THE

PALL MALL BUDGET.

 THE

PALL MA
MALL
LL BUDGET

Being a Weekly Collection of Articles

Printed in the PALL MALL GAZETTE from day to day :

With a Summary of News.

VOL. II.

FROM APRIL 2 TO SEPTEMBER 24, 1869.

LONDON :

PUBLISHED AT 2, NORTHUMBERLAND STREET, STRAND, W.C.

MDCCCLXIX.
‫ماما‬
 MAY 7, 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET. 3

is becoming very common, and it may be regarded as one ofthe

marks of a particular school of legislation, to discuss Irish questions
as ifthe gratification of the tastes and feelings ofthe most ignorant
THE PALL MALL BUDGET. and excitable part ofthe existing generation of Irishmen ought to be
taken as the one object of a Liberal policy, and as ifthe deepest convic-
FRIDAY, MAY 7, 1869 . tions of the English people were to go for nothing. The treasonable
language imputed to the Mayor of Cork and his fellows, and even
the crimes of Fenians and ribandmen, would go for little if both
the language and the crimes were not indirectly and partially justi-
THE MORAL RESOURCES OF ENGLAND. fied, or at all events palliated, by the tendency of a great deal of
English speculation, the gist of which is that, if a demand be made
THE debates in both Houses of Parliament upon the state of Ireland for national independence by any considerable number of Irish
clearly show that we, the English people, are at last beginning to people, it ought not to be forcibly resisted, and that because a
realize to our own imaginations the existence and the importance majority of the peasantry are enthusiastic Catholics the education
of some of those difficulties in our national position to which we of the country, and thus its moral government, ought to be made
have tried to call attention. It is difficult for any one to say over to the priests. It is, in short, proposed that means should
how near we may be to both foreign and domestic war, and it is be taken to exclude Ireland from the influence of those
pretty clear that we are in many respects, both physical and moral, principles which form the soul of the greater part of modern
unprepared for either emergency. Of the defects of our military and English legislation, because the Irish do not like them.
naval preparations for meeting any serious attack we have spoken too These principles might be compendiously described as the
fully and too frequently of late to return to the subject on the present principle of the unity of the three kingdoms and the principle of
occasion, but this is by no means the most serious point to be Liberalism in matters of religion and morals. It is impossible for any
considered. There is a moral as well as a material side to the one to look at the course which events have taken in Great Britain
subject, and the question how far we are morally prepared to during the present century without seeing how profoundly these two
present a bold face and a determined resistance to any enemies, principles have sunk into the hearts of the people at large, and have
foreign or domestic, with whom we may have to deal, is quite moulded their conduct. They are, indeed, nothing but the trans-
as important in its way as the questions which relate to our figuration, the translation into modern language and modern ideas,
material resources, We do not wish to write upon a matter of the old phrases about maintaining the liberties of England
which is of necessity indefinite in an exaggerated tone, or and the Protestant religion. The Protestant religion, like many
with the view of ministering to any of those absurd panics which other
other things, has greatly altered its shape and extended
things, has
from time to time take possession of people's feelings and cause its bounds. It is no longer confined to any specific set of theological
a great deal of unwise talking and writing with next to doctrines or ecclesiastical institutions. It has ceased to look
no practical result ; but we do wish to consider calmly the exclusively to another world and a future state, and has been
existence of a state of feeling in this country which has been sublimated into a set of principles, religious, moral, and political,
growing up for many years, is due to the combination of a great which, notwithstanding the different versions given of them by
variety of causes, and is capable at particular moments of doing different minds, have a broad general resemblance to each other,
an incalculable amount of irreparable mischief, unless it is duly and are rapidly transforming men's thoughts and feelings in every
qualified by considerations which it naturally tends to keep out of department of life, and in none so much as in the sphere of politics
sight. The temper to which we refer is one which it is very and legislation. The liberties of England have shared in the
difficult to describe by any one name. It might, perhaps, general change, and have grown into something far more important
be best described by some such title as inverted patriotism. than the insular privileges which WILLIAM III, was thinking of
There probably never was such a fault-finding age in the world when he inscribed the famous motto in question on his flag.
as the last thirty or forty years of English history. Middle-aged The motto, however, is and ought to be recognized as being
men can just recollect the last expiring gasps of the old as true now as it was nearly two centuries ago. This
faith in the virtues, the wisdom, and the glories of England, which, country, however much it may be criticised, and however far it
though in many ways narrowminded and mistaken, gave on several may fall short of its ideal, is by far the most powerful representa-
occasions intense energy and unity to the action of the nation. tive in Europe of that spirit of which Protestantism was the
When people really believed that one Englishman was a match for earliest form. The power, the greatness, and, above all, the unity
three Frenchmen, when the Constitution was the object of blind of the United Kingdom are the greatest of existing guarantees for
worship as a marvel of human wisdom, and was generally coupled the action upon Europe, at least, of all that we understand by
with such epithets as matchless or admirable, when such a phrase as Liberalism. So long as we hold up our heads and maintain
the wisdom of our ancestors had not become a mouldy sarcasm, our position in the world, so long as Parliament legislates
and when ages as yet unlectured by BENTHAM talked on the principles which have animated it for at least two
of the English law as the perfection of wisdom, people generations, so long will priestcraft and superstition, with all
were certainly far less wise than they are now, far less the evils which flow from them, be rebuked ' and held at bay. If
moderate and candid, and probably not happier, but they Ireland became an independent and an enthusiastically Catholic
acted in case of need with a degree of vigorous unity, deci- country supported against us by the United States and, possibly,
sion, and self-reliance which were of great advantage in emer- by France, Liberalism throughout all Europe would receive a heavier
gencies, and helped most materially to bring us out triumphantly blow and a greater discouragement than it has sustained since the
from some of the most desperate encounters that any nation ever first checks were given to the spread of the Reformation. It is the
went through. Things have greatly changed in the last half- most miserable of all forms of narrowmindedness and blindness to
century. Clever people of various kinds have criticised every one of suppose that the policy of England has ceased to have a religious
our institutions, every article of our habitual creeds, every incident in aspect and to exercise an immense influence over the highest
our history, with such intense, not to say such malignant, severity- moral and spiritual interests of mankind, because the nation at
we have been told so often, so roughly, and so ably that we are large in its corporate capacity has withdrawn to a great extent
infinitely less intelligent, less attractive, less virtuous, less religious, from theological speculation and ecclesiastical squabbles, and
less philosophical, less vigorous in all the higher forms of power determined as a rule to treat contending churches and sects as
than other European nations- that our pride has been greatly it treats other differences of individual opinion. The very fact of
dimmed . It is no longer our impulse to stand up for a friend or that withdrawal exercises a religious and spiritual influence of the
against an enemy with perfect confidence in our power to make deepest kind over the whole nation, and, through this nation, upon
good our cause. On the contrary, our first impulse is to ask the whole civilized world. It is a tacit declaration of lay inde-
whether after all our enemy is not right, whether his accusations pendence, a tacit but most emphatic assertion of the moral
are not just, whether we ought not to humble ourselves and look character and moral authority of lay legislatures-an authority
for the cause of the attacks directed against us in some as yet not in any way derived from or controlled by clerical influence.
undetected instance of the perverse stupidity of the nation and its We need not insist on the way in which this principle,
representatives. Of course, this temper of mind has its good when carried out, colours every department of life, or the
points. It is better than mere blind pride which refuses to admit way in which it moulds men's views of marriage, of education-
any fault at all till the consequences of its errors can no longer be in a word, of morality in all its forms. Surely this is a
averted or remedied ; but, on the other hand, to carry such a principle which may well inspire those who hold it with some
temper one step farther than it ought to go is to make a step degree of enthusiasm, with some confidence in their cause, and
into abject cowardice and national degradation. The way in something like a determination to assert it against those who, for
which the English people treated the Americans upwards of whatever reason, make it the object of attack. We do not see why
ninety years ago was an extreme illustration of the evils of liberal England should not have as distinct a moral character, and
blind untutored pride and irrational self- confidence ; but the as firm a determination to hold its own against all comers, as
spirit in which many persons at present appear disposed to deal revolutionary France. The principles for which we ought to contend,
with Ireland is quite capable of showing us the evils of irrational if properly understood, are as sacred as those which animated the
self-depreciation and of cowardly fear to insist upon principles which volunteers of 1793, and we ought to be prepared, if necessary, to
are just and sound, and upon which it would be right to insist: It make equal sacrifices to carry them out.
[ 203 ]
 4 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869 .

order to secure a vote in the Lords. A more essential feature

DISABLED BISHOPS.
of such a bill, however, is that the superannuation should
ALL that can be said at present of the bill for relieving disabled take effect under certain defined circumstances, and not merely
bishops of their duties which is being prepared by the Government on the application of the bishop. Not to mention the domestic
and the Archbishop of CANTERBURY is, that it will not come reasons which may indispose people to give up half their incomes
before it is needed. The Bishop of ST. DAVID'S, indeed, con- and all their importance, a man might conceivably be influenced
structed an ingenious argument to show that the need is not in the same direction by really conscientious hesitation . He might
nearly so great as has been supposed. He defended the episcopal distrust the Prime Minister's judgment in the choice of a coadjutor,
office against the prevalent misconception that it implies a system or he might wish to maintain his influence in the diocese until the
of personal visitation. Considering the care which the Anglican completion of this or that work he has in hand. Nothing short of
prelates have taken for two or three centuries to disabuse their an inflexible rule can be trusted to prevent one or other class of
clergy and the public of this notion, it is a curious instance of the motives from coming into play. Another point of not less importance
vitality of vulgar errors that Dr. THIRLWALL should still have to is that the coadjutor should have the right of succession . Without
combat it. It is the business, he thinks, of a bishop to " direct and this the Church would in time be filled with what the Bishop of
stimulate every good work." He is to do everything except teach WINCHESTER calls " persons of the episcopal order" with no defined
by example. Now, direction and the application of stimulants can sphere and no prescribed functions. Of all ways of increasing the
obviously be made to operate through the post-office, so that, Episcopate this seems the least satisfactory ; and even if we are
supposing a disabled bishop to possess a clear head and wrong in our estimate of it, the colonies seem likely to keep us
a ready amanuensis, why should he not govern the diocese from well provided with the article without making new arrangements for
his sofa as well as from his throne ? For those profane and its manufacture at home. If these two precautions are observed
foolish persons who have hinted that if this is a true account in framing the bill, we cannot imagine that it will encounter any
of the facts "the episcopal office must be a superfluity," serious obstacles.
the Bishop of ST. DAVID'S has a conclusive analogy ready. Some
people, he says, can stand against an attack of influenza or bronchitis
which to others would be fatal. " The natural inference is that MR. BRIGHT AND THE MINISTRY.

they have a very strong constitution," but that is no reason why EVERY one must recollect the misgivings with which Mr. BRIGHT
they should do without medical advice. The interpretation of accepted office, and it is impossible to read the speech which he
this parable we suppose to be this : The Church of England made last Friday night without seeing that his intuitive sense of the
can stand against a drain of bishops which to other Churches- drawbacks to his usefulness in that capacity was amply justified
the Church of Rome say-would be fatal, but this is no reason by facts. It would be difficult to find a stronger contrast between
why the House of Lords should not have a little quiet talk on the speeches than that which was presented by the statesmanlike
subject. It is pretty clear, however, that the Bishop of ST. DAVID'S moderation of Lord STANLEY and the strange and needless
will not be reduced to despair even though the talk in question language of Mr. BRIGHT- language which, though no doubt
should come to nothing. He points out that, though " a see provoked by unseemly violence on the part of Lord CLAUD
" deprived of the personal presence and activity of its chief pastor HAMILTON, was calculated to do great harm to the Ministry
" is certainly not in a normal state, there are many things which and great harm in Ireland. Lord CLAUD HAMILTON had
""
very much mitigate the misfortune." Even when he is ill, a brought a charge against Mr. BRIGHT, the gist of which was that
bishop can do a good deal, and as for matters which are beyond he had made himself to a certain extent morally responsible for the
his strength, why, there are the archdeacons. In short, " the paro- present state of things in Ireland, and, in particular, for the crimes.
" chial system may go on for a very long time without any interrup- which are so rife there : First, by a letter published in 1866, in
" tion or abatement of its vigour," notwithstanding the acephalous which he said , " If Ireland were a thousand miles away from us all
condition to which the diocese is reduced. In spite of the Bishop's " would be at once changed, justice would be at once done, or the
analogy of the attack of influenza, his argument seems to admit of " landlords would be exterminated by the vengeance of the
being stretched a little further. Why, for example, should not the " people." Secondly, by attending a meeting in Dublin which Lord
Episcopal Staff be reduced to six-four travelling bishops to be con- CLAUD regarded as a " Fenian demonstration." Thirdly, by
tinuously occupied in confirming and ordaining all over the country, making light of the scheme to surprise Chester Castle. Fourthly,
and two archbishops to direct and stimulate ? The latter office by presenting and expressing his general sympathy with the
might very properly be filled by bishops no longer well enough to Positivist petition ; and Fifthly and lastly, by the course which
travel. The working of this system would be greatly facilitated if he took in reference to BARRETT when under sentence
the Bishop of ST. DAVID'S, who is a great master of style, would of death for the Clerkenwell explosion . The attack was coarse
compose a Bishop's Complete Letter Writer, for the guidance of and violent, and in several respects manifestly unjust. To
archdeacons and others to whom the directing and stimulating call the Dublin meeting a Fenian demonstration was absurd . The
functions may from time to time be delegated. points about Chester Castle, the Positivist petition, and the execu-
The Archbishop of CANTERBURY made out his case in the tion of BARRETT were hardly deserving of notice. They were matters
House of Lords fairly well. The instance ofthe Bishop of SALISBURY of little practical importance at any time, and are of absolutely no
is distinct from those of the Bishops of EXETER, WINCHESTER, interest at the present day. The letter written in 1866 is now
and BATI and WELLS, inasmuch as he was laid aside in the nearly three years old. Its publication, as Mr. BRIGHT pointed
midst of his work by sudden and acute illness, and the prelates to out, was unauthorized and a breach of confidence, and if Mr. BRIGHT
whom the Duke of SOMERSET's question applied are unable to had said, as he well might under the circumstances, that he protested
resign, because the House of Lords declined last session to pass a against being called to account for expressions never intended for the
bill empowering them to do so. The Bishop of EXETER is addi- public eye, his answer would have been complete . When, however,
tionally exonerated by Lord PALMERSTON'S refusal to appoint a he came to speak of the unlucky letter in question nothing would
suffragan under the Act of Henry VIII. It is not of much
It suit him but to repeat its incautious and familiar expressions in still
moment to ascertain to whom the blame of letting the subject more emphatic language. " To the main argument of that letter
alone so long and then mooting it to so little purpose is justly " I adhere. I say that the condition of things in Ireland which
attributable. But we do hope that the bill which is to be intro- " has existed for the last 200 years, for the last 100 years, for the
duced this session will not be allowed to share the fate of its prede- " last 50 years, would have been utterly impossible if Ireland had
cessors. It has nothing to do with the increase ofthe episcopate ; " been removed from the shelter and the influence and the power
it simply deals with an important and neglected administrative " of Great Britain . I repeat that if Ireland were unmoored from
detail. If this view of its scope is adhered to, it is difficult " her fastenings in the deep and floated 2,000 miles to the westward,
to see how any embarrassing questions can be raised in con- " those things that we propose to do, and which in all probability
nection with it. Provision might be made that in all cases " may be offered to the House in the next session, would have
where a bishop is laid aside from the active exercise of his office " been done by the people of Ireland themselves, and that
for a certain number of months and there is no medical probability " if they had become a State of the American Republic
of his being able to resume work, a bishop coadjutor should be " under the condition of that country those things would have
appointed, with right of succession, the income of the see being " been done." Injudicious as this was, Mr. BRIGHT contrived
divided between the two, either equally or in any other prescribed to make it worse, for he went on to say soon afterwards, " The
proportions. Taking the average income of a bishop at from £4,000 " time has come when acts of constant repression in Ireland
66
to £ 5,000, it is clear that there would be no hardship in requiring were unjust and evil, and that no more acts of repression should
an invalid to live on one-half of this sum, and no difficulty in ever pass this House, unless attended with acts of a remedial
finding a properly qualified clergyman to undertake the duties of " and consoling nature." The full imprudence of this cannot be
the office for the other half with the certainty of ultimately having appreciated unless it is borne in mind that not long before he
the whole. It might also be arranged that the seat in the House had said, " There can be no peace in that country, and no settle-
A of Lords should be retained by the original holder, and not pass to " ment in that country, till the population, by some means or
the coadjutor until he succeeded to the see. In this way the " other- I am prepared to propose à means, and I believe it can
working bishop would be saved the expense of living in London " be done without injustice to any man-are put in possession, in
(4
during the session, and the Government of the day would be spared 1 greater numbers than they are now, of the soil of their own
(6 country." It may be doubted whether it would have been easy,
the imputation of having pressed on the superannuation in
[ 204 ]
 MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 5
ture
Ould remark about education, as to which he offered no explanation
or even possible, for a practical statesman to have crowded
Tely into the same quantity of words a greater amount of whatever, appears to us even more objectionable than his remark
stic
mischievous indiscretion than Mr. BRIGHT put into these about the land. If he means to say that the national system is a
mes sentences. They come to this- I have a plan for putting a piece of Protestant ascendency, and that it ought to stand or fall
ced large number of the Irish peasantry into possession of the with the Established Church, he means to assert that which sconer or
ght land of their own country, which plan will probably be brought later will most assuredly break up the Liberal party into two hostile
or, forward next year. If that bill is not carried, it would be sections upon Irish questions, and produce a controversy as fierce
the
infinitely better for Ireland to be floated off into the Atlantic and embittered as any which it is possible to conceive. Let us
of hope, however, that when the question is raised it may be found
and to be left to settle its internal disputes by civil war. If Ireland
of was a State of the Union, the bill would be carried, and at all that he meant as little by this remark as he says that he meant by
ce events, unless and until it is brought forward, measures for the the other.
ut repression of crime are evil and unjust. We do not, of course, for a
of moment suppose that this, or anything like it, was what Mr. BRIGHT DANGERS OF VAGUE LANGUAGE ABOUT
ed meant, but this most certainly is the impression which his words will
ne IRISH EVILS.
convey to the most excitable peasantry in Europe upon the subject on
re which they are more excited than all others put together. It is IT is impossible not to deprecate and condemn Lord WESTBURY'S
impossible to doubt that the speech in question will be circulated hinted line of policy-that, namely, of mixing up the Irish Church
or all over Ireland, or that it will be universally received as a promise question with the Irish land question, and postponing the con-
d made on the part of the Ministry by one of its most prominent sideration of the first till the Ministerial intentions in reference to
y members, to give the land to the peasantry, and to treat with indul- the second are in full before the House. Now that the abolition of
gence all offences which may be committed by them until the the Establishment has been brought forward as a Cabinet measure
scheme to be so proposed is accepted. No doubt this interpreta- and adopted by the House of Commons, it is obvious that the
tion of his words is not the true one. No doubt Mr. GLADSTONE was wisest and most patriotic plan will be to minimize the mischief and
right in saying that, if full justice were done, the accusation to which the agitation by making the best terms obtainable and then
Mr. BRIGHT might justly be made amenable would be that of passing the bill as speedily as possible. Nevertheless, it cannot
repeating commonplaces which he has often used before, and which, be gainsaid that Lord WESTBURY, in pointing out the connection
when fairly interpreted, mean very little-certainly nothing seditious between the two questions (or rather the three, for education
or revolutionary. But it appears to us at least equally certain that must be added to the Church and the land), has the fatal authority
this moderate and favourable light is not the one in which excited of the Prime Minister for what he says. It is to the special
Irish peasants, priests, and newspaper writers will read his utter- significance of the language of that Minister, and the dangers it
ances. We fear that they will see in them nothing that is at all will entail unless explained or withdrawn without delay, that we
commonplace, but a great deal which pledges the Ministry to a wish urgently to draw attention.
course which certainly has the merit, whatever that may be, of We commented last October on Mr. GLADSTONE'S rashness
being novel and exciting. Mr. BRIGHT is, beyond all doubt, the in promising vaguely to try " to govern Ireland according to
second personage in the Ministry in popular estimation. His presence Irish ideas," without having realized what Irish ideas were.
in it gives it its specific character in the eyes of a very large propor- But the expressions which he used on the 23rd of that month at
tion of its popular adherents. Such a statement as he volunteered Wigan were still more fraught with danger, as being, by implica-
on Friday night will be regarded as a pledge, notwithstanding Mr. tion at least, far more specific and significant. " It is clear," he
GLADSTONE'S energetic disclaimer of his right to speak in the name said, "that the Church of Ireland offers us, indeed, a great question,
of his colleagues, and if the pledge is not redeemed the confidence " but even that question is but one of a group. There is the
of the Irish in the Liberal Government will be grievously shaken. " Church of Ireland, there is the land of Ireland, there is the
All this is merely one illustration of the obvious truth, more than " education of Ireland ; they are all so many branches from one
half acknowledged by Mr. BRIGHT himself on more occasions than " trunk, and that trunk is the tree of what is called Protestant
(6
one, that he is emphatically and by his very nature a leader of ascendency. I look to this Protestant people to put down
Opposition. He is out of place as soon as he gets into place ; and " Protestant ascendency. It is upon that system that we are
of this fact he is rapidly making his colleagues aware. " banded together to make war, and, although we have
""
We cannot say that Mr. GLADSTONE himself, though infi- paid instalments to Ireland, the mass of the people would not be
nitely more discreet than Mr. BRIGHT, came out of the debate "worthy to be free if they were satisfied with instalments, or if
altogether untouched. He did, it is true, wipe up as hand- "they could be contented with anything else than justice. We,
66
somely as he could the utterances of Mr. BRIGHT, and he nearly therefore, aim at the destruction of that ascendency which, though
((
succeeded by qualifications and disavowals in reducing them crippled and curtailed by former measures, still subsists. It is
to a comparatively harmless state. He recognized moreover, in " still there, like a tall tree of noxious growth, lifting its head to
sufficiently emphatic and unequivocal terms, the paramount obliga- " heaven and darkening and poisoning the land as far as its
tion of securing life and property in Ireland and elsewhere, and " shadow can extend, and now at length the day has come when
"
wholly apart from the question of political remedies." He, how- "the axe has been laid to the root of that tree, and it nods
ever, like his colleague, had an injudicious speech cast in his teeth. " and quivers from its top to its base."
He cannot, indeed, be charged with having, like Mr. BRIGHT, Ominous words : ominous because they contain so much indis-
thrown away a perfectly good defence of which he might putable truth, ominous because they have so wide a scope, and are
have availed himself, inasmuch as it is very difficult to defend capable of such a serious, if not sinister, interpretation. No words
and impossible to shirk his expressions. He had said that the so curiously calculated to warrant the alarm of proprietors and
Church, the land, and education were three branches of the tree of statesmen on the one side, and to rouse, if not to justify, the wildest
Protestant ascendency ; and, inasmuch as his bill unquestionably hopes of Irish occupiers and Ultramontanists on the other, could
deals with the Church branch of the trio in a very summary man- possibly have been uttered. If they were spoken --as we hope and
ner, it is difficult not to infer that he meant by these words to believe-without a full perception of their bearing, they were a
pledge himself to deal in an equally vigorous manner with the grave error on the part of so eminent a statesman. If they
other two- to give the land to the peasantry and the education to deliberately meant all they say and all they involve, they are
the priests. It is, however, satisfactory to find that he does not enough to create the gloomiest misgivings. Let us put aside the
avow these consequences. He explicitly asserts that he had education branch of the subject for the present, and consider what
" said nothing that tends in the slightest degree to shake either they mean in reference to land.
the general principle of property or the actual state of It is perfectly true that the land question is just as much a
"possession and settlement in Ireland," and the rest of his speech part of Protestant ascendency in Ireland-(we should prefer to use
is reducible, upon the whole, to a somewhat indefinite and shadowy the word " preponderance," as free from the offensive associations
announcement of an intention on the part of the Government to which have gathered round the other phrase)-as the Church
give tenants a right to compensation for unexhausted improvements question, perhaps even more. If all the tithes are paid over to
in the land, whether made with or without the consent of their land- Protestant clergymen, it is equally true that eight-ninths of the
lords. This right Mr. GLADSTONE appears to consider as a security, soil are in the hands of Protestant landlords. It is certain that
and no doubt it would be some security, for fixity of tenure to a this possession of the land by Protestants is even a stronger
certain extent. If a yearly tenant could not be evicted unless he bulwark of Protestant preponderance than the possession of the
was paid for his improvements, many Irish landlords would be tithes by the Church. It is certain, also, that it is far more keenly
practically unable to evict their tenants at all. If it were felt and far more bitterly resented by the mass ofthe Irish people.
enacted that, in the absence of written agreements to the It is notorious, moreover, that as long as this continues the Irish will
contrary, the consent of the landlord to all improvements should consider themselves to be injured, and will represent themselves to
19
be presumed, and he should be liable to make compensation be oppressed, and will inveigh against " Protestant ascendency
for them to the outgoing tenant, the practical effect would be that as vehemently as ever. It is undeniable, too-and this is about
the landlords would be obliged to get written leases for their own the most significant and dangerous part of the involved matter-
protection. We need not at present discuss this topic, but it is surely that a large portion of the land now held by Protestants originally
very hard to see what it has to do with Protestant ascendency, or came into their possession as distinctly through the process of
why it need be coupled with that subject. Mr. GLADSTONE'S confiscation (either by actual seizure and forfeiture or by the opera-
[ 205 ]
 6 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

