (shouldn’t) = (advise, not recommendation) You shouldn’t play football every
day
+ (have/has to) = (oral obligation) You have to play football everyday
- (don’t/doesn’t have/has to) = (oral prohibition) You don’t have to play
football every day

Present continuous:

+ + Am/Is/Are + -Ing + ext

- + Am not/ Aren’t/ Isn’t + Verb (ing) + ext

?Am/Is/Are + + Verb (ing) + ext

Ex: I am playing football

I am not playing football
Am I playing football?

Key words:
Now (ara)
Currently (correntment)
At the moment (en aquest moment)

It’s used to talk about actions happening now

Conditionals (Zero):
If + Present simple, + Present simple
Ex: + If you heat water, it bails

Used to say universal truths or scientific facts

Conditionals (First):
+ If + Present simple, + Will + Infinitive
-If + don’t + Present simple, + Won’t + Infinitive

Ex: If you study, you will pass the exam

You won’t go with your friends if you don’t tidy your room

Used to express a probable situation based on what you do.

Second Conditional:

+ If+ + Past Simple + would + Infinitive

-If + + Past Simple + wouldn’t/would not + Infinitive

Ex: If she was a millionaire. I would buy a car.

If I were you. I wouldn’t accept.

Used to express, an hypothetical situation and what would happen

PAST

Present perfect:

+ + Has/Have + Verb (ed) (3rd column) + ext

- + Hasn’t/Haven’t + Verb (ed) (3rd column) + ext

? Have/Has + + Verb (ed) (3rd column) + ext

Ex: I have been played football

I haven’t been to Australia
Have you been to Australia?

Key words:
Just (“just” finished recent action +)
Already (“ja” finished action +)
Yet (“encara”not finished -, ?)
Ever (“alguna vegada” ask if you have done something in your life ?)
Never (“mai”something you haven’t done in you life)
Since (“des de” to talk about when you started to do something)
For (“durant” talking about how many time you have been doing something)

Used to talk about actions that started in the past and continue to the present

Past simple:

+ + Verb (ed/or (irr)* + ext

– + didn’t + verb + ext

? Did + + Verb + ext

*irregular verbs = 2n column

Ex: I played football yesterday

I didn’t play football yesterday
Did you play football yesterday?

Key words: Yesterday

last week (la setmana passada)
last month (el mes passat)
last year (l’any passat)
two days ago (fa dos dies)

Used to talk about actions in the past that finished in the past and we know
when they finished.

Past continuous

+ + was/were + verb (ing)+ ext

- + wasn’t/weren’t + verb (ing)+ ext

? Was/were + + verb (ing) + ext

Ex: I was playing football

I wasn’t playing football
Was I playing football?

Key words:
when & while (interrupted action and two parallel actions)

Used to talk about long actions in the past.

FUTURE

Future Tenses

Will

+ + Will + Infinitive + Ext

- + Won’t/Will not + Infinitive + Ext

? Will + + Infinitive + Ext

Ex: I will play football tomorrow.

I won’t play football tomorrow.
Will I play football tomorrow?

Key words:
I guess (suposo)
I think (penso)
It’s used to talk about improvised future plans.
Going to
+ + Am/Is/Are + going to + Verb infinitive + Ext

- + Am not/Isn’t/Aren’t + going to + Verb infinitive + Ext

? Am/Is/Are + + going to + Verb infinitive + Ext

Ex: I am going to Barcelona.

I am not going to Barcelona.
Am I going to Barcelona?

Key words: Context is important.

Used to talk about plans that are not improvised intentions in the future.

Present Continuous (Future)

+ + Will be + Verb + -Ing + extra

- + Won’t be + Verb + -Ing + extra

? Will + + Be + Verb + -Ing + extra

Ex: I am playing football tomorrow.
Key words: Time expressions:
- Tomorrow (demà)
- Next Week (la setmana que ve)
- Next month (el mes que ve)

Used to talk about 100% plans in the future.

Questions tags U1
Structure:
Positive statement (+), Negative tag (-).
Negative statement (-), Positive tag (+)
The tag and the statement have to be in the same verb tense.

Examples:
You are coming, aren’t you?
He is a bad guy, isn’t he?
She likes Alex, doesn’t she?
We must arrive at 8:00pm, don’t we?
You will go to the party, won’t you?

To create a question tag you have to follow this steps.

Use: It’s used to verify a statement. You say a statement and you want to verify
if it’s true. The question tag is used to verify that.

Questions with preposition U1

When a question word needs a preposition, the preposition goes at the end of
the question (after the verb or after verb + object if there is an object). We
don’t use prepositions at the beginning. We usually use Wh-particles.
 ● I played tennis with John. ⇒ Who did you play tennis with?
● I work for a multinational company ⇒ What company do you work for?
● We usually talk about sports. ⇒ What do you usually talk about?

