Q.1> WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY A POINTER VARIABLE?

ANS:- Pointer varibale is a varibale which is declared to store the address of

actual variable.
while declaring pointer variable we have to use * like:- int *p , where p is
the pointer varibale.

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Q-2> WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY SCOPE OF THE VARIABLE?

ANS:- Scope of variable can be defined as the part of the code area where the
variables declared in the
program can be accessed directly.

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Q-3> WHAT IS C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE AND WHY WE USE IT?

ANS:- C is a System level programming language.

it is used to develop System software and application software.
it is developed by dennis ritchie in 1970's at AT&T Bell labs.

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Q-4> WHY WE USE MAIN() FUNCTION IN EVERY C PROGRAM?

ANS:- Main() is pre-declared and user defined function.

it is compulsory to use this function in every C program because execution of
the program begins
with main().

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Q-5> WHAT IS THE MEANING OF HEADER FILE? NAME SOME HEADER FILES?

ANS:-Header files contain declarations of predefined functions.

We can use any number of header files in our programs as per the requirement
of pre defined functions.
Somes header files are:
1. stdio.h
2. conio.h
3. math.h
4. stdlib.h
5. string.h
6. graphics.h

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Q-6> WHAT IS THE MEANING OF #INCLUDE?

ANS:- It is a pre-processor directive.

it is used to include any header file in our program.

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Q-7> WHY WE USE VOID KEYWORD BEFORE MAIN()?

ANS:- void is a data type.

 void is used to denote return type of main() function.If we are using void
then it gives instruction
to compiler that main() function will not return any value.

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Q-8> WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN <STDIO.H> AND <CONIO.H> HEADER FILES?

ANS:- STDIO.H:- standard input and output header file.

CONIO.H:-Console input and output header file.
stdio.h contains declarations of printf() and scanf() where as conio.h
contains declarations of clrscr()
and getch()

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Q-9> WHAT IS PRINTF() AND SCANF()?

ANS:- printf() is predefined function. it is declared in stdio.h

This function is used to print some text on console.
&
Scanf() is predefined function. it is declared in stdio.h
This function is used to read some values from console.

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Q-10> WHAT IS CONSOLE?

ANS:-Console is known as output screen through which user interacts with the source
code.

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Q-11> WHAT IS OBJECT CODE?

ANS:-Compilation process translates source code into binary language.

This binary language code is known as object code.

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Q-12> WHAT IS EXECUTABLE CODE?

ANS:- After compiling the source code, it converts into binary code.
This binary code is known as object code.
The Executable code contain object code and definitions of predefined
functions from library.

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Q-13> WHAT IS HEADER FILES?

ANS:- Header file contains declarations of predefined functions.

The extension of this file is .h
The syntax of including header file in our source code is #include follwed by
header file name in
angular bracket.
#include is said to be pre-processor directive.

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Q-14> WHAT IS LIBRARY FUNCTION?

ANS:- Library functions are known as pre-defined functions.

They work with the help of header files and system library.

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Q-15> WHAT IS CONSTANTS AND ITS TYPES IN C PROGRAMMING?

ANS:- Constants is a value which cannot be changed during execution of the program.
we create constant varibale in c by using CONST keyword.
Types of constants:-
1. Integer constant
2.Float/Real constant
3.Character constant
4.String constant

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Q-16> WHAT IS CASE SENSITIVITY IN C?

ANS:- Case sensitivity means upper case and lower case letters are treated
differently in C.

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Q-17> WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONSTANS,VARIBALES AND KEYWORDS?

ANS:- Constant is a fixed quantity which cannot be changed during execution.

Varible holds constant values,we can change its value during execution.
Keywords are known as reserved words,compiler already knows the meaning of
keywords.
some keywords are:-
int float char switch else default for do while continue break etc..

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Q-18> WHAT ARE FORMAT SPECIFIERS? WHY WE USE IT? GIVE EXAMPLES.

ANS:- Format specifiers are used to specify type of value which we are going to
read through scanf() and to
print through printf().
Some format specifiers are:
int %d
float %f
char %c

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Q-19> WHY WE USE CLRSCR() FUNCTION?

ANS:-This is pre defined function. It is declared in conio.h

It is used to clear console window.

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Q-20> WHAT IS A COMPILER? WHY WE USE IT?
ANS:- Compiler is a system software. it translates source code into object code.

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Q-21> DIFFERENCE BETWEEN C AND C++?

