Basics of Solar Microinverters

A quickSTEP Online Course

© Siemens industry, Inc. www.usa.siemens.com/step

Trademarks

Siemens is a trademark of Siemens AG. Product names mentioned may be trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective companies.

National Electrical Code® and NEC® and NFPA 70® are registered trademarks of the National Fire
Protection Association.

NEMA® is a registered trademark and service mark of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association.

UL® is a registered trademark of UL, LLC.

Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-2

Course Topics

Welcome to Basics of Solar Microinverters. This

course covers the following topics:
Chapter 1 - Introduction
• Overview
• Solar Microinverter Systems
Chapter 2 – Siemens Products
• System Components
Final Exam
If you do not have an understanding of basic
electrical concepts, you should complete Basics
of Electricity before attempting this course.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-3

Course Objectives

Upon completion of this course you will be able to…

• Describe the function of a photovoltaic cell
• Define the term inverter
• State the purpose of important solar inverter functions such as maximum power point
tracking and anti-islanding.
• Distinguish between a string inverter and a microinverter.
• List the benefits of a solar microinverter system in comparison to other solar inverter
systems.
• List and describe the function of the main components of a Siemens microinverter
system.
• Identify the two voltage options for Siemens microinverters and describe the cabling
arrangement for each option.
• Identify the two AC drop spacing options available for Siemens trunk and drop cabling.
• Describe the function of Envoy-S communications gateways.
• Summarize the capabilties of Enlighten web-based monitoring and analysis software.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-4

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© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-5

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

There are two broad categories of solar energy

applications, solar thermal and solar photovoltaic.
This course focuses on solar photovoltaic
applications.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) applications vary in scale.

For example, on the larger scale, arrays of solar
modules, like the ones shown in the
accompanying graphic, are used to convert
sunlight into electricity for distribution by an
electric utility company.

However, this course focuses on PV applications

that convert sunlight into electricity for use in a
home or commercial facility. In addition, while PV
modules are discussed, this course primarily
covers Siemens products used with PV modules.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-6

Photovoltaic Cells

Solar PV installations are made up of many solar cells. A solar

cell, also called a photovoltaic (PV) cell, is a device that
produces a voltage when light shines on it. Therefore, a PV
cell is essentially a battery that is dependent on light to create
a voltage. Like a battery, a PV cell is a direct current (DC)
source. This means that the direction of the current is constant.

A single PV cell produces a small voltage, up to about half a

volt for a typical silicon PV cell. However, the exact voltage
varies with temperature and light intensity. Because the
voltage provided by a solar cell is variable, the current it
provides to the load is also variable. Additionally, just as
multiple battery cells can be placed in series to produce a
higher voltage, the same is true of PV cells.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-7

PV Cells, Modules, and Arrays

A single PV cell provides only a small

voltage and can supply only a very small
current; therefore, a number of PV cells are
grouped together on a solar panel.

Because the term panel has multiple uses

in the context of a power distribution
system, this course uses the term solar
module or PV module instead of solar
panel.

To supply the necessary energy for a

practical installation, solar modules are
assembled to form a solar array. The larger
the number of modules, the greater the
amount of energy the array can provide.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-8

Types of PV Cells and Modules

There are multiple technologies used to produce solar

modules, but these three module types dominate
today’s market: monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline
silicon, and thin film.

Monocrystalline, meaning single crystal, silicon

modules have an efficiency of 14 to 22 percent. This is
pretty good in the solar industry. Efficiency is the
percentage of solar energy that is converted into
electrical energy. Unfortunately, the manufacturing
cost for this type of module is relatively high.

Polycrystalline, meaning many crystals, silicon

modules are less expensive to manufacture, but their
cell structure has crystal boundaries that reduce the
available energy. This translates into an efficiency of
10 to15 percent.