tion of the scandalous penal laws) as did the endowments of the sum equal to fourteen times the amount of the annual grant now
Church . The inference, therefore, is not unnatural which con- paid to it was raised only to be adjourned. It had been
cludes that the same statesmen, the same party, the same logic, incidentally argued, however, earlier in the afternoon by Mr.
the same policy, the same strong sense of justice (as some express CHICHESTER FORTESCUE, and it had the further advantage of a
it) , the same determination to satisfy the Irish malcontents at any very able speech from the O'CONOR DON just before the sitting
cost (as others would prefer to call it), which are dealing so was suspended. The House of Commons has, consequently,
trenchantly with the property of the Church, will deal in the all the materials it needs for arriving at a decision, and
same fashion with the property of the landlords. Nor can though the greater part of Thursday night will probably be
the lawyers' plea of " prescription " be of any avail against the consumed in making apparent additions to the store, it is not
relentless consistency of logic which would follow up Mr. GLAD- likely that any new arguments will be brought forward. The
STONE'S first stroke by a second ; since few landowners can objection to the clause is simple enough. Maynooth carries
trace their titles back further than the Church. In fact, off a lump sum charged with the payment of certain annuities to
we believe many date their possessions from the very same years professors ; the Irish Church, on the contrary, gets nothing but
and the same Acts. And, finally, it is certain that the upas tree of the value of the annuities payable to the clergy, supposing the
Protestant preponderance (if it be a upas tree) in Ireland will not latter to be desirous of commuting. Mr. CHICHESTER FORTESCUE
be, and will not be thought to be, cut down so long as eight-ninths defends this seeming inconsistency at the expense of the symmetry
of the land are owned by Protestant proprietors. So far Mr. of the bill. The endowment of Maynooth, he argues, is the endow-
GLADSTONE is indisputably right. Is it, then, unreasonable to ask ment of an educational institution . It has, speaking strictly,
how he intends to rectify this awkward and unpopular anomaly, nothing to do with the measure into which it has, owing to Mr.
and to press for a speedy answer before the erroneous hopes which AYTOUN'S obstinacy, been needlessly introduced. It would have
his pregnant words have excited in the Irish mind have grown been treated most conveniently in connection with a scheme for
too confirmed and too deep-rooted to be extirpated without reconstructing the theological faculty in the University of Dublin ;
a catastrophe ? No doubt there is an important distinction and, if any objection is to be taken on the score of undue
between property given to and held by the Church expressly on favouritism, it can only be after the Government has proposed
to deal with the latter on less advantageous terms. This way
account of its being Protestant and property given to owners who
may or may not be Protestant, and also a further distinction of looking at the question seems to be substantially correct, and
between property given for public purposes and for private use. the O'CONOR DON would have been better advised if he had
these distinctions are apt to be overlooked by an ignorant and not gone on to argue that the only fair way of compensating the
passionate people unless forcibly and authoritatively pointed out. students of a college " is to divide the income by the number of
As to the education question, only one word need be said, but " students, and to hand over a capital sum calculated on that
it is a word that should be well pondered. Mr. GLADSTONE did " basis to a body to hold in trust for the purposes of the college."
not go one step beyond the truth when he described the existing The compensation of existing students does not require an
educational provision for the students of all times to come. The
system as the third portion of the question of Protestant
ascendency, its third great bulwark. Only his language would longest period for which a young man remains at Maynooth is, we
have been more precise had he described it as the third great believe, seven years, so that even on the assumption that every student
barrier to Catholic encroachments and Ultramontane pretensions now in the college has only just entered, a capital sum equal to
and preponderance. The Catholic hierarchy detest it, and assail seven times the amount of the annual grant would amply satisfy
it with far greater virulence and a more concentrated enmity than all requirements. But the provisions of the bill in this respect
they directed against the Anglican Establishment. And they are admit of being justified on broader and less technical grounds.
quite right. It is a more formidable foe to their designs and a yet Even if we allow that Maynooth does get rather more than a
stronger element of good and hope to the distracted Irish nation . rigidly calculated compensation for vested interests, is the 39th
Does the Prime Minister really design to complete his work and clause the first in which such a method has been applied ? The
finally cut down his upas tree by conceding sectarian instruction economical fanaticism of certain Scotch members is offended
and handing over the youth of Ireland to the moral and intellectual because Popery carries off a fragment of the public money. They
guidance of the priests ? should have been more farsighted in their criticisms on the earlier
To conclude, we wish to say, in order to keep strictly within the part of the bill . How much public money has the Irish Church
limits of accuracy and to preclude any charge of exaggeration, contrived to snatch from the fire of disendowment ? In whose
that, in ascribing any portion of responsibility for the increased interest did Mr. GLADSTONE devise those pretty theories of churches
turbulence and the general insecurity now observable in Ireland being unmarketable, and consequently not strictly property at all,
to the language used by certain eminent politicians, our meaning of glebe houses being worth absolutely nothing, and the sites on
is simply this -that the language quoted was calculated and which they are built worth at the most but ten years' purchase ?
was certain to create or strengthen in the mind of the Irish They are one and all only ingenious fictions designed to cover the
peasant and tenant farmer the conviction that his notions fact that the Irish Church gets a good deal more than her own. The
as to the tenure and ownership of land were in substance disposition of the Government has been to make the process of
just, and were virtually shared by the leaders in question, disestablishment as pleasant as circumstances will allow, and no
however much they might condemn his mode of enforcing them ; Liberal member has objected to its doing so. It is not till
and further, that, as the hopes engendered by that language cannot this principle comes to be applied all round that any scruples of
be realized, nor those notions sanctioned or carried out, by any conscience are aroused. If any heed is to be paid to such
land legislation which could be proposed by any Ministry or remonstrances, the only mode in which it can be done fairly is to
adopted by any Parliament, the disappointment in store for those drop the present bill altogether, with the object of introducing one
misled classes can scarcely fail to cause a still more bitter resent- framed on a radically different principle. Then, when the State
ment, and perhaps a more desperate show of violence. has resumed every inch of land and every farthing of money which
is impressed with a public character, when it has put the churches
and the glebe houses up to auction and instituted a stringent inquiry
into the history of alleged private endowments, it may be possible
MAYNOOTH.
without pettifogging inconsistency to pare down the compensation to
THE House of Commons is now half-way through the last Maynooth. Only in that case Sir GEORGE JENKINSON and Mr.
important discussion which is likely to arise on the Irish Church AYTOUN must make up their minds to lose theirWhitsuntide holiday.
Bill before it goes to the Lords. When the Maynooth clauses If we pass beyond the limits of the bill itself, the same
have been disposed of, little except technical details will remain reasoning will apply with even greater force . For three centuries
to be settled. The particular point raised by Mr. WHALLEY'S a small minority of the Irish people has appropriated public pro-
amendment on Tuesday was quite unworthy of the attention perty to the amount of some hundreds of thousands a year. For
which the tactics of the Opposition forced the House to bestow about one twelfth of that period the great majority of the Irish
upon it. Why, if it is convenient that the trustees of Maynooth people have been permitted by way of set-off to appropriate a few
shall continue to constitute a body corporate, any reasonable man thousands yearly. Is it is unfair that, when these accounts come
should wish to prevent it is beyond our comprehension . Sir JOHN to be squared , some notice should be taken of this enormous
PAKINGTON defended his vote on the plea that Maynooth is unduly disproportion ? Considering that on the smallest computation
favoured, not by the clause on which the division was taken, but by some £ 300,000,000 has gone first and last to the maintenance of
a subsequent provision in the bill. He voted in fact by anticipation. an alien Church in Ireland, while something short of £ 1,000,000
Mr. ALGERNON EGERTON was troubled because Maynooth would has been spent on the maintenance of the real Church of the
be incorporated at the moment of the passing of the Act, while the country, our sense of justice would not be shocked if May-
As
Irish Church might not arrive at that dignity until two years nooth got rather better terms than the Establishment.
later, thereby giving Roman Catholicism an unfair start. And Lord a matter of fact, it does nothing of the kind, for the
JOHN MANNERS seems to hold that a man who thinks he has been benefits which accrue to the disestablished Church under the bill
unjustly dealt with is exonerated from the obligation of dealing are a full equivalent for a few years' additional purchase of the
justly by others. In comparison with quibbles of this sort the Maynooth grant. But even if some dexterous Conservative orator
should prove that we are wrong in our figures, our estimate of the
logic even of Mr. NEWDEGATE is convincing.
The main question whether Maynooth shall receive a capital claims of Maynooth will not be altered thereby.
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 L L GET
9. MAY 7, 1869. ] PAL MAL BUD . 7