With = Companyia
For = Per qui
To = A qui
At = On
About = Sobre què
From = Des de on

Examples:
Who are you going with?
What are you studying for?
What are you talking about?
Who am I talking to?
Where are you from?
Where are you looking at?

Defining and non-defining relative

clauses U2
Structure:

+ + infinitive + relative pronoun + extra info

- + don’t/doesn’t + infinitive + relative pronoun + extra info

Ex: (Defining) This is the brother who has a girlfriend
Ex: (Non-defining) John, who is a friend, loves his dog so much

Uses:
(Defining): It’s used to give us information about the subject or the object of
the main clause.
(Non-defining): It uses to give us extra information about the main clause.
You can’t use that when the sentence is a non-defining

Key words: Relative pronouns

Relative pronoun Use

Who/that people

Which/that things

whose possessions

where places

when times

In where, you can use the relative pronoun: in which

Reflexive pronouns + each other

Structure:

+ + Infinitive Verb/Irregular + Reflexive pronoun + extra

- + don’t/doesn’t/ + Infinitive Verb + Reflexive pronoun + extra

? Do/Does + Infinitive verb + Reflexive pronoun + extra

Ex: She cut herself chopping the onions. (singular)

We really enjoyed ourselves at the party. (plural)
The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves.
key words:

Subject pronouns Reflexive pronouns

I myself (singular)

you yourself (singular)

he himself (singular)

she herself (singular)

it itself (singular)

we ourselves (plural)

you yourselves (plural)

they/each other themselves (plural)

Each other
Structure:

+ + Infinitive Verb + Each other + extra

- + don’t + Infinitive Verb + Each other + extra

? Do + Infinitive Verb + Each other + extra
Ex: When the twins found each other, they had been living apart for more than
10 years.

Uses with Reflexive pronouns: The reflexive pronouns are normally used when
the subject and the object are the same person.

Uses with each other: We use each other or one another when person A does
something to person B, and person B does something to person A.
(- "Each other" doesn't change, it is always in the same form.)

Present perfect continuous U1

-The structure is: + have/has + been + verb + -ing.

-The structure is: + has/have + not + been + verb + -ing.

The use is: The present perfect continuous is used to refer to an unspecified
time between 'before now' and 'now'. Emphasize too much to the duration of
the time

Ex:

I have been working on this project for a week.

You have been working on this project for a week.

He has been working on this project for a week.

She has been working on this project for a week.

They have been working on this project for a week.

She hasn't been running.

Key words: Have/has Been for/since

Modal verbs of deduction and

speculation
Structure:
In present:

+ + modal verb + be + extra info

- + modal verb + be + extra info

In past:
+ + modal verb + have been + extra info

- + modal verb + have been + extra info

Ex: (in present):

With must be: You must be tired after the long journey.
With might be: He’s more than 2 meters tall. He might be a basketball player.

With can’t be: We’ve been walking for hours. It can’t be far from here.

Ex (in past):

With must be: I can’t find my wallet! I must have dropped it in the taxi.

With might be: She might not have heard us.

With can’t be: He can’t be that famous.

ALERT! Can’t be is not the same as mustn’t be

Uses:

Modal verbs Definition

must be 90% - 100% sure it’s true

might be/could be 30% - 50% it’s true or not

can’t be 90% - 100% it’s not true

key words: The modal verbs

Meaning Modal verbs in present - in past

Certainly must be - must have been

 Possibility might be/could be - might/could have
been

Not possible can’t be - can’t have been

Past perfect
Structure:

+ + Had + Past participle/-ed + extra

- + Hadn’t + Past participle/-ed + extra

? Had/-ed + past participle + extra

Ex: She had never worked. (positive)

I hadn’t been there before. (negative)

Had I seen it? (question)

Use: We use the past perfect when we are talking about the past and then we
want to talk about something that happened earlier in the past.

Time expressions that we use with the past perfect:

by the time, ever, never, already, by then.

Key words: for the past perfect include already, just, once, never, not yet, until
that moment

Future continuous and perfect

Future Continuous
Structure

+ + Will be + verb + -ing + extra

- + Won’t be + verb + -ing + extra

? Will be + + verb + -ing + extra

Ex: Tomorrow at 10, you‘ll be doing your exam.

Use: We use the future continuous for situations or actions that will be in
progress at a certain time in the future.

Key words: We often use the future continuous with time expressions such as:
this time (this time tomorrow, this time next week) when, at + time (at 7
tomorrow, at midday next Monday), in (in 2 weeks, in 3 months, in 5 year), in
time (in 2 weeks’ time, in 3 months’ time, in 5 years time).

