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CH 11 Part A - Functions

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CH 11 Part A - Functions

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williamwilsonlau
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= eli) o =) ae aad iby This section will show you how to: understand and use the terms: function, domain, range {image set), one-onefunction, inverse function and composition of functions usethenotation f(x)= 2x3 +5, f :x > 5x — understandthe relationship between y solve z or algebraically equationsofthe type | and {ax +0 = explain inwordswhy agiven functions afunction or why itdoes not have an inverse 1 findthe inverseof a one-onefunction andform composite functions use sketch graphs to show the elationship 2etween a function and ts inverse. eae ee eel aC tae neue} 1.1 Mappings Input Output i — @ 2|—— | s 3 | ——* | 4 | iscatted a mapping diagram. 4}—>+\s ‘The rule connecting the input and output values can be written algebraically ax xrextl This is read as ‘x is mapped to x+ I’. nel The mapping can be represented graphically by plotting values of x+1 against values of x. ‘The diagram shows that for one input value there is just one output value. Itis called a one-one mapping. ‘The table below shows one-one, many-one and any mappings. For one input value For two input values For one input value there is just one output | there is one output there are two output value. value, values. Exercise 1.1 Determine whether each of these mappings is one-one, many-one or A oixrextl xeR 2 xrew+o KER 3S oxrx xeR 4 xe xeR 1 So xh xER,x>O0 6 xrexttl xe, x20 s 12 Tt = xER, x>0 6 xretx xeR, x20 Chapter 1: Functions 1.2 Definition of a function A function isa rule that maps each xvalue to just one y value for a defined set of input values. , . one-one , This means that mappings that are either < °" are called functions. \ many-one The mapping +» x +1 where xe R, isa one-one function. Itcan bewrittenas {f:2"7*+1 eR can Dewritten as) fy) =y41 xe R (f:.x-9 x41 isreadas ‘the function fis such that xis mapped to x+ I’) (x) represents the output values for the function f. So when f(x) = xt 1, f(2)=2+1= ‘The set of input values for a function is called the domain of the function. ‘The set of output values for a function is called the range (or image set) of the function. WORKED EXAMPLE 1 Ma=2x-1 KER -1 0. Write down the range of g. 4 The function fis defined by f(x) = =4 for xeR, Find the range of f. 5. The function fis defined by f(x) = (x-1)' +5 for x>1 Find the range of f 6 The function fis defined by f(x) = (2x+ 1)" = 5 for x > — Find the range of f. 7 The function is defined by f : x+» 10-(x-3)* for 2<.x <7. Find the range of f, e 2 Chapter 1: Functions 8 The function fis defined by f(x) =3+ Vx=2 for x > 2. Find the range of f. 1.3 Composite functions Most functions that you meet are combinations of two or more functions. For example, the function x + 2x +5 is the function ‘multiply by 2 and then add 5. Itis a combination of the wo functions g and f where: Bix 2x (the function ‘multiply by 2’) fixrexth (the function ‘add 5’) So, x +9 2x +5 is the function ‘first do g then dof. y When one function is followed by another function, the resulting function is fg (x) means the function g acts on x first, then facts on the result. Note: £2(x) means ff (x), so you apply the function f twice. Ree ‘The function Fis defined by f(x) = (x-2)*-3 for x>-2. ‘The functiong is defined by g(x) = 2 wa for x>2 Find fg(7). = Answers: 18(7) ggactson 7 firstand g(7) = 248 = 4 = £(4) Tis the function “take 2, square and then take 3° =(4-2)°-3 =) eT ale Leen DG t ne Deeded De eee) f(x) = 2e-1 for eR g(x)=x°+5 for x eR Find a fg) bef) er) Answers a g(x) acts on x firstand g(x) =32+5 =E(x?