now
been ENGLAND'S PRESENT DIFFICULTIES. frightened, not, as we pointed out last week, at the prospect of
being defeated by an Irish rebellion, but at the prospect of having
Mr.
THREE very unpleasant things have happened which it is as well to suppress it by force, such force being employed to defend some
of a
to look in the face. First in importance, and closely connected things which are distinctly indefensible. So far we must submit to
ting the imputation of having been afraid. Unwelcome as the truth is,
with the other two, comes the speech of Mr. SUMNER in the
ntly, American Senate. It is shortly this-You English are respon- there is no good in denying it. The future, however, is still in
and
sible, if not for all the expenses of our civil war, at least for our power, and the question whether the English nation ought to
be
not more than half of them ; and we will not be satisfied unless permit itself to be insulted is one which, when stated in plain terms,
you pay us several hundred millions of pounds sterling, and make answers itself. Of course, no one would say yes to it, but there is
The
ries an ample, not to say abject, apology into the bargain. Increase considerable reason to fear that many people will give an answer
your national debt by about 50 per cent., and creep in the which, though not an affirmative in terms, will have all the effect of
sto dirt before the United States, and perhaps we shall forgive you, one. They will seek, as cowards always do, to avoid the necessity
but
perhaps also we shall not. The second thing is the riot at Derry. ofvindicating their character and position by denying that it has been
the
Prince ARTHUR, in the course of his Irish tour, undertaken for the attacked. They will try to extenuate the importance of such
CE
sake of trying the effect on the Irish people of a small dose of language as Mr. SUMNER'S, and to deny the significance of such
try royal favour, arrives at Derry. The prentice boys of Derry, under acts as are continually taking place in Ireland. They will treat
W-
the colour apparently of doing him honour, turn out in what as an absurdity the notion that any one can suppose that the British
ly, would appear to have been an Orange procession. The usual nation is frightened, or act upon the supposition of the existence
Ir. consequences follow in the shape of a desperate riot, in which of such a feeling. In a word, they will do their best to induce
ve the constabulary " had to charge several times." Three men were us all to pocket the affronts put upon us and to manage matters in
For shot dead on the spot, and " order was only restored when the 54th such a way as to show as little as possible the nature of the load
; Regiment turned out and patrolled the streets." The scene of which we carry in our pockets. This is the well-established and
Lie the third incident was Cork. The mayor of that city pre- well-understood procedure of every bully and coward who finds
ed sided at a dinner given to the two released Fenian convicts himself overmatched ; and those who do not wish their country to
y WARREN and COSTELLO. He made a speech in favour of Irish play that part amongst the nations of the world would do well to
d nationality, looking forward to the day when Ireland might defy consider how brave men usually act under difficulties. Whatever else
d England, and upset the existing Government. He said ALLEN, they do, they invariably do three things- they acknowledge the
e LARKIN, and O'BRIEN " ought to be remembered and respected as existence of their difficulties, take their measure and march straight
of good patriots." He described O'FARRELL, the assassin who was hung up to them with a clear determination in their own minds as to the
t at Sydney, as a " noble Irishman," who " when he fired at the Prince kind and degree of resistance which they mean to oppose to them.
" in Australia was imbued with as noble and patriotic feelings as This is the proper course to take in the present instance. We
1 " LARKIN, ALLEN, and O'BRIEN were," which is probably true. ought clearly to acknowledge that there is danger, which under
WARREN and others made similar speeches, which appear to have favourable circumstances would become pressing, of foreign war with
been received in a very enthusiastic manner. Add to these inci- the United States, and of civil war in Ireland. It is also true that,
dents the murders, agrarian or otherwise, which have lately occurred except in so far as it puts us morally in a better position, our
in Ireland, and it must, we think, be admitted that matter enough policy with regard to the Irish Church will for the moment
exists to make us feel uncomfortable, to say the least of it. The rather aggravate than diminish these dangers. It will be attri-
insults and threats levelled at us from the other side of the Atlantic buted, and not quite incorrectly, to fear, and it will thus encourage
by one of the most prominent public men in America are our enemies. Unfortunate as this is, it is not, as we have
echoed at home by a man holding an important public position, already pointed out, an argument against the measure, though it
whilst the old-standing wounds of Ireland break out in riot and certainly is a consideration which detracts from its value. With
murder, collective and individual, and under circumstances which regard to the course to be taken for reasserting our position, we can
make it impossible to doubt that there is a close connection speak only in very general terms. As to Ireland, we clearly ought
between the crimes which we witness, the threats which we hear, to punish and suppress in the most determined and unqualified
and the impression which is created in Ireland by the course of way every act or word which falls within the province of the
policy which we are pursuing for the express purpose of concilia- criminal law ; and we shall have abundant opportunities at
tion. These are facts which ought to make us think a little. no very distant date of showing clearly what it is which we
What has been and is the cause of these insults ? We need do not mean to concede to priests on the one hand or to
not go very far to look for it. It is to be found in the rebels on the other. With regard to America, mere violent
opinion which prevails widely both in the United States language and outrageous demands made unofficially by individuals,
and in Ireland that the English nation is afraid of them both. however distinguished, call for no notice on the part of the
They think that they have a hold on us, that we know it, nation at large. But the line of policy to be followed has the
and that we are beginning to suffer that knowledge to affect advantage of being perfectly clear, and Mr. SUMNER'S speech
our general conduct and policy. Large numbers of Americans, will at least enable our Government to draw it with the most
who contrast the language of our press at the height of the unmistakable plainness. We ought to be willing and ready to
civil war with the almost servile tone which it has assumed discuss the question of individual losses immediately caused by
towards America and its institutions since the conclusion of the any act which can be regarded as negligence on our part ; but as
struggle, and who dwell with natural satisfaction on the enormous to entertaining the question of paying general damages for recog-
and rapid development of military force which they were able nizing the Confederates, we ought to be prepared to fight first,
to make under pressure, conclude that we are frightened . Many at all hazards and disadvantages. We may perhaps consider
Irishmen draw a similar inference from the fact that the zeal on some other occasion the more general remedies which the
of the Liberal party for the disestablishment of the Irish Church present state of things requires.
proceeds from the terror produced by the Fenian rising and the
Clerkenwell explosion . The advent to power of Mr. BRIGHT,
with his strong American sympathies and his horror of war ; the COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN AMERICA.
sentimental and philanthropic reputation of Mr. GLADSTONE, and
So many people seem to be in doubt whether compulsory education
in particular the feelings which he has so often expressed as to exists as a system in any part of the United States that we trust a com-
Irish misgovernment and the importance of conciliating the
pendium of the " Statutes relating to Public Schools " in Massachusetts
feelings of the Irish ; and, last of all, that most unhappy. down to 1868 will receive attention. On more than one occasion
measure, the release of the Fenian prisoners, have gone far to Mr. W. E. Forster has expressed the belief that the compulsory system is
produce in the minds of our many ill-wishers a conviction not adopted in America. He will find on reference to this abstract that
by no means unlike that which had so much effect upon the law of the State compels every person having a child between the ages
the Emperor NICHOLAS fifteen years ago, that the spirit of of eight and fourteen under his control to send that child to school at least
the country has sunk, and that it is now much safer to twelve weeks in every year. Neglect of this renders the parent or guardian
insult us than it used to be. That under such circumstances we liable to a fine of twenty dollars, from which, however, he may gain
should meet with abundance of insults is only what was to have exemption on the plea of poverty, or if he can prove that the child has
been expected. It is highly important to consider what amount already received instruction, or that his mental or bodily condition unfits
him for it. The treasurer of every town or city is bound to prosecute
of truth there is in this impression, and whether or not it is to be
"truants " under a penalty of twenty dollars. Every city or town is com-
suffered to remain undisturbed. As to the first question, it is,
we fear, impossible to affirm that the impression is altogether pelled to make proper provision for the education of children " wandering
about in the streets ' between the ages of seven and sixteen.
unfounded. It is a melancholy truth that we have been consider- Children who will not go to school may be committed to a
ably frightened at the state of Ireland, at its relation to America, reformatory or other suitable institution for any period not exceeding
at the unexpected development of the military power and two years . Warrants issued are returnable " before any trial justice
tastes of the United States, and at the feelings provoked by or judge of a police-court." The children of drunken parents may
civilmistake
our war. in giving our moral support to the wrong side in the be taken away and sent to school. These laws are put into force every
day. Is it not strange that well-informed men in this country should go on
With regard to the Irish, again, many people in this country, asserting that compulsory education is a "dead letter " in every part of the
some of them men in high authority, have most undoubtedly been United States ?
[ 207 ]
 8 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

Union as from a covenant with hell was urged by abolitionist missionaries

THE ROOT OF THE AMERICAN GRIEVANCE.
upon the New England States, and that the first instinct of abolitionist
THE republication in London of the full text of Mr. Sumner's speech will politicians was to welcome the secession of the Slave States as the
not lead to any modification of the judgment already passed upon it by removal of a standing reproach. It was only when the Northern Govern-
public opinion in this country. The extraordinary exaggeration both of ment wished to revive the fainting energies of the people by an infusion
tone and of detail which is visible in almost every sentence is so far an of quasi-religious enthusiasm, and when the abolitionists in this wish
advantage that the true character of the demands it embodies has been saw an opportunity of securing the Government as an ally in the
recognized far more completely and promptly than if its statements had working out of their special programme, that the compact was sealed ,
been marked by diplomatic caution or strict accuracy. It is important, and the whole character of the war was changed. In the third place, the
however, to bear in mind that the real vice of the American position on secession of the South was only incidentally connected with slavery. It
the Alabama question is quite independent of the extreme forms in which is true that the immediate occasion of the movement was the election
it is occasionally expressed. Unless the unvarying testimony of English by a sectional vote of a Republican President, and that the
and American observers is altogether false, the feelings which hostility which led to this being accounted an irremediable wrong,
lie at the bottom of Mr. Sumner's declamation are shared by an immense had latterly been fanned by the abolitionist agitation. But in its
majority of the people of the United States. They were as apparent in origin, this hostility dated from a period when that agitation was
the despatches of Mr. Seward and Mr. Adams in 1865-they will probably, still unthought of. Any one who reads the writings of Mr. Calhoun
except when they are veiled for reasons of policy, be found as apparent about the time of the great tariff controversy of 1833 will see that South
in the despatches of Mr. Seward and Mr. Reverdy Johnson during the Carolina was as resolute in her determination then as ever she was twenty-
abortive negotiation which has lately closed - as in any of the eight years later. Fourthly, to many Englishmen it seemed almost certain
speeches delivered in secret session at Washington on the 13th of that the emancipation of the negroes would be an ultimate result of
last month. To what element, either in human nature generally
Southern success, even iftheir immediate emancipation was not effected by
or in the American character in particular, they are to be attributed it is Southern necessities. If Mr. Jefferson Davis could have had his way, the
not necessary to inquire here, but, as it is of great importance to the con- slaves would probably have been armed in time to give a new aspect to
duct of any future negotiation that they should be properly appreciated the struggle, in which case a return to slavery would have been virtually
by Englishmen, we propose to say a few words upon the latest manifesta- impossible ; and even if the South had established its independence
tion of them in Mr. Sumner's speech. without resorting to this expedient, the mere proportions of the white and
It must be noticed that much of Mr. Sumner's indignation would be black races in the new confederation must, in time, have greatly changed
admitted, even by himself, to be misplaced if it were not for his constant the position of the latter. Englishmen may well have held that the cer-
assumption that Englishmen were bound to regard the secession of the tainty ofgradual amelioration was far preferable to the doubtful chances of
Southern States in precisely the same light in which it now appears to the violent emancipation .
abolitionist party in the North, If the " rebels " contemplated in
the Queen's Proclamation of Neutrality had been Hungarians of 1848,
or Cretans of 1867 , or Cubans of 1869 , Mr. Sumner's sympathies would IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT.
in all probability have been given to the very act which, when it has
reference to the most formidable and best organized insurrection of WE have already expressed our general concurrence in the principle of the
modern times, it taxes his vocabulary to describe with sufficient abhorrence. Attorney- General's Bill for abolishing imprisonment for debt, that is for
We will not do Mr. Sumner the injustice of supposing that his opinion of incapacity to pay as distinguished from criminal recklessness or dishonesty
rebellion is determined simply by geographical considerations. On the in incurring the debt or evading payment. So far, indeed, the bill will
contrary, we believe that he has persuaded himself that the secession of the effect only a formal abolition of what has practically been abolished
Southern States was different in kind from all other rebellions, and that to before. The deficiency of the present law arises from these two
Englishmen, equally with Americans, it ought to have appeared " an odious causes - First, so long as imprisonment for debt at the option of a
combination." The reason why it should have been thus viewed by us is judgment creditor is allowed, natural humanity steps in and suggests
to be found, according to Mr. Sumner, in the fact that the war of the some palliative in the shape of a voluntary or compulsory surrender of
Federal against the Confederate Governments was the battle of freedom the debtor's property for the benefit of his creditors ; this supersedes
against slavery. The concession of belligerent rights to the South was a imprisonment, which the honest man dreads because it deprives him
" flagrant and unnatural departure from that anti- slavery rule which by possibly of the only means which he has of paying his debts, but which
manifold declarations - legislative, political, and diplomatic- was the has no terror for the accomplished rogue, into whose imagination the
avowed creed of England." The effect of this step was that " rebel slave- conception of payment never entered. Thus if the threat of imprisonment
holders, occupied in a hideous attempt, were taken by the hand, and thus, with operates upon credit, to the extent of making some persons pay, the
the official protection and the God-speed ofanti-slavery England, commenced facilities with which debtors can avoid the infliction render the system
their accursed work. " And then Mr. Sumner quotes with natural approbation not only indefensible, but absurd. In fact, imprisonment is only effectual
Mr. Bright's lament that England alone of all the countries in Europe should to complete the ruin of the honest but unfortunate man who, at the most
have had men in it who gave "aid and comfort to this foulest of all crimes . " critical moment, is torn away from his business and employment. The
In entire consistency with this view of the facts the Alabama and similar dishonest man, on the other hand, has only to wait for the registrar's
vessels are spoken of throughout the speech as " pirate ships," and in one monthly visitation, or to anticipate that event by petitioning in forma
place by a bolder flight of fancy as " rigged with curses dark. " If Mr. Sumner pauperis. In illustration of the easy and cheap manner in which such
is right in his selection of epithets, to say that England sinned in not observing persons not only cheat their creditors but cheat the court, the following
a strict neutrality between the combatants is to characterize her crime very artifice of almost daily occurrence may be mentioned. The debtor is
arrested at the suit of a friendly creditor ; the former petitions in formâ
inadequately. The language of the speech should rather have been modelled pauperis, and, having been adjudicated bankrupt, as a matter of course he has
on Deborah's malediction upon the sluggish Israelites : " Curse ye Meroz , said
the angel of the Lord, curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof ; because they to go back to prison and there to make an application for his release under
the 112th section of the Bankruptcy Act, 1849 ; but in the meantime the
came not to the help of the Lord, to the help of the Lord against the mighty. " friendly execution creditor has sent his release to the gaol. Thus the debtor
If the cause of the North was visibly the cause of civilization and liberty,
walks out, and, if it suits his purpose, surrenders to his bankruptcy. This
while the cause of the South was that of barbarism and slavery, English- artifice is adopted to save the £ 5 or 1 stamp on the petition , and all other
men ought to take shame to themselves that they suffered the issue
court fees, which the less adroit and more honest debtor must either pay or be
to remain doubtful for two years without making a move to determine it in
absolved from by waiting in prison as a non- trader for the space of two
the right direction . We escape from this self- reproach because we deny
calendar months or as a trader for fourteen days. It is idle to contend that
that premiss of Mr. Sumner's from which it is the legitimate deduction.
a system of punishment which can be defeated thus easily can have any
England as a nation did not, and does not, regard the secession of the permanent effect either upon commercial credit or upon commercial
South as " a hideous attempt," as an " accursed work," as the " foulest morality.
of all crimes." This disclaimer on her part is in no sense a departure from
her old " anti-slavery rule." It was perfectly possible for Englishmen Imprisonment for debt as it now exists is little understood. Trades-
men, especially the small shopkeepers, believe that the threat of imprison-
to sympathize heartily with the South without thereby surrendering
ment, or the punishment itself, is the only " set-off " to the profligate
or compromising this principle in the least degree. For, to begin with, the credit which competition forces them to give. The county court judges
civil war in America was not in the first instance a war against slavery. It generally concur in this opinion, as may be seen from the report of
was accidentally a war against slaveholders, but in its early stages its aim the committee of county court judges, issued on the 25th of July, 1859 , on
was simply to bring them back to their allegiance, not to deprive them of 66
their human property. County Court Commitments. " The committee say :—
More than a year after the war had begun
We express, we believe, the feeling of all the judges when we say that any alteration
emancipation was still treated , not as a boon to be won for the slave, but
of the law which would take away from the county courts the power of imprisonment
as a penalty to be denounced against the owner supposing him to
persist in his rebellion. If the evidence of acts is not sufficient, there would relieve the judge of a most painful duty, but would produce great misery among
the working classes, who, forced to buy on credit, would hereafter only obtain it upon
is the feeling of the United States Government speaking by the
terms which would cause those who paid their debts to pay for those who did not. The
mouth of President Lincoln, the truest representative of the conquering judges are, with one or two exceptions, of opinion that it is essential that the working
mind of the North, in that letter to Mr. Horace Greeley quoted in the classes should obtain credit on fair terms, and that they consider that the county courts
Times of Monday :-" My paramount object in the struggle is to save the enable them so to obtain it. Could they not do so in times of sickness or scarcity of
Union, and not either to save or destroy slavery." In the next place work they would be compelled to resort to their parishes for relief, and their homes
resistance to secession was not in the first instance an abolitionist doctrine. would be broken up.
It now suits that party to assume that it was so, but no amount of bluster
can do away with the facts that, for years before the war, secession from the That the county court system of imprisonment enables working men to
obtain credit may be admitted, but there is strong evidence against the
* assumption that they obtain it on fair terms. As a rule they have not
" Speech of the Hon. Charles Sumner, delivered in Executive Session of the
United States Senate on Tuesday, April 13, 1869, against the Ratification of the only to pay some 30 or 40 per cent. above the real worth of the
Johnson-Clarendon Treaty for the Settlement of the Alabama and other Claims." goods if bought with ready money, but are made the victims of a noxious
(London : Stevens. 1869. ) system of trading, the object of which is to tempt the men themselves, and
[ 208 ]
369
. PA
MA 7, 186 ] MA BU . 9
Y 9. LL LL DG
onaries ET
litionist often their wives and daughters, without their knowledge, to take goods on everything, and he must sacrifice duty somewhere. For choice, he
as the credit, imprisonment being relied on as a means of ensuring payment. The certainly will not lavish what is so much in request on a company
Govern judge of an extensive district in North Lancashire thus describes the which to all outward seeming is flourishing, and where a trust-
nfusion pedlar's ways :-- worthy staff of veteran officials seem to render superfluous anything
The usual course is this :-He calls when the husband is at his work, tempts but a signature attached as matter of form. Quis custodiet ipsos
Es wish custodes ? The auditor is supposed to check the office, but who is
in the the wife with shawls and dresses that she really does not want or cannot afford, and
gives her credit for them. She goes on paying without her husband's knowledge what she to check the auditor, and what but results are to gauge the care and
sealed,
can save from the house money for perhaps a year or more ; at last the creditor comes ability he brings to his work ? He may go on for ever casting his eye
ce, the forward and demands the money from the husband ; he beats his wife, and is summoned over sums total, and dashing off his name to the common satisfaction of
¯y. It bythe creditor to the county court ; thinks it unjust, particularly as the goods are sold himself, the directors, shareholders, and officials, if only the last are to be
ection as a rule (I speak advisedly) at three times their value ; refuses to pay, and often goes to relied on, and make his duties what they ought to be a matter of form.
the prison rather than submit to what he considers an imposition. If the officials take a vile advantage of his trusting disposition and faith in
Tong, human nature, it comes very hard on him doubtless, because it may place
nits He adds that he has often fifty such cases before him in a day. Another
county court judge has put on record the contrast between the mechanics him in so false a position with his constituents. For as the very accident has
was happened which he was paid so highly to prevent, surely the onus rests on him
houn at the Government factory at Enfield, who are frequently in trouble about
to show that the mishap was due to no want of ordinary care or diligence on
South debts, and the soldiers in a garrison like Colchester, who are seldom if ever
"county courted," simply because the publicans and other shopkeepers his part. Directors may insist on tendering their work to an overworked
enty. man, but their indiscretion does not absolve him from his responsibility in
=rtain know they are exempted from being committed for debt. Imprisonment
accepting it. He makes a bargain with the company for services to be
It of under a county court warrant, it must be remembered , does not purge the
rendered, and if circumstances make it clear that he has failed in the per-
debt, and a poor man may be incarcerated repeatedly for a trifling
d by formance of his part of it, surely he must be held liable in equity for any
the debt of a few shillings, continually swollen by costs. The question is one of losses that his neglect may have entailed on his clients. We need
importance, both on moral and social grounds, as may be judged from the
t to not go so far as to argue that the fees for whose payment the com-
following figures :-In the year 1867 there were in the county courts 933,055
■ally plaints for the recovery of debts under £ 20, and 8,822 for the recovery of panies tax themselves are virtually a high insurance they pay against
Ence loss a black mail to the auditors that they may suffer no one but
and debts under £50. The total amount thus sued for was £ 2,194,836. About
half of this amount was paid or settled without judgment. The number of themselves to pillage. Yet the scale on which those fees are generally
ged calculated makes that a colourable presumption. And if victimized
er- debtors who were actually imprisoned during that year was 8,362. In 1864
Lord Westbury introduced a bill which might be revived with advantage. shareholders succeed in any instance in obtaining judgment against their
of auditors, certainly they need be held back by no considerations of for-
Without entirely abolishing county court commitments, it proposed to check
bearance or compassion from exacting the uttermost farthing. In auditing,
and restrain them. For instance, imprisonment was only to take place
when a specific offence had been established , such as the contraction ofthe and still more during the last few years in the kindred branch of liquidating,
the profession seems to have solved the problem of combining the minimum
debt by means of fraud, or without probable or reasonable expectation of
of service with the maximum of pay. Had they been Sir Boyle Roach's
being able to pay, wilfully concealing property, &c., and the period of limi-
he tation was proposed to be reduced from six years to one year. bird multiplied by ten and able to be in twenty places at once, it is simply
impossible they could have given honest consideration for their fees.
or
Shareholders who have attended the meetings of companies in which they
ty
had an unlucky interest have painful recollections of men whose whole
AUDIT AND AUDITORS.
ed substance was gone or threatened by calls, and who had their questions
ΤΟ WE fear the unfortunate shareholders of the Great Central Gas Company and complaints peremptorily stifled by the official who was richly
may not agree with us, but for ourselves we should consider Mr. Higgs's paid for any amount of patience. In some of those rare cases where
a
S appropriations a cheap price to pay for establishing the principle of the liquidation was promptly carried through, we have seen the liquidator
possible responsibility of auditors. As it is, these gentlemen claim and condemn by implication all his confrères by claiming credit and exorbitant
f
have had conceded to them an exceptional position in the commercial gratuities for doing what was his bare duty. We have no doubt he was
S
world. They play upon velvet ; heads, I win- tails, you lose ; making right and relatively righteous, and we much question whether beggared
handsome incomes out of the prosperity of their constituents, and fortunes contributories would find soothing reading in any black book that should
out of their adversity. Nothing can be wiser, or indeed more essential contain the candid histories of all inchoate liquidations so far as we have
to the well-being of a great company, than that its complicated gone. Und our system, liquidators and auditors are almost of necessity
accounts should be periodically manipulated by experts, and that irresponsibly their own masters, the work they do being that of other
the intromissions of its trusted officers should be checked off people, and, as we have shown, the presumptive evidence is irresistible
at intervals by a distinct machinery, carefully elaborated with that that they must habitually neglect it. There are two ways in which they
intention. But in its very purpose an audit not merely assumes honesty on might go to work. They may choose to undertake all they may get, doing
the part of the auditor as a primary essential, but average application, and it or neglecting it as they best can, and taking the consequences. Or they
ordinary intelligence as well. Does our experience tell us that those con- may take that only which they can comfortably manage and do it well.
ditions are generally fulfilled, and that disclosures so startling as those of They generally prefer the former, so, as honest men, they look, we
the Great Central Gas Company point only to exceptional incompetence presume, on the fortunes they amass as a sinking fund, amenable in the
and unparalleled carelessness ? or are we driven to the conclusion that contingencies when their reckless method of doing business has injured
auditing is too often a costly sham, suffered by the directors to figure in their clients.
the company accounts in deference to the superstition of the shareholders, We do not pretend to decide on the liability of the auditors of the
and as likely effectually to serve their interests as that despatch of detec- Great Central Gas Company, but we are sure if the principles we have
tives after a man who has certainly placed himself far beyond the reach of indicated are sound, the shareholders have a strong prima facie case against
extradition treaties, for which the board of the Gas Company claims credit ? them. Look how things stood. Neither the capital nor income of the
Supposing the honesty assumed, we should say assiduity is much more company was very great, and the defalcations were relatively enormous.
of a desideratum in the auditor than eminent ability. At least, when pro- Although they extended over a period of eight years, in one of these they
fessional intelligence has once planned a system so " perfect " as that which actually amounted to something over £22,000. The auditors had it abso-
the auditors of the Great Central Gas could boast, it is clear it must be lutely forced on their notice that something was wrong. Mr. Higgs, notwith-
comparatively easy for a Higgs to cook totals so that broad results may standing the adroitness with which he hoodwinked the wiseacres he was
tally, if he know it to be the custom of those whom, if they were a trifle pillaging, was yet not prestidigitateur enough to fill up the increasing vacuum
sharper, he would regard as his natural enemies, never to stoop to items his frauds annually created in the company's coffers. Year after year a
or embarrass themselves with vouchers. How, then, do directors- those of highly flourishing business had to go on borrowing, while the puzzled
the largest companies, involving the heaviest stakes, in especial directors kept appealing to the auditors for the reason of a chronic deficit
endeavour to ensure the careful scrutiny that is necessary ? Why, when there ought to be a handsome surplus. This, one would have
as we have pointed out before in other articles, by emulously imagined, must have given the dullest of mortals the alarm, and stirred up the
running on some half - dozen of well - known houses, and bidding most supine of accountants to fathom a mystery that fell within the sphere
against each other for the use of familiar names. To common at once of his duty and interests. Surely it was incumbent upon Messrs.
sense it would appear that the very means thus adopted to Begbie and Chatteris to have noted that the plausible results sub-
reassure their shareholders and the public ought utterly to shake all faith mitted to them half-yearly were absolutely irreconcilable with facts,
in the value of an audit. It may be taken for granted that individual and therefore necessarily false. They were bound to have taken the
experience and ability is supposed to go for a very great deal, or the name alarm instead of waiting until it was given them by the hegira of Higgs.
of a celebrated accountant would not swamp his firm in its own business , They ought to have insisted on access to those very documents from which
and enable it to ask such fancy prices as those of a West-end tailor or they have now managed to puzzle out the truth, and which were always
gunmaker. If it be that experience and ability you pay for, what share of within their reach, and they should have ascertained that the company had
it can your pet accountant possibly place at your disposal with gone on year after year supplying its gas to customers who were represented
so many competing claims on his time ? He is already liquidator as never paying their bills by any chance. Moreover, were there any
to a score or two of defunct companies, each of which, when question at all about the real receipts, any surmises whatever as to the cause
its affairs were less delicate and less complicated, had overtasked of an unaccountable deficiency, was it in human denseness, one asks, not to
to its ruin the joint powers of a numerous board of directors. have begun by comparing the total of the receipts from the gas rental
In one way or other, he is concerned for endless private individuals as generally with those from the various districts into which the company's
well. He is not like an over-busy counsel , who, although he may “ scamp " domains were divided, and which were entered separately in its ledger? Now
your work, must make some sort of appearance for your money, and in a that the whole thing has come out, the auditors still point to the system
manner pledges his reputation that it shall be a satisfactory one. The of management and laud its perfection with an honest pride. That the
accountant throws over much that ought to be strictly personal work by machinery may possibly have been perfect we admit, but the auditors
armfuls to his subordinates, among whom he can scarcely be supposed ignore the fact that it was their duty to see that it kept in order. They
to distribute with their salaries portions of his spirit, such as it is. It is were there to inspect the quality and quantity of the work it turned out,
morally and physically impossible that he can spare his valuable time for and when that was deteriorating visibly surely it wanted little astuteness to
[ 209 ]
 10 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

