Summer Assignment Name: _____________________________

AP Chemistry

Kylee List’s Contact Information:

● Email: [email protected]
● Phone: 317-670-7314

Welcome to AP Chemistry! I am very excited to have you in class this year and to be able to teach you! There
will be a lot of differences between AP Chemistry and Honors Chemistry-such as the need to memorize
information that was given to you previously. The summer assignment is to help with some of the
memorization, math skills, and basic topics that have been covered in the honors course. If you have any
questions over the summer, please feel free to send me an email/message.

AP Chemistry will require a decent amount of time and dedication to study on your own, much like a college
course. If you are ever stuck on any topic, your textbook and online videos will be your best friend to see more
examples. Sadly, we don’t have the actual textbook available for you to use over the summer so an internet
textbook (link below) will have to do.

The summer assignment is provided on the next few pages and is divided into three parts:
 Part 1: Memorization
 Part 2: Review from Honor’s Chem
 Part 3: AP Level Challenge Questions

Resources:
1. AP Chemistry Textbook (Brown/LeMay):
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1urxrXAbKaumRg-_NQFt2Kpo9dzqyrcC7/view?usp=sharing

2. Khan Academy Chemistry:

AP®︎Chemistry | College Chemistry | Khan Academy

3. AP Chemistry Prep Book:

5 Steps to a 5: AP Chemistry 2022: Moore, John, Langley, Richard: 9781264267972: Books
(amazon.com)

4. Free Online Review: through Viziscience. (This doesn’t open until June 1 so look for an email from me
then on how to enroll).

This is summer assignment can also be found on the Libguide if you lose this copy.

1
Part 1: Memorization

1. Memorize the names of the elements and the corresponding symbols.

a. You should already know many of these! The periodic table that will be provided to you on the
AP test and in class will only provide the symbols and not the names of the elements! I
recommend making flashcards or a Quizlet.
b. You must know Elements 1-56 plus Pt, Au, Hg, Rn, Fr, Ra, U, and Pu

2. Memorize the ionic charges of ions. This should also be a review.

a. Group 1 ions: +1
b. Group 2 ion: +2
c. Group 15 or (5A) ions (N and P): -3
d. Group 16 or (6A) ions (O and S): -2
e. Group 17 or (7A) ions (halogens): -1
f. Select Transition Metals: Zn+2 Ag+1 Cd+2

3. Memorize the list of polyatomic ions

a. A list of the polyatomic ions is provided below. I recommend using a Quizlet or flashcards.

1- Charge 2- Charge 3- Charge

C2H3O2- Acetate CO32- Carbonate PO43- Phosphate

HCO3- Bicarbonate CrO42- Chromate
BrO3- Bromate Cr2O72- Dichromate
BrO- Hypobromite C2O42- Oxalate
ClO4- Perchlorate HPO42- Hydrogen Phosphate 1+ Charge
ClO3- Chlorate SO42- Sulfate Ion Name
ClO2- Chlorite SO32- Sulfite NH41+ Ammonium
ClO- Hypochlorite S2O3 2- Thiosulfate
CN- Cyanide O22- Peroxide
SCN- Thiocyanate
OH- Hydroxide
NO3- Nitrate
NO2- Nitrite
IO3- Iodate
MnO4- Permanganate
H2PO4- Dihydrogen Phosphate
HSO4- Bisulfate

4. Memorize the solubility rules.

Ion General Solubility Rule

NO3- All nitrates are soluble
C2H3O2- All acetates are soluble (AgC2H3O2 only moderately)
Cl-, Br-, I- All Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides are soluble EXCEPT Ag, Pb, and Hg. (PbCl2 is slightly
soluble in cold water and moderately soluble in hot water.)
SO42- All sulfates are soluble EXCEPT Ba, Pb, Ca, and Sr
CO32- and PO4- All carbonates and phosphates are insoluble EXCEPT Na, K, and NH4
3

OH- All hydroxides are insoluble EXCEPT Na and K. Hydroxides of Ba and Ca are slightly soluble.
S2- All sulfides are insoluble EXCEPT Na, K, and NH4 and Group 2 metals (Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba).
Na+, K+, and All chemical salts containing Na, K, and NH4 are soluble EXCEPT several very uncommon
NH4+ ones.
Part 2: Review from Honor’s Chem

1. Ionic Bonding: transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

 Metals tend to have low electronegativity and ionization energy and tend to form cations.
Cations are positive ions resulting from the loss of electrons.
 Anions are negative ions resulting from the gain of electrons. Nonmetals tend to have high
electronegativity and tend to form anions.
 Atoms will lose or gain electrons to achieve an “octet” or set of 8 electrons in the valence shell
(although there are exceptions).

