DIGITAL DATA

 Data is raw facts and figures and can be in the form of numbers, symbols or
alphanumeric characters before processing. .
 As humans we use analogue data, such as sound or light waves and impulses
on our skin. Everything we see
and hear is a continuous transmission of analogue data to our senses.
 Analogue data is great for us as we can process and understand it.
 Computers cannot process analogue data, they are only capable of processing
digital data. Any data that we want a computer to process must first be
converted into digital data, This is data represented in the values 1 and 0 that
a computer can process.
 Digital data is a type data stored using digits (0’s and 1’s).
 A computer uses only two digits to store data the number 0’s and 1’s.
 Every file stored in our computers are made up of zero’s and one’s
 A computer can use digital data files to store , audio , video , text and images.
• Computers are powered by microprocessors. The microprocessor is the 'brain' of a computer. A
microprocessor is made up of millions of tiny electronic switches.
• The switches in a microprocessor are like any other switch. A switch can either be on or off.
• A microprocessor is called a digital device because it can only understand the two switch positions - on and
off. The on and off positions can be shown as 1 and O in binary.
• You have already learned that digital data is made up of l’s and O’ s.
• That is why a digital microprocessor can read digital data.
This means that all data must be converted to binary for a computer to be able to process it.
All of these can be converted to binary numbers and stored as
computer data:
• denary numbers
• letters and symbols
• sounds
• images.
 BINARY & DECIMAL NUMBERS

 The number system that a computers uses has two Look at the table of binary and decimal
numbers .Identify any difference and
different digits: 0 and 1, this is called binary number. similarities that you have noticed
 Bi” in the word binary means 2. Decimal and Binary numbers
 The binary numbers are used in calculations the same
Decimal Binary
way decimal numbers are used.

 Binary and decimals numbers look different but they 1 0001

mean the same.
8 1000
 Decimal numbers uses ten digits , ranging from 0 to 9.

 The word deci ’ in decimal means 10.

18 10010

 Decimal number system are the number system that we 100 1100100
use in math to solve day to day problems.
 Storing text using Binary Numbers

 A computer uses binary to store all media, binary can store text, images, sounds and even video.
 When a computer uses binary to store media it uses codes.

 For example in computers the word “hello” looks like this:010010000110010101101000110110001101111

 Storing instructions Using binary numbers

 The instruction in the computer program are stored in binary, the

instruction are written in human language /alphabets and symbols .
 The instruction in a program must be converted in to binary so that
the computers can store and use them.
>> Example of instruction given to a robot.
>One step left (00)
>One step right (01)
>One step up (10)
>One step Down (10)
 Computers are powered by microprocessors, The microprocessors
are the brain of a computer.
 Microprocessors are made up of millions of tinny electronic
switches, they are like normal switches they can either turn on and
off.
 They are called digital devise because they only understand two
switch positions on and off . the on and off position can be shown
as 1’s and 0’s in binary.
1. Write down the two digits used in the binary number system.

2. Write down the eight extra digits used in the decimal system and are not used in binary.

3. In your own words , explain what digital data is

4. Describe three things stored in computer as binary code.

 Understanding Binary Numbers

 Reading Binary numbers

 Binary is a base-2 numeral system, which means it
uses only two digits: 0 and 1.Representing the
on/off states. In contrast, the decimal system
(base-10) uses ten digits (0-9).
 In binary, each digit represents a power of 2, with
the rightmost digit representing 2^0 (1), the next
one to the left representing 2^1 (2), the next 2^2
(4), and so on.
 Converting binary to decimal number
 You simply need to add up the decimal values of the  Example
binary digits, starting from the right and moving to the
left, where each digit represents a power of 2.
 Here's the general process:
 Start from the rightmost digit of the binary number.
 Assign a positional value of 2^0 (which is 1) to the
rightmost digit.
 Move to the left, and for each subsequent digit, double the
positional value (2^1, 2^2, 2^3, and so on).
 Multiply the binary digit (0 or 1) by its positional value.
 Sum up all the results to get the decimal equivalent
 QUICK CHECK

