Communication Skills IntTRoDUCTION In the present time, a thorough knowledge of language with communication skills is very important in any occupation or business. As a student, you may study any language, but it is important that you are able to read, write, speak and listen well in order to communicate properly. Speaking more than one language can help you to communicate well with people around the world. Learning English can help you to communicate with people who understand English besides the mother tongue i.e., the language one has been exposed to since birth. Session 1: MetHops or Communication The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word commiinicare, meaning ‘to share’. Being able to communicate effectively is one of the most important life skills. Communication skills areNotes needed to communicate effectively with people and customers. This module aims to help you improve your communication skills. Clear and concise communication is of immense importance in work and business environment as there are several parties involved. Various stakeholders, like, customers, employees, vendors, media, etc., are always sending important information to each other. Communication has three important parts: 1, Transmitting—The sender transmits _ the message through one medium or another. 2. Listening— The receiver listens or understands the message 3. Feedback—The receiver conveys __ their understanding of the message to the sender in the form of feedback to complete the communication cycle. Let us look at an example below in an outlet of a bookstore: Customer (to a retail associate): Do you have the textbook of Beauty Therapist, published by National Council of Educational Research and Training? Salesperson : Let me check. In the above conversation, the information is being transmitted orally by the customer. The salesperson is the listener in this case. The discussion about book is the message. Salesperson: Yes, we have the textbook of Beauty Therapist. Customer: Please give me one copy of the textbook. I want to purchase it. In the above conversation, the receiver's response (ie, the salesperson) is the feedback. This is an example of a communication between the customer and the salesperson. The process of conveying a message is complete only when the person receiving it has understood the message in its entirety. In this case, the customer understood that the book store has the textbook and they can get a copy of the same. novanmTy Sknuas ~ CLass XCommunication Process and Elements Let us see the process of communication in detail. Information/ Behaviour/ Input Output The Channel— speaking, writing graphic, video, etc, At least some code in common Messenger Recepient Fig. 1.1: Communication Process (Sender sends a) message Giving Information Message (Encoding) channel A Channel is used to transfer the message ‘Communication starts with sender Reply to Sender (Encoding) Receiver replies to the Message is Receiving Information received by the sender receiver Figure 1.2: Blements of Communication Communication SxmLLS &The various elements of a communication cycle are: Sender: the person beginning the communication. Message: the information that the sender wants to convey. Channel: the means by which the information is sent. Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent. Feedback: the receiver's acknowledgement and response to the message. We are constantly use some form of communication or another to send a message across. Without the different methods of communication available today, it would be challenging to carry out business as proficiently as it is done today and with the same swiftness. Some common, methods of communication are given in Table 1.1. Table 1.1: Methods of Communication I ‘Method Description Face-to-face informal There is nothing better than face-to-face communication communication. It helps the message © to be understood clearly and quickly. Also, since body language can be seen = in this case; it adds to the effectiveness of the communication. a ? e-mail e-mail can be used to communicate quickly with one or many individuals | in various locations. It offers flexibility, dq b convenience and low-cost. > <| Notices /Posters It is effective when the same message Business Meetings oO has to go out to a large group of people, Generally used for where email communication may not be effective. For example, ‘Change in the lunch time for factory worker,’ or ‘XYZ Clothing will remain closed for customers on @ Sunday.’ Communication during __ business meetings atan organisation are generally > ex addressed to a group of people. It can ¢ 4 be related to business, management av cS ie 4 and organisational decisions. Enpuovasnury Sxiiis ~ Ciass XOther Methods There can be various other methods like social networks, message, phone call for communication, newsletter, blog, ete. Choosing the right method of communication depends on + target audience + costs + kind/type of information + urgency/priority The methods of communication you choose could affect your relationship with peers, supervisors and customers. Itis, therefore, vital that you spend considerable time and consider all factors choosing the right methods to aid you in your tasks. ey ‘The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book. huml. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for some activities below. Initial Thinking Activity After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for this topic, write the answer of the following question: Why is it important to communicate effectively? Activity 1 Role Play on Communication Procedure + Form groups with four students in each group. + The situation is that a student is Sales Executive at a toy store and he or she is supposed to communicate to customers about the various types of toys available with the store for different age group. + The other students will reach the Sales Executive one by one and ask different types of questions related to toys, + Develop a script for the role play and act on the same. + Discuss what you all learned from this activity. Communication SxiLisNotes Activity 2 Identifying Elements of the Communication Cycle in Activity 1 Material required Paper and pencil Procedure + Each student will draw a communication cycle. + The entire class will then discuss how each element affected communication during Activity 1. Check Your Progress A, Multiple choice questions Read the questions carefully and circle the letter(s) (a), {b), (c) or (d) that best answer(s) the question. (Note: There ‘can be more than one correct choice) 1. Which of the following is NOT an element of communication within the communication process cycle? (a) Channel (b) Receiver (c) Sender (@) Time 2. You need to apply leave at work? Which method of communication will you use? {a) e-mail (0) Poster (c} Newsletter (@) Blog 3. By which action can senders send their messages? (a) Gestures (b) Speaking (¢) Reading (@) Writing B. Subjective question 1, Make a chart highlighting all the methods of communication. Use markers and colours to highlight differences amongst all. What Have You Learnt? After this session, you will be able to + identify the different communication elements. + explain the communication process along with all the communication elements, + list the various methods of communication, Enpuovasnury Sxiiis ~ Ciass XSession 2: VERBAL ComMUuNICATION Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking is one of the most effective and commonly used way of communicating. It helps in expressing our emotions in words. By improving your verbal communication skills you will build rapport, and have a better connect. Table 1.2 lists the important forms of verbal communication. Table 1.2: Verbal Communication ‘Type of Verbal Examples Communication Interpersonal This form of communication takes ‘Communication place between two individuals and is thus a one-on-one conversation. It can be formal or informal. Examples 1, A manager discussing the performance with an employee. ”) | 2. Two friends discussing homework. 3. Two people talking to each other cover phone or video call. Written Communication This form of communication involves writing words. It can be = letters, circulars, reports, manuals, =| SMS, social media chats, etc. It can =Se| be between two or more people. Examples 1A manager ‘writing an appreciation e-mail to an employee. 2, Writing a letter to grandmother enquiring about health. Small Group This type of communication takes Communication place when there are more than two people involved. Each participant can interact and converse with the rest. Examples 1, Press conferences 2. Board meetings 3. Team meetings Communication SxiLisPublic Communication ‘Think Before You Speak Concise and Clear + Confidence and + Body Language + This type of communication takes place when one individual addresses a large gathering, Examples 1, Election campaigns 2. Public speeches by dignitaries Advantages of Verbal Communication It is an easy mode of communication in which you can exchange ideas by saying what you want and get a quick response. Verbal communication also enables you to keep changing your interaction as per the other person’s response. Disadvantages of Verbal Communication Since verbal communication depends on written or spoken words, sometimes the meanings can be confusing and difficult to understand if the right words are not used. Mastering Verbal Communication Most people tend to get nervous while speaking in front ofa large group, or even while speaking to their teachers, managers or supervisors. However, if you focus on the points given in Table 1.3, you can enhance and master your verbal communication skills. Table 1.3: Mastering Verbal Communication + Think about your topic. + Think about the most effective ways to make your listeners understand the topic. Write or note down whatever you plan to say. Speak clearly, loudly and at moderate speed. Be sure the information you want to share is to the point. Do not repeat the same Sentences, Be confident. Maintain eye contact, stand straight and be attentive. Be friendly. bac tai tens Cet ‘The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the e-Learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book. html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for some activities below. Enpuovasnury Sxiiis ~ Ciass XInitial Thinking Activity ‘After watching the video in the e-Learning lesson for this topic write down why do you think Tina’s directions were misunderstood? How would you have given