There are a variety of approaches for producing thin

film modules. One of the more promising technologies
uses Cadmium-Telluride (CdTe) or CadTel . Thin film
modules are becoming more popular because they
are less expensive to manufacture. However, these
types of modules have an efficiency of only 8 to 13
© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 percent.
Page 1-9
Units of Measure and Other Terms

As a review of some of the terminology used in the

Basics of Electricity course, the top chart in the
accompanying graphic shows some commonly used
electrical quantities, their symbols, and units of
measure.

These units of measure are often preceded by a

metric unit prefix that scales the quantity by a power of
ten. (For example, 1 kilowatt is equal to 1000 watts.)
The middle chart shows some of the more common
metric unit prefixes.

The bottom chart provides a brief description of some

additional terms appropriate for the discussion of solar
energy systems.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-10

Electrical Components of a Small Scale PV System

The accompanying graphic

shows an example of the
electrical components of a
typical small scale PV system.

This graphic shows only three

PV modules in one branch
circuit, but a typical system
includes multiple branches with
more modules per branch.

This example also shows one

microinverter per PV module.
Other approaches for converting
the direct current (DC) provided
by PV modules to the
alternating current (AC) needed
by the electrical system are also
used, but this course covers
microinverter systems.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-11

Balance of System

Additional components shown

include a kilowatt-hour meter,
load center or panelboard, and a
communication gateway, which
communicates important
information for system
monitoring via computer.

One concept often used with PV

systems is refer to all of the
components except for the PV
modules as the balance of
system (BOS). This includes not
only the electrical components
shown in the illustration (minus
the PV modules), but also the
mechanical components used to
mount the PV modules.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-12

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© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-13

Chapter 1 – Introduction

This chapter covers the following

topics:
• Overview
• Solar Microinverter Systems

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-14

What is an Inverter?

Quite simply, an inverter is a device that converts

direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
Many inverters are used to control motors and
require complex circuits to accurately control the
motor. For solar PV applications, however, simpler,
less expensive inverters can be used.

At the heart of an inverter, multiple semiconductor

switching devices, such as insulated gate bipolar
transistors or silicon controlled rectifiers, convert
the applied direct current to alternating current. The
number of semiconductor switches required
depends in part on whether the output of the
inverter is single-phase or three-phase AC. Single-
phase AC is needed for most residential
applications, and three-phase AC is needed for
many commercial applications.

Most inverters require a control circuit that controls

the timing of the switching devices. Additional
components are also included for protection and
signal filtering.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-15

Solar Microinverters

As will be explained later, many solar PV

systems use one or more larger inverters.
However, the PV systems covered in this course
use one microinverter for each solar PV module.
The term microinverter simply means that the
device is a small inverter.

Although a solar microinverter is a relatively

simple component, in addition to changing
variable DC to a constant frequency AC, it must
also do some other important things.

For example, it must incorporate a capability

called maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
As will be described in more detail later in this
course, MPPT maximizes the power output of
the microinverter.

Also, because a solar microinverter must provide

grid-compatible power, it quickly shuts itself off in
the event that its own output is no longer grid
compatible or if a utility power outage is sensed.
This last feature, anti-islanding, will also be
discussed later.
© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-16
Solar Inverter Systems

Some solar PV systems use a single inverter sized

to channel all the power available from all PV
modules to the load and power grid. However,
many solar PV applications use multiple string
inverters. A string inverter, as shown in the left in
the accompanying graphic, is simply an inverter
that is connected to multiple PV modules.

Keep in mind that the accompanying graphic has

been simplified for explanation purposes and a
string inverter system typically has additional
components. For example, one or more DC
combiner boxes may be used to reduce wiring cost
and complexity.

Also, because a string inverter provides power for

multiple modules, failure of an inverter results in a
significant loss of power available to the load.

In contrast, the microinverter system, as shown on

the right in the accompanying graphic, uses one
micoinverter per PV module. While at first glance
this may appear more complex, in reality, this
approach has a number of important advantages.
© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-17
Advantages of a Solar Microinverter System

A solar microinverter system has a number of important advantages in comparison to a central inverter or string inverter
system.