suspect that the intention of the ingenious inventor was being frustrated by between the two there existed neither union nor harmony. Every officer
some mechanical flaw. We should counsel the shareholders of the Central of Indian experience, to whichever army he may have belonged, will
Gas Company to recall the detectives they are subsidizing in Transatlantic testify to the existence of this moral as well as material separation - a
tours, and with the saving thereby effected to take the opinion of counsel separation so complete that several years of amalgamation have not
as to the liability of their auditors. Incompetence and negligence may be served altogether to efface it. For these reasons we contend that
good pleas when urged in moral extenuation of their laches, but these arguments derived from the condition of the old Indian local army
alone will hardly bar an action of damages for the results of a neglect of are generally inapplicable as against such a local force as might
duties deliberately undertaken for a valuable consideration. now be established-a force which would differ essentially from that
at home only in the two particulars of a more protracted term of actual
military service, and of the limitation of that service, or the greater part of
A LOCAL ARMY FOR INDIA. it, to a certain area of her Majesty's dominions. Both forces would be
derived from the same source, and thus have their roots in the same soil.
WE have already remarked on the fact that the half-revealed policy of the They would serve under the same standard, and be trained in the first
Government in the matter of the contemplated reorganization of our instance on the same drill ground. They would be amenable to the
military system, and of which a reduction of the term of actual service forms same discipline, and hardly removed from the same influences. They
a salient feature, is likely to be rendered in a great measure ineffectual would be led by officers educated under the same system and in the
by an apparent indisposition to establish at the same time separate terms same military schools. Is there any reason why of these two armies
and conditions of enlistment for Indian service. To attempt to combine one should flourish and the other deteriorate ? If there is, it needs
the short service system with service in India can, in our opinion, result to be set forth, and assuredly it is not to be found in a reference to
only in one of two things :-In an outlay for reliefs and a permanent a force which in nearly every respect differed essentially from that now
tying up in troop ships of so much military capital, so to speak, proposed.
which would be extravagant beyond all conception ; to say nothing of the The second objection to the establishment of a local army is, that
loss of efficiency due to the perpetual shifting of regiments between you thus localize your experience on both sides. To this several replies
England and India. Or, secondly, in a compromise between a long and might be made, but it will, perhaps, be sufficient to appeal to the services.
short service system which would almost certainly defeat the objects with of the Queen's troops who were despatched to India at the time of the
which a reduction in the period of enlistment is proposed. Indeed , a mutiny as evidence that the want of local experience is no bar to military
refusal to effect any separation between the home and the Indian forces success in India, and there is nothing to show that the want of such expe-
must practically determine the ultimate failure of the short service rience would be a bar to success in European warfare. Moreover, under
scheme-either on the score of expense, or because it would fail to give us the system which we would propose, the two armies would have so much
a short service army in the best sense of the term . We propose therefore in common that their experiences would not be localized in any strict
to consider the objections which are urged against such a separation . sense of the word.
It is important, in the first place, to recognize that these objections We wish to say emphatically that in proposing to establish a local
have all been framed with reference to the old Company's army-an army Indian army we do not contemplate a force local in the sense in which the
which was more intensely local in its service, its traditions, and its organi- old Company's army was local . We do not contemplate a force composed
zation than any army which we would now desire to establish. We have no of men who from the day of their enlistment to the day of their discharge
more wish to see the old Indian army, or anything like it, revived than would serve exclusively in India, under a system exclusively Indian. We
we have to see the old Company itself re-established. What sort of an do not for a moment wish to rear, train, and nourish a force distinct in
army we have in view when we contemplate the establishment of a local force character and organization from that which would exist at home. We do not,
we will presently explain. The objections which are urged against the in short, desire to subdivide the Imperial army into two perfectly distinct
localizing of forces in India seem, as far as we have been able to collect forces. What we would propose is the formation of a force for Indian
them , to resolve themselves into two. It is said, first, that a local service of men who after a certain home training had elected to continue
force must necessarily be an inferior force to one employed on general their military service abroad, instead of availing themselves of the oppor-
service. In support of this general proposition, appeal is made to the tunity which would be afforded them of falling back into civil life with a
condition of the Company's European army for some years previous to its mere liability to military service. All men should, in the first instance, be
extinction ; and those who maintain this argument affirm that the enlisted for a short period. They should, for so many years as might be
bounty question, on which the force ultimately mutinied, was merely deemed necessary to secure military efficiency, be trained at home, and
the final exciting cause which brought a widespread and accumulated during these years they would constitute the mobilized and active portions
disaffection to a climax, like the greased cartridge question in the of our home army. At the end of this period of training two courses
case of the native army. And it is insisted that such a state of should be open to the soldier. He might prefer to pass back into
things is necessarily inherent in a local system ; that bad habits under civil life, to accept a small retaining fee, and to form one of the reserve ;
such a system become hereditary ; that the men, living far away or he might be disposed to adopt the army permanently as his profession,
from home, lose their love of England and its institutions, and cease in which case he would be required to extend his services to India, and
to be amenable to home influences ; that so things proceed from bad to by the men so electing the Indian army would be recruited. Thus, the
worse, until finally but inevitably a catastrophe takes place. Indian regular home army would consist of men in their first three years or so of
officers would as a rule no doubt warmly dispute the justice of these active military training ; and these men would feed the home reserves in
statements, and they would point probably to the present condition one direction and the foreign force in the other. They would, in fact, be
of such regiments as the 101st Bengal Fusiliers and the past ser- the parent stock for both the home and the Indian forces, which would be
vices of the Company's army as illustrations of their unsoundness. We branches of one tree. But between the home reserves and the foreign
are, however, less concerned with estimating exactly the propriety of army there would be this essential difference, that the one would
this view than with the consideration how far, even admitting it to be a consist of trained soldiers occupied in civil duties, while the other would
true one, even admitting all that may be said with reference to the consist of trained soldiers occupied permanently in military duties,
condition of the old Company's army, the argument is conclusive as to the and existing constantly as a mobilized force. Thus, whereas up to a
probability that a local force differently organized and made to conform certain point the conditions of service and training of the two would
to an Imperial standard of discipline, would exhibit the same be identical, their ultimate occupation and conditions of service would
characteristic defects. To argue that because a particular local army be distinct.
was bad, therefore every local army must be bad, appears to us This system admits of more than one application, among which that
an untrustworthy generalization , and in this particular instance espe- suggested by Lord Monck is deserving of attentive consideration. Lord
cially unsound, because it is not denied that there existed under the Monck's plan, expressed in a few words, is to enlist and train all men
old system special causes of deterioration. Among these causes we may in a second battalion , and to pass them upwards into a first or foreign
name prominently the constant selection of the best officers and non-com- service battalion, or downwards into the home reserve. The first bat-
missioned officers for civil and military-political duties, and their withdrawal talions would under this system furnish the foreign garrisons, and a pro-
from their regiments. The ranks were thus largely deprived of those whose portion would be retained at home. The second battalion , serving exclu-
presence with their regiments could not be safely dispensed with ; and, to sively at home, would be the nursery for the whole Imperial army, and the
make matters worse, the vacancies thus created were not, as a rule, filled reserve home battalions would be entirely composed of trained soldiers, always
up. Absenteeism told upon the Indian army, as it has told else ready to hand. This plan, it is evident, minimizes the separation between
where. Again, the expatriation of our Indian forces is not now nearly the home and foreign army, and places them in the relation of two
so complete as it used to be, nor, in consequence, are Indian intersecting circles. Indeed, Lord Monck himself refuses to admit that his
habits as purely local as they were. The space which separates plan even amounts to a separation of the two forces. Or the circles may be
us from our Indian possessions has been sensibly reduced by the made tangential merely, by making the first battalions the nursery, and
introduction of steam and telegraphs, the establishment of more constant passing the men, always by voluntary election, forward to India, or back-
communication, and the adoption for military as well as for other purposes wards into the home reserve force. Although other plans suggest them-
of the overland route. These considerations were fully recognized in the selves, the choice would probably ultimately lie between some modifica
late discussion on the revision of the Indian furlough rules, and that they tion of one of these two, either of which , it will be observed, avoids that
exert a sensible growing influence upon Indian ways and habits, and must complete separation of the two armies which characterized the former
sooner or later influence our Indian military policy, will hardly be disputed. | system, and against which the objections are levied ; while either
Again, the old army was the Company's, and not the Queen's army. The would permit of the unreserved application of the short service
distinction between the two forces was as hard and marked as any system at home, and present all the economic and military advantages of
distinction could possibly be. There was no attempt and no desire a long service system abroad. Under either system, too, the evil, on which
on the part of the Indian army to conform to what should be the recruiting commissioners remarked, of sending men out to India under
regarded as the European model. On the contrary, the tradi- twenty years of age would be avoided. The Indian army would reap all
tions, the habits, the discipline, the organization, the esprit de corps, the benefits of the home training and derive their first military impulse in
of the two forces were absolutely different, we might perhaps say opposed. the same school as the home army. Finally, they would not reach India
In short, the Company's army was the Company's army ; the Queen's until that impulse and training had been set and established, and thus
army was the Queen's army. If one was round the other was square, and India would contain none but effective soldiers formed on an imperial
[ 210 ]
 869. PAL MA BUD . II
MAY 7, 1869. ] LL
L GET

Ty officer model, This is what we mean when we speak of the formation of Ministre des Affaires Générales, &c. &c. &c. -an altogether different being.
ged , will a local army in India, and to such an arrangement it appears to us difficult Nowadays if you want to see the portrait of M. Bascule you have only to
-ation-a
to urge any substantial objections at all commensurate with those which stop at the first photograph shop in Paris ; there you will find him (price
ave not
present themselves against any attempted combination of short terms of one franc) lying in heaps of a hundred and selling almost as well as his foes
end that
enlistment with an indiscriminate liability to service in India. We trust of the Opposition, Jules Favre, Grevy, and Ernest Picard. At the Salon
Cal army
that these possible solutions will be carefully considered before the idea of (Royal Academy's Exhibition) there are at least five or six pictures of him
5 might a local force, or we should say a local branch of the Imperial force, is exhibited yearly. He is generally painted sitting pensive, clad in a tail coat,
Om that finally abandoned. with a table covered by treaties at his side and a few more treaties lying at
of actual
his feet ; in the background is a silver inkstand shaped like an eagle, and a
part of bust ofNapoleon III. smiling magnanimously upon the table, the treaties, the
Ould be eagle, and M. Bascule. In the way of more solid memorials M. Bascule
MEN OF THE SECOND EMPIRE.
me soil has already got his effigy in marble, lately erected at the public expense,
the first No. IX. THE SPEAKING MINISTER.
in the market-place of his native town ; and, in addition to this, the house
to the THERE is a right royal mansion in the Champs Elysées, not very in which he was born has just been adorned with a blue enamelled plate
They distant from the Arc de Triomphe. It is newly built ; stands alone and lettered in this wise :- " Ici naquit Bascule le 1 Mai, 1810." The
in the imposing between a splendid lawn and a princely garden, and cost, as idle Bascule pure and simple without any adjunct of Mr. or Excellency is, as
armies tongues affirm, some 15,000,000 francs- that is, £600,000. Every everybody will understand, the zenith of respectful homage. Nobody says
needs body who goes to the Bois de Boulogne turns round to look at this M. Montesquieu , M. Turgot, or his Excellency M. Talleyrand ; they say
ice to mansion, and everybody knows to whom it belongs. It is the pro- Montesquieu, Turgot, and Talleyrand ; and so for the same reason they say
བྷྲཎྜབ

t now perty of his Excellency M. Bascule, one of the Ministers of the Imperial Bascule, some even say " l'illustre Bascule," but this is optional. And here
Cabinet.
རྞྞབྷྲཙྪ

I may be pardoned for remarking that if any Englishman, unversed in

Five and thirty years ago M. Bascule-Eugène Bascule, as they called the customs of France, were to judge of a French Cabinet Minister by the
ཎྜ
ཐརྞྞ
༧༧
ྷཱུ