ANS:- C | C++

|
1. C is a procedural programming language. | 1. c++ is a object oriented
programing language. |
|
2. C is a middle level language. | 2. c++ is a high level language.
|
|
3. In c language:- | 3. In c++ language:-
scanf() is used for input and | cin>> is used for input
and
printf() is used for output | cout<< is used for
output. |
|
4. In c we cannot use inheritence | 4. In c++ we use inheritance.
|
|
5. File extension in c is .c | 5. File extension in c++
is .cpp
|
6. C is a subset of c++. | 6. C++ is a superset of c.
|
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Q-22> WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY DANGLING POINTER VARIABLE IN C PROGRAMMING?

ANS:- A pointer in c Programming is used to point the memory location of an

existing variable. In case if
that particular variable is deleted and the pointer is still pointing to the
same memory location, then
that particular pointer variable is called as a dangling pointer variable.

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Q-23> WHAT ARE THE VALID PLACES WHERE THE PROGRAMMER CAN APPLY BREAK CONTROL
STATEMENT?

ANS:-Break Control statement is valid inside a loop and switch control statement.

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Q-24> CAN A C PROGRAM COMPILE OR EXECUTE IN THE ABSENCE OF MAIN()?

ANS:- The program will be compiled but will not be executed.To execut any C
program, main() is required.

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Q-25> WHAT IS A C TOKEN?

ANS:- keywords,constants,special symbol,strings,operator,identifier used in c

programs are reffered to a C
 TOKENS.
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Q-26> WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY NESTED STRUCTURE?

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Q-27> WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTUAL PARAMETER AND FORMAT PARAMETER?

ANS:-The ACTUAL PARAMETER are the variables that are transferred to the function
when it is requested.While
The FORMAL PARAMETER are the values determined by the function that accepts
values when the function is
declared.In actual parameters,only the varible is mentioned,not the data
types.In formal parameters the
data type is requied.

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Q-28> WHAT IS DATA TYPE?

ANS:-A data type,in programming,is a classification that specifies which type of

value a variable has and
what type of mathematical,relational or logical operations can be applied to
it without causing an error.

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Q-29> WHAT IS VARIBALE?

ANS:- Variable is basically nothing but the name of a memory location that we use
for storing data.
We can change the value of a variable,and we can also reuse it multiple
times.

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Q-30> WHAT IS LOOP?

ANS:- Loop is used to execute the block of code several times according to the
condition given in the loop.
It is frequently used to traverse the data structure like array and linked
list.

There are 3 types of loops:-

1. WHILE LOOP:-
while loop is used when the number of iterations are not known.
In while loop the condition is evaluated before processing the
body of the loop.
If the condition is true, then only the body of the loop is
executed,otherwise
it will exit from the loop.

2. DO WHILE LOOP:-
In this loop,the statements in the loop need to be executed at
least once. After that,
it checks the condition.if the condition is true,then it will
again execute the loop,
otherwise it will exit from the loop.

3. FOR LOOP:-
For loop is used to iterate the statements or a part of the
program serveral times
until the conditon is false.
It is used when number of iterations are known.
In this three parameters are given that is:-
. Initialization
. Condition
. Increment/Decrement

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Q-31>WHAT FUNCTIONS ARE USED FOR DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION IN C PROGRAMING?

ANS:
1.MALLOC()
2.CALLOC()
3.REALLOC()
4.FREE()

MALLOC:-
The malloc() function is used to allocate the memory during the execution of
the program.
It does not initialize the memory but carries the garbage value.
Syntax:-
ptr = (cast-type*) malloc(size)

CALLOC():-

The calloc() is same as malloc() function, but the difference only is that it
initializes the memory
with zero value.
Syntax:-
ptr = (cast-type*)calloc(n, element-size)

REALLOC():-

The realloc() function is used to reallocate the memory.

If sufficient space is not available in the memory so updating the memory size
using realloc() function
Syntax:-
ptr = realloc(ptr, newsize); // .

FREE():-

Free() function releases the memory allocated by either calloc() or malloc()

function.

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Q-32> WHAT IS PREPROCESSOR?

ANS:-The C preprocessor is a micro processor that is used by compiler to transform

your code before compilation.
It is called micro preprocessor because it allows us to add macros.
 All preprocessor directives starts with hash # symbol.
FOR EX:-
#include
#define

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Q-33> WHAT IS ENUMERATOR IN C?

ANS:- Enumeration (or enum) is a user defined data type in C. It is mainly used to
assign names
to integral constants.

SYNTAX:-
enum containers
{
jan=1,feb=2,mar=3
};
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Q-34> WHAT IS MACRO?

ANS:-A macro is a segment of code which is replaced by the value of macro.

Macro is defined by #define directive.