directions on the phone? Activity 1 Group-Practice: Role Play of a Telephonic Conversation Material required Notebook, pen Procedure + Form groups with three students in each group. + Write a phone conversation based on a given scenario of a student calling a university academic coordinator to know about study courses and admission procedure + One student acts as caller and the other as receiver. + Read out the conversation by enacting the roles. + The third student gives feedback based on the 7Cs of communication (clear, concise, concrete, correct, coherent, complete and courteous). Activity 2 Group-Practice on Public Speaking Material required Notebook, pen Procedure + Form groups with three students in each group. + Within the group, choose a topic for a short speech. For example, Importance of Punctuality, Healthy Food Habits, etc. + Each person should make a speech to the others in the group; who then give feedback based on whether the person was able to communicate properly. * One student from the group volunteers to give the same speech in front of the class. Check Your Progress A. Multiple choice questions Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b), (c) or (d) that best answers the questions. 1. Which of the following is an example of oral communication? (a) Newspapers (b) Letters {c) Phone call (@) e-mail Communication SxiLis NotesNotes 2, What are the types of words we should use for verbal communication? (a) Acronyms: (b) Simple {c) Technical (4) Jargons 3. Why do we use e-mails? {a) To communicate with many people at the same time. (b) To share documents and files. {c) To talk to each other in real-time. (a) To keep a record of communication. B. Subjective question 1. List the different types of verbal communication. Include examples for each verbal communication type. What Have You Learnt? After completing this session, you will able to + describe different types of verbal communication. + list the advantages and disadvantages of verbal communication. Session 3:,Non-verBal ComMUNICATION Non-verbal communication is the expression or exchange of information or messages without using any spoken or written word In other words, we send signals and messages to others, through expressions, gestures, postures, touch, space, eye contact and para language. In this session, eT ean (reiki Figure1.3: Non-verbal Communication Enpuovasnury Sxiiis ~ Ciass Xyou will learn about the importance of different types of non-verbal communication skills and also know the correct body language to be used for communication. Importance of Non-verbal Communication In our day-to-day communication + 55% communication is done using body movements, face, arms, etc. + 38% communication is done using voice, tone, pauses, etc. + only 7% communication is done using words. Figure 1.4: Methods of Communication As we can see in Figure 1.4, around 93% of our communication is non-verbal. Certain examples of communicating with tone of voice and body language are shown in Table 1.4. Table 1.4: Non-verbal Communication ~ Non-Verbal Communication Raising a hand to greet or say goodbye Pointing your finger at someone a o> a3 Expressions + Smiling when you are happy Making a sad face when you are sad FA FA Communication SxiLis GesturesBody Language Postures by which attitudes and feelings are communicated. Standing straight, terry ee PRKTTST AV REPT + Our message becomes more effective if we use the right gestures while communicating. + If we know about non-verbal communication, we can understand our audience’s reaction and adjust our interaction accordingly. + Using the right gestures and postures is a sign of professionalism and etiquette. + If verbal messages are obstructed by noise or distance, etc., we can use our hand movements to exchange messages. For example, placing a finger on the lips indicates the need for silence while nodding the head is the same as saying ‘yes’. As mentioned in Table 1.5, let us learn about some of the ways in which we communicate non-verbally. Table 1.5: Types of Non-verbal Communication Facial Expressions Our expressions can show different + Smile when you ee feelings, such as Happiness, meet someone. Sadness, Anger, Surprise, Fear, etc. + Keep your face relaxed. 22 + Match your expressions with your words. ° = + Nod while listening. Postures show our confidence and + Keep your shoulders tH at tt eR crane, a stright straight and body relaxed. body posture shows confidence _* Sit straight while resting yk Ff) eit et ace a claret your ends Pectin weakness. relaxed position. bineee + While standing, keep your f hands by your sides. Gestures or _ Gestures include body movements + Keep your hands open. Body Language that express an idea or meaning. —_* Avoid pointing your finger EV T YY Forecample, raising a hand in at people. class to ask a question and biting * Tilt your head a bit to show Y RKTT T nails when nervous. that you are attentive. AT REPT @) Ewrtovannuy Sims ~ CLass XTouch We communicate a great deal * Shake hands firmly while through touch. For example, meeting someone. a firm handshake to display + Avoid other touch confidence and pat on the back gestures during formal to encourage someone. communication. Space is the physical distance + Maintain proper space between two people. The space