Eplies him then-was a wild, handsome, unmanageable student at a provincial samples of that race which he may have viewed in his own country, he would
ལྡ
ལ༩
ལྦ
བྷཱྐཿ
སྠཽ

vices university in Provence ; and it is still on record in that university that he be altogether out of his reckoning. The English, to be sure, have Cabinet
f the gave more trouble to the town police than all the other students put Ministers. They have even had a few who - unless compared with M.
itary together. It was he who used to tear down in the night the notices posted Bascule might, to a certain extent, be called remarkable ; but, taking Mr.
Expe in front of the mairie. It was he who adorned with irreverent marginal Gladstone or Mr. Disraeli for average instances, there is nothing in either
notes the encyclicals of his Holiness the Pope stuck up outside the of these right hon. gentlemen which could in any way vie with the splen-
cathedral. It was he, again, who covered with improper headdresses dour of M. Bascule. Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Disraeli both dress as
the statues of the local celebrities, and -as though all this had not been ordinary mortals ; neither of them have so much as a star of knighthood
enough- it was he, again, who took a diabolical pleasure in serenading the to put on their coats. Very often they go out on foot ; sometimes they
mayor with the " Marseillaise " whenever he could do so with discomfort may be seen at church. In Parliament any bit of a member may call
to that personage and impunity to himself. His father prophesied that them to their legs and ask them to furnish explanations. They are cross-
he would be hanged. " It's lucky for you that we live under a king like questioned by their constituents ; bullied by the newspapers ; ridiculed in
Louis Philippe," he used to say, " for if ever we get a Napoleon or a the comic prints ; called Bill and Ben respectively at the music-halls
Bourbon again you'll see what your radical nonsense will bring you to." and places of vulgar entertainment ; and when either of them obtains
Whereupon Eugène would reply with conviction that " the days of Napoleons a few years' lease of power he cannot distribute posts of emolument
and Bourbons had passed ; that the future of France lay in a Republic, and to his friends or relatives without having a whole cohort of meddlesome
that some modern Harmodius would infallibly arise at no distant date to rid journalists down upon him. There is nothing of all this in the case of
the country of the last of its Pisistratida." And truly enough, for not one M. Bascule. That personage never goes out on foot, and it would be quite
Harmodius, but several, were in due time found, and the last of the Pisis- idle to look for him in a church. From morning till night he wears his
tratidæ, just as Eugène had prophesied, took his way towards the frontier. By broad scarlet riband and his diamond star. On state occasions he is so
that time, however, M. Bascule -no longer addicted to the " Marseillaise covered with decorations that it is impossible to see the gold lace on his
was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and it is even stated that he uniform. None of the music-hall wits ever call him Bill or Ben ; let them
cursed the Harmodiuses above mentioned with no little bitterness for inter- only try, and they will see what the gendarme on duty will say. Similarly,
d fering with the last of the Pisistratidæ. His place in the Chamber unless he had any particular wish to go to St. Pélagie, an artist of the
was somewhere in the centre, facing M. Dupin, the President. He Eclipse or Charivari would think many times before venturing to caricature
ES was a Liberal- Conservative, to use his own language, which means his Excellency's countenance. M. Bascule, in short, is one of those indi-
that he fluctuated according to expediency between M. Guizot and viduals who must not be spoken of at all unless with reverence, for,
M. Thiers, without ever giving his allegiance to either. The revolu- although it is a hazardous business to speak disrespectfully ofthe Emperor,
tion annoyed him considerably, because he had not been able to yet it is almost safer to attack his Majesty than his great and powerful
foresee it. The event found him exactly in the position of a man who Minister.
is obliged to make a long journey at a moment's notice without being in M. Bascule has been called the Vice- Emperor. He is more than that,
the least prepared for it. Between the 24th and 25th of February M. he is Emperor, or, if you like the term better, Arch-Emperor, holding the
Bascule was forced to go a hundred leagues farther in liberalism than he sovereign in his hands, and doing with him pretty much what he pleases.
would ever have thought possible, and this without luggage of any sort, in How is this, you will ask, and why ? Well, that is one of those secrets
the way of opinions, to take with him. He had a few old professions which it requires to be more or less a frequenter of the Tuileries to unravel.
of faith, which he carried about in his pockets ; but these, which had been His Majesty, certain people say, is getting old, although I, for my part,
deemed fresh enough on the 20th, were laughed at as antiquated and don't believe a word ofit. They add that he feels less secure in his place
out of fashion on the 25th. When he pronounced himself in favour and less clear in his views than when, eighteen years ago, he planned the
of reform they told him that universal suffrage was about to be voted. coup d'état, and that, loving peace and rest, he feels each day more and
When he talked about a reduction of the export duties, they answered more inclined to hand over the exercise of his powers to those around him.
him drily that those duties and a great many others were going to Of course, M. Bascule is one of those around him ; for his Excellency
be abolished altogether. Finally, when he came to the subject of social contrives to be as much within call of his Imperial master as possible.
innovations, they sketched him a short programme, which included a The Emperor likes him, or rather he respects him, and this is one of
new agrarian law and a solid scheme for giving everybody £200 a year. the reasons why, in a country where ministers succeed each other
Eugène Bascule reflected maturely upon this programme during a space of even more rapidly than dynasties, M. Bascule has remained in the
six weeks, merely giving out in the interval that all his hopes had been Cabinet ever since the Empire was re-established, and seems likely to
crowned by the establishment of the Republic, and that the radical senti- remain in it until either himself or that hopeful institution comes to a
ments he had expressed whilst a university student were a sufficient natural end. This might make people think that M. Bascule is a great
guarantee of his sincerity. After this, thinking he had gone quite far statesman who is imposed upon the Crown by the confidence of the nation,
enough for the present, he sat down patiently to watch the stream of events ; pretty much as ministers in England are ; but this would be a mistake.
ready to take advantage of the tide, whether it should turn definitely to the The worst title that any French subject could have to the patronage ofthe
left towards socialism and communism- or branch off once more to the Court would be his popularity with the nation ; and perhaps it is not one of
right, towards monarchy. To the immense gratification of M. Bascule, the least of M. Bascule's claims to Imperial favour that, except by ultra-
who at heart entertained the profoundest dislike for the men of conservatives, his Excellency is cordially detested from one end of the
'48, the new state of things soon resulted in a general war- empire to the other. No, M. Bascule is not a statesman. How should
fare, every man against his neighbour, so that it became apparent he be, and why should he be ? New dynasties are always jealous
enough to anybody who had his wits about him that the country would not of illustrious men, and had M. Bascule been a man of large,
have to wait long for a change. Here was the time for M. Bascule with enlightened, ambitious views, he would have been coaxed into the
the happiest instinct he judged the moment when the Republic was sick Senate, where he would have been harmless, and quietly shelved
and dying, and then with immense spirit got up and attacked it. His there ; he would never have been a minister. M. Bascule's influence
speech is still remembered with pride as one of the sternest flights of over the Crown proceeds mainly from this, that he is an excellent
oratory on record, and at the time it was pronounced the apparent audacity and obedient mouthpiece, and that there is not another minister living so
of it caused an echo to ring from one end of France to the other. Lucky competent as he to make the worse appear the better reason. He has no
speech, and lucky M. Bascule ! Prince Louis Bonaparte was on the eve schemes of his own, but he can always interpret those of others. He has
of his election . A few weeks later he was on the look out for very
little ambition except to remain where he is, but he is good at encou-
Ministers .
Spontaneously, both to his lips and to those of all his raging the ambition of his master and goading it to wildness by the bright
intimate advisers, rose the name of M. Bascule, and M. Bascule accord- sparks of a flashy rhetoric, which is to solid eloquence what Brummagem
ingly was entrusted with a portfolio, an honour to which, of course, he trinkets are to the jewellery sold in the Rue de la Paix. When he rises to
had never aspired . speak in the Corps Législatif he knows that whatever he may say he has a
Here we must take leave of M. Eugène Bascule, for we have nothing squad of at least two hundred claqueurs ready to beat their hands red and
more to do with him. The personage before us is Son Excellence M. to cheer themselves hoarse for him. Even nervous men might feel at ease
Bascule, Sénateur, Grande-Croix de la Légion d'Honneur, Conseiller Privé, under such circumstances, and M. Bascule, who has never been nervous in
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his life, drinks down the applause like so much cold water, and treats his question now is less what to do than how to do it. With the whole of
hearers to the greatest stuff imaginable, thinking, no doubt, and with good Earl Grey's general principles and with much of his detail, we heartily
reason, that it is of no use casting pearls before --- well, never mind. I forget agree ; but we think that he committed an error in advocating the
the name of that animal. When carefully rid of all the padding around them, suspension of all outlay on the militia, and an increase of the
M. Bascule's speeches simply amount to this : that from 1848 to 1851 regular army, pending the formation of an army of reserve. It
there was a republic which did many stupid things, but that in 1851 arose a appears to us that this would be a dangerous way of attempting to bring
man who put a stop to the stupid things and to the republic too . No matter about the change which it is desired to effect. The formation of an army
on what subject he may be speaking -the Eastern question, the press laws, of reserve ought to proceed, as the Duke of Cambridge said the other night,
or a bill for improving drains-it will be the same thing. Whenever he feels pari passu with the improvement of our existing system. The object
his argument weak out comes the legend of 1851. If the Opposition remains should be to increase in every way the efficiency of the militia, which, as Earl
cool, he proceeds to personal insinuations, and reminds Jules Favre, Garnier- Grey pointed out, is not, " as at present constituted," a trustworthy reserve
Pagès, or Carnot, that if the country had not been saved from them it force. It would be a most extraordinary course to attempt to remedy this
would have gone to grief long ago. This generally produces the desired condition of inefficiency by abolishing or reducing the permanent staff, and
effect. The Opposition protest in chorus. An uproar ensues. The by diverting the money hitherto applied to the militia into another channel.
majority rise like one man and take part with M. Bascule, and the next The suggestion to temporarily increase recruiting for the regular army is
day as usual the semi-officials cry out to the mass of bumpkin electors less open to objection , the intention being, of course, to create rapidly a
throughout France that party spirit still runs as high as ever it did, and that reserve army by passing at once a number of men through a short military
there are not wanting men in the land who would be delighted to see the training. But for the present it would probably be sufficient to fill up
Reign of Terror restored. vacancies due to deaths, discharges, &c. , until the success of the experiment
M. Bascule, however, is not happy ; and by this I do not mean that shall have become established . And inefficient as the militia undoubtedly is,
he entertains any great remorse for what he does, or feels very acutely the compared with what a reserve force should be, it would be in the highest
degradation of acting as the professional advocate of whatever ideas it degree impolitic to venture to dispense with the force or to supersede it in
may suit his master to fancy. Ministers like M. Bascule are made of any way until you have got wherewithal to replace it. Indeed, all
sterner stuff. No, no ; once again, what makes M. Bascule unhappy measures for military organization ought ultimately to tend, as Earl Grey,
is the idea that he may at any moment lose his place, without warning, notwithstanding his proposition, appeared to admit, to the development
rhyme, or reason . Napoleon III. has never been particularly logical , either and strengthening of the militia as our mainstay of reserve ; and we do
in his choice or in his dismissal of Ministers. That M. Bascule should have not see how this would be accomplished by temporarily wiping out the
held his place so long has been due more or less to a succession of force altogether. This proposition of Earl Grey's sensibly diminished the
hazards ; but none knew better than his Excellency that one of those effect of his speech, and placed Lord Northbrook, however unwillingly, in
hazards which set him at the top of the wheel might just as well lower him the position of opposing that speech, while admitting on behalf of the
to the bottom. In parliamentarily governed countries the position of a Government its leading principles. It was again stated by Lord North-
minister who goes out of office is not one that excites pity. As leader of brook that the Government anxiously desire to " obtain men who would
the Opposition, or at least one of its most influential members, the out- enlist in the army for a shorter term of service and afterwards continue their
going statesman has plenty of consolations for his self-esteem ; but in services in an army reserve," and this , as we have frequently pointed out,
France, if M. Bascule were turned out of his place what earthly solace is unquestionably the proper principle to proceed upon. But we have
could he have to compensate him? To-day he is the most powerful man in never attempted to disguise the fact that the establishment of such a
France, to-morrow he would be nobody. All the friends who now cheer system, which amounts to a complete reversal of our military policy,
will
him so vociferously in the Corps Législatif would desert him to a man necessarily be attended with difficulty, and its adoption must, in the first
if he made any attempt to rally them round him into a party ; and instance, be of a tentative and partial character. We have no doubt of
if, deserting the Senate, he were to offer himself as a candidate for the ultimate success of the measure, or that, if heartily applied, it will grow
the Corps Législatif without the aid of official patronage, he would not apace. But it would be most improper and unwise to introduce it
find a single constituency throughout the empire to elect him. Truly, offhand, to the immediate destruction or weakening of the existing
then, when he performs his brilliant feats of rhetorical gymnastic, M. system or of any useful part of it. Earl Grey's argument apparently
Bascule is dancing on a slack wire. The caprice of an august lady thwarted 1S that the militia, " as at present constituted," is not a useful
in a wish or tired of seeing the same face always near her, the momentary part of our military system, and therefore that we shall gain more
pique of a fast-aging autocrat, the cabal of a few brainless courtiers - any than we shall lose by devoting all our energies to the formation of efficient
or all of these things might cause M. Bascule to lose his balance. I watched reserves, even although while so doing we find it necessary temporarily
him the other day when the Corps Législatif was dissolved. The men to abandon the militia. But the militia is, in fact, a very useful part of our
who for the last six years had obeyed his nod and voted as he told them system, as Lord Northbrook showed, and it contains the materials
were clustering about him exactly like schoolboys around the head-master of an excellent reserve. Its existence is in no way inconsistent with, but
on breaking-up day. Some were shaking hands with him, others looking is rather supplementary to and bound up with, the formation of an army
for a smile, others again shouting " Vive l'Empereur ! " to show that reserve. It must itself, as we have stated, under any organization, con-
they had not forgotten their lessons. And M. Bascule the while, with stitute our mainstay of reserve. What is needed is to make that mainstay,
a livid, dejected expression on his face, was glancing towards the Oppo- by expansion , reorganization , and training, a thoroughly sound efficient
sition benches, where a score of enthusiasts were crying, " Vive la liberté !" prop, upon which the regular army can safely lean.
The cry was loud and hearty, though the voices were few, and M. Bascule Lord Northbrook half implied that the failure of General Peel's army of
was perhaps wondering how many more there might be to join in it when reserve scheme had a sort of bearing upon the prospects of the short
next the deputies of the nation should be gathered in that place. Perhaps, service reserve system which is now generally advocated, and which the
too, he was thinking this, that if in the coming struggle but one score more Government are considering. By General Peel's scheme, men of good
were added to the number on those benches, the twenty new victories character are permitted to leave the army after seven years' service to join
would be too much for him ; and as he rose to cry " Vive l'Empereur " in the reserve. Hardly any men, says Lord Northbrook, have availed them-
his turn he may have thought of those gladiators who in another imperial selves of this permission ; and the scheme is admittedly a failure. Granted ;
city shouted " Vive l'Empereur " on entering the lists. The cry then was, and, as we have found out, there was every reason to anticipate this failure ,
66
Ave, Cæsar imperator, morituri te salutant ! " which has no connection with the proposed system, for these reasons :
First, the men to whom the offer was made were men who had enlisted in
the first instance for a prolonged military career, and they may therefore be
said to have deliberately accepted the military profession, in some sort, en
EARL GREY ON ARMY REFORM. permanence. The majority are totally unfitted by habit and disposition to
THE attention of the House of Lords was again directed on Tuesday night resume civil life. In the second place this incapacity has been aggravated by
to the subject of army organization . No one, as Lord Northbrook the absence of industrial employment in barracks, and the consequent more
admitted, is better entitled to be heard upon this question than Earl Grey, complete hardening of the soldier into something quite distinct from an
who many years ago, at a time when the principles of military organization industrious civilian. Finally, a first term of service of seven years is, as we have
were less generally studied and less perfectly understood than they are repeatedly insisted, too long. The severance which during this term of
now, advocated a reduction in the term of military service, and enumerated years takes place between the soldier and his civil interests and occupations
principles which in the main are now generally accepted as those upon is sufficiently complete to oppose, in the majority of cases, a permanent
which the reorganization of our military system should be based. Earl barrier between him and civil life. The proposed organization should
Grey's speech on Tuesday night was a forcible repetition of opinions which differ from that which has failed on each of these essential points.
the public have long learnt to associate with his name. He again urged The men who would pass into the reserve would not be those
the importance of creating an efficient and thoroughly trained reserve ; of who desired a prolonged term of military service. Such men would
accomplishing this by means of a reduced term of actual service, followed remain in the army and extend their services to foreign stations. A
by a reserve service ; together with the establishment of a system of system of industrial occupation and training would form an integral
military industrial training. It must, in one sense, be satisfactory to Lord part of the system . Thirdly, the term of active service ought to
Grey to compare the reception which these views now receive with that be considerably less than seven years. This point of the precise
which was accorded to them on their first enunciation . Thirty-five years duration of service is so important that we desire again emphatically to
ago they were too far in advance of the age to find acceptance ; now they express our conviction that the adoption of so long a term as seven years
are so generally admitted that it is in their application , and in the choice will be quite sufficient of itself to ensure the failure of the experiment. We
of the many suggested schemes for giving effect to them, that the difficulty are disposed also to take serious exception to Lord Northbrook's statement
66
principally lies. In fact, to use a racing phrase, Earl Grey is coming that we should leave out of account in reorganizing our system the possi-
It
back to his horses." He no longer rides alone at the head of the race. bility of having to carry an aggressive war into an enemy's country.
There are those about him as eager to reach the goal as himself, and the ought always to be in our power to strike a blow if we desired ; it
might often be necessary or strategically wise to do so. And such
* A senator may resign his seat in France. Count Walewski established the a contingency, although it is more remote and less pressing than the
precedent in 1865. He left the Senate and was elected to the Corps Législatif, of which consideration of home defence, is one which no statesman could safely
he was forthwith appointed President. ignore.
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MAY 7, 1869. ] 13

