ECCENTRIC CONNECTION

Load lying in plane of bolted joint

Load lying in plane of bolted joint
Analysis
• Acting shear force (P) is replace by a Force acting through the
centroid of the bolt group and a moment (M=P×e) where e is
the eccentricity of the load

P
(passing through centroid)
P
e

M=Pe
Load lying in plane of bolted joint
If, Direct load =P, Bending moment, M = Pe
Therefore, Direct axial shear, Fa = P/n
Where
n No of bolts in the group
Fa Force on each bolt due to axial load

Fa Fm Fa Fm

+ =

Direct Force Combined direct

Moment Force & moment
Again, Rotational shear or shear due to moment on each bolts,
Fm  r
Where,
r  Radial distance of the bolts from the CG of the group
Fm
 Fm  kr  k  Here k Proportionality constant
r
Moment due to Fm in each bolt = (kr).r = kr2
Hence, the total moment will be:
F r    kr  r M t   kr k  r
2 2
m

Fm
But, k 
r
Fm
 M   kr  r
2 2

Mr P er
 Fm  
r r
2 2
For extreme bolt

P Mr P er
Fa  ;  Fm  
 
2 2
n r r

R  Fa  Fm  2 Fa Fm co s 
2 2
Resultant force,
Example: Calculate the safe load F that can be carried by the
connection as shown in the figure below. HSFG bolts of grade 8.8
with 20 mm diameter are used. Assume the thickness of the bracket
plate as 12 mm and column used is ISWB 350. Assume no slip is
permitted and slip factor (μf) as 0.5. All dimensions in the figure
below are in mm.
Solution:
HSFG 8.8 bolt, Ø = 20 mm, μf = 0.5.
ISWB 350, tf = 11.4 mm
Proof load, 𝐹𝑜 = 𝐴𝑛𝑏 × 0.7𝑓𝑢𝑏
𝜋
= 0.78 × × 202 × 0.7 × 800 × 10−3 = 137 kN
4

(1) Slip resistance of bolt in bearing, 𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑓 = 𝜇𝑓 𝑛𝑒 𝑘ℎ 𝐹𝑜 /γ𝑛𝑓

= 0.5×1×1×137/1.25 = 55 kN

(2) Strength of bolt in bearing,

2.5𝑘𝑏 𝑑𝑡𝑓𝑢
𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 =
𝛾𝑚𝑏
 𝑒 40
= = 0.606,
3𝑑𝑜 3×22
𝑝 60
− 0.25 = − 0.25 = 0.66,
𝑘𝑏 = least of 3𝑑𝑜 3×22
𝑓𝑢𝑏 400
= = 0.975,
𝑓𝑢 410
1
= 0.606

Here, thickness, t will be the thickness of flange of ISWB350 = 11.4

mm.

410
So, 𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = 2.5 × 0.606 × 20 × 11.4 × × 10−3
1.25
= 113 kN

Hence, Bolt Value= least of (55 & 113) = 55 kN

 𝑟1 = 502 + 602 = 78.1 𝑚𝑚, 𝑟2 = 50 𝑚𝑚

𝑟 2 = 4𝑟12 + 2𝑟22 = 4 × 78.12 + 2 × 502

= 29398 𝑚𝑚2
𝐹
𝐹𝑎 =
6
𝐹 × 180
𝐹𝑚1 = × 78.1 = 0.478𝐹
29398
𝐹 × 180
𝐹𝑚2 = × 50 = 0.306𝐹
29398
−1
50
𝜃1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 50.19° ; 𝜃2 = 0
60
 𝐹𝑟1 = 𝐹𝑎2 + 𝐹𝑚21 + 2𝐹𝑎 𝐹𝑚1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1

1 2 1
=𝐹 + 0.4782 + 2 × × 0.478 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠50.19
6 6

= 0.599𝐹

1 2 1
𝐹𝑟2 = 𝐹 + 0.3062 +2× × 0.306 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
6 6

= 0.473𝐹
∴ 𝐹𝑟 = max 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑟1 & 𝐹𝑟2 = 0.599𝐹
∴ 0.599𝐹 = 55

𝑜𝑟 𝐹 = 92 kN
DESIGN OF ECCENTRIC CONNECTION
Load lying in plane of bolted joint
Design procedure for eccentric load lying in plane of bolt
groups:
•Assume a suitable diameter ‘d’ for the bolt.

