Spanish Conquest of The Islands Soft

SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE ISLANDS
• The Philippines was not formally organized as a Spanish colony until 1565 when Philip II
appointed Miguel Lopez de Legazpi the first Governor-General.
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI (June 12, 1502-August 20, 1572)
*also known as EL ADELANTADO AND EL VIEJO

(or THE ELDER)
*a spanish conquistador who financed and led an expedition to conquer the Philippine Islands in
the mid 16th century
*after obtaining peace with various indigenous tribes and kingdoms, he made Cebu City the
capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1565 and later transferred to Manila in 1571.
* the capital city of the province of Albay bears his name, Legazpi City.
*born on june 12 1502 in Zumarraga, Gipuzkoa, Crown of Castile.
*died on august 20 1572 in Intramuros, Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines
STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED BY SPAIN
 The Sword and the Cross

- These two symbols are what constituted the strategies or tactics used by the Spaniards in
invading the Philippines. It made the pacification of the natives easier. The cross symbolizes
religion while the sword symbolizes force.One example is when Magellan landed in Limasawa,
the first thing they did is to hold a mass.
As a consequence, a large part of the lands in the Philippines are owned by these religious
orders.
One of the strategies is the armed forces of the Spaniards called entrada. If religion failed to
pacify the natives, force was used.
 The Blood Compact
-Blood compact (Spanish: Pacto de sangre; Tagalog: Sanduguan) was an ancient ritual in the
Philippines intended to seal a friendship or treaty, or to validate an agreement. The contracting
parties would cut their hands and pour their blood into a cup filled with liquid, such as wine, and
drink the mixture.A famous example of the blood compact was the 1565 El Pacto de Sangre or
Sandugo between Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi and Datu Sikatuna, the chieftain of
Bohol. An earlier blood compact, the first between natives and Europeans took place in 1521
between navigator Ferdinand Magellan and Rajah Humabon of Cebu.
Regardless of the historical variations, the Boholanos commemorate this event annually through
the “Sandugo” festival, meaning “Of one blood.”This festival commemorates the Treaty of
Friendship between Datu Sikatuna, a chieftain in Bohol, and Spanish conquistador Miguel López
de Legazpi.
 Reduccion
-were settlements established by Spanish rulers and Roman Catholic missionaries in Spanish
America and the Spanish East Indies (the Philippines).
It is also defined as a grouping into settlement of indigenous people for the purpose of
evangelization and assimilation.
Reductions could be either religious, established and administered by an order of the Roman
Catholic church.
 Divide et Impera (Divide and Rule)
-In line with reduccion, the people were categorized based on race and religion. For the still
rebellious places, entrada was enforced. For those which are not, Spain turned the citizens to
soldiers and were made to fight with their fellow Filipinos.
Economy
*The Spaniards implemented economic programs which are mainly about land ownership and
taxes.
 The Encomienda
-is a land ownership system with the use of titulo as proof of ownership. These are the lands
given by the King of Spain to its soldiers who joined the military expeditions. The landlords are
called encomendero. They are the ones who collect the taxes or rent from the residents of their
land. It is his obligation to protect the residents from any danger or threat like bandits and
invaders.
 Hacienda(Direct and Indirect Taxes)
-The hacienda is also a form of land ownership. These lands were given to the friars to
supposedly promote the agricultural interest of the Philippines but it has become a symbol of
power among the friars and was used for their personal interests instead.
There are two categories of taxes; Direct and Indirect Taxes.
Direct Taxes
-the direct taxes are tithe, sancrotum and tribute.
Indirect Taxes
-The indirect taxes are bandala and buwis sa adwana.
 The Galleon Trade

-a.k.a. Manila-Acapulco Trade, was implemented to monopolize the trading industry of the
Philippines and Mexico and to impose boletas to the merchants.
The boletas is a form of tax which, when paid allows a merchant to have a space in the galleon.
 The Polo (Polo y Servicio)
-simply put, forced labor. Involved in this are men within the age range of 18 to 60 years old.
They are forced to work for 40 days for the goals of Spain like building galleons for the galleon
trade and building infrastructures.
 Culture and Society
-Peninsulares = Spaniards who grew up in Spain
Insulares = Spaniards who grew up in the Philippines
Spanish Mestizos = half-Spaniards
Principalia = former Filipino tribe leaders before the invasion of Spain (datus, rajahs, maharlikas)
Chinese Mestizos = half-Chinese
Chinese = Chinese living in the Philippines
‘Indios’ = what the Spaniards derogatorily call the Filipinos.

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SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE ISLANDS

MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI (June 12, 1502-August 20, 1572)

*also known as EL ADELANTADO AND EL VIEJO

STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED BY SPAIN

 The Sword and the Cross

There are two categories of taxes; Direct and Indirect Taxes.

 The Galleon Trade

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