depending on the between tow persons while relationship, which could communicating, generally depends _be formal or informal or on the intimacy or closeness the closeness with the between them. person with whom you are talking. ‘The way we look at someone can + Look directly at the person communicate a lot. Eye contact who is speaking. shows that we are paying attention + Avoid staring; keep a to the person as opposed to looking _relaxed look. away, which can make the other + Maintain eye contact with person feel ignored. intermittent breaks. How we speak affects our + Use a suitable tone communication and includes the and volume tone, speed and volume of our + Maintain a moderate speed voice. For example, talking fast while talking may show happiness, excitement or nervousness while speaking slow may show seriousness or sadness. Visual Communication Visual communication proves to be effective since it involves interchanging messages only through images or pictures and therefore, you do not need to know any particular language for understanding it. It is simple and remains consistent across different places. Some common types of visual communication are shown in Table 1.6. Table 1.6: Examples of Visual Communication No pets allowed Under construction: i i =No parking zone Danger warning Under CCTV surveillance No entry Radiation/biohazard warning “o> No mobile phone © NG © Practical Exercises ‘The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book. html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for some activities below. Initial Thinking Activity After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for this topic write down how could Rohit understand something was wrong with Amar? Can you understand how your friends are feeling even when they do not tell you anything? Activity 1 Group-Practice: Role-play on Non-verbal Communication Material required Notebook, pen Procedure + Form groups with three students in each group, * Prepare the script for the role play, based on the given scenario. For example, a hearing impaired salesperson is attending a female customer at an apparel store. * Act it out in front of your group. * One group volunteers to act before your whole class. Discuss how students used non-verbal communication. Was this communication effective? Enpuovasnury Sxiiis ~ Ciass XActivity 2 Group-Practice: How to Avoid Body Language Mistakes Material required Notebook, pen Procedure + In the same group of three students as above, discuss what are the Dos and Don'ts of avoiding miscommunication because of body language. + Each student should write down a list of these Dos and Don'ts. (Prepare the lists as homework, if there is less time left to complete the task in class). Activity 3 Individual-Practice: Comparing Methods of Communication Material required Notebook, pen Procedure + Discuss the three methods of communication (Verbal, Non-verbal and Visual) + Ask each student to write a list of the advantages and disadvantages of each method. + Practice: In all your conversations at home and school, pay attention to the non-verbal signs others are using, Practice using the non-verbal methods you learnt here in the right manner. Check Your Progress A, Multiple choice questions Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b), (c) or (d) that best answers the question. 1. Which of these is a positive (good) facial expression? (a) Frowning while concentrating (0) Maintaining eye contact (c) Smiling continuously (@) Rolling up your eyes 2, What does an-upright (straight) body posture convey or show? (a) Pride (b) Professionalism {c) Confidence (@) Humility 3. Which of these is NOT an appropriate non-verbal communication at work? (a) Keeping hands in pockets while talking (b) Talking at moderate speed Communication SxiLis Notes— {o) Sitting straight (@) Tilting head a bit to listen 4, Which of the following statement is true about communication? (a) 50% of our communication is non-verbal (b) 20% communication is done using body movements, face, arms, etc. (c) 5% communication is done using voice, tone, pauses, ete. (4) 7% communication is done using words 5. Put a X mark against the actions below which are examples of bad non-verbal communication. Laughing during formal communication Scratching head Smiling when speaking to a friend Nodding when you agree with something Standing straight Yawning while listening Sitting straight Maintaining eye contact while speaking Biting nails, Firm Handshake Clenching jaws Looking away when someone is speaking to you Intense stare B. Subjective question 1, Draw any five common signs used for Visual Communication, Explain what each conveys and where did you see it? What Have You Learnt? After completing this session, you will be able to + explain non-verbal and visual communication and their importance. + identify different types of non-verbal communication. \ + use non-verbal communication in the right manner at work. + avoid common mistakes in non-verbal communication. Session 4: Communication CycLe AND Importance OF FEEDBACK Feedback is an important part of the communication cycle. For effective communication, it is important that the sender receives an acknowledgement from Enpuovasnury Sxiiis ~ Ciass Xthe receiver about getting the message across. While