• A microinverter system converts more of the energy available from the PV modules. This results in a significant savings
to the system owner.

• A microinverter system is easier to install. No extra enclosures are required for DC disconnects or combiner boxes. The
cabling is simple and easy to connect. The mounting hardware installs quickly.

• A microinverter system is more reliable. Microinverters handle very small amounts of energy, tend to run cooler, have
simpler designs, and a significantly longer mean time between failure.

• If a microinverter does fail, system troubleshooting is simpler, the replacement cost is much lower, and less energy is
lost to the system during the malfunction. Keep in mind that a single inverter system provides an expensive, single point
of failure, and, if a string inverter fails, the power from multiple PV modules is lost.

• Finally, a microinverter system is safer. For example, in a string inverter system, the inverter and cabling must handle a
larger DC voltage, up to 600 VDC in some systems, compared to up to only 45 VDC for a microinverter system. The
higher DC voltage creates a potential fire hazard if wiring or components fail or are not installed properly. Additionally,
contractors and inspectors are sometimes not used to handling a high DC voltage and may be at greater risk of injury.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-18

Maximum Power Point Tracking

As previously mentioned, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is

a feature of a solar inverter that maximizes the power output of the
inverter. The maximum power point tracker in the inverter does this
by regulating the current and voltage on the DC side of the inverter
to optimize the power output on the AC side.

Consider the accompanying illustration. The blue curve shows the

possible combinations of current and voltage from a PV module
under optimal sunlight and temperature conditions. On the left
extreme of the curve is the short circuit current of the module (Isc).
Because the voltage is approximately zero at this point, the direct
current power, which is the product of voltage and current, is also
approximately zero. On the extreme right of the curve is the open
circuit voltage (Voc). Because the current is zero at this point, the
power is also zero. Given this curve, the product of current and
voltage is maximum at the maximum power point (MPP).

At any given time, a PV module is unlikely to be operating at its

optimal conditions of maximum sunlight and low temperature. In
fact, the actual power curve is constantly changing over the course
of a day, moving closer to the maximum power curve or further
away from it as the sunlight and temperature change. This means
that the maximum power point tracker in a solar inverter must also
be continually making adjustments.
© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-19
String Inverter MPPT

One of the advantages previously mentioned for a

solar microinverter system is greater power
available. This is in comparison to either a single
inverter system or a string inverter system.

In order to understand this critical point, consider

how MPPT works in a string inverter system. For
simplicity, only three PV modules (A, B, and C) are
shown in this example. Modules A and B are each
receiving full sunlight and the power available from
each module is shown by the green square.

However, module C is receiving reduced sunlight

due to shading or dirt, leaves, or other debris on the
module. This has the effect of reducing the current
available from the module. The voltage is also
reduced, but to a lesser degree. The power
available from module C is shown by the blue
square.

Because the maximum power point tracker in the

string inverter cannot compensate for each module
individually, the resulting power is less than the sum
of the total power available from each module.
© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-20
Microinverter MPPT

Using the same example as on the previous

page, but with a microinverter for each PV
module, the maximum power point tracker in
each microinverter is able to compensate for
the conditions of each module.

As a result, the total power available is

equal to the sum of the powers available
from the three modules. This will always be
greater than or equal to the power delivered
by a string inverter.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-21

Anti-islanding

Anti-islanding is a critical safety feature

required of all solar inverters connected to
the main utility grid (grid-tied). From the
perspective of the electrical utility, a power
island provides power to the grid during an
electrical outage. Because a power island
is a safety hazard to utility maintenance
personnel, this condition must be
prevented.

For this reason, solar inverters in grid-tied

systems are required to have an anti-
islanding feature that prevents the inverter
from providing power to the grid within two
cycles of 60 hertz power once grid power
is lost.

Additionally, a grid-tied inverter also has

the requirement to rapidly shut down if the
voltage or frequency it provides is out of
tolerance for utility requirements.