•Find strength of one bolt in shear, bearing and get bolt value, Bsd.

•If moment coming on the joint is much less compare to the direct
load, use formula: n = P/ Bsd to find approximate numbers of
bolts.

•Increase the number of bolts to a certain percentages (say 50%)

and then arrange the total number of bolts in two or more vertical
lines at a suitable spacing, edge and pitch.

•If moment on the joint is much high compare to the direct load,
use formula:n  6M
n ' p  B sd
Design procedure for eccentric load lying in plane of bolt
groups:
Here, n = number of bolts per line.
p = pitch of the bolt.
n' = number of bolt lines.

•Increase the number of bolts to a certain percentages (say 50%)

and then arrange the number of bolts per line.

•The resultant force for the critical bolt is to be calculated.

•If resultant force in the critical bolt is less than the bolt value,
then the joint is safe.

•Otherwise, increase the number of bolts per line.

Example: Design a bolted bracket connection to transfer an end
reaction of 300 kN with an eccentricity of 170 mm, due to factored
load as shown in the figure. The steel used is of grade FE 410. Use 20
mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6. The thickness of bracket plate is 10
mm and the column section is ISHB 200 @ 365.91 N/m.

eo =170 mm

ISHB 200 300 kN

Bracket plate
Example: Design a bolted bracket connection to transfer an end
reaction of 300 kN with an eccentricity of 170 mm, due to factored
load as shown in the figure. The steel used is of grade FE 410. Use 20
mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6. The thickness of bracket plate is 10
mm and the column section is ISHB 200 @ 365.91 N/m.

eo =170 mm

ISHB 200 300 kN

Bracket plate
Solution: For Fe 410 grade of steel: f u  410 M Pa
For bolts of grade 4.6: f ub  400 N / m m 2
Partial safety factor for the material of bolt:  m b  1.25
For column section ISHB 200 @ 365.91 N/m,
Gauge, g  100 m m
Thickness of flange, t f  9.0 m m
Diameter of bolt, d  2 0 m m
Diameter of hole, d 0  22 mm [Table 19 IS 800]
Minimum edge distance, e = 1.5×22 = 33 mm [cl. 10.2.4.2 –IS 800]
Net shear area of the bolt at threads,

Anb  0.78   20  245 m m
2 2

4
Minimum pitch, p = 2.5×20 = 50 mm

Provide e = 35 mm and p = 60 mm
 f ub
Strength of bolt in single shear, V dsb   n n Anb  n s A sb 
3   mb
3
400  10
 1  245  0   45.26 kN
3  1.25

2.5  k b  d  t  f u
Strength of bolt in bearing, V dpb 
 mb

kb is smaller of 35/(3×22), 60/(3×22)-0.25, 400/410, 1

Hence, kb = 0.53
3
2.5  0.53  20  9  410  10
V sd   78.23 kN
1.25

Hence, the strength of the bolt, V sd  45.26 kN

Let us provide bolts in two vertical rows.

Moment due to eccentricity, M = 170×300 = 51000 kN-mm
number of row, n   2
Number of bolts required in one row,
6M 6  51000
n   7.51  8
pn V sd 60  2  45.26

Provide 16 bolts on each bracket plate with 8 bolts in each vertical

line.
eo =170 mm

ISHB 200 300 kN

50 mm

θ rn
c/c distance
@ 60 mm

Bracket plate
Force on critical bolt A
P 300
The direct force, F1    18.75 kN
n 16
P e 0 rn
The force in the bolt due to twisting moment, F2 
r
2

Eccentricity, eo = 170 mm
rn  210  50  215.87 m m
2 2

 r  4  [(210  50 )  (150  50 )  (90  50 )  (30  50 )]

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

 342400 m m
2

300  170  215.87

F2   32.15 kN
342400
 50
cos    0.232
210  50
2 2

Resultant force on the critical bolt,

F  F1  F2  2 F1 F2 co s 
2 2

F  18.75  32.15  2  18.75  32.15  0.232

2 2

 40.8 kN  45.26 kN

Hence, connection is safe.