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Q-35> WHAT ARE THE LIMITATION OF SCANF() AND HOW CAN IT RESOLVED?

ANS:- The Limitations of scanf() are as follows:

It is not possible to enter a multiword string into a single variable using
scanf().
To avoid this the gets( ) function is used.

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Q-36> MENTION FILE OPERATION IN C LANGUAGE?

ANS:- Basic File Handling Techniques in C, provide the basic functionalities that
user can perform against
files in the system.

Function Operation
fopen() To Open a File
fclose() To Close a File
fgets() To Read a File
fprint() To Write into a File

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Q-37> WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT STORAGE CLASS IN C?

ANS:- The different storage specifiers available in C Language are as follows:

auto
register
static
extern
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Q-38> WHEN SHOULD WE USE THE REGISTER STORAGE SPECIFIER?

Ans: We use Register Storage Specifier if a certain variable is used very

frequently.
This helps the compiler to locate the variable as the variable will be declared
in one of the CPU registers.

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Q-39> What do you mean by Memory Leak?

Ans: Memory Leak can be defined as a situation where programmer allocates dynamic
memory to the program
but fails to free or delete the used memory after the completion of the code.

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Q-40> DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN GETCH() AND GETCHE() ?

Ans:- Both the functions are designed to read characters from the keyboard and the
only difference is that

GETCH():- Reads characters from the keyboard but it does not use any buffers.
Hence, data is not displayed
on the screen.

GETCHE():- Reads characters from the keyboard and it uses a buffer. Hence, data is
displayed on the screen.

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Q-41> WHAT IS THE USAGE OF POINTER IN C?

ANS:- ACCESSING ARRAY ELEMENT:- Pointers are used in traversing through an array of
integers and strings.
The string is an array of characters which is terminated by a null character
'\0'.

DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION:- Pointers are used in allocation and deallocation

of memory during the
execution of a program.

CALL BY REFERENCE:- The pointers are used to pass a reference of a variable

to other function.
Data Structures like a tree, graph, linked list, etc.: The pointers are used
to construct different
data structures like tree, graph, linked list, etc.

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Q-42> WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF POINTER?

ANS:- There are majorly four types of pointers, they are:

Null Pointer.
Void Pointer.
Wild Pointer.
Dangling Pointer.
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Q-43> WHAT IS NULL POINTER?

ANS:-A pointer that doesn't refer to any address of value but NULL is known as a
NULL pointer.
When we assign '0' value to a pointer of any type, then it becomes a Null
pointer.

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Q-44> WHAT IS VOID POINTER?

ANS:-The void pointer in C is a pointer that is not associated with any data types.
A void pointer can hold
address of any type and can be typecasted to any type.

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Q-45> WHAT IS WILD POINTER?

ANS:-A pointer behaves like a wild pointer when it is declared but not initialized.
That is why,
they point any random memory location, it stores the memory addresses but
point the unallocated memory.

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Q-46> WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALLOC() AND CALLOC() ?

ANS:-CALLOC:-
The malloc() function allocates a single block of requested memory.
MALLOC:-
The calloc() function allocates multiple blocks of requested memory.
CALLOC:-
It initializes the content of the memory to zero.
MALLOC:-
It does not initialize the content of memory, so it carries the garbage
value.
CALLOC:-
It consists of two arguments.
MALLOC:-
It consists of only one argument.

* THE RETURN VALUE FOR BOTH IS SAME BOTH RETURN A POINTER POINTING TO THE
ALLOCATED MEMORY.

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Q-47> WHAT IS STRUCTURE?

ANS:-
The structure is a user-defined data type that allows us to store multiple types
of data in a single unit.
It occupies the memory which is equal to the sum of the memory of all members.

There are two ways to access structure varibale.

1. By dot operator or member operator(.)
 2. By structure pointer variable(->)

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Q-48> WHAT IS UNION?

ANS:-Union is an user defined datatype in C programming language. It is a

collection of variables of different
datatypes in the same memory location.

it doesn't occupy the memory of all members.

It holds the memory of the largest member only.

In union, we can access only one variable at a time as it allocates one common
space for all
the members of a union. At one time only one member can store value.

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Q-49> WHAT IS AUTO KEYWORD IN C?

ANS:-In C, every local variable of a function is known as an automatic (auto)

variable.
Variables which are declared inside the function block are known as a local
variable.
The local variables are also known as an auto variable. It is optional to use
an auto keyword
before the data type of a variable. If no value is stored in the local
variable,
then it consists of a garbage value.

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Q-50> WHAT IS COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS?

ANS:-The argument passed to the main() function while executing the program is
known as command line argument.

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