 Convert the following binary to decimals

 1001101
 1110
 0011101
 1011
 Converting decimal to binary numbers

 Converting a decimal number (base 10) to binary involves expressing the

decimal number in base 2 (binary system).
 Here's a step-by-step guide -;
 Write Down the Decimal Number:-example 62
 Divide the decimal number by 2 and write down the quotient (the result of the
division) and the remainder (the remainder left over when you divide). In this
case, when you divide 62 by 2
 Continue dividing the quotient from step 2 by 2 and writing down the quotient
and remainder until the quotient becomes 0. Keep track of all the remainders.
 Read the Binary Digits: Start from the bottom and read the remainders from
bottom to top. This will give you the binary representation of the decimal
number.
 Converting decimal to binary numbers

Example 1 Example 2
 QUICK CHECK

 Converting decimal to binary numbers

 40
 10
 124
 11
 8
 124
 Number Systems

 Octal Number System  Hexadecimal Number System

 The hexadecimal number system
 In an octal number system, the
uses 16 digits including 6 letters of
base is 8. Hence, there are only alphabet (hex means six).These
eight symbols or digits: 0, 1,2, 3, 4, include the symbols 0 to 9 and A to
5, 6, and 7 (8 and 9 do not exist in F. The primary reasons for
this system). The largest single hexadecimal are-
 (1) It can represent binary values in
digit is 7 (one less than the base 8). a more compact and readable
Each position in an octal number form, and
represents a power of the base (8).  (2) The conversion between the
 Octal representation is (112)8 binary and the hexadecimal
number systems is very efficient.
 0-9 and A-F
 Number Systems
 DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION
• Octal to Decimal Number System
 Involves dividing the decimal number by 8 repeatedly
Conversion ---Assign a positional value to
and recording the remainders at each step until the
quotient becomes zero. each digit in the octal number, starting from
the right and increasing by a power of 8 for
each position to the left. The rightmost digit
has a positional value of 8^0, the next digit to
the left has a positional value of 8^1, the next
one has 8^2, and so on.
 Number Systems
 DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION  HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
 The conversion is similar for any decimal number. Just keep  Assign a positional value to each digit in the hexadecimal
dividing by 16 and recording the remainders until the quotient number, starting from the right and increasing by a power of
becomes zero, and then convert the remainders to 16 for each position to the left. The rightmost digit has a
hexadecimal. positional value of 16^0 (which is 1), the next digit to the left
has a positional value of 16^1 (which is 16), the next one has
16^2 (which is 256), and so on
 Number Systems
 Bits and Bytes
 Each digit in a binary number is
called a bit. There are four bits in
the binary number 1101.
 A group of 8 bits is called a Byte.
 Groups of bits make up storage
units in the computer, called
characters, bytes, or words, which
are manipulated as a group.Half a
byte is called Nibble. A nibble is a
collection of bits on a 4-bit
boundary. Each 0 and 1 in the
diagram indicates a bit
 Number Systems

 BYTE (BINARY TERM)

 A group of 8 bits is called a Byte. Evidently, many such groups can be made in the
binary system. Exactly speaking, 28 or 256 bytes are possible and they can represent
256 characters.
 Clearly, these 256 bytes are enough to represent 26 letters of the alphabet (both in
capital and small forms), numbers from 0 to 9, punctuation marks, currency signs,
and some special symbols.
 These 256 bytes are represented by different binary numerals starting from
00000000 and ending with 11111111.
 QUICK CHECK

 What is number system?

 b) Define base or radix of number
system.
 c) What is decimal number
system?
 d) What is binary number system?
Why is it used in computer
system?
 e) What is octal number system?
 f) What is hexadecimal number
system? List its numbers and
characters set.