ECCENTRIC CONNECTION
Load lying in plane of welded joint
 Load lying in plane of welded joint

e b
y

d r

x

Maximum stress will be, where r is maximum and

angle between the two force is minimum
Let us consider a weld of size = S
Throat thickness, t  0.707S

If
P  Total vertical load
e  Eccentricity
L  total length of the weld = 2b + d

Then, the direct shear stress in the weld,

Also, the stress due to bending,

 Where,
M  Moment = Pe
r  The radial distance of the welding point
from the CG of the weld
Ip Polar moment of inertia of the weld = Ixx + Iyy

At any point the resultant stress is given by

Where,  the angle between them

For critical condition, developed stress should be
less than the permissible stress in weld.
Example:
A bracket is subjected to a load of 50 kN and is connected to a
stanchion by welding. Find the size of the weld so that the load can
be carried safely.
50 kN

mm

X Distance of the CG of the welded area from BC

 Solution :
Eccentricity of the load = 150 + 100 – 25 = 225 mm

mm4

Similarly,
mm4

mm4

Area =
Maximum radial distance, mm
Moment, kNm

Maximum shear stress due to bending,

Direct shear stress,

Resultant stress,
Strength of weld = 410/ (√3×1.25) = 189.37MPa

Therefore, 539.88/t = 189.37, Thus t = 539.88/189.37 = 2.85 mm

Size of the weld, s= t/0.707 = 4.03 mm

Hence, provide 5 mm size of the weld.

 Design of
Fillet Welds
Design strength of fillet weld
The design strength of fillet weld is calculated on its throat area.
f u Lw te
Pd w =
3 γmw

Lw = length of weld in mm
fu = ultimate stress of weld in MPa
te = effective throat thickness = 0.7S
γmw = partial safety factor
= 1.25 for shop welding and
= 1.5 for site welding
S = size of weld in mm
Example:
A tie member of a roof truss consists of ISA 100×75×8 of Fe410
grade, is welded to a 10 mm gusset plate. Design the welded
connection to transmit a tensile load, T. Assume connection are made
in the workshop.

Lw1
10 mm

100 T

Lw2

10 mm gusset plate ISA 100 × 75 × 8

Solution : Minimum weld size = 3 mm [Table 21, IS 800]
3
Maximum weld size =  8  6mm [clause 10.5.8.2, IS 800]
4
Therefore, Let us adopt 5 mm thick fillet weld.
Throat thickness, t e  0.7  5  3.5 m m

For ISA 100×75×8, Gross area, Ag = 1336mm2 , Cz = 31mm

f y Ag 250 × 1336
Full strength of the angle 10
3

γm0 1.1
303.64 kN
3.5  410
Strength of 5-mm weld =  662.8 N / m m
3  1.25
Force to resist by weld at 100 mm side of angle,
3
P2  662.8  100  10  66.28 kN

Force to resist by weld at upper side of angle,

Ty P2 303.64  31 66.28
P1      61kN
d 2 100 2

Force to resist by weld at lower side of angle,

P3  T  P1  P2  303.64  61  66.28  176.36 kN

61  10
3

Length required at upper side of angle, L w1   92 m m

662.8

176.36  10
3

Length required at upper side of angle, Lw 3   266m m

662.8
Total Length (effective) of weld = 266 + 92+100 = 458 mm
Note: Add twice the weld size at the ends.
Thus total length = 458+2S = 468 mm
Example. Design a suitable fillet weld to connect web plate to flange
plate and flange plate to flange cover plate of a built-up girder as
shown in the figure, for the following data. Assume shop welding.
Web plate: 1200 mm × 12 mm
Flange plate: 450 mm × 20 mm
Flange cover plate: 350 mm × 16 mm
Maximum Factored shear force: 1600 kN
 450 mm

