Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data.

It
has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
It is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates
data and provides output in a useful format.
It is an electronic device capable of performing a series of mathematical and
logical operations.
Earliest Computer
 Originally calculations were computed by humans whose job title was
computer.
 These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a
mathematical expression
 The calculation of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring
years of training in mathematics
 The first use of the word “computer” was recorded in 1613, referring
to aperson who carried out calculation, or computations and the word
continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century.

TALLY STICK

A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and

document number, quantities or even messages

ABACUS
 An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations.
 The abacus was invented in Babylonia in2400 B.C
 The abacus in the form we are the most familiar with was firsst usedin
China in around 500 B.C.
 It used to perform basic arithmetica operations.
 It consist of slab divided into sections, and pebbles used for counters.

NAPIER BONE

 Invented by John Napier in 1614.

  Jon Napier was a Scottish mathematician who lieved from 1550-1617.
He was famous for his breakthrough discveries in Math, Science and
Agriculture.
 Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube
roots by moving the rods aound and placing them in specially
constructed boards

SLIDE RULE
 Consists of movable bars with a precise scale which uses
approximations for solving problems.
 Invented by William Oughtred in 1622
 Based on Napier’s idea about logarithms
 Used primarily for:
o Multiplication
o Division
o Roots
o Logarithm
o Trigonometry
 Not normally used for addition or subractions

PASCALINE
 Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642
 It was its limitation to addiiton and subraction
 It is too expensive
STEPPED RECKONER
 Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
 The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.
JACQUARD LOOM
 The Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom invented by Joseph-Marie
Jacquard in 1881
 It is an automatic loom controlled by punched card

ARITHMOMETER

 A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820

  The first reliable, useful and commercially succesful calculating
machine.
 The machine could perform the for basic mathematic function.
 The first mass-produced calculating Machine

DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND ANALYTICAL ENGINE

 It’s an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate
polynomial functions
 Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
 It is the first mechanical computer.

Lady Augusta Ada Byron

 First computer programmer
 In 1840, she suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system
 She writes programs for Analytical Engine

SCHEUNZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE

 Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843
 Based on Charles Babbage’s difference engine
 The first printing calculator

TABULATING MACHINE
 Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890
 To assist in summarizing information and accounting

HARVARD MARK 1
 Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
 Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
 The first electro-mechanical computer.

Z1
 The first programmable computer
  Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
 To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a
punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch
tape.

ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)

 It was the first electronic digital computing device.
 Invented by professor John Atanaoff and graduate student Clifford
Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942

ENIAC

 ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

 It was the first electronic general purpose computer
 Completed by John Presper and John W. Mauchly

EDVAC
Stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
The first stored program computer
Designed by Von Neumann in 1952
It has memory to hold both a stored program as well as as data

Computer Generations
There are five generations of computer:
First Generation (1946-1958)
 The first computer used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory, and were often enormous taking up entire
rooms
 They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a
great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often
the cause of malfunctions.
  First generation computers relied on machine language, the
lowest level programming language understood by computers, to
perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a
time.
 Input was based on punched cards and paper tape and output
was displayed on printouts

Second Generation (1959-1964)

 Transistor replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second
generation of computers.
 One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
 Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy-efficient and more-reliable.
 Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the
computer.
 Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for
input and printouts for output
 These were also the first computers that stored their instructions
in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to
magnetic core technology.
Third Generation (1965-1970)
 The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third
generations of computers.
 Transistor were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of
computers.
 Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second generation
computers.
 It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.
 Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards
and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed
the device to run many different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory.
 Computers for the first time became accessible to mass audience
because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation (1971-Today)

  The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
 As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked
together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of
the Internet
 Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the
mouse and handheld devices

Fifth Generation (Today-Future)

 Based on Artificial Intelligence

 Still in development
 The use of parallel processing and superconductor is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality
 The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input
and are capable of learning and self-organization
 There are some applications, such as vice recognition, that are being
used today.

Characteristic of Computer
 It is a machine
 It is electronic
 It is automatic
 It can manipulate data
 It has memory
 It has logical operation
Capabilities of Computer
 Speed
 Repetitiveness
 Accuracy
 Decision-making capability or logical operations
 Store and retrieve information
 Ability to check itself
 Ability to communicate with other computer or machines
Limitation of Computers
1. Computers cannot operate without being given a set of instructions.
2. Computers cannot able to derive meaning from objects
3. Computers can detect errors but cannot correct them
4. Computers are subject to occasional breakdowns.

Classification of Computers
A. According to Purpose
General-Purpose Computer
 It has the ability to store different programs of
instruction and perform a variety of operation
 Ex. Desktops, notebooks, smartphones and tablets
Special Purpose Computer
 Designed to perform one specific tasks.
 The program of instruction is built into or permanently
stored in the machine.
 Ex. Highway Tolls, Air Traffic control, Satellite Tracking
and Airline Reservation
B. According to Data handled
Analog Computer
 This computer deals with quantities that are
continuously variable.
 It gives only approximate results.
 They are used for scientific, engineering and process
control purposes.
 Ex. Speedometer in an automobile

Digital Computer
 It is a machine that specialize in counting.
 Digital computers are use in both business data
processing and scientific purposes since digital
computation result in greater accuracy.
 Ex. Digital Car Speedometer, Digital clock
Hybrid Computer
  It combines the measuring capabilities of the analog
computer and the logical and control capabilities of
digital computer.
 It offers an efficient and economical method of
working our special types of problems in science and
various areas of engineering.
 EX. ECG Machine, Body signals are analogue in
nature, and the output is generated in both analogue
and digital form. Therefore, ECG machine is an
example of hybrid computers.