he whole f
we heartr THE " KROOMLEES” she exists, a treatment so harsh and unequal that the greatest penalty a
Christian Raiah can dread is to be assimilated with a Mahometan.
ocating the
ase of the IN an out-of-the-way corner, no corner more so, of the Ottoman Empire Enough of the facts ; there are more, but let them go ; a plain state-
Eserve. I has occurred a movement which, judging by the number of persons ment might involve the risk of a prosecution for libel. Let us rather look
concerned, not above five thousand at most, might seem insignificant, yet at the consequences.
g to bring
of an arr merits attention, because it indicates two dangerous shoals, one imme- That a community recognized as Christian at the epoch when the
Other r diately ahead of the Turkish flag, the other not far distant ; two problems " nefoos-parasi, " or yearly payment, was permitted to the Christian inhabi-
The che easy of solution perhaps in the eyes of Western theorists, by no means tants of Turkey in lieu of arms and military service, should in itself and
ch , asEar equally easy in Eastern practice. Does the exchange of Islam for Chris- in its descendants continue to enjoy the inglorious exemption, may be
hy reserve tianity exempt Ottoman subjects, previously Mahometan, from the impolitic, may be an evil for the empire ; still it rests on a guaranteed
emedy tis obligation of military service ? and how long is the present state of right, and cannot be violated in whole or in part so long as the empire
staff and things, in which the whole burden of army conscription in all its itself continues to recognize the decrees of Sultan Mahmood and Sultan
r channel branches falls solely and exclusively on the Mahometan population, to Abd-el-Mejeed. But to extend the same privilege to all who in future time
continue ? may quit the creed of Mahomet for that of Photius, of Pius, or of Calvin,
arms
rapa We said that the movement in question has taken place on an obscure is simply to hold out a premium for apostasy and a bribe for disloyalty
t militar corner of the Turkish stage, namely, the province of Trebizond, better and desertion. The example set by the " Kroomlees " may spread much
known as Pontus or Colchis. Still more obscure to fame are the four or or spread little ; it has already, we understand, been taken up by some
o fill
five thousand actors, the " Kroomlees," or inhabitants of the village of other villagers of the neighbourhood ; but, much or little, the precedent is
periment Kroom, whence their name, and of the adjoining district, situate among equally immoral and disastrous. The Christian section of the empire will
btedr the fertile soil-covered mountains that rise south and south-east of the be more confirmed in their alienation from their Mahometan subject-
highest town of Trebizond. brethren, and from the Government which they still, however half-
de it in
Our " Kroomlees " are a peculiar race, and distinct at first sight from mindedly, avow ; while though the Islam themselves are in general, what-
eed, all the populations, Turkoman, Laz, or Armenian, which surround them. ever their faults, somewhat too high-spirited to purchase the privilege
-1 Grey, Whence their origin history affords no direct evidence ; but, to judge of poltroons by the title of apostates, yet mean and sordid spirits
opment from their type of feature, spoken dialect, and other peculiarities physical can never be wanting in a crowd ; and the ill leaven would sour, even
we do and moral, they are in the main descended from Byzantine immigrants, where it did not ferment. Of the just and reasonable disgust of the more
ut the that is, from the mixed rabble of medieval Constantinople and its steadfast Mahometans we need not speak ; to find oneselfmaltreated in pro-
ed the suburbs, where, as Finlay avers, " whether the Asiatics, the Greeks, or the portion to one's honesty, and petted in proportion to one's disaffection and
lv, in Sclavonians formed the greater number of the inhabitants cannot be ascer- defection, is a bad incentive to loyalty.
of the tained." It is probable that this settlement took place at or near the time But a wider question opens here. Is the exemption of Christians from
North when Alexios Comnenos and his brother David, escaping to Colchis, first military service to be permanent in the Ottoman Empire ? or how long are
would raised Trebizond to a narrow and unstable pinnacle of empire, and made the Mahometans to bear alone a burden, heavy enough if distributed among
their it a convenient refuge for their Byzantine fellow-citizens from Latin invasion the shoulders of all, far too heavy for the very limited number of those who
out, and the fanaticism of Crusaders in the thirteenth century. Of the old at present alone support it ? And if a change is to be brought about, how ?
have
Hellene stock we find no trace or vestige, though the inhabitants of and in what measure ?
cha Surmeneh and Of, villages on the adjoining coast, claim, with good title it
will seems, to be the true descendants of the earliest Greek colonizers of the
first Pontine coast, the Jasons of classic times ; while, singular to say, THE RASKOLNIKS OF RUSSIA.
t of they contrast with the " Kroomlees " in the steadfast fervour of their
Mahometanism, not untinged with bigotry. But to return to our subject. SOME years ago, it is said, one of our consuls favoured the Foreign Office
Whatever Christianity the " Kroomlees " had, whatever faith in the with a report on some wonderful sects which, according to him, had lately
ng Theotokos and in St. Eugenius, the Byzantine patrons of Trebizond, faded sprung into existence within the pale of the Russian Church. " It's
lv before the rising fortunes of Islam in the fifteenth century ; and the evident he has never seen Haxthausen's book ; send him out a copy," was
Dimitris and Constantins of the land hastened to write themselves the only remark his report elicited from his chief on its arrival. The book
re down Ahmeds and Mehemets, bore witness to the unity of God, was sent, and the consul doubtless gained a good deal of information from
nt bowed towards the kibleh, contributed their quota to the irregular its pages . It is strange that while so excellent a description of Russia
troops of the then Mahometan armies, and cursed the Giaours exists as Haxthausen has written, so little should generally be known
or with orthodox energy. But blood is thicker than water ; and while about the country. We can only suppose that the book is not as widely
the outer man adopted the symbols of the Crescent, the inner man known as it deserves to be. That being the case, it may be worth our
t of the " Kroomlee " remained true to the Cross ; nay, they privately while, now that public attention has been called to the subject of the
reviled the Prophet, and maintained in secret the rites and practices Raskolniki, to glean from Haxthausen's pages a few statements relative to
which their lips publicly denounced as idolatrous and polytheistic. So the most eccentric of the sects into which those Russian schismatics are
runs their tale. Whether men deserve belief when they declare themselves divided.
to have been systematical and secular liars is a question we leave to Phil- Of these sects about two hundred are said to have been described by
hellenes and casuists. Archbishop Dmitry of Rostof, in the book which he wrote about them a
Still, however great and enduring may have been their Christian sympa. century and a half ago. Since his time many of these have died out, but
thies, they were carefully concealed by our Mahometanized Byzantines ; others have also sprung into life, so that an exhaustive work on the subject
and even the Nizam of Sultan Mahmood counted in its ranks villagers of would be likely to be a long one. All that we intend to do at present
Kroom no less than of Ak- Kopree or any other Turkish hamlet. But is to take a hasty glance at the most striking forms assumed by Russian
when the edicts of Gul-Khaneh, followed by the Tanzeemat, and the over- dissent, relying for the most part upon Haxthausen, but making use also of
much cited Hatti-Hamaioun of 1856 heralded the dawn of Christian various other works in which the subject is treated, and particularly of the
supremacy ; and the growing influence of Russia on these coasts, an collection of documents printed by the Russian Government, to which we
influence tenfold more corroborated by the conquest of the Caucasus than alluded in a recent article.
ever it had been impaired by the transient reverses of Kertch and Sebas- The wildest among the Russian fanatics are the Morelshchiki, or
topol, promised efficient aid to the execution of designs that unaided Immolators. Their leading idea is to mortify the flesh for the sake of
cowardice still shrank from undertaking, the " Kroomlees " threw off the saving the soul, and in order to do this efficiently they have recourse to
mask, if mask it was, and declared themselves Greeks and Christians. By various means of mutilation and death. Sects inculcating the virtues of
the former title they appealed to, and readily obtained, the politic sympathies suicide and murder naturally do all they can to keep their existence
of Russia, who even went so far as to supply a considerable number of her a secret, but every now and then a horrible story comes from the
new protégés with passports of Russian nationality at a moderate price ; by interior of some gloomy forest or dreary waste, which tells how some of
the latter they vindicated to themselves, or thought to vindicate, the great these wretched people have died. Sometimes a deep pit is dug in the
privilege which exempts Christian flesh and blood from the hazards and earth and half filled with wood and straw. This is set alight, and when
sufferings of a soldier's career in the Ottoman army. the whole mass is in a blaze the miserable creatures leap into the pit and
The Turkish Government foresaw whither all this tended, but tempo- are consumed in the fire, wildly singing hymns as they burn. At other
rized, willing to put off the evil day. Accordingly, the conversion, or times they meet in a wooden house, round which they have piled heaps of
re-conversion, little matters which, of the " Kroomlees " was silently and, straw ; and in it they deliberately burn themselves to death, their neigh-
so to speak, passively acknowledged ; and an unusually large levy of bours looking on quietly the while ; for the act is a sacred one ; the victims
recruits raised during the first years of their change served conveniently to are undergoing " baptism by fire." Some years ago, says Haxthausen, a
defer further demands of a critical character. Meanwhile the Neo- congregation of Immolators assembled at a spot on the left bank of the
Christians appealed to all the European consulates, and intrigued with Volga, and agreed to put each other to death. But after six and thirty
some ; gaining thus much, at least, to deter their rulers from any active of them had fallen, "the desire of life awoke in a young woman, and
measures. she fled to a neighbouring village. The people repaired to the scene
But the position was too false to last indefinitely ; and an
atempt, wise or not, to enforce conscription has now provoked from the of action, and found two of the murderers still alive, and forty-seven
Kroomlees " another and a more pressing appeal to consular protection ; persons dead. The two who were taken were knouted-exulting
backed up by threats of emigration, as a final protest against the perse- at every stroke at the martyrdom they were undergoing." It is to
cution that would actually subject Christians to the yoke so patiently this sect that the Scoptsi belong, of whom we have spoken in a pre-
borne by their Mahometan fellow - subjects . ceding article.
Could any severer satire be devised on Eastern Christianity, Russia, Next in singularity to these people come the Khlisti, or Scourgers -the
and Turkey, all three? Here stands forth the first, unblushingly avowing Flagellants of the Middle Ages -whose notion of a religious service is a
itself timid and hypocritical in concealment ; self-interested and disloyal in wild dance accompanied by severe castigation. In the middle of the
manifestation ; apostate in either case. The second prostitutes her room in which they meet stands a vessel containing water, and to this they
imperial honour and policy to the vile ends of intrigue and sedition, by the go from time to time, in order to wet their heads or to drink out of their
yet viler means of such men as these. And beside them stands Turkey, hands. Then they resume their stamping and their flogging, until they
self-convicted of inflicting on her Mahometan subjects, the Islam by whom fall down utterly exhausted, or convulsions seize them, during which they
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 10 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

suspect that the intention of the ingenious inventor was being frustrated by between the two there existed neither union nor harmony. Every officer
some mechanical flaw. We should counsel the shareholders of the Central of Indian experience, to whichever army he may have belonged, will
Gas Company to recall the detectives they are subsidizing in Transatlantic testify to the existence of this moral as well as material separation - a
tours, and with the saving thereby effected to take the opinion of counsel separation so complete that several years of amalgamation have not
as to the liability of their auditors. Incompetence and negligence may be served altogether to efface it. For these reasons we contend that
good pleas when urged in moral extenuation of their laches, but these arguments derived from the condition of the old Indian local army
alone will hardly bar an action of damages for the results of a neglect of are generally inapplicable as against such a local force as might
duties deliberately undertaken for a valuable consideration. now be established -a force which would differ essentially from that
at home only in the two particulars of a more protracted term of actual
military service, and of the limitation of that service, or the greater part of
A LOCAL ARMY FOR INDIA. it, to a certain area of her Majesty's dominions. Both forces would be
derived from the same source, and thus have their roots in the same soil.
WE have already remarked on the fact that the half-revealed policy of the They would serve under the same standard, and be trained in the first
Government in the matter of the contemplated reorganization of our instance on the same drill ground. They would be amenable to the
military system, and of which a reduction of the term of actual service forms same discipline, and hardly removed from the same influences. They
a salient feature, is likely to be rendered in a great measure ineffectual would be led by officers educated under the same system and in the
by an apparent indisposition to establish at the same time separate terms same military schools. Is there any reason why of these two armies
and conditions of enlistment for Indian service. To attempt to combine one should flourish and the other deteriorate ? If there is, it needs
the short service system with service in India can, in our opinion , result to be set forth, and assuredly it is not to be found in a reference to
only in one of two things :-In an outlay for reliefs and a permanent a force which in nearly every respect differed essentially from that now
tying up in troop ships of so much military capital, so to speak, proposed.
which would be extravagant beyond all conception ; to say nothing of the The second objection to the establishment of a local army is, that
loss of efficiency due to the perpetual shifting of regiments between you thus localize your experience on both sides. To this several replies
England and India. Or, secondly, in a compromise between a long and might be made, but it will, perhaps, be sufficient to appeal to the services
short service system which would almost certainly defeat the objects with of the Queen's troops who were despatched to India at the time of the
which a reduction in the period of enlistment is proposed. Indeed, a mutiny as evidence that the want of local experience is no bar to military
refusal to effect any separation between the home and the Indian forces success in India, and there is nothing to show that the want of such expe-
must practically determine the ultimate failure of the short service rience would be a bar to success in European warfare. Moreover, under
scheme-either on the score of expense, or because it would fail to give us the system which we would propose, the two armies would have so much
a short service army in the best sense of the term. We propose therefore in common that their experiences would not be localized in any strict
to consider the objections which are urged against such a separation . sense of the word.
It is important, in the first place, to recognize that these objections We wish to say emphatically that in proposing to establish a local
have all been framed with reference to the old Company's army- an army Indian army we do not contemplate a force local in the sense in which the
which was more intensely local in its service, its traditions, and its organi- old Company's army was local. We do not contemplate a force composed
zation than any army which we would now desire to establish. We have no of men who from the day of their enlistment to the day of their discharge
more wish to see the old Indian army, or anything like it, revived than would serve exclusively in India , under a system exclusively Indian. We
we have to see the old Company itself re-established. What sort of an do not for a moment wish to rear, train, and nourish a force distinct in
army we have in view when we contemplate the establishment of a local force character and organization from that which would exist at home. We do not,
we will presently explain. The objections which are urged against the in short, desire to subdivide the Imperial army into two perfectly distinct
localizing offorces in India seem, as far as we have been able to collect forces. What we would propose is the formation of a force for Indian
them, to resolve themselves into two. It is said, first, that a local service of men who after a certain home training had elected to continue
force must necessarily be an inferior force to one employed on general their military service abroad, instead of availing themselves of the oppor-
service. In support of this general proposition, appeal is made to the tunity which would be afforded them of falling back into civil life with a
condition of the Company's European army for some years previous to its mere liability to military service. All men should , in the first instance, be
extinction ; and those who maintain this argument affirm that the enlisted for a short period. They should, for so many years as might be
bounty question, on which the force ultimately mutinied, was merely deemed necessary to secure military efficiency, be trained at home, and
the final exciting cause which brought a widespread and accumulated during these years they would constitute the mobilized and active portions
disaffection to a climax, like the greased cartridge question in the of our home army. At the end of this period of training two courses
case of the native army. And it is insisted that such a state of should be open to the soldier. He might prefer to pass back into
things is necessarily inherent in a local system ; that bad habits under civil life, to accept a small retaining fee, and to form one of the reserve ;
such a system become hereditary ; that the men, living far away or he might be disposed to adopt the army permanently as his profession,
from home, lose their love of England and its institutions, and cease in which case he would be required to extend his services to India, and
to be amenable to home influences ; that so things proceed from bad to by the men so electing the Indian army would be recruited . Thus, the
worse, until finally but inevitably a catastrophe takes place. Indian regular home army would consist of men in their first three years or so of
officers would as a rule no doubt warmly dispute the justice of these active military training ; and these men would feed the home reserves in
statements, and they would point probably to the present condition one direction and the foreign force in the other. They would, in fact, be
of such regiments as the 101st Bengal Fusiliers and the past ser- the parent stock for both the home and the Indian forces, which would be
vices of the Company's army as illustrations of their unsoundness. branches of one tree. But between the home reserves and the foreign
are, however, less concerned with estimating exactly the propriety of army there would be this essential difference, that the one would
this view than with the consideration how far, even admitting it to be a consist of trained soldiers occupied in civil duties, while the other would
true one, even admitting all that may be said with reference to the consist of trained soldiers occupied permanently in military duties,
condition of the old Company's army, the argument is conclusive as to the and existing constantly as a mobilized force. Thus, whereas up to a
probability that a local force differently organized and made to conform certain point the conditions of service and training of the two would
to an Imperial standard of discipline, would exhibit the same be identical, their ultimate occupation and conditions of service would.
characteristic defects. To argue that because a particular local army be distinct.
was bad, therefore every local army must be bad, appears to us This system admits of more than one application , among which that
an untrustworthy generalization , and in this particular instance espe- suggested by Lord Monck is deserving of attentive consideration. Lord
cially unsound, because it is not denied that there existed under the Monck's plan, expressed in a few words, is to enlist and train all men
old system special causes of deterioration. Among these causes we may in a second battalion, and to pass them upwards into a first or foreign
name prominently the constant selection of the best officers and non-com- service battalion , or downwards into the home reserve. The first bat-
missioned officers for civil and military-political duties, and their withdrawal talions would under this system furnish the foreign garrisons, and a pro-
from their regiments. The ranks were thus largely deprived of those whose portion would be retained at home. The second battalion, serving exclu-
presence with their regiments could not be safely dispensed with ; and, to sively at home, would be the nursery for the whole Imperial army, and the
make matters worse, the vacancies thus created were not, as a rule, filled reserve home battalions would be entirely composed of trained soldiers, always
up. Absenteeism told upon the Indian army, as it has told else- ready to hand. This plan, it is evident, minimizes the separation between
where. Again, the expatriation of our Indian forces is not now nearly the home and foreign army, and places them in the relation of two
so complete as it used to be, nor, in consequence, are Indian intersecting circles. Indeed, Lord Monck himself refuses to admit that his
habits as purely local as they were. The space which separates plan even amounts to a separation of the two forces. Or the circles may be
us from our Indian possessions has been sensibly reduced by the made tangential merely, by making the first battalions the nursery, and
introduction of steam and telegraphs, the establishment of more constant passing the men, always by voluntary election , forward to India, or back-
communication, and the adoption for military as well as for other purposes wards into the home reserve force. Although other plans suggest them-
of the overland route. These considerations were fully recognized in the selves, the choice would probably ultimately lie between some modifica
late discussion on the revision of the Indian furlough rules, and that they tion of one of these two, either of which, it will be observed, avoids that
exert a sensible growing influence upon Indian ways and habits, and must complete separation of the two armies which characterized the former
sooner or later influence our Indian military policy, will hardly be disputed. system, and against which the objections are levied ; while either
Again, the old army was the Company's, and not the Queen's army. The would permit of the unreserved application of the short service
distinction between the two forces was as hard and marked as any system at home, and present all the economic and military advantages of
distinction could possibly be. There was no attempt and no desire a long service system abroad. Under either system, too, the evil, on which
on the part of the Indian army to conform to what should be the recruiting commissioners remarked, of sending men out to India under
regarded as the European model. On the contrary, the tradi- twenty years of age would be avoided. The Indian army would reap all
tions, the habits, the discipline, the organization , the esprit de corps, the benefits of the home training and derive their first military impulse in
of the two forces were absolutely different, we might perhaps say opposed. the same school as the home army. Finally, they would not reach India
In short, the Company's army was the Company's army ; the Queen's until that impulse and training had been set and established, and thus
army was the Queen's army. If one was round the other was square, and India would contain none but effective soldiers formed on an imperial

