Polymers
Polymers
Polymers
Polymers
Polymers and Polymerisation Methods of Polymerisation
I t may be defined as a compound whose molecules are Addition or chain growth polymerisation
made up of a large number of repcating units. It may
be expressed as (M), where M is a monomer and n is
Apolymer formed by direct addition ofrepeated monomers
the number of repeating units, also known as Degree of
without the elimination of by product molecules is called
addition polymer and the phenomenon is known as
polymerisation.
The process by which the monomers are converted into addition polymerisation.
nCH=CH2 +CH2 - CH2
polymers is called polymerisation.
Ethene Polyethene
Classification of polymers Mechanism of chain growth polymerisation: It
O n the basis ofsource/origin involves a series of reactions, each of which consumes
Natural polymers: Substances ofnaturalorigin and a reactant particle and produces a similar one. These
are mainly found in plants and animals, e.g., starch, reactive particles may be free radicals or cations or
cellulose, proteins, etc. anions to which monomers get added by a chain. Itis
Synthetic polymers : Man made polymers are called an important reaction of all kinds of compounds
having
synthetic polymers. They are long chain organic C=C bond.
molecules containing thousands ofnmonomer units e.g., Chain growth polymerisation follows two basic
nylon, PVC, bakelite, polyethylene, etc. mechanisms:
O n the basis of monomer units Free-radical mechanism: This type of polymerisation
Homopolymers : They are formed by addition of
is initiated by organic peroxide or other reagents which
identical repeating units (monomers). decompose to give free radicals.
A-A-A-A4-A-A
Following steps are involved :
Polymers formed from one kind of monomers are
Chain initiation: R-CO-0+0-co- R
called homopolymers e.g, polythene.
nCH=CH2 +CH2-CH2 RCOO
unstable
R+CO%
Ethylene Polythene
Copolymers: They are formed by addition of two Chain propagation:
or more different monomeric units.
A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B
k+HCH R-CH2-H2
Polymers formed from more than
monomer units are called copolymers or mixed
one kind of RCHCH+H,¥H, RCH,CH,CH,CH
Chain termination:
polymers, e.g., nylon-6,6 is a polymer of two types 2R(CHCH2,CH2CH2-
of monomers: hexamethylenediamine and adipic R(CHCH),CH2CH,CH,CH2(CH,CH;),R
acid. lonic mechanism:
nHN(CH26NH2 + nHOOC(CH2)4COOH (a) Cationic mechanism: It normally occurs in the acidic
Hexamethylene diamine Adipic acid medium in the presence of protonic acids or Lewis acids.
HSO4H +HSOg
+HN-(CH2)6-NHCO-(CH2)4-CO
Nylon-6,6 or BF+H20H"+BF(OH)
Polymers 233
C h a i ni n i t i a t i o n :
CH=CH2
HCHCH CH,H,
Chain p r o p a g a t i o n :
nCH=CH-CH=CH+u
1,3-Butadiene
Styrene
CH+CH2CH2 CH,CH,CH,CH,
CHCHCH2CH2 + n(CH2=CH,) CH2-CH= CH-CH2 -ÇH-CH2
>CH,CH2(CH2CH2),CH,CH2
Chain termination:
Butadiene-styrene copolymer
CHCH(CH2CH2),CH CH2
HHSO Some Important Polymers
CHCH2CH,CH2),CH =CH2+ H,SO
Polymer Polythene
nerisation or acid catalysed mechanism is For
ationic Polyolefins are obtained from unsaturated hydrocarbons.
with vinyl monomers containing electron
effective only example, polythene, polypropylene, polystyrene.
releasing groups.
hl Anionic mechanism: It occurs in alkenes having
nCH,= CH, -POY +CH,-CH,
in them and it is carried out in
electron withdrawing groups
polythene
of a suitable base.
presence Polyamide (Nylon-6,
Chaininitiation: known
The polymers containing an amide linkage are
Dacron
o-CH-CH0
toCH,CHo-
Terylene Uses
Copolymerisation
Apolymerisation r
ymerisation reaction in which a mixture of more than
.Fabrics woven or knitted from polyester thread or yarn
are used extensively in apparel and home furnishings.
one to form
onomeric species are allowed to polymerise Industrial polyester fibers, yarns and ropes are usedin
both chain-
ymer. Copolymers
owth and step-g
growth polymerisation
can be prepared by
e.g., butadiene-
car tire reinforcements, fabrics for conveyor belts, safety
OH OH
CH,OH Biodegradable Polymers
CHOH HOH,CY
4 Biodegradable polymers the
polymers which are
are
CH CH CH Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate-co-B-hydroxyvalerate
PHBV) It is copolymer of 3-hydroxybutanoic acid
and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid, in which the monomer
wwH.C CH CH CHww units are joined by ester linkages.
OH OH OH
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) : Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is
Bakelite
obtained by the chain polymerisation of cyclic dimer of
Uses
glycolic acid, HO- CH,COOH.
Bakelite has a low electrical conductivity and high heat
resistance so it can be used in manufacturing of electrical
switches and machine, parts of electrical systems. n HO CH COOHHea 0CH2 C
These are extensively used as adhesive and binding Glycolic acid Polyglycolic acid (PGA)
agents. Nylon-2-Nylon-6 : It is a polyamide copolymer of
glycine (NH2-CH2-COOH) and aminocaproic acid
Rubber
(NH2-(CH2)s-COOH). It is also a biodegradable
Natural rubber: Natural rubber is a poly cis-isoprene. It is
prepared from latex (obtained from rubber trec by coagulations
nHN-CH2-COOH+nHN-(CH2)s-C0OH
Aminocaproic acid
with acetic acid). It is soft and tacky material. Gutta-percha, Glycine
on the other hand, is HN-CH-C-HN-(CH)-C
trans-polyisoprene. It is a hard and horny
material.