+5) fis the function ‘double and take I° =2(x2+5)-1 = 2x49 b f(x) Facts on x firstand f(x) =2x—1 =(2x-1) g is the function ‘square and add 5° =(2x- 1745 expand brackets ax? axt 45 = 4x8 4x46 © FQ) (&) meanstiix) =1) Facts on x first and f(x) = 2x—1 =t2x-1) fisthe function ‘double and take 1” =2Qx-1)-1 a 4x73 Exercise 1.3 1 fixee2x+3 for xeR gixex?-1 for xeR Find fg(2) 2 f()=x-1 for xeR gs) = 2x43 for xeR Find the value of gt(). 3 f(a)=(e+2)°-1 for xeR Find 3). 4 The function fis defined by f(x) = 1+ Je=3 for x > 2. The function g is defined by g(x) = 22-1 for x >0. Find gt(18). . 5 The function Cis defined by f(x) = («-1)' +8 for x>—1. The function g is defined by g(x) = Bet for x>5. = Find {g(7). es ened) 6 hix xt? forx>0 kixee v¥ for x>0 Express each of the following in terms of hand k. a xoye+2 b xo Vetd 7 The function is defined by f : x» 3x-+1 for ve R. The function gis defined by g:x >< for x #2. Solve the equation gt(x) =5. 8 gQ)=x%+2 for xeR h(x) = 3x-9 for xeR Solve the equation gh (x) = 9 f@)=x*-3 for x>0 g0)=3 for x>0 Solve the equation fg(x) = 13, ax +5 x-2 10 The function t is defined, for xe Wt, by fs x aE Q -1 The function g is defined, for xe k, by g: x4 —. Solve the equation gf(x) = 12. ° 1 f(x) = (x +4)" +3 forx>0 g)=12 for x>0 Solve the equation fg(x) = 39. 12 The function gis defined by g(%) 1 for x0. The function h is defined by h(x) = 2x-7 for x > 0. Solve the equation gh(x) = 0. 13 The function fis defined by € : x ++ x* for xe R, The function g is defined by g:x+9 x-1 for eR, Express each of the following as a composite function, using only f and/or g: axe(x-I? bo xeex’-1 ¢ Keex-2 d xx? 1.4 Modulus functions Themodulus of a number is the magnitude of the number without a sign attached. The modulus of 4 is written [4 (4|=4and |-4|=4 Itis important to note that the modulus of any number (positive or negative) is always a positive number. The modulus of a number is also called theabsolute value. Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Additional Mathematics The modulus of x, written as (x(, is defined as: x ifx>0 (x 0 ifx=0 x ifx<0 Geer Ali says that these are all rules for absolute values lel e-gl-lel-lyl oe xyle lx lalyl =4 2 vy p 7\ statements with your classmates and decide if they are: Always true Sometimes ue Never true ‘You must justify your decisions. ix + yl (alta Discuss each of thes ie The statement |x| = &,where & > 0, means that x = kor =A, This property is used to solve equations that involve modulus functions. So, if you are solving equations of the form |ax +6] = &, you solve the equations uxtb=k and = axt+0=-k Ifyou are solving harder equations of the form | ax + b| = ex + d, yousolve the equations ax+ oxt+d and at -(ex+ d). ‘When solving these more complicated equations you must always check your answers to make sure that they satisty the original equation. Chapter 1: Functions Solve. algtl)=5 — b[ax-Sl=x Answers a [24] or Qet1=—5 de=-6 x=3 CHECK: (2 x 241) = 5 Vand |2x-34l)=5v Solutionis: x = -$ oF 2. 2 -10)=6 -10=6 or x*-10=-6 e216 a4 x=td xed? CHECK: |(-4¥ -10| = 6 7, |(-2F - 10] = 6, |(2)*-10] =6 7 and |(4)* -10]= 67 Solutionis: x= —4,-2, 2 or 4. CHECK: |4 x 0.6-3| = 0.67 and [4xi-3)e1¥ CHECK: |-3~ 3] = 2x-8 x and|1~3|=2x17 Solutions: x = 1. Exercise 1.4 1 Solve a |8x-2)=10 b [2x+9)=5 Qet7 x 4 Solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations by=x y=|[8x- 2x7] © y=38x y= |x? - 5, ere oes eI en ne ue} 1.5 Graphs of y =|f(x)| where f(x) is linear Consider drawing the graph of y=[x|. yy First draw the graph of y = x. yex ‘You then reflect in the x-axis the part of the line y thatis below the x-axis. \ Des et) Sketch the graph of |, showing the coordinates of the points where the graph meets the axes, Answers, Firstsketch the graph of The line has gradient 4 anda yinterceptof-1, 2 You then reflect in the waxis the part of the line that s below the waxis, Chapter 1: Functions In Worked example 5 you saw that there were ovo answers, x =-3 or x = 2, to the equation [2x + i/ = 5. y ‘These can also be found graphically by finding che & s-coordinates of the points of intersection of the graphs