a sender sends information, the receiver a= provides feedback on the received message. Sender Cofanitnicaie Translated to the work environment, when you observe someone perform their work and then, communicate with them to help improve their performances, you are giving feedback. Feedback can be positive or negative. A good feedback is always + specific Feedback + helpful = kind Figure 1.5: Communication Cycle Receiver ‘Types of Feedback Positive Feedback + I noticed you finished the work perfectly. Great job! + Treally appreciate you taking that call. Can you please also share the details? POSITIVE FEEDBACK Negative Feedback + You keep forgetting to smile at the hotel guests when you talk to them. + You take really long to reply to ‘e-mails! Are you always so busy? NEGATIVE FEEDBACK No Feedback + Itis also a feedback in itself which a indicates disagreement of ideas. Feedback Feedback, if shared properly, can help reinforce existing strengths and can increase the recipient’s abilities to Commuscanion Situs G)Notes rectify errors. It can have a long-term effect in managing and achieving goals. A good feedback is one that is: Specific: Avoid general comments. Try to include examples to clarify your statement. Offering alternatives rather than just giving advice allows the receiver to decide what to do with your feedback. ‘Timely: Being prompt is the key, since feedback loses its impact if delayed for too long. Polite: While it is important to share feedback, the recipient should not feel offended by the language of the feedback. Offering continuing support: Feedback sharing should be a continuous process, After offering feedback, let recipients know you are available for support. Importance of Feedback Feedback is the final component and one of the most important factors in the process of communication since it is defined as the response given by the receiver to the sender. Let us look at certain reasons why feedback is important. It validates effective listening: The person providing the feedback knows they have been understood (or received) and that their feedback provides some value. It motivates: Feedback can motivate people to build better work relationships and continue the good work that is being appreciated. It is always there: Every time you speak to a person, we communicate feedback so it is impossible not to provide one. It boosts learning: Feedback is important to remain focussed on goals, plan better and develop improved products and services. It improves performance: Feedback can help to form better decisions to improve and increase performance. novanmTy Sknuas ~ CLass XPeete Catt ‘The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the e-learning lesson at http://www. psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book. html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for some activities below. Activity 1 Role Play on Providing Feedback Material required Notebook, pen Procedure + Form groups with five students in each group. + Two volunteers in the group should act out a role play of a hotel staff. For example, Volunteer A can act as a front desk executive and Volunteer B as a guest enquiring availability of rooms. * After the role play, remaining members of group will give constructive feedback to both the volunteers, Activity 2 Group-Practice on Constructive Feedback Material required Notebook, pen Procedure + Form groups with five students in each group: + Each member in the group should write down three sentences showing how feedback should NOT be given. + Then, each group forms a circle. One person in the circle starts by saying a sentence or feedback, The next person in the circle tries to make the feedback more constructive. + Keep repeating until all written feedback have constructive alternatives. Check Your Progress A, Multiple choice questions Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b), (c) or (d) that best answers the question. 1. Which of these are examples of positive feedback? (a) Excellent, your work has improved. (b) Inoticed your dedication towards the project. {c) You are always doing it the wrong way. (@) All of the above Communication SxiLis NotesNotes 2. Which of these are examples of negative feedback? {a) hate to tell you this but your drawing skills are poor. (b) You can surely improve your drawing. (c) This is a good drawing but you can do better. (a) None of the above 3. Which of the following are effective components of a good feedback? (a) Detailed and time consuming (b) Direct and honest (c) Specific (4) Opinion-based B. Subjective question 1. What do you mean by feedback? Let's take a scenario. Radha is your co-worker. Together you are making a report on how to manage the waste in your store. Since she has not finished her part of the report on time, the whole report has got delayed and the manager has given you both a warning, Write down the feedback you would like to give your co-worker on managing time. Try to keep the feedback specific and polite. What Have You Learnt? After completing this session, you will able to + identify how and when to give feedback. + explain the importance of feedback. + use suitable words and phrases when giving or receiving feedback, Session, 5: Barriers TO EFFECTIVE Communication What is Effective