Requirements for grid-tied inverters are

defined in the UL 1741 standard.
© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-22
Microinverter Grounding

National Electrical Code® (NEC®) Article 690 covers solar

photovoltaic (PV) systems. This article identifies solar
microinverters systems as either having an ungrounded PV source
or a grounded PV source. This terminology can be confusing, so
some explanation is required.

A solar microinverter has AC connections that are wired as

described later in this course. It also has DC connections to a PV
module (the PV source). Some solar microinverters, including the
first generation of Siemens solar microinverters, do not have a DC
integrated ground. This means that they require a grounding
electrode conductor connected to each of the solar microinverters.

Siemens solar microinverters with a DC integrated ground do not

require a grounding electrode conductor to interconnect
microinverters, reducing the time and money required to install a
system. As required by NEC Article 690 Siemens solar
microinverters with a DC integrated ground must also have built-in
ground fault protection.

Refer to NEC Article 690 for additional information.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-23

Roof Mounted Racking System

Some solar installations are ground-mounted.

This approach is often used for large
commercial applications.

The mounting system covered in this course

is shown in the accompanying graphic. This is
a roof mount with microinverters. This type of
system is made primarily from extruded
aluminum and has a number of desirable
characteristics.

• It is inexpensive because it is made from

simple, light-weight components that are
readily available.

• It is prefabricated for ease of installation

and can be adapted as needed to fit the
application requirements.

• It is durable because it has a high strength-

to-weight ratio and is made with corrosion
resistant components.

• It incorporates a reliable grounding system.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 1-24
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© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-25

Chapter 2 – Siemens Products

This chapter covers the following

topics:
• System Components

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-1

The Smart Home

Solar energy is part of a much larger movement

towards smart homes and smart buildings. The
main idea here is that homes and buildings are no
longer simple consumers of electricity but rather
can intelligently consume and supply electricity. As
electricity becomes more expensive in the future,
these technologies will help owners maintain
comfort and reduce costs.

Related Siemens products include the Siemens

microinverter system, VersiCharge electric vehicle
charging stations, and solar ready meter load
center combinations. Additional Siemens solar
ready products are available for commercial
applications.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-2

Microinverter System Components

As shown in the
accompanying graphic, the
Siemens microinverter
system includes 215 W or
250 W microinverters with
various connector options,
trunk and drop cabling and
related items, an Envoy-S
communications gateway,
and Enlighten web-based
monitoring and analysis
software.

While this graphic shows the

load center and meter in
separate enclosures,
Siemens can also provide a
meter load center
combination as described
later in this course.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-3

Siemens Microinverters

Siemens microinverters with

DC integrated ground are
available in two power
ratings, 215 W and 250 W.

The microinverter‘s
enclosure protects it from
high temperatures and harsh
weather conditions and is
easy to attach to the racking
and to the grounding
conductor.

The inverter has two sets of

connectors. On the left side
are the positive and negative
quick connectors that attach
to the solar module
terminals. On the right side
is an AC output connector
that attaches to the trunk-
and-drop cabling.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-4

Trunk and Drop Cabling

The trunk and drop cabling transmits the AC electricity from the
microinverters to the load center or other utility connection point.
The quick connectors and easy to use accesories greatly reduce
wiring time and overall cost.

The cable consists of a bundle of either 4 wires (for single-phase

systems) or 5 wires (for three-phase systems) wrapped in a rain-
proof and UV-light-proof jacket with drops every 1 or 1.7 meters.
Each drop provides a connector for plugging in a microinverter‘s
AC connector.

The 1 meter and 1.7 meter distances correspond to the dimensions

of a standard 60 cell PV module. When modules are said to be
arranged in portrait orientation, the short dimension (1 m) is parallel
to the roofline and when the modules are in landscape orientation,
the long dimension (1.7 m) is parallel.

Two voltage options are 240 VAC, single-phase (for most

residential applications) and 208 VAC, three-phase (for commercial
applications). These voltage options have different internal wiring,
so care must be taken when ordering.