350 mm

16 mm
20 mm

1200/2=600 mm

12 mm

Centroidal axis
Solution: For Fe 410 steel: f u  410 M Pa

For shop weld:  m w  1.25

fu 410
Permissible shear stress    189.37 N / m m
2

3   mw 3  1.25

Connection of web plate to flange plate:

Size of weld: Minimum = 5 mm [Table 21, IS 800]

Maximum = 12 – 1.5 =10.5 mm [clause 10.5.8.1, IS 800]
Let us provide 7 mm size of fillet weld.
Effective throat thickness of weld t e  K S  0.7  7  4.9 m m
 t e  2  4.9  9.8 m m
A y  450  20  (600  10)  350  16  (600  20  8)

 900.68  10 m m
4 3
 350  16 450  20 12  1200
3 3 3

I zz  2  [  350  16  628   450  20  610 ] 

2 2

12 12 12
 12.8  10 m m
9 4

1600  10  (900.68  10 )
3 4
VAy
Shear stress:   114.9 N / m m  189.37 N / m m
2 2

I zz   t e 12.8  10  9.8
9

Hence, the weld is safe.

Connection of flange plate to flange cover plate:
Adopt a 7 mm fillet weld.
t e  K S  0.7  7  4.9 m m
 t e  2  4.9  9.8 m m
Ay  350  16  (600  20  8)  351.68  10 mm
4 3

1600  10  (351.68  10 )
3 4
VAy
Shear stress:   44.86 N / m m  189.37 N / m m
2 2

I zz   t e 12.8  10  9.8
9

Hence, the weld is safe.

Advantages of weld connections

1. As no hole is required for welding, hence no reduction of area. So,

structural members are more effective in taking the load.

2. In welding, filler plates, gusseted plates, connecting angles etc.

are not used, which leads to reduced overall weight of the
structure.

3. Welded joints are more economical as less material is required.

4. The efficiency of welded joints is more than that of the

riveted/bolted joints.

5. The welded joint look better than the bulky riveted/bolted joints
Advantages of welding
6. The speed of fabrication is faster in comparison with the riveted
joints.

7. Complete rigid joints can be provided with welding process.

8. The alteration & addition to the existing structure is easy as

compare to rivet joints.

9. No noise is produced during the welding process as in the case of

riveting.

10. The welding process requires less work space in comparison to

riveting.

11. Any shape of joint can be made with ease.

Disadvantages of welding joints
• Welded joints are brittle & therefore their fatigue strength is less
than the members joined.

• Due to uneven heating & cooling of the members during the

welding, the members may distort resulting in additional stresses.

• Skilled labor & electricity are required for welding

• No provision for expansion & contraction is kept in welded

connection & therefore, there is possibility of cracks.

• The inspection of welding work is more difficult & costlier than

the riveting work.

• Defects like internal air pocket, slag inclusion & incomplete

penetration are difficult to detect.
Types of Welds
Classified according to their formations:

• Fillet Weld

• Butt Weld

• Plug Weld
 Basic types of welds and their symbols

Form of weld Section Symbol

Fillet

Square butt

Single-V-butt
Basic types of welds and their symbols

Double-V-butt

Single-U-butt

Double-U-butt

Single-bevel-
butt
Basic types of welds and their symbols

Double -bevel-
butt

Single-J-butt

Double-J-butt
Shape of weld Symbol
Flat
Convex
Concave
Fillet welding
When two lapped plates are to be joined fillet welding is
used.
Design of Fillet Welds
Few terms are used while designing a fillet weld:

1. Size of fillet weld

2. Throat of fillet weld
3. Effective length of the fillet weld
4. End return
5. Overlap
6. Side fillet
7. Intermittent fillet weld
8. Single fillet weld
9. Permissible stress & strength of fillet weld
Size of Fillet weld

Toe
Weld face

Toe
Fusion Zone

Leg
Root
1. Size of the weld :

The sides containing the right angle of the fillet weld

are called legs. The size of the weld is specified by
the minimum leg length. The length is the distance
from the root of the weld to the toe of the weld,
measured along the fusion face.
Table: Minimum size of first run or single run fillet weld
(Clause 10.5.2.3; Table 21)

Thickness of thicker part Minimum size of

Weld (mm)
Over (mm) Up to and
Including(mm)
- 10 3
10 20 5
20 32 6
32 50 8 of first run
10 for minimum size
of weld
Note :
1. When the minimum size of the fillet weld is greater than the
thickness of the thinner part, the minimum size of the weld should
be taken as the thickness of the thinner part.
2. When the thicker part is more than 50 mm thick, special
precaution like preheating etc. will have to be taken.

As per Clause 10.5.2.1 of IS 800:2007 for deep penetration welds,

where the depth of penetration beyond the root run is a minimum
of 2.4 mm, the size of the fillet weld is minimum leg size plus 2.4
mm.
The maximum size of the fillet weld
= Thickness of the thinner plate – 1.5mm
= ¾ of nominal thickness of angle
Effective throat thickness
The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld is the
perpendicular distance from the root to the hypotenuse joining
the two ends of the legs, while reinforcement is neglected.

BA  BC  S A
 AC  2S
D
AB  AD  BD
2 2 2
S
T
 BD  AB  AD
2 2
B
2 S C
 S  S
 BD  S    BD 
2

 2 2

 BD  T  0.707S  0.7S
 For the angle other than right-angled fillet weld the value of
throat thickness is given as:

T = KS

Where,
T = Throat thickness of weld
KA constant depends upon the angle between fusion face
S Thickness of the weld

Effective throat thickness shall not be less than 3 mm and generally

not exceeding 0.7t or 1.0t under special circumstances where t is the
thickness of the thinner plate(Clause 10.5.3.1 of IS 800)
Values of K for different angles between fusion faces
(Table 22 of IS 800:2007, Clause 10.5.3.2)

Angle between Constant, K

fusion face

600-900 0.7
910-1000 0.65
1010-1060 0.6
1070-1130 0.55
1140-1200 0.5
Effective length of fillet: - The effective length of the fillet
weld is the area of the weld for which the specified size & the
effective throat thickness of the weld exist.

Effective length (l) = Overall length (L) – 2S

The effective length should not be less than four times the size
of the weld. Otherwise size of the weld must be taken as the
one fourth of the effective weld length.

i.e.
Design strength of fillet weld
The design strength of fillet weld is calculated on its throat area.
f u Lw te
Pd w =
3 γmw

Lw = length of weld in mm
fu = ultimate stress of weld in MPa
te = effective throat thickness = 0.7S
γmw = partial safety factor
= 1.25 for shop welding and
= 1.5 for site welding
S = size of weld in mm
 Design Procedure
1. Assume size of weld based on thickness of members to be joined.

2. By equating design strength of weld to external factored load,

effective length of weld is calculated. If length exceeds 150te, reduce
design capacity of weld as prescribed in clause 10.5.7.3 and is as
given below.

The design strength of weld will be reduced by a factor as follows.

0.2l j
lw
= 1.2 -
150t e
Where, lj = length of joint in the direction of force transfer
te = throat thickness of the weld.

3. End returns of length equal to twice the size of weld are provided
at each end of longitudinal fillet weld.
End return:
The fillet weld terminating
at the end or side of a
member should be
returned around the
corner whenever
practicable for a distance
not less than twice the
weld size as shown in the
figure:

Overlap
The overlap of a lap joint should not be less than four times the
thickness of the thinner plate or 40 mm which ever is more.