2. Covalent Bonding: sharing of electrons between atoms.

 Usually both elements in a covalent bond are nonmetals.
 Equal sharing of electrons produces a nonpolar covalent bond and occurs when the bonding
atoms have equal or very similar electronegativity.
 Unequal sharing of electrons occurs when atoms have significantly different electronegativities
and results in a polar covalent bond in which one atom has a partial negative charge and the
other a partial positive charge.

Difference In Electronegativity Predicted Bond Type

Sulfur and Hydrogen
Sulfur and Cesium
Chlorine and Bromine
Chlorine and Calcium
Oxygen and Hydrogen
Nitrogen and Hydrogen
Hydrogen and Fluorine
 Carbon and Oxygen

3. Names/Formulas of Chemical Compounds

 Ionic Naming
Name Cation, then Anion.
o If the Anion is a single element (not a polyatomic), change ending to “ide.”
o If the Cation is a transition metal (or Pb/Sn) you must include a Roman Numeral.
 Ionic Formulas
o Balance out ionic charges to an overall charge of Zero
o Ex. Fe+2 Cl- = FeCl2 *It would take two Cl and one Fe for the overall charge to be zero.
 Covalent Naming/Formulas
o Use prefixes to represent the number of atoms.
o Change the ending of second element to “ide.”
o Do not use “mono” on first element.
1. Mono 2. Di 3. Tri 4. Tetra 5. Penta
6. Hexa 7. Hepta 8. Octa 9. Nona 10. Deca

 Naming Acids
o H + Single Element becomes Hydro _________ ic Acid
Ex. HCl = Hydrochloric Acid
o H + Polyatomic ending in “ate” becomes ____________ ic Acid
Ex. HClO3 = Chloric Acid
o H + Polyatomic ending in “ite” becomes _____________ ous Acid
Ex. HClO2 = Chlorous Acid
 Practice:
Give the name or formula Ionic, Covalent, Acid
vanadium (V) phosphate
sodium permanganate
SrF2
Ni(SO3)2
phosphorus triiodide
H3PO4
Hydrofluoric Acid
PCl5

4. Chemical Reactions
 Types of Reactions:
  Practice: For each of the following write a balanced chemical equation. Be sure to include
phases of matter for each reactant and product.

1. Aqueous lead II nitrate and aqueous sodium iodide react to make lead iodide and
sodium nitrate.

2. Solid calcium carbonate decomposes when you heat it to leave solid calcium oxide and
carbon dioxide gas.

3. When ammonia gas is dissolved into water will make aqueous ammonium hydroxide.

4. Aqueous aluminum hydroxide and sulfuric acid neutralize to make water and aqueous
aluminum sulfate.

5. C4H10 (Butane gas) is burned in oxygen.

6. Dilute Sulfuric acid reacts with zinc metal.

5. Moles and Stoichiometry

 There are three mole equalities. They are:
1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 particles
1 mol = molar mass in grams (periodic table)
1 mol = 22.4 L for a gas at STP
  Each equality can be written as conversion factors. They are:

 The mole ratio uses the coefficients from the balanced equation to switch between reactants
and products.

 Stoichiometry uses the mole ratio and molar quantities to determine relative amounts of
reactants and products.
 Practice: Magnesium undergoes a single replacement reaction with hydrochloric acid.
Write the Balanced Equation:

How many grams of hydrogen gas can be produced from the reaction of 3.00 g of magnesium
with 4.00 g of hydrochloric acid?

Identify the limiting and excess reactants. How many grams of the excess reagent are leftover?

If the actual yield in lab was 0.090 g H2, what is the % yield?