The trunk and drop cable is meant to be cut for the number of
inverters on the roof and comes in units of 30, 40, or 240 drops.
© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-5
Cabling and Accessories

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-6

Trunk and Drop Cable Phasing

Siemens microinverters have two different

cabling schemes (one for single-phase
applications and one for three-phase
applications).

For 208 VAC, three-phase applications,

drops are alternated in an A-B-C-A-B-C
pattern. All of this alternating is handled by
the trunk and drop cable to ensure that the
phases are balanced.

For single-phase applications, each

inverter supplies120 VAC to neutral with
alternate A-B-A-B connections to provide
the necessary 240 VAC for residential
applications.

For applications where the number of

inverters is not an even multiple, a slight
phase imbalance is present. However,
because a microinverter puts out a
maximum of 250 W, this imbalance is quite
small and does not cause problems.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-7

Envoy-S Communications Gateways

An integral part of a Siemens residential or

commercial solar microinverter application is the
Envoy-S communications gateway which
communicates information to a computer equipped
with Enlighten web-based monitoring and analysis
software.

Two versions of Envoy-S gateways are available:

Envoy-S standard gateway and Envoy-S metered
gateway. Both devices collect energy and
performance information via AC power lines from
system microinverters and communicate the
information via WiFi to a computer equipped with
Enlighten software.

The Envoy-S standard gateway communicates PV

production information and the Envoy-S metered
gateway senses energy consumption from
precision current transformers and communicates
both PV production and energy consumption
information.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-8

Enlighten Web-based Monitoring and Analysis

Enlighten is a web-based monitoring and analysis

application used to view the data coming from each
microinverter. This application stores historical data
for each microinverter and allows it to be viewed
locally or remotely by computer or smartphone.

You can also mimic the layout of PV modules to

make the system more intuitive, allowing the user
to easily determine if a module or inverter is faulty.
For example, the accompanying graphic shows two
faulty modules. Note how they are shaded in black
for easy recognition.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-9

Solar Ready Meter Load Center Combinations

Siemens solar ready meter load center

combinations are available with a variety
of meter socket configurations including
lever bypass and EUSERC approved
versions with the features shown in the
accompanying graphic.

These meter load center combinations

have a dedicated alternative energy input
rated for up to 60 amps.

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-10

Additional Siemens Solar Ready Products

In addition to the products previously described,

Siemens offers additional solar ready products.
For example, Siemens solar ready switchboards
provide a solution for both AC and DC commercial
solar applications.

In addition to all standard switchboard features,

optional viewing windows are also available for an
additional level of safety when working with inverter
inputs. Siemens switchboards meet all utility and
code requirements.

Siemens solar disconnect switches are designed

for use in DC photovoltaic power generation
circuits. These circuits are defined by article 690 of
the NEC® which requires the grounded conductor
to be at ground potential at all times, preventing it
from being switched.

Siemens solar disconnect switches incorporate

powerful magnets that assist the double break
switching action that quickly dissipates the very hot
arcs generated when a 600 VDC circuit is opened
under load.
© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-11
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© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-12
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© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-14

SITRAIN® Training for Industry

Online Self-paced Learning – Programs with maximum flexibility so students can easily fit
courses into their busy schedules

Virtual Instructor-led Learning - Classroom lectures delivered in the convenience of your

home or office

Classroom Learning - Expert and professional instructors, proven courseware, and quality
workstations combine for the most effective classroom experience possible at your facility or
ours

How-to Video Library - Quick, affordable, task-based learning options for a broad range of
automation topics for training or purchase

Simulators - World-class simulation systems available for training or purchase

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© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-15

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© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 3-2

Course Completion

This course covered the following This course has covered the topics shown on the left.
Thank you for your efforts. You can complete this course by
topics: taking the final exam and scoring at least 70%.
Chapter 1 - Introduction
• Overview
• Solar Microinverter Sysems
Chapter 2 – Siemens Products
• System Components

© Siemens Industry, Inc. 2017 Page 2-17