Communication? We now know that there are different methods of communication: non-verbal, verbal and visual. However, all these methods can only be effective if we follow the basic principles of professional communication skills. ‘These can be abbreviated as 7 Cs i.e., Clear, Concise, Concrete, Correct, Coherent, Complete and Courteous. These are further explained in Figure 1.6. Absence of any of these 7Cs can lead to miscommunication. Let us take a closer look at certain barriers to effective communication. Enpuovasnury Sxiiis ~ Ciass XFigure 1.6: 7Cs of Effective Communication Barriers to Effective Communication Physical Barriers Physical barrier is the environmental and natural condition that act as a barrier in communication in sending message from sender to receiver (Figure 1.7). Not being able to see gestures, posture and general body language can make communication less effective. For example, text messages are often less effective than face-to-face communication. E Barriers to. a E Communication _ Figure 1.7: Barriers to Effective Communication Linguistic Barriers The inability to communicate using a language is known as language barrier to communication. Language barriers are the most common communication barriers, which cause misunderstandings and Communication SxiLis NotesNotes misinterpretations between people. For example, slang, professional jargon and regional colloquialisms can make communication difficult. Interpersonal Barriers Barriers to interpersonal communication occur when the sender's message is received differently from how it was intended. It is also very difficult to communicate with someone who is not willing to tall or express their feelings and views. Stage fear, lack of will to communicate, personal differences can create interpersonal barriers to communication. Organisational Barriers Organisations are designed on the basis of formal hierarchical structures that follow performance standards, rules and regulations, procedures, policies, behavioural norms, etc. All these affect the free flow of communication in organisations and therefore, need to be suitably managed. Superior-subordinate relationships in a formal organisational structure can be a barrier to free flow of communication. Also, sometimes due to the stringent rules, the employees find it difficult to communicate with their peers too. Cultural Barriers. Cultural barriers is when people of different cultures are unable to understand each other’s customs, resulting in inconveniences and difficulties.People sometimes make stereotypical assumptions about others based on their cultural background, this leads to difference in opinions and can be a major barrier to effective communication. Although there are certain barriers to effective communication, you can always overcome these barriers by following some best practices of effective communication that are listed here. Ways to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication + Use simple language + Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography Enpuovasnury Sxiiis ~ Ciass X+ Tryto communicate in person as much as possible Nores + Use visuals + Take help of a translator to overcome differences in language + Be respectful of other's opinions Peetu ant Activity 1 Role Play on Barriers to Effective Communication. Material required Notebook, pen Procedure + Form groups with five students in each group. + Two volunteers from the group should act out a role play of a salesperson in a shopping mall. For example, Volunteer ‘A can act as a sales executive, and Volunteer B as a customer enquiring about a television set. The customer is from a foreign country. + Enact the communication barriers or challenges the customer or salesperson may face while interacting with each other. Activity 2 1g Barriers Group practice: Overco: Material required Notebook, pen Procedure + Form groups with five students in each group. + Each member in a group should write down three ways to overcome barriers to effective communication. The group members will then stand in a circle. Bach student should say aloud one point each; till all the ways have been discussed. Check Your Progress, A. Multiple choice questions Read the questions carefully and circle the letter(s) (a), (b), (c) or (d) that best answers the question. 1. Which of these is NOT a common communication barrier? (a) Linguistic barrier (b) Interpersonal barrier Communication SxiLisNotes (c) Financial barrier (4) Organisational barrier 2. Which of these are ways to overcome communication barriers? (a) Respecting each other's differences (b) Using a translator {c) Not communicating at all (@) Using your own language for comfort B. Subjective question 1. Write down the common communication barriers you may come across when you move to a new city or country. What Have You Learnt? After completing this session, you will be able to + identify the common barriers to effective communication. + list ways to overcome barriers to effective communication. Session 6: Writine Skits — Parts or SPEECH Writing skills are part of verbal communication and include e-mails, letters, notes, articles, SMS/chat, blogs, etc. In all these forms of written communication, we use sentences to express ourselves. Sentences are important because they help to