6. Molarity and Dilutions

 We measure the concentration of a solution in Molarity. The higher the molarity value, the more
concentrated the solution is.
mol
 M=
L
  When you add water to a concentrated solution you are making a dilution. During a dilution, the
number of moles does not change.
 M 1 V 1= M 2 V 2
 Practice:
o What is the molarity if 5.0 g of Silver Nitrate is dissolved in 500.0 ml of H 2O?

o How many ml of a 5.0 M stock solution would you need to make 100.0 ml of 0.25M HCl?

Part 3: AP Level Challenge Questions

1. The following questions pertain to the reaction below:

HBr + Ca →

 What type of reaction is shown above? ____________________

 Predict products and then balance the reaction.
 1.7 grams of Ca are mixed with 850.6 mL of 0.043 M HBr. What is the maximum theoretical
yield of the gaseous product in grams?

 What is the pH of the HBr solution?

 What is the OH- concentration of the HBr solution?

 If the gas is produced at 89.0°C and 1.7 atm of pressure, what is the volume of gaseous product
in mL?

2. It takes combustion of 58.8 mL of liquid propane (C3H8), which has a density of 0.493 g/cm3, to cook my
hamburger.
 Write and balance the combustion reaction for propane.

 Calculate the grams of propane used to cook the burger.

  Calculate the moles of oxygen used to cook the burger.

 If air is 21.0% by volume O2, how many liters of air at 27.0 °C and 1.10 atm will it take to cook
my burger?

3. FROM THE 2017 AP CHEMISTRY EXAM

Use the information below to answer questions 1—3

A laboratory experiment called for using bromine liquid, Br2(l). A student measured the volume, in (mL), of
bromine liquid using a graduated cylinder. (Shown below)
1. In the box below, (a) draw a particulate diagram (particle diagram) of bromine liquid and then (b)
classify the type of matter bromine represents.

2. Using the graduated cylinder measurement above, what is the volume of bromine liquid that this
student measured, with the correct number of significant figures and with the correct uncertainty?

3. Although the volume of bromine is expressed in ml in the graduated cylinder, the laboratory experiment
was made by a pharmacy found in America and they use the units of pounds. How many pounds of
bromine are represented by the volume measured above?

density of bromine is 3.1 g/mL 1 lb = 453.592 grams

4. The mass spectrum of an average sample of a pure element is shown in the figure above. Which of the
following is the identity of the element?
(A) Y (C) Nb
(B) Zr (D) Th

5. After identifying the element for the mass spectrum in Question 4, in the table below write the name of
the element, the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons of the most abundant isotope of that
element. Also identify the type of element it is based on its location on the periodic table.
 Elements Name
Mass
(Most Abundant Isotope)
Number of Protons
Number of Neutrons
(Most abundant isotope)
Number of Electrons
(Neutral Atom)
Type of Element

6. A student measured a volume of water using a graduated cylinder, shown below.

How many atoms of hydrogen would be found in this volume of
water? Express this answer to the correct number of significant
figures and uncertainty.

density of water is 1.00 g/mL

7. A mixture of CO(g) and O2(g) is placed in a container, as shown above. A reaction occurs, forming
CO2(g). Which of the following best represents the contents of the box after the reaction has proceeded
as completely as possible?
 8. If a pure sample of an oxide of sulfur contains 40. percent sulfur and 60. percent oxygen by mass,
then the empirical formula of the oxide is
a. SO3 c. S2O6
b. SO4 d. S2O

9. Write the equation for the formation of ammonia (NH3) from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.

Balanced Equation:

Given 6 molecules of nitrogen and 12 molecules of hydrogen, make a drawing that represents the reaction
container before and after the reaction.

Before After

A. How many molecules of ammonia can be produced?

B. Which reactant is in excess?
C. How many molecules of excess reactant are there left over?

10. When sodium hydroxide reacts with sulfuric acid (H2SO4), water and sodium sulfate are the products.
The balanced chemical equation is shown below:

2NaOH + H2SO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Use the balanced chemical equation to answer A-C.

A. Calculate the mass of sodium sulfate produced when 15.5 g of sodium hydroxide are reacted with
46.7 g of sulfuric acid.
B. How much of the excess reactant remains?

C. If 12.6 g of sodium sulfate is produced in lab, what is the percent yield?