of y =[2x-+1[ and y =5 as shown. In the same worked example you also saw that there was only one answer, x = I, to the equation [x~3|= 2x. This can also be found graphically by finding the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the graphs of y =|x-3| and y=2xas shown. Exercise 1.5 1. Sketch the graphs of each of the following tunctions showing the coordinates of the points where the graph meets the axes. a y=lxel] b y=[2x-3) ey =15-al (10-2 y=|e-3 | 2 a Complete the table of values tor y—[#~2[+3. Lafeffiletls|¢ Ly | 6 4 [| b Draw the graph of y=(x- 2|48 for -22 84 1 dys | e , [7 3 Draw the graphs of each of the following functions. a y=(x|+1 b y=|x|-3 © y=2-[x] d ys[x-3/+1 & y=[2x+6/-3 4 Given thateach of these functions is defined for the domain -3 < x = 4, find the range of a fix 5-2x 9b gixrs[5-2x] © fixes 5—[2x], eT case Uren TC CeCe ete 5 f:xes3-% for -l y =5e-2 Step 2: Interchange the xand y variables, —> x = 5y-2 Step & Rearrange to make y the subject. ——> y == . . x+2 5 PQ) = fee cig ear ray 1: Een Discuss thefunetion f(x) =x" for xe R. Does the function fhavean inwerse? Explain your answer. How could you change the domain of €so that f(x) = 12 does have an inverse? Cel aeeg f(x) = Ve4T-8 for x >=1 @ Find an expression forf™"(a), Solve the equation F(x) =£(35). Angwers @ f(x)=veeT-5 for x= -1 Step |: Write the function as y = Step 2 Interchange the xand y variables. > ‘Step &: Rearrange to make y the subject. ——_—» (x)= (x45) -1 b £95) = 35 +1- (x+5)*-1=1 (x45) =2 x45 = ty x= 542 x=-5+V2 or x=-5- V2 ‘The range af fis f(x) = —5 so the domain of (is x= —-5. Hence the onlysolution of f1(x) = (85) is x=~34 2. Exercise 1.6 1 f(x) = (x +5) -7 for x 2-5. Find an expression for f(x), 6 a ip=S5 : 3 f(x)=(@x-3)' +1 for «> GB . Find an expression for (x), for x > 0. Find an expression for f(x). 4 £(x)=8-Jx=3 for x > 8. Find an expression for f(x). ee ee ete RC eu ound 5 f:xH5x-3 for x>0 ‘ ress for x22 rs Express f(x) and g(x) in terms of x. 6 f:x(e+2)'-5 for x>-2 a Find an expression for f(x). b Solve the equation f(x) = 3. ~ f(x) =(x-4)° +5 for x>4 a Find an expression for f(x). b_ Solve the equation F(x) = £(0) at = 2223 x-l a Find an expression for g(x). b Solve the equation g(x) =5. for x>1 9 f(x)= 242 for veR g(x) =x2- 2x for xe R a Find f(x). b Solve fg(x) =f". 10 f() =x? +2 for xe R gO) =2x+3 for xeR Solve the equation gf(s) = g71(17) tr tix 228 for xe2 gist tor x>-5 Solve the equation f(x) = g"(%). 12 f(x) =3x— 24 for x > 0. Write down the range of f* 13 f:xeex+6 for x>0 gixee vx for x>0 Express x +>.x?—6 in terms of fand g. 14 f:x+93-2x for 05x55 gixr|3-2Qx| for 03-[2x| for 00 g(x) = 5x-4 for x= 0 @ Write down the domain off. b Write down the range of g™) 16 The functions fand g are defined, for x R, by fs x +s 8x —k, where Ais a positive constant Sx 14 xtl a Find expressions for f! and g“ gx swhere x # =I. b Find the value of ¢ for which f"(5) = 6. ¢ Simplify g"g(x) eT cp ear Tey AT f: xox) for veR gixiex-8 for reR Express each of the following asa composite function, using only f, g, and/or g": 1 1 a xa(x-8)s bb oxeex3+8 € xHxS-8 d x (x48): 1.7 The graph of a function and its inverse In Worked example 1 you considered the function f(x) = 2 -1S553. ‘The domain of f was -1 < x <3 and the range of Fwas—3 < fx) <5. x-1xeR, ‘The inverse function is f(x) = st ‘The domain of f is -8 < x <5 and the range of ™ Drawing fand f on the same graph gives: s -1 0, together with its inverse function y = f"(x). Is Sundeep correct? Explain your answer, “ay irre entra Exercise 1.7 1 Ona copy of the grid, draw the graph of the inverse of the function f. 2 Ona copy of the grid, draw the graph of the inverse of the function g- 3 f(x)=x° +3, 20. On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y=f(x) and y=f'(x), showing the coordinates of any points where the curves meet the coordinate axes. 4 g(x)=2" for xeR On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y= g(x) and