clearly present the message. We all know that a sentence is a group of words that communicates a complete thought. For example, Pooja goes to school. On the other hand, a group of words, which does not make complete sense, is known as a phrase. For example, Pooja goes. A sentence always begins with a capital letter, and it always ends with a question mark, full stop or exclamation mark. In this session, we will cover all these topics in detail. But first, read aloud the examples given below: + When will you complete your homework? + I completed it yesterday. + That is good! Capitalisation We know that all sentences begin with capital letters. However, there are certain other points in a sentence where we should use capital letters. ‘TINS's a set of Enpuovasnury Sxiiis ~ Ciass Xsimple rules that help you capitalise words correctly. Each letter in the word TINS refers to one capitalisation tule as shown in Table 1.7. Table 1.7: Capitalisation Rules Whatit shows: Titles word T Names Starting letter of sentences Rule Capitalise the Capitalise the Capitalise the first Capitalise first letter in letter ‘when it letter in the names the first the titles used is used as a word of people, places, _letter in every before people’s (Pronoun). days and months. sentence. names. Example Dr Malik and He said that I The summer break The little girl Mr Pandey should accompany is starting this lost her book. were invited to him to the mall. Friday and will the party. continue till the end, of June. Suresh is planning to visit London next year. Punctuation Certain set of marks, such as full stop, comma, question mark, exclamation mark and apostrophe are used in communication to separate parts of a sentence for better clarity of message. Some common punctuation marks and their rules are shown here in Table 1.8. Table 1.8: Punctuation Marks Full stop + Used at the endofa Omar is a professor. His students ‘sentence. call him Prof, Omar. + Used with short form of long words. Comma, Sa + Used to indicate a pause After getting down from the bus, I S in the sentence. walked towards my school. . + Used to separate two or The grocery store had fresh 8 more items in a row. _kiwis, strawberries and mangoes. Question mark 2 + Used at the endofa Where is your book? question. Exclamation mark ! + ‘Used atthe end ofa What a beautiful dress! word or a sentence to Hooray! We won the match. indicate a strong feeling. Commuscanion Situs (es)Apostrophe (). + Used followed by an's’ That is Shobha’s cat. to show possession or _Are these Rahim’s colour pencils? belonging. Let’s go for the movies today. + Used with shortened She isn’t coming to school today. form of words in informal speech. Basic Parts of Speech ‘The part of speech indicates how a particular word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence. Some examples are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs as shown in Figure 1.8. pore (Name, Place, Nee UT) ees (oy Cire sarc) Pennie ie rie) Adjectives (Salty, Spic ror) Sea Talk, etc.) Figure 1.8: Parts of Speech Table 1.8: Parts of Speech Parts of What a Example sentence Example speech nes words Noun Words (naming words) Kavita bought a book. ‘Kavita’ Tiger that refer to a person, and ‘book’ are nouns. ‘Truth place, thing or idea. India Raj January Pronoun Words used in place of Kavita bought a book. She has I anoun a great book collection. She’ is You ‘used in place of the noun Kavita. They Us She He Enpuovasnury Sxiiis ~ Ciass XAdjectives Words that describe Kavita bought a best-selling book Large other words. best-selling is an adjective that Red describes the noun book. Naughty Weak One-foot Verbs Words that show action Kavita buys a new book every Run month. Buys is the verb that tells Eat about Kavita’s actions. Think Sit Adverbs Words that add meaning Kavita quickly read her Easily to verbs by answering book.‘Quickly’ tells us how Kavita Always How? How often? When? did the action. Before and Where? Fast Carefully Let us now see how these words are used. Read aloud the sentence given below. Hooray! Shyam and his team won the exciting match yesterday. We already know that Shyam, team and match are nouns. Exciting’ is an adjective here because it describes the noun match, the word won is a verb because its hows an action and the word ‘yesterday’ is an adverb because it describes when they won the match. But what about the remaining words in this sentence: Hooray, the, and? Such supporting words are used to join the main parts of speech together and also to add information to the sentences. Let us now look at some types of these supporting words. Supporting Parts of Speech Types RCC an, the) Interjection errand a es CoCr) See (in, on, ete.) Figure 1.9: Supporting Parts of Speech Communication SxiLis‘Some supporting words are shown in Figure 1.9. Let us learn more about them using Table 1.10. Table 1.10: Supporting Parts of Speech Supporting Parts Use Example ‘of Speech Articles (a, an, the) Generally used before nouns. Wow! The boy was taken An—used before words with a vowel sound by surprise because he A—used before nouns with a consonant saw a bird fiying over sound his head ‘The—Refers to specific or particular words Conjunctions Joins two nouns, phrases or sentences Wow! The boy was taken (and, but, by surprise because he because) saw a bird flying over his head. Prepositions (on, Connects one word with another to Wow! The boy was taken by over, in, under) _ usually answer the questions ‘where’, surprise because he saw a ‘when’ and ‘how’, bird flying over his head. Interjections Expresses strong emotions, such as Wow! The boy was taken (Wow!, Help!) happiness, surprise, anger or pain. by surprise because he saw a bird flying over his head. ‘The teacher will facilitate these activities - by showing you the e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book. himl. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for some activities below. Initial Thinking Activity ‘After watching the initial video in the elearning lesson for this topic, write down what do you think was wrong with ‘Seema’s letter? Activity 1 Identifying Parts of Speech Material required Notebook, pen Procedure + Form groups with five students in each group. + Inthe paragraph given below (taken from from ‘La Bamba’— a short story; Gary Soto pp. 115), identify the different parts of speech and write them down accordingly. “manuel walked on stage and the song started immediately glassy-eyed from the shock of being in front of so many Enpuovasnury Sxiiis ~ Ciass Xpeople manuel moved his lips and swayed in a made-up dance step he couldn't see his parents but he could see his brother mario who was a year younger thumb-wrestling with a friend mario was wearing manuel’s favourite shirt hhe would deal with Mario later. He saw some other kids get up and head for the drinking fountain and a baby sitting in the middle of an aisle sucking her thumb and watching him intently.” + This paragraph contains examples of the parts of speech you learnt about in this lesson. + Identify as many of these parts of speech as you can and mark them, Discuss what was difficult in this activity. + Write the paragraph with correct capitalisation and punctuation. One of the groups will volunteer and present to the class what they have marked. They write out the paragraph on the board with proper punctuation. The other students will share if it is correct. Activity 2 Pair Activity: Sentence Construction Material required Notebook, pen Procedure + Form pairs of students. + List out nine parts of speech that you learnt in the lesson. Select any three of them and create five simple sentences which use these parts of speech. + For each part of speech, a volunteer reads out their sentences. The other students share if it is correct. Activity 3 Group Practice: Identify Name, Place, Animal, Thing Material required Notepad and pens Procedure + Number yourselves from 1 to 5. + One set of 1-5 is in one group and so on. + Each member of a group has to say a word that is either a name, place, animal, thing or feeling; the fifth member has to perform any kind of action. + Each group gets 30 seconds to think what they are going to say and do. Discussion ‘The class discussion will highlight different words that are used toname a person, place, animal, thing, or feeling and their role in a sentence as parts of speech. The discussion will also highlight the role of action words as parts of speech Communication SxiLis Notes— Check Your Progress A. Multiple choice questions Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b), (c) or (d) that best answers the question. 1, In which of the following, the underlined word is an adjective? (a) Radha has a red dress. (b) Ican speak French. (6) The Girl on the Train is a best-seller. (a) Abdul can swim fast. 2. Which of these sentences is capitalised correctly? (a) Ravi and i are going to the movies. (b) Salim is visiting India in july. (c) The Tiger is a strong animal. (@) She is arriving on Monday. 3. Which of these sentences are punctuated correctly? (a) When is the party. (b) Thad bread omelette and a Banana for breakfast. (c) 1am so excited about my first foreign trip! (@) This is Abdul’s notebook, 4, In which of these sentences can you find an adverb? (a) Divya drinks milk every day. (b) Sanjay gifted me a new pen. {c), Lopened the door tock. (@) Sita is 5-feet tall, B, Fill in the blanks 1. Fill correct nouns and verbs from the given options to complete the sentence in table given below. Boy, Ms Sen, Rahim, Children, Swimming, Driving, Writing, Cat, Students Teaching, Eating, Playing es “ tg Cer + 4 a. The is b. The c, The are d. is the car. Enpuovasnury Sxiiis ~ Ciass X©, Subjective question 1. Identify the conjunctions and prepositions from the list below and write these in the correct box. Conjunction Preposition After completing this session, you will be able to use capitalisation and punctuation rules for sentences identify the basic parts of speech. explain the usage of the different parts of speech. identify the supporting parts of speech. Session 7: Writina Skitts— SENTENCES Parts of a Sentence We all know that almost all English sentences have a subject and a verb while some also have an object. Subject: Person or thing that performs an action. Verb: Describes the action. Object: Person or thing that receives the action. Let us see the different parts of the sentence in Figure 1.10. Read aloud the example sentences shown in Table 1.11 and understand which is the subject, verb and object. Figure 1.10: Parts of a Sentence Commuscanion Situs &)