ENGINEERING PHYSICS I

Dr. Nabila Nowaira

Dr. Mahmoud Ossaimee

Text Book: Physics for Scientists &

Engineers (Giancoli)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Vectors

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 Learning Objectives
By the end of this Chapter You will be able to:
• Relate the components of a vector to the
magnitude and direction of the vector.
• Express a vector in terms of its magnitude
and a unit vector that points in the
direction of the vector.
• Determine the sum or difference of two (or
more) vectors by adding (or subtracting)
like components.

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 • Calculate the scalar (dot) product of two
vectors using its definition and the
component method.
• Solve for the angle between two vectors
using the vector (dot) product.
• Calculate the magnitude of the vector
(cross) product using the definition of
the cross product.
• Determine the direction of the vector
(cross) product using the right-hand
rule.

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 3-1 Vectors and Scalars
Physical quantities can be
scalar or vector
A scalar has only a magnitude.
Some scalar quantities: mass,
time, temperature, speed
A vector has magnitude as well
as direction.
Some vector quantities:
displacement, velocity, force,
momentum

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 Vector Representation
A vector is represented tip
graphically by an arrow; the
start point is at the tail and d
the end point is at the tip tail

The symbol of a vector is a

letter with an arrow on the
top

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 3-2 Addition of Vectors
Graphical Methods

For vectors in one

dimension, simple
addition and subtraction
are all that is needed.
You do need to be careful
about the signs, as the
figure indicates.

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 If the motion is in two dimensions, the
situation is somewhat more complicated.
Here, the actual travel paths are at right angles to
one another; we can find the displacement by
using the Pythagorean Theorem.

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 Adding the vectors in the opposite order
gives the same result:

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Tail-to-tip method

Even if the vectors are not at right angles, they

can be added graphically by using the tail-to-tip
method.

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 parallelogram method

The parallelogram method may also be used;

here again the vectors must be tail-to-tip.

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 3-3 Subtraction of Vectors

The negative of a vector is a vector

which has the same magnitude but
opposite in direction.

In order to subtract vectors, we find the

negative of the vector, then we add them.

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 3-4 Adding Vectors by Components

Any vector can be expressed as the sum of two

other vectors, which are called its components.
Usually the other vectors are chosen so that they
are perpendicular to each other.

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 If the components are perpendicular,
they can be found using trigonometric
functions.
Vx = V cos θ
Vy = V sin (θ)
θ is measured ccw
from the +ve direction
of the x-axis

On the other hand, the V = Vx2 + Vy2

magnitude and direction of a
Vy
vector can be found in terms tan  =
of its component Vx

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 y y
R R
Ry Ry
φ θ θ
Rx x Rx x
θ = 180o – tan-1 Ry /Rx θ = tan-1 Ry /Rx

y y
θ θ Rx
Rx
x φ x
φ Ry
Ry R
R

θ= 180o + tan-1 Ry /Rx θ = 360o – tan-1 Ry /Rx

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 The components are effectively one-
dimensional, so they can be added
arithmetically.

Vx = V1x + V2x

Vy = V1y + V2y

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 Adding vectors:
1. Draw a diagram; add the vectors graphically.
2. Choose x and y axes.
3. Resolve each vector into x and y components.
4. Calculate each component using sines and cosines.
5. Add the components in each direction.
6. To find the length and direction of the vector, use:

and

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 Example 3-2: Mail carrier’s
displacement.
A rural mail carrier leaves the post
office and drives 22.0 km in a
northerly direction. She then
drives in a direction 60.0° south of
east for 47.0 km. What is her
displacement from the post
office?
Solution:
For D1
D1x = 0, D1y = 22.0 km
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 For D2
D2x = 47 cos (-60) = + 23.5 km,
D2y = 47 sin (-60) = - 40.7 km
For the resultant vector D
Dx = D1x + D2x = + 23.5 km
Dy = D1y + D2y = -18.7 km
Hence
D = Dx2 + Dy2 = (23.5) 2 + (−18.7) 2 = 30.0 km
- 18.7 Dy
tan  = =   = - 38.5o
Dx 23.5
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 Example 3-3:
An airplane trip involves three
legs, with two stopovers. The first
leg is due east for 620 km; the
second leg is southeast (45°) for
440 km; and the third leg is at 53°
south of west, for 550 km, as
shown. What is the plane’s total
displacement?
Solution:
D1x = D1 cos (0) = + 620 km, D1y = D1 sin (0) = 0 km
D2x = D2 cos (-45) = + 311 km, D2y = D2 sin (-45) = -311 km

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 D3x = -D3 cos (53) = - 331 km, D3y = -D3 sin (53) = -429 km