y= g(a), showing: the coordinates of any points where the curves meet the coordinate axes. 5 g(x)=x°-1 for x20. Sketch, on a single diagram, the graphs of y=g(x) and y= g(a), showing the coordinates of any points where the curves meet the coordinate axes, 6 f(%)=4x-2 for -1 =I. a. Explain why fhasan inverse. b Find an expression for fin terms of x. © Onthe same axes, sketch the graphs of y=f(x) and y ={"(a), showing the coordinates of any points where the curves meet the coordinate axes. eT tees eC ean eur CHALLENGE Q Bers eet eS a Find! in terms of x. for x22 b Explain what this implies about the symmetry of the graph of y =f). Summary Functions A function isa rule that maps each s-value to just one y-value fora defined set of input walues. Mappingsthatare either { °P°"° are called functions. many-one ‘The set of iput values for a function is called the domain of the function. ‘The set of output values for a function is called the range (or image set) of the function. Modulus function The modulus of x, written as |x|, is defined as: x ifx>0 0 ifx=0 ox ifx<0 Composite functions f(x) means the function g acts on x first, then facts on the result. £(x) means f(x), Inverse functions The inverse of a function f(a) is the function that undoes what f(x) has done, ‘The inverse of the function f(x) is written as f""(x). ‘The domain of £"(x) is the range of f(x). The range of f(x) is the domain of f(x). An inverse function f "(x) can existif, and only if, the function f(x) is a one-one mapping. ‘The graphs of fand €" are reflections ofeach other in the line y = x. Chapter 1: Functions Examination questions Worked example ‘The functions f and g are defined by 2x f= 5 for x>0, g(x) = Vx+1 for x>-1 Find fg(s). (2) b Find an expression for f(x), giving your answer in the form = where a, 6 and care integers to be found. oe 8) ¢ Find an expression for g(a), stating its domain and range. (ay (Camiridge (GCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Q12% iit fun 2014 Answers a g(8)= ve+T =3 fg(8) = 1) substitute 5 for xin = 20) _ “S41 =15 b f(x) = f(x) 2x =f (3) substitute — for.xin a (25 x =7oy)~ simplify ( 2x Ja x41 4: multiply numerator and denominator by x+ 1 x+1 _ dx 3x41 u=4,=3andc= eet cesta i Creare) © (x)= Vx+T for x>-1 e+ Step I: Write the function as y ———» Step 2: Interchange the xand yvariables. ———> x = /y+T Step 3: Rearrange to make y the subject.) ———> x* = y+1 yex gaat The range of gis g(x) > 0 so the domain of g~ is x > 0. ‘The domain of g is x > —1 so the range of g*'is x > -1. Exercise 1.8 Exam Exercise 1 Solve the equation [4x — 3) Cambridge 1GCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 (I Now 2011 2 a Sketch the graph of y meets the coordinate showing the coordinates of the points where your graph wl (2) Cambridge (GCSE Additonal Mathematis 0606 Paper 11 Qi. Sow 2012 b Solve the equation (3 +5x|= 3 a Sketch the graph of y= [2x ~5|, showing the coordinates of the points where the graph meets the coordinate axes. (2) b Solve [2x- (2) Cambridge 1GCSE Additonal Mathematies 0606 Paper 11 QUi.it fun 2012 4 A function fis such that f(x) = 1 for-10 1, (x)= 22 tor woe. BO Fe 5 on a Find gf(37), (2) b Find an expression for f(a). 2] ¢ Find an expression for g™'(x). (2) Cambridge IGESE Additonal Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Q4 Now 2014 5 A function g is such that g(x) = = for 0, by hixes xte kixe Vx. Express each of the following in terms of h and k. Gowns Vere a) ii x xt8 a il xu 4 (2 Cambridge 1GCSEAdditional Mathematics 9606 Paper 21 05a. ii Now 2011 8 The function fis defined by f(x) =2- yx+5 for -5 oO x ili Find the value of x for which gh(x) = 85. ) Cambridge 1GCMt Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 QU aii. ii um 2011 10 1 On the axes below, sketch the graphs of y=2~x and y 3 +2x|, 4) ii Solve (3 + 2x|=2- (3) Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 12 Q4 Mar 2016

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