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T
Every office
belonged, model. This is what we mean when we speak of the formation of Ministre des Affaires Générales, &c. &c. &c.--an altogether different being.
separation a local army in India, and to such an arrangement it appears to us difficult Nowadays if you want to see the portrait of M. Bascule you have only to
on have n to urge any substantial objections at all commensurate with those which stop at the first photograph shop in Paris ; there you will find him (price
contend t present themselves against any attempted combination of short terms of one franc) lying in heaps of a hundred and selling almost as well as his foes
enlistment with an indiscriminate liability to service in India. We trust of the Opposition, Jules Favre, Grevy, and Ernest Picard. At the Salon
n local an
ce as m that these possible solutions will be carefully considered before the idea of (Royal Academy's Exhibition) there are at least five or six pictures of him
a local force, or we should say a local branch of the Imperial force, is exhibited yearly. He is generally painted sitting pensive, clad in a tail coat,
ly from the finally abandoned.
erm ofact with a table covered by treaties at his side and a few more treaties lying at
reaterpart his feet ; in the background is a silver inkstand shaped like an eagle, and a
bust ofNapoleon III. smiling magnanimously upon the table, the treaties, the
es would k eagle, and M. Bascule. In the way of more solid memorials M. Bascule
MEN OF THE SECOND EMPIRE.
he same so
has already got his effigy in marble, lately erected at the public expense,
ed in the i No. IX.- THE SPEAKING MINISTER. in the market-place of his native town ; and, in addition to this, the house
able to th
THERE is a right royal mansion in the Champs Elysées, not very in which he was born has just been adorned with a blue enamelled plate
ces. The distant from the Arc de Triomphe. It is newly built ; stands alone and lettered in this wise : " Ici naquit Bascule le 1 Mai, 1810. " The
and in the
imposing between a splendid lawn and a princely garden, and cost, as idle Bascule pure and simple without any adjunct of Mr. or Excellency is, as
two arme Every
tongues affirm, some 15,000,000 francs- that is, £ 600,000. everybody will understand, the zenith of respectful homage. Nobody says
s, it need body who goes to the Bois de Boulogne turns round to look at this M. Montesquieu, M. Turgot, or his Excellency M. Talleyrand ; they say
eference It is the pro- Montesquieu, Turgot, and Talleyrand ; and so for the same reason they say
mansion, and everybody knows to whom it belongs.
that now
perty of his Excellency M. Bascule, one of the Ministers of the Imperial Bascule, some even say " l'illustre Bascule," but this is optional. And here
Cabinet. I may be pardoned for remarking that if any Englishman, unversed in
my is, the Five and thirty years ago M. Bascule- Eugène Bascule, as they called the customs of France, were to judge of a French Cabinet Minister bythe
ral replies him then-was a wild, handsome, unmanageable student at a provincial samples of that race which he may have viewed in his own country, he would
e services university in Provence ; and it is still on record in that university that he be altogether out of his reckoning. The English, to be sure, have Cabinet
me ofthe gave more trouble to the town police than all the other students put Ministers. They have even had a few who- unless compared with M.
o military together. It was he who used to tear down in the night the notices posted Bascule- might, to a certain extent, be called remarkable ; but, taking Mr.
uch expe in front of the mairie. It was he who adorned with irreverent marginal Gladstone or Mr. Disraeli for average instances, there is nothing in either
er, under notes the encyclicals of his Holiness the Pope stuck up outside the of these right hon. gentlemen which could in any way vie with the splen-
So moc? cathedral. It was he, again, who covered with improper headdresses dour of M. Bascule. Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Disraeli both dress as
ny stric the statues of the local celebrities, and -as though all this had not been ordinary mortals ; neither of them have so much as a star of knighthood
enough-- it was he, again, who took a diabolical pleasure in serenading the to put on their coats. Very often they go out on foot ; sometimes they
alocal mayor with the " Marseillaise " whenever he could do so with discomfort may be seen at church. In Parliament any bit of a member may call
hich the to that personage and impunity to himself. His father prophesied that them to their legs and ask them to furnish explanations. They are cross-
-mposed he would be hanged. " It's lucky for you that we live under a king like questioned by their constituents ; bullied by the newspapers ; ridiculed in
scharge Louis Philippe," he used to say, "for if ever we get a Napoleon or a the comic prints ; called Bill and Ben respectively at the music- halls
We Bourbon again you'll see what your radical nonsense will bring you to." and places of vulgar entertainment ; and when either of them obtains
inct in Whereupon Eugène would reply with conviction that " the days of Napoleons a few years' lease of power he cannot distribute posts of emolument
donot and Bourbons had passed; that the future of France lay in a Republic, and to his friends or relatives without having a whole cohort of meddlesome
istinct that some modern Harmodius would infallibly arise at no distant date to rid journalists down upon him. There is nothing of all this in the case of
Indian the country of the last of its Pisistratida." And truly enough, for not one M. Bascule. That personage never goes out on foot, and it would be quite
tinue Harmodius, but several, were in due time found, and the last of the Pisis- idle to look for him in a church. From morning till night he wears his
-ppor tratidæ, just as Eugène had prophesied, took his way towards the frontier. By broad scarlet riband and his diamond star. On state occasions he is so
ith a that time, however, M. Bascule - no longer addicted to the " Marseillaise "- covered with decorations that it is impossible to see the gold lace on his
e, be was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and it is even stated that he uniform . None of the music-hall wits ever call him Bill or Ben ; let them
ht be cursed the Harmodiuses above mentioned with no little bitterness for inter- only try, and they will see what the gendarme on duty will say. Similarly,
and fering with the last of the Pisistratida . His place in the Chamber unless he had any particular wish to go to St. Pélagie, an artist of the
tions was somewhere in the centre, facing M. Dupin, the President. He Eclipse or Charivari would think many times before venturing to caricature
rses was a Liberal- Conservative, to use his own language, which means his Excellency's countenance. M. Bascule, in short, is one of those indi-
into that he fluctuated according to expediency between M. Guizot and viduals who must not be spoken of at all unless with reverence, for,
-ve: M. Thiers, without ever giving his allegiance to either. The revolu- although it is a hazardous business to speak disrespectfully of the Emperor,
ion, tion annoyed him considerably, because he had not been able to yet it is almost safer to attack his Majesty than his great and powerful
and foresee it. The event found him exactly in the position of a man who Minister.
the is obliged to make a long journey at a moment's notice without being in M. Bascule has been called the Vice- Emperor. He is more than that,
of the least prepared for it. Between the 24th and 25th of February M. he is Emperor, or, if you like the term better, Arch-Emperor, holding the
in Bascule was forced to go a hundred leagues farther in liberalism than he sovereign in his hands, and doing with him pretty much what he pleases.
be would ever have thought possible, and this without luggage of any sort, in How is this, you will ask, and why ? Well, that is one of those secrets
be the way of opinions, to take with him. He had a few old professions which it requires to be more or less a frequenter ofthe Tuileries to unravel.
n of faith, which he carried about in his pockets ; but these, which had been His Majesty, certain people say, is getting old, although I, for my part,
d deemed fresh enough on the 20th, were laughed at as antiquated and don't believe a word of it. They add that he feels less secure in his place
d out of fashion on the 25th. When he pronounced himself in favour and less clear in his views than when, eighteen years ago, he planned the
of reform they told him that universal suffrage was about to be voted. coup d'état, and that, loving peace and rest, he feels each day more and
When he talked about a reduction of the export duties, they answered more inclined to hand over the exercise of his powers to those around him.
him drily that those duties and a great many others were going to Of course, M. Bascule is one of those around him ; for his Excellency
be abolished altogether. Finally, when he came to the subject of social contrives to be as much within call of his Imperial master as possible.
innovations, they sketched him a short programme, which included a The Emperor likes him, or rather he respects him, and this is one of
new agrarian law and a solid scheme for giving everybody £ 200 a year. the reasons why, in a country where ministers succeed each other
Eugène Bascule reflected maturely upon this programme during a space of even more rapidly than dynasties, M. Bascule has remained in the
six weeks, merely giving out in the interval that all his hopes had been Cabinet ever since the Empire was re-established, and seems likely to
crowned by the establishment ofthe Republic, and that the radical senti- remain in it until either himself or that hopeful institution comes to a
ments he had expressed whilst a university student were a sufficient natural end. This might make people think that M. Bascule is a great
guarantee of his sincerity. After this, thinking he had gone quite far statesman who is imposed upon the Crown by the confidence of the nation,
enough for the present, he sat down patiently to watch the stream of events ; pretty much as ministers in England are ; but this would be a mistake.
ready to take advantage of the tide, whether it should turn definitely to the The worst title that any French subject could have to the patronage ofthe
left towards socialism and communism- or branch off once more to the Court would be his popularity with the nation ; and perhaps it is not one of
right, towards monarchy. To the immense gratification of M. Bascule, the least of M. Bascule's claims to Imperial favour that, except by ultra-
who at heart entertained the profoundest dislike for the men of conservatives, his Excellency is cordially detested from one end of the
'48, the new state of things soon resulted in a general war- empire to the other. No, M. Bascule is not a statesman. How should
fare, every man against his neighbour, so that it became apparent he be, and why should he be ? New dynasties are always jealous
enough to anybody who had his wits about him that the country would not of illustrious men, and had M. Bascule been a man of large ,
have to wait long for a change. Here was the time for M. Bascule with enlightened, ambitious views, he would have been coaxed into the
the happiest instinct he judged the moment when the Republic was sick Senate, where he would have been harmless, and quietly shelved
and dying, and then with immense spirit got up and attacked it. His there ; he would never have been a minister. M. Bascule's influence
speech is still remembered with pride as one of the sternest flights of over the Crown proceeds mainly from this, that he is an excellent
oratory on record, and at the time it was pronounced the apparent audacity and obedient mouthpiece, and that there is not another minister living so
of it caused an echo to ring from one end of France to the other. Lucky competent as he to make the worse appear the better reason. He has no
speech, and lucky M. Bascule ! Prince Louis Bonaparte was on the eve schemes of his own, but he can always interpret those of others. He has
of his election . A few weeks later he was on the look out for very little ambition except to remain where he is, but he is good at encou-
Ministers. Spontaneously, both to his lips and to those of all his raging the ambition of his master and goading it to wildness by the bright
intimate advisers, rose the name of M. Bascule, and M. Bascule accord- sparks of a flashy rhetoric, which is to solid eloquence what Brummagem
ingly was entrusted with a portfolio, an honour to which, of course, he trinkets are to the jewellery sold in the Rue de la Paix. When he rises to
had never aspired . speak in the Corps Législatif he knows that whatever he may say he has a
Here we must take leave of M. Eugène Bascule, for we have nothing squad of at least two hundred claqueurs ready to beat their hands red and
more to do with him. The personage before us is Son Excellence M. to cheer themselves hoarse for him. Even nervous men might feel at ease
Bascule, Sénateur, Grande- Croix de la Légion d'Honneur, Conseiller Privé, under such circumstances, and M. Bascule, who has never been nervous in
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 12 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

his life, drinks down the applause like so much cold water, and treats his question now is less what to do than how to do it. With the whole of
hearers to the greatest stuff imaginable, thinking, no doubt, and with good Earl Grey's general principles and with much of his detail , we heartily
reason, that it is of no use casting pearls before -- well, never mind. I forget agree ; but we think that he committed an error in advocating the
the name of that animal. When carefully rid of all the padding around them, suspension of all outlay on the militia, and an increase of the
M. Bascule's speeches simply amount to this : that from 1848 to 1851 regular army, pending the formation of an army of reserve. It
there was a republic which did many stupid things, but that in 1851 arose a appears to us that this would be a dangerous way of attempting to bring
man who put a stop to the stupid things and to the republic too. No matter about the change which it is desired to effect. The formation of an army
on what subject he may be speaking -the Eastern question , the press laws, of reserve ought to proceed, as the Duke of Cambridge said the other night,
or a bill for improving drains-it will be the same thing. Whenever he feels pari passu with the improvement of our existing system. The object
his argument weak out comes the legend of 1851. If the Opposition remains should be to increase in every way the efficiency of the militia, which , as Earl
cool, he proceeds to personal insinuations, and reminds Jules Favre, Garnier- Grey pointed out, is not, " as at present constituted," a trustworthy reserve
Pagès, or Carnot, that if the country had not been saved from them it force. It would be a most extraordinary course to attempt to remedy this
would have gone to grief long ago. This generally produces the desired condition of inefficiency by abolishing or reducing the permanent staff, and
effect. The Opposition protest in chorus. An uproar ensues. The by diverting the money hitherto applied to the militia into another channel.
majority rise like one man and take part with M. Bascule, and the next The suggestion to temporarily increase recruiting for the regular army is
day as usual the semi- officials cry out to the mass of bumpkin electors less open to objection , the intention being, of course, to create rapidly a
throughout France that party spirit still runs as high as ever it did, and that reserve army by passing at once a number of men through a short military
there are not wanting men in the land who would be delighted to see the training. But for the present it would probably be sufficient to fill up
Reign of Terror restored . vacancies due to deaths, discharges, &c. , until the success of the experiment
M. Bascule, however, is not happy ; and by this I do not mean that shall have become established. And inefficient as the militia undoubtedly is,
he entertains any great remorse for what he does, or feels very acutely the compared with what a reserve force should be, it would be in the highest
degradation of acting as the professional advocate of whatever ideas it degree impolitic to venture to dispense with the force or to supersede it in
may suit his master to fancy. Ministers like M. Bascule are made of any way until you have got wherewithal to replace it. Indeed, all
sterner stuff. No, no ; once again, what makes M. Bascule unhappy measures for military organization ought ultimately to tend, as Earl Grey,
is the idea that he may at any moment lose his place, without warning, notwithstanding his proposition, appeared to admit, to the development
rhyme, or reason. Napoleon III. has never been particularly logical, either and strengthening of the militia as our mainstay of reserve ; and we do
in his choice or in his dismissal of Ministers. That M. Bascule should have not see how this would be accomplished by temporarily wiping out the
held his place so long has been due more or less to a succession of force altogether. This proposition of Earl Grey's sensibly diminished the
hazards ; but none knew better than his Excellency that one of those effect of his speech, and placed Lord Northbrook, however unwillingly, in
hazards which set him at the top of the wheel might just as well lower him the position of opposing that speech, while admitting on behalf of the
to the bottom. In parliamentarily governed countries the position of a Government its leading principles. It was again stated by Lord North-
minister who goes out of office is not one that excites pity. As leader of brook that the Government anxiously desire to " obtain men who would
the Opposition, or at least one of its most influential members, the out- enlist in the army for a shorter term of service and afterwards continue their
going statesman has plenty of consolations for his self- esteem ; but in services in an army reserve," and this, as we have frequently pointed out,
France, if M. Bascule were turned out of his place what earthly solace is unquestionably the proper principle to proceed upon. But we have
could he have to compensate him? To-day he is the most powerful man in never attempted to disguise the fact that the establishment of such a
France, to-morrow he would be nobody. All the friends who now cheer system, which amounts to a complete reversal of our military policy, will
him so vociferously in the Corps Législatif would desert him to a man necessarily be attended with difficulty, and its adoption must, in the first
if he made any attempt to rally them round him into a party ; and instance, be of a tentative and partial character. We have no doubt of
if, deserting the Senate, he were to offer himself as a candidate for the ultimate success of the measure, or that, if heartily applied, it will grow
the Corps Législatif without the aid of official patronage, he would not apace. But it would be most improper and unwise to introduce it
find a single constituency throughout the empire to elect him. Truly, offhand, to the immediate destruction or weakening of the existing
then, when he performs his brilliant feats of rhetorical gymnastic , M. system or of any useful part of it. Earl Grey's argument apparently
Bascule is dancing on a slack wire. The caprice of an august lady thwarted is that the militia, " as at present constituted," is not a useful
in a wish or tired of seeing the same face always near her, the momentary part of our military system, and therefore that we shall gain more
pique of a fast-aging autocrat, the cabal of a few brainless courtiers --any than we shall lose by devoting all our energies to the formation of efficient
or all of these things might cause M. Bascule to lose his balance. I watched reserves, even although while so doing we find it necessary temporarily
him the other day when the Corps Législatif was dissolved. The men to abandon the militia. But the militia is, in fact, a very useful part of our
who for the last six years had obeyed his nod and voted as he told them system, as Lord Northbrook showed, and it contains the materials
were clustering about him exactly like schoolboys around the head-master of an excellent reserve. Its existence is in no way inconsistent with, but
on breaking-up day. Some were shaking hands with him, others looking is rather supplementary to and bound up with, the formation of an army
for a smile, others again shouting " Vive l'Empereur ! " to show that reserve. It must itself, as we have stated, under any organization, con-
they had not forgotten their lessons . And M. Bascule the while, with stitute our mainstay of reserve. What is needed is to make that mainstay,
a livid, dejected expression on his face, was glancing towards the Oppo- by expansion, reorganization, and training, a thoroughly sound efficient
sition benches, where a score of enthusiasts were crying, " Vive la liberté!" prop, upon which the regular army can safely lean.
The cry was loud and hearty, though the voices were few, and M. Bascule Lord Northbrook half implied that the failure of General Peel's army of
was perhaps wondering how many more there might be to join in it when reserve scheme had a sort of bearing upon the prospects of the short
next the deputies of the nation should be gathered in that place. Perhaps, service reserve system which is now generally advocated, and which the
too, he was thinking this, that if in the coming struggle but one score more Government are considering. By General Peel's scheme, men of good
were added to the number on those benches, the twenty new victories character are permitted to leave the army after seven years' service to join
would be too much for him ; and as he rose to cry " Vive l'Empereur " in the reserve. Hardly any men, says Lord Northbrook, have availed them-
his turn he may have thought of those gladiators who in another imperial selves of this permission ; and the scheme is admittedly a failure. Granted ;
city and, as we have found out, there was every reason to anticipate this failure,
66 shouted " Vive l'Empereur " on entering the lists. The cry then was,
Ave, Cæsar imperator, morituri te salutant ! " which has no connection with the proposed system, for these reasons :
First, the men to whom the offer was made were men who had enlisted in
the first instance for a prolonged military career, and they may therefore be
said to have deliberately accepted the military profession , in some sort, en
EARL GREY ON ARMY REFORM.
permanence. The majority are totally unfitted by habit and disposition to
THE attention of the House of Lords was again directed on Tuesday night resume civil life. In the second place this incapacity has been aggravated by
No one, as Lord Northbrook the absence of industrial employment in barracks, and the consequent more
to the subject of army organization.
admitted, is better entitled to be heard upon this question than Earl Grey, complete hardening of the soldier into something quite distinct from an
who many years ago, at a time when the principles of military organization industrious civilian. Finally, a first term of service of seven years is, as we have
were less generally studied and less perfectly understood than they are repeatedly insisted, too long. The severance which during this term of
now, advocated a reduction in the term of military service, and enumerated years takes place between the soldier and his civil interests and occupations
principles which in the main are now generally accepted as those upon is sufficiently complete to oppose, in the majority of cases, a permanent
which the reorganization of our military system should be based. Earl barrier between him and civil life. The proposed organization should
Grey's speech on Tuesday night was a forcible repetition of opinions which differ from that which has failed on each of these essential points.
the public have long learnt to associate with his name. He again urged The men who would pass into the reserve would not be those
the importance of creating an efficient and thoroughly trained reserve ; of who desired a prolonged term of military service. Such men would
accomplishing this by means of a reduced term of actual service, followed remain in the army and extend their services to foreign stations. A
by a reserve service ; together with the establishment of a system of system of industrial occupation and training would form an integral
military industrial training. It must, in one sense, be satisfactory to Lord part of the system. Thirdly, the term of active service ought to
Grey to compare the reception which these views now receive with that be considerably less than seven years. This point of the precise
which was accorded to them on their first enunciation . Thirty-five years duration of service is so important that we desire again emphatically to
ago they were too far in advance of the age to find acceptance ; now they express our conviction that the adoption of so long a term as seven years
are so generally admitted that it is in their application, and in the choice. will be quite sufficient of itself to ensure the failure of the experiment. We
of the many suggested schemes for giving effect to them, that the difficulty are disposed also to take serious exception to Lord Northbrook's statement
principally lies. In fact, to use a racing phrase, Earl Grey is " coming that we should leave out of account in reorganizing our system the possi-
back to his horses." He no longer rides alone at the head of the race. bility of having to carry an aggressive war into an enemy's country. It
There are those about him as eager to reach the goal as himself, and the ought always to be in our power to strike a blow if we desired ; it
might often be necessary or strategically wise to do so. And such
* A senator may resign his seat in France. Count Walewski established the a contingency, although it is more remote and less pressing than the
precedent in 1865. He left the Senate and was elected to the Corps Législatif, of which consideration of home defence, is one which no statesman could safely
he was forthwith appointed President. ignore.
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MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 13
the whole
il , we heart THE " KROOMLEES" she exists, a treatment so harsh and unequal that the greatest penalty a
dvocating Christian Raiah can dread is to be assimilated with a Mahometan.
rease of IN an out-of-the-way corner, no corner more so, of the Ottoman Empire Enough of the facts ; there are more, but let them go ; a plain state-
reserve. has occurred a movement which, judging by the number of persons ment might involve the risk of a prosecution for libel. Let us rather look
ting to le concerned, not above five thousand at most, might seem insignificant, yet at the consequences.
n of anar merits attention, because it indicates two dangerous shoals, one imme- That a community recognized as Christian at the epoch when the
e other ni diately ahead of the Turkish flag, the other not far distant ; two problems " nefoos-parasi," or yearly payment, was permitted to the Christian inhabi-
The obe easy of solution perhaps in the eyes of Western theorists, by no means tants of Turkey in lieu of arms and military service, should in itself and
which,asE equally easy in Eastern practice. Does the exchange of Islam for Chris- in its descendants continue to enjoy the inglorious exemption , may be
orthy reser tianity exempt Ottoman subjects, previously Mahometan, from the impolitic, may be an evil for the empire ; still it rests on a guaranteed
remedy th obligation of military service ? and how long is the present state of right, and cannot be violated in whole or in part so long as the empire
ent staff, a things, in which the whole burden of army conscription in all its itself continues to recognize the decrees of Sultan Mahmood and Sultan
her channe branches falls solely and exclusively on the Mahometan population, to Abd-el-Mejeed. But to extend the same privilege to all who in future time
lar army s continue ? may quit the creed of Mahomet for that of Photius, of Pius, or of Calvin,
We said that the movement in question has taken place on an obscure is simply to hold out a premium for apostasy and a bribe for disloyalty
ate rapo
Sort m corner of the Turkish stage, namely, the province of Trebizond, better and desertion. The example set by the " Kroomlees " may spread much
known as Pontus or Colchis. Still more obscure to fame are the four or or spread little ; it has already, we understand, been taken up by some
to l
five thousand actors, the " Kroomlees," or inhabitants of the village of other villagers of the neighbourhood ; but, much or little, the precedent is
experime
oubters Kroom, whence their name, and of the adjoining district, situate among equally immoral and disastrous. The Christian section of the empire will
the fertile soil-covered mountains that rise south and south-east of the be more confirmed in their alienation from their Mahometan subject-
the hig town of Trebizond.
rsede ti 27 brethren, and from the Government which they still, however half-
Our " Kroomlees are a peculiar race, and distinct at first sight from mindedly, avow ; while though the Islam themselves are in general, what-
ndeed, al
the populations, Turkoman, Laz, or Armenian, which surround them. ever their faults, somewhat too high-spirited to purchase the privilege
Earl Grey
Whence their origin history affords no direct evidence ; but, to judge of poltroons by the title of apostates, yet mean and sordid spirits
velopment
from their type of feature, spoken dialect, and other peculiarities physical can never be wanting in a crowd ; and the ill leaven would sour, even
nd we da and moral, they are in the main descended from Byzantine immigrants, where it did not ferment. Of the just and reasonable disgust of the more
out the that is, from the mixed rabble of medieval Constantinople and its steadfast Mahometans we need not speak ; to find oneselfmaltreated in pro-
ished the suburbs, where, as Finlay avers, " whether the Asiatics, the Greeks, or the portion to one's honesty, and petted in proportion to one's disaffection and
lingly, in Sclavonians formed the greater number of the inhabitants cannot be ascer- defection, is a bad incentive to loyalty.
If of the tained." It is probable that this settlement took place at or near the time But a wider question opens here. Is the exemption of Christians from
d North when Alexios Comnenos and his brother David, escaping to Colchis, first military service to be permanent in the Ottoman Empire ? or how long are
O WOLN raised Trebizond to a narrow and unstable pinnacle of empire, and made the Mahometans to bear alone a burden, heavy enough if distributed among
nuether it a convenient refuge for their Byzantine fellow-citizens from Latin invasion the shoulders of all, far too heavy for the very limited number of those who
ted out, and the fanaticism of Crusaders in the thirteenth century. Of the old at present alone support it ? And if a change is to be brought about, how?
we have Hellene stock we find no trace or vestige, though the inhabitants of and in what measure ?
such a Surmeneh and Of, villages on the adjoining coast, claim, with good title it
seems, to be the true descendants of the earliest Greek colonizers of the
be first Pontine coast, the Jasons of classic times ; while, singular to say, THE RASKOLNIKS OF RUSSIA.
ubt of they contrast with the " Kroomlees " in the steadfast fervour of their
crow Mahometanism, not untinged with bigotry. But to return to our subject. SOME years ago, it is said, one of our consuls favoured the Foreign Office
Whatever Christianity the " Kroomlees " had, whatever faith in the with a report on some wonderful sects which, according to him, had lately
isting Theotokos and in St. Eugenius, the Byzantine patrons of Trebizond, faded sprung into existence within the pale of the Russian Church. " It's
rently before the rising fortunes of Islam in the fifteenth century ; and the evident he has never seen Haxthausen's book ; send him out a copy," was
seful Dimitris and Constantins of the land hastened to write themselves the only remark his report elicited from his chief on its arrival. The book
more down Ahmeds and Mehemets, bore witness to the unity of God, was sent, and the consul doubtless gained a good deal of information from
ciert bowed towards the kibleh, contributed their quota to the irregular its pages. It is strange that while so excellent a description of Russia
troops of the then Mahometan armies, and cursed the Giaours exists as Haxthausen has written, so little should generally be known
eur with orthodox energy. But blood is thicker than water ; and while about the country. We can only suppose that the book is not as widely
ria's the outer man adopted the symbols of the Crescent, the inner man known as it deserves to be. That being the case, it may be worth our
but of the " Kroomlee " remained true to the Cross ; nay, they privately while, now that public attention has been called to the subject of the
my reviled the Prophet, and maintained in secret the rites and practices Raskolniki, to glean from Haxthausen's pages a few statements relative to
On which their lips publicly denounced as idolatrous and polytheistic. So the most eccentric of the sects into which those Russian schismatics are
runs their tale. Whether men deserve belief when they declare themselves divided.
to have been systematical and secular liars is a question we leave to Phil- Of these sects about two hundred are said to have been described by
hellenes and casuists. Archbishop Dmitry of Rostof, in the book which he wrote about them a
of Still, however great and enduring may have been their Christian sympa- century and a half ago. Since his time many of these have died out, but
art thies, they were carefully concealed by our Mahometanized Byzantines ; others have also sprung into life, so that an exhaustive work on the subject
and even the Nizam of Sultan Mahmood counted in its ranks villagers of would be likely to be a long one. All that we intend to do at present
ad Kroom no less than of Ak-Kopree or any other Turkish hamlet. But is to take a hasty glance at the most striking forms assumed by Russian
n when the edicts of Gul-Khaneh, followed by the Tanzeemat, and the over- dissent, relying for the most part upon Haxthausen, but making use also of
1- much cited Hatti-Hamaioun of 1856 heralded the dawn of Christian various other works in which the subject is treated, and particularly of the
supremacy ; and the growing influence of Russia on these coasts, an collection of documents printed by the Russian Government, to which we
influence tenfold more corroborated by the conquest ofthe Caucasus than alluded in a recent article.
ever it had been impaired by the transient reverses of Kertch and Sebas- The wildest among the Russian fanatics are the Morelshchiki, or
topol, promised efficient aid to the execution of designs that unaided Immolators. Their leading idea is to mortify the flesh for the sake of
cowardice still shrank from undertaking, the " Kroomlees " threw off the saving the soul, and in order to do this efficiently they have recourse to
mask, if mask it was, and declared themselves Greeks and Christians. By various means of mutilation and death. Sects inculcating the virtues of
the former title they appealed to, and readily obtained, the politic sympathies suicide and murder naturally do all they can to keep their existence
of Russia, who even went so far as to supply a considerable number of her a secret, but every now and then a horrible story comes from the
new protégés with passports of Russian nationality at a moderate price ; by interior of some gloomy forest or dreary waste, which tells how some of
the latter they vindicated to themselves, or thought to vindicate, the great these wretched people have died. Sometimes a deep pit is dug in the
privilege which exempts Christian flesh and blood from the hazards and earth and half filled with wood and straw. This is set alight, and when
sufferings of a soldier's career in the Ottoman army. the whole mass is in a blaze the miserable creatures leap into the pit and
The Turkish Government foresaw whither all this tended, but tempo- are consumed in the fire, wildly singing hymns as they burn. At other
rized, willing to put off the evil day. Accordingly, the conversion, or times they meet in a wooden house, round which they have piled heaps of
re-conversion, little matters which, of the " Kroomlees " was silently and, straw ; and in it they deliberately burn themselves to death, their neigh-
so to speak, passively acknowledged ; and an unusually large levy of bours looking on quietly the while ; for the act is a sacred one ; the victims
recruits raised during the first years of their change served conveniently to are undergoing " baptism by fire." Some years ago, says Haxthausen, a
defer further demands of a critical character. Meanwhile the Neo- congregation of Immolators assembled at a spot on the left bank of the
Christians appealed to all the European consulates, and intrigued with Volga, and agreed to put each other to death. But after six and thirty
some ; gaining thus much, at least, to deter their rulers from any active of them had fallen, "the desire of life awoke in a young woman, and
measures.
But the position was too false to last indefinitely ; and an she fled to a neighbouring village. The people repaired to the scene
atempt, wise or not, to enforce conscription has now provoked from the of action, and found two of the murderers still alive, and forty- seven
" Kroomlees " another and a more pressing appeal to consular protection ; persons dead. The two who were taken were knouted -exulting
backed up by threats of emigration , as a final protest against the perse- at every stroke at the martyrdom they were undergoing." It is to
cution that would actually subject Christians to the yoke so patiently this sect that the Scoptsi belong, of whom we have spoken in a pre-
borne by their Mahometan fellow- subjects. ceding article.
Could any severer satire be devised on Eastern Christianity, Russia, Next in singularity to these people come the Khlisti, or Scourgers - the
and Turkey, all three? Here stands forth the first, unblushingly avowing Flagellants of the Middle Ages-whose notion of a religious service is a
itself timid and hypocritical in concealment ; self-interested and disloyal in wild dance accompanied by severe castigation . In the middle of the
manifestation ; apostate in either case. The second prostitutes her room in which they meet stands a vessel containing water, and to this they
imperial honour and policy to the vile ends of intrigue and sedition, by the go from time to time, in order to wet their heads or to drink out of their
yet viler means of such men as these. And beside them stands Turkey, hands. Then they resume their stamping and their flogging, until they
self-convicted of inflicting on her Mahometan subjects, the Islam by whom fall down utterly exhausted, or convulsions seize them, during which they
[ 213 ]
 14 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

utter ravings which they call prophecies. Every Easter night, one of his one mother, universal matter or nature, the earth." Consequently, the
secretaries told Haxthausen, the fanatics " all assemble for a great Dukhobortsi never call their parents " father " or " mother," but only " old
solemnity, the worship of the Mother of God. A virgin, fifteen years of man " and " old woman ;" and a parent does not speak of " my " children,
age, whom they have induced to act the part by tempting promises, is bound but of " ours," meaning the community's.
and placed in a tub of warm water ; some old women come and first The career of the great chief of the Dukhobortsi, Kapustin by name,
make a large incision in the left breast, then cut it off, and stanch had something in common with that of John of Leyden. He must have
the blood in a wonderfully short time. Other barbarities follow, too been no common man who, although " merely an uncultivated Russian
shocking to be told. During these operations a mystical picture of the peasant," was able to create, and maintain for several years, " a complete
Holy Spirit is put into the victim's hand, in order that she may be absorbed theocratic State, comprising 4,000 persons- a platonic Utopia founded
in regarding it." Afterwards a wild dance takes place around the tub, upon religious, Christian, and Gnostic principles." It was near the Sea of
kept up by the whole congregation until their strength is exhausted. Azof that the Dukhobortsi settled, and there Kapustin, who had persuaded
The girls who have been thus mutilated are ever afterwards considered them that the soul of Christ dwelt in his body, ruled them despotically.
sacred. At the age of nineteen or twenty they are said to look like In 1814 he was imprisoned, but he was soon liberated on bail. After
women of fifty or sixty, and they generally die before reaching their a time he disappeared, and it was not till long after he was
thirtieth year.
dead that the cave in which he had spent the last years of his
Another very singular sect, which existed in former days, was that of the life became known to the public. After his death the colony fell into
Beslovesniki, or the Dumb, but they seem to have died out. Scarcely any disorder. The Council of Elders which ruled it " became a terrible inquisi-
thing is known about them, for as soon as any one joined the community tional tribunal. " Torture and death followed close upon the slightest sign
he became mute, and from that time forward no articulate sound ever of an intention to go over to the Russian Church. "Within a few years
escaped his lips. Various attempts have been made at different times to about two hundred people disappeared, leaving scarcely a trace behind ;
torture them into speaking, but always in vain. " A governor-general of an investigation by the authorities, too late to prevent the mischief, revealed
Siberia, named Pestal, in the time of Catherine II. , ordered them to be a dreadful state of things : bodies were found buried alive, and many muti-
tortured in the most horrible manner. The soles of their feet were tickled, lated." In 1842 and the following year most of the Dukobortsi were
and melted sealing-wax was dropped upon their bodies ; but they did not transplanted to the Caucasus.
utter a sound." Such are a few of the strangest offshoots from the main body of Russian
Not quite so wild as these sects, but still sufficiently erratic, are those of dissent. Of the great mass of the Raskolniki, comprising the Old Believers
the Molokani and the Dukhobortsi. The Molokaní are so styled by the and other respectable sects, our space has not permitted us to speak,
people, on account of the quantity of milk (Moloko) they consume, but they
call themselves " true Christians." The sect has existed about a century,
during which time its members have generally led peaceful and steady FRANCE.
lives, in many respects resembling those of the Moravians. Now and
(FROM A PARISIAN . )
then, however, they are carried away by outbursts of fanaticism, as on April 29.
one occasion when a Molokan rushed into the midst of a Church THE third Parliament of the Second Empire expired on Monday. It died
procession, seized a picture of a saint, threw it on the ground, and as it had lived ; it died and made no sign-of independence. The Corps
then trampled on it. At first the bystanders stood silently aghast ; but Législatif has borne to its unhonoured grave the stain of that original sin
they soon recovered from the shock and piously put the offender to death. which it received at its birth, the sin of official nomination, and on no one
In the year 1833 a certain fanatic named Terenty began to preach occasion has it attempted to wipe that stain away and to redeem itself.
repentance to the Molokani. He gave himself out as the prophet Elias, Our deputies, with the exception of a nominally insignificant minority,
ordered them to desist from all work and to give themselves up exclusively may boast that they have faithfully performed the service for which
to praying and singing hymns, announced that the millennium was close they were engaged, and they can boldly claim the continuance
at hand, and ultimately fixed a day on which he promised to reascend to of further favours. No factious opposition has turned them from
heaven before their eyes. When the appointed day arrived he appeared the path of duty ; no doubts, no fears, have arrested their docile
in a carriage, and ordered the crowd which had assembled to meet him , votes. They have never contradicted, thwarted, nay, even questioned
composed of many thousands of Molokani from all parts of Russia, to the Government. The Mexican expedition, a ruinous system of expendi-
the
kneel down and pray with him. At the end of his prayer he flapped his ture, the wavering and tortuous foreign policy of latter years which has
arms and tried to fly ; but he only fell heavily to the ground, injuring a inflicted on France the burden of war in the midst of peace- in a word,
woman in his fall. A great uproar followed, and his disappointed disciples all the caprices of personal government-they have, in obedience to their
handed him over to the police, who sent him to prison for a time. After origin, sanctioned and applauded. They would have voted the suppression
his release he recovered some of his influence over the Molokani, to of the Corps Législatif nad they been asked to do so, and would have cried
whom he preached the coming end of the world till the day of his " Vive l'Empereur ! " as they dispersed . And now they must face once
death. Eventually his flock migrated to Georgia, where they settled more their nominal electors-that universal suffrage which was supposed to
down within view of Ararat and united with a colony of Lutherans from have chosen them. What will the country say? Will it take the lesson
Wurtemberg. to heart and understand the danger of an entirely unchecked and
When Napoleon was in Russia the Molokani imagined that he was uncontrolled executive ? Will it see that to have independent deputies
"the Lion of the Valley of Jehoshaphat described in their old Psalms, you must take independent candidates, and reject steadfastly Govern-
who was destined to overthrow the false Emperor, and restore the throne of ment nominees ? The most sanguine among us scarcely dare to
the white Czar." So the Tambof Molokani appointed a deputation from their hope it.
body " to go clothed in white and present an address to him," in the year I have no wish to indulge in a retrospect of the labours of our
1812. The deputies made their way through Little Russia and Poland, ex-Legislature - it would be at once a useless and a wearisome