Dx = D1x + D2x + D3x = + 600 km

Dy = D1y + D2y + D3y = - 750 km

D = Dx2 + Dy2 = (600) 2 + (−750) 2 = 960 km

- 750 Dy
tan  = =   = - 51o
Dx 600

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 3-5 Unit Vectors
Unit vectors have magnitude 1.
Using unit vectors, any vector V
can be written in terms of its
components:

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 Example 3-4:
Write the vectors of example 3-2 in unit vector
notation and perform the addition

D1 = 0 î + 22 ĵ and D2 = 23.5 î − 40.7 ĵ

D = D1 + D2 = 23.5 î − 18.7 ˆj

Hence the components of the vector are

Dx = + 23.5 km and Dy = D1y + D2y = -18.7 km

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 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

A vector V can be multiplied by a scalar c; the

result is a vector c V that has the same direction
but a magnitude cV. If c is negative, the resultant
vector points in the opposite direction.

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 Chapter 7
7-2 Scalar Product of Two Vectors

Definition of the scalar, or dot, product:

Therefore, we can write for the

work done :

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  
C = A.B = AB cos
If θ = 0 then C = A B

If θ =/2 then C = 0

If θ = then C = - A B
scalar product of unit vectors which are
perpendicular to each other will be zero
î.î = 1 ĵ. ĵ = 1 k̂.k̂ = 1

î. ĵ = 0 ĵ.k̂ = 0 k̂.î = 0

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 Because cos -θ = cos θ

   
A.B = B.A
• Another form of scalar multiplication is given
as the product of the vectors’ Cartesian
components as follows

 
( )(
A.B = Ax iˆ + Ay ˆj + Az kˆ • Bx iˆ + B y ˆj + Bz kˆ )
= Ax Bx + Ay B y + Az Bz

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Example 7-4: Using the dot product.
The force shown has magnitude FP = 20 N and
makes an angle of 30° to the ground. Calculate
the work done by this force, using the dot
product, when the wagon is dragged 100 m
along the ground.

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 Solution:

Fp = Fx î + Fy ĵ = Fp cos (30) î + Fp sin (30) ĵ

= 17 î + 10 ĵ

d = 100 î

W = Fp • d = (17 î + 10 ĵ) • 100 î

= (17  100) + (10  0) = 1700 J

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 Example :
Find the angle between the vectors
A = 8iˆ + 3 ˆj and B = −5iˆ − 7 ˆj
Solution:
 
A.B = Ax B x + Ay B y + Az B z
= 8  (− 5) + 3  (− 7 ) + 0  0 = −61

Also we have
 
A.B = A B cos = 82 + 32  (− 5)2 + (− 7)2 cos
= 8.544 8.60 cos = 73.5 cos
Thus
 − 61 
 = cos 
−1
 = 146.1o

 73.5 
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 Chapter 11
11-2 Vector Product (Cross product)
The vector cross product is defined as:

The direction of the cross product is

defined by a right-hand rule:

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   
C = A B
 C=A B sinθ B
• The magnitude of C
is given as
θ
• C = A B sin A

î  î = 0 ĵ ĵ = 0 k̂  k̂ = 0

î  ĵ = k̂ ĵ k̂ = î k̂  î = ĵ

ĵ î = −k̂ k̂  ĵ = −î î  k̂ = − ĵ

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The cross product can also be written in
determinant form:

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 Some properties of the cross product:

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 Example:
(a) Find the cross product of the two vectors
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
A = 8i + 3 j and B = −5i − 7 j
(b) Verify that
 
(
A B = − B  A )
Solution:
(a)
ˆ ˆ
A  B = 8i + 3 j ( ) (

ˆ
−5iˆ − 7 j )
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
= −40 i  i − 56 i  j − 15 j  i − 21 j  j
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= 0 − 56 k + 15 k + 0 = −41 k
(b)
B A = ( ˆ
)(
ˆ ˆ ˆ
−5i − 7 j  8i + 3 j )
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
= −40 i  i − 15 i  j − 56 j  i − 21 j  j
ˆ ˆ ˆ
= 0 − 15 k + 56 k + 0 = +41 k

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 Example 11-6: Torque vector.
Suppose the vector r is in the xz plane, as shown
ˆ ˆ
in the figure, and is given by r = (1.2m)i + (1.2m)k.
ˆ
Calculate the torque vector  if F = (150 N)i.
 = r F⊥
Solution: We use the definition of torque:  = r  F  
 = r⊥ F
ˆ ˆ ˆ
 = r  F = [(1.2 m)i + (1.2 m)k]  [(150 N)i]
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
= (1.2 m)i  (150 N)i + (1.2 m)k  (150 N)i
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
= (180 m.N) i  i + (180 m.N) k  i
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
Using i  i = 0 and k  i = j, we find:
ˆ
 = (180 m.N) j
The torque has a magnitude of 180 m.N and points along the36
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y axis.