Future Perfect
Structure

+ + Will have + Past participle /-ed + extra

- + Won’t have + Past participle /-ed + extra

? Will have + Past participle /-ed + extra

Ex: By 2050, researchers will have found a cure for cancer.

Use: We use the future perfect for actions that will be finished before certain
time in the future.
Key words: By (by tomorrow, by next week, by the end of the year), By this
time (by this time tomorrow, by this time next week), In (in 2 weeks, in 5
years), When/Before.

By + time expression means ‘not later than’, ‘at’ or ‘before’ certain time.

Future modals/ future time clauses

Structure for ability, obligation and no obligation:

+ modal of ability + extra

+ modal of obligation + extra

+ modal of no obligation + extra

Ex:
I will be able to read
We will need to/have to confirm our reservations before Friday.
We won’t have to go to the party

Present Future

Ability or possibility can/can’t/be able to -/ will/won’t be able to

Obligation and necessity must/have to/need to will have to/will need to

No obligation or don’t have to/don’t need Won’t have to/won’t

necessity to need to

Key words: Modal verbs

The passive
Use: 1. To keep discourse topics in the subject position of sentences. 2. To avoid
mentioning the agent of an action.

Structure: The passive voice is formed by using a form of the auxiliary verb
“be” (be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been) followed by the past participle of
the main verb

Examples:

Susan is cooking dinner. Dinner is being cooked by Susan

James Joyce wrote "Dubliners". "Dubliners" was written by

James Joyce.

Key words: Present perfect Continuous (or any continuous) - Being

Present perfect Simple- Been

Conditionals 0,1,2,3
0 Conditional
Structure:

+ If/When + + Present simple + Present Simple + extra

- If/When + doesn’t/don’t + Present Simple + extra

? Do/Does/Wh + If/When + Present Simple + Present Simple +

extra
Ex: If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (positive)
If the milk smells bad, I don’t drink it. (negative)
What happens if you don’t study for a test? (question)
Uses:
● To talk about general truths or results that always happen if a condition
is present. We are talking in general, not about one particular situation.
● We can put the main clause at the beginning. Then we don’t use a comma
between the two clauses. Ex→ I never go to bed late if I have to get up early.
● We can usually replace the if in this conditional with when without changing the
meaning. Ex→ When the weather is bad, people don’t go shopping.

Key words: Present simple (keep in mind).

1st conditional
Structure:

+ If + + present simple, + + will + extra info

- If + verb in negative + present simple, + + won’t + extra info

? If + + present simple, + + will + extra info?

Use: To talk about possible future situations.

Examples: If I don’t have a meeting tomorrow morning, I will have lunch with
you. (It’s possible.)
If you study, you will pass the exam.

Key words: Will, present simple

2nd conditional
Structure: The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would'
and the infinitive. This structure can also be inverted using first would and
after that past simple, in this case we don’t put a comma. We can also use were
instead of would for a more informal way of talking.

● If + + past simple, would + infinitive

 ● +would + if + past simple

Ex:

● If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the
lottery)
● If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
● She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
● She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this
won't happen)

Uses: This conditional is used to talk about hypothetical situations that are
unlikely to happen but have a small chance of happening. This conditionals it’s
used to talk about a reaction if something unexpected happened.

Key words: Would, were

3rd conditional
Structure:

+ If + + had + past perfect + perfect conditional, + would + extra info

- If + + hadn’t + past perfect + perfect conditional, + wouldn’t + extra

info

? Would + + had + verb in participle + if + + have/have + verb in

past simple + extra
Ex:

If you had come to class more often, you would have passed the test.

If he hadn’t taken his helmet, he could have died.

Uses: We use it to talk about an imaginary or hypothetical situation in the past.
And we use would have, could have or might have + past participle in the main
clause to talk about the result or consequence of that imaginary situation.

Key words: Past perfect, past simple, modal verbs.

I wish/ if only
Structure in Present of Future wishes

+ I + wish /If only + + Past simple + extra

- I + don’t + wish /If only + + Past simple + extra

? Do + I + wish / If only + + Past simple + extra

Ex: I wish I lived in the countryside.

Structure in Past regrets

+ I + wish/If only + + Past perfect + extra

- I + don’t + wish/If only + + Past perfect + extra

? Do + I + wish/If only + + Past perfect + extra

Ex: I wish I had eaten the salad.

Structure in Hypothetical situations

+ I + wish / If only + + were + extra

- I + don’t + wish / If only + + were + extra

 ? Do + I + wish /If only + + were + extra

Ex: I wish I were here.

Key words: Conditionals

Unless
Structure:

+ + won’t + infinitive + unless + + extra info

+ Unless + infinitive, + + won’t + extra info

Ex: I won’t go on holiday unless I save some money.

Uses: We can use unless in conditional sentences to mean ‘if … (not)’.

Key words: The condicionals