CH3 Nylon-2-nylon-6
nCH=C-CH=CHolymerisation Biodegradable polymers are used mainly for medical goods
1soprene Such as surgical sutures, tissue in growth materials or to
235
WB JEE WORKOUT
C A T E
a v 1:
G O R
Single Option Correct Type (1 Mark)
CH3
obtained by condensation polynnerization is (b)
Poly
(a) Polythene (b) Tetlon HC
(e)
Phenol - formaldehyde COOCH "
(d) Nitrile ubber.
(b) condensation polymers 15. The catalyst used for olefin polymerization is
(a) copolymers
(d) monomers. (a) Ziegler-Natta catalyst (b) Wilkinson catalyst
(c) homopolymers Merrifield resin.
7. Caprolactam polymerises to give (c) Raney nickel catalyst (d)
16. The monomer used to produce orlon is
(a) terylene (b) teflon
(a) CH2=CHF (b) CH2 =CCl2
c) glyptal (d) nylon-6. (c) CH2 =CHCI (d) CH2=CH-CN
CH3 17. Which one of the following is an example of co-
HINTS& SOLUTIONS
CN
L (e):Phenol-formaldehyde
CN -CH2-C-
2 (e): Nylon is a polyamide. 13. (c): CH2=cooCH3 CoOCH3
and dienes undergo
d):Only olefines (here C3H6) Methyl a-cyanoacrylate Super glue or crazy ghue
addition polymerization.
oxide.
4 d):CH=CHCI
Carbowax is a polymer of ethylene
14. (b) :
wax are esters of higher
and Bees
b): Vulcanization Whereas Carnuaba
wax
(e):Nylon-2-nylon-6
wtG Chapterwise WB JEE EXPLORER
238
35. (b): Teflon s linear addition polymer
18. b) tetrafluoroethene.
of adipic acid and
19. (b): Nylon-6,6 is a co-polymer
36. (b):Nylon does not contain -CO0-group.
hexamethylenediamine.
20. (b) Nylon-6,6:tNH(CH2)6-NH-CO(CH)a-Co Jn
37. (a)
38. (b): In the preparation of Nylon-6,6, 1 mole
260-270°C
of
reacts with I mole of adipic ai
21. (b): +C-(CH)-NHt hexamethylenediamine
because hexamethylenediamine is a diacid base and adini
Nylon-6 acid is dibasic acid.
Caprolactum
22. (c): Polythene is an addition polymer. fibre.
39. (a): Viscose is a regenerated
forms cross-links 40 + 24 64
(b): During vulcanisation, sulphur 40. (c): Molecular weight of CaC2
=
23.
between different polymeric layers. 28 kg of ethene
64 kg of CaC2 give, 24 +4
24. (a): Nylons are polyamide
condensation polymers. 28 20 7x20 =8.75 kg
25. (c): Terylene is a polyester. 20kg of CaC2 will give 64 16 4
=9 kg polythene
26. (a): Cellulose is naturally occurring biodegradable
permanent changeon
polymer. 41. (b, c, d): Polymers that undergo Cross linking of
polymers.
27. () 28. (b) heating are called thermosetting or packing process.
the polymers is observed for curing
29. (a): Nylon-2-nylon-6 is a co-polymer of glycine
reactions (electrophilic or free
(HN-CH2-COOH) and amino caproic
acid 42. (a, b, d) : Addition
are common for the alkenes and alkynes which are
(HN H2)s- COOH). radical)
initiated by ions or free radical initiators (R2 O2).
it
30. (c): When a drug is enclosed in a capsule PHBV, of
in the body.
is released only when the polymer is degraded 43. (b, c)
and
31. (a): HOOC(CH2)4coOH +HN(CH2),NH2| 44. (b, e, d) : Polyisoprene, polyacetylene, show
polymer of polybutadiene contain a double bond hence, cis-trans
32. (a): Novolac is a linear condensation
isomerism.
phenol and formaldehyde.
OH OH 45. (d)
--- CHY CH2
CH -
46. (a, b, d) : Thermoplastic polymers (eg., nylon) can
be softened or plasticized repeatedly on application heat
of
without much change in properties.
Novolac 47. (a, c, d): Polythene, nylon-6 and polyester are chain
while gutta
33. (a): Natural rubber is cis-polyisoprene polymers whereas bakelite is cross
network polymer.
percha is trans-polyisoprene.
48. (a, c, d) 49. (a, b, d)
and after
34. (a): Natural rubber is soft and sticky 50. (a, d): Carbon tetrachloride and carbon tetrabromide
linked
vulcanisation its strength increases due to cross
(c)methyltrichlorosilaneand dimethyldichlorosilane
CATEGORY 1:Single Option Correct Type (1 Mark) (d) triethylchlorosilane and diethyldichlorosilane.
1. Silicone oil is obtained from the hydrolysis and (2013
polymerization of 2. Which one of the following is a condensation polymer
(a) trimethylchlorosilane and dimethyldichlorosilane (a) PVC b) Teflon
(2018
(b) trimethylchlorosilane and methyltrichlorosilane (c) Dacron (d) Polystyrene
HINTS &SOLUTIONS
1. (a) I2. (c): Dacron is a condensation polymer.