C. According to Capacity
 Microcomputer
It is also called Personal Computer or PC. This category
also includes handheld, notebook, laptop, portable and super
microcomputer
 Minicomputer
These are more powerful than microcomputers and can support
a number of users performing different tasks.
 Mainframe
These are the large systems that can handle hundred of users,
store large amount of data and process transactions at very high
rate. It usually requires specialized environment including
separate air conditioning, cooling and electrical power
 Super Computer
These are the most powerful category of computers and the
most expensive.

Data Processing Cycle

Data Processing is the manipulation of data into more useful form. It
includes not only numerical calculations but also operations such as the
classification of data and the transmission of data from one place to another.
 Input
Initial data are prepared in some convenient form for processing.
 Process
Data are manipulated for processing and it is transformed into
information.
 Output
 The result of the preceding processing steps are collected. Processed
data resulted information as output. Information refers to the data
that has been processed into a form that has meaning and is useful.
 Store
Output maybe stored on disk for future reference or use.
Components of computer system
System
 Defined as a group of related components that interact to perform
task.
 It is an organized group related and interdependent elements, parts or
components interacting with one another in performing the individual
and specific tasks for the purpose of meeting one or more goals and
objectives.
Components of computer with their purpose and functions
 Hardware – it is the physical or the tangible parts of computer
 Software – refers to a set of instruction that is to be executed by the
computer called program.

Categories of Software
 System Software
 Application Software

 Peopleware – refers to the personnel involved within the computer

installation or could be anybody who wants their job to be done using
computer.
Example: Data Entry Operator, Computer Operator, Computer
Programmer, System Analysts, Computer Center Director and
Database Administrator

 Functional Areas of Peopleware

 System Programming
 System Analysis
 Application Programming
 Computer Operations

 Dataware – refers to the steps specifying the manner certain activities

are to be accomplished.
Example:
  Instructional Manuals
 Operating Manuals
 Processing Manuals
 Recipe for Cooking

Components of Internal hardware.

 Central Processing Unit – the brain of the computer who does
the actual work executing the instructions in the program.

Part of the CPU

 Control Unit
 Arithmetic and Logic Operation

 Memory Unit – used in storing and retrieving information

 Input/Output Unit – This allows communication between

computer and its outside world via input and output devices
Categorized of external hardware.is
1. Input Hardware – its function is to accept or collect data and
convert it into a form suitable for processing
Types:
 Keyboard-Entry Devices
o Ex. Keyboard and Terminals
 Direct-Entry Devices
o Ex. Mouse, Trackball, Joystick, Touchscreen,
Light Pen, Pen-Based System
 Scanning Devices
Ex. Barcode Reader, Facsimile, Image Scanner,
Smart Card
2. Processing Hardware – Its function is to retrieve and execute the
instructions provided to the computer
3. Storage Hardware – its function is temporarily or permanently
stored data used for processing and the output of such
processing.

Two Types of Storage Hardware

Primary Storage – it refers to the main memory (RAM)
Secondary Storage
 Ex. Diskettes, Flash Disks, Hard Disks, Optical
Storage, Memory Card

4. Output Hardware – Its function is to provide a means for the user

to view information produced by the computer system

Two forms of Output

Hardcopy
Softcopy

5. Communication hardware – Its function is to facilitate connection

between computers connected with a network of computers over
phone lines and other channels.

Communication hardware Includes:

1. Modemn
2. Network Interface Card
3. Switches
4. Routers

System Unit – is in the case containing all the main parts of a

computer.

Components inside the System Unit

 Power Supply
 Motherboard
 CPU
 Specialized Processor Chips
 RAM Chips
 ROM Chips
 Expansion Slots
 Bus Line
 Ports
 

Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics

1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people

2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s computer work
3. Thou shalt not access other people’s computer files
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness
6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not
paid (without permission)
7. Thou shalt not use other people’s computer resources without
authorisation or proper compensation
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s intellectual output
9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the programme you
are writing or the system you are designing
10.Thou shalt always use computers in ways that ensure consideration and
respect for other humans

IT Code of Conduct
1. Computer may not be used to harm other people.
2. Employees may not interfere with other’s computer works
3. Employees may not meddle or intervene in other’s computer files.
4. Computers may not be used to steal
5. Computers may not be used to bear false witness.
6. Employees may not copy or sue software illegally.
7. Employees may not use other’s computer resources without
authorization.8 employees may not use other’s output.
8. Employees may not use other ‘s output
9. Employees shall consider the social impact of programs and systems
they design.
10. Employees always should use computers in a way that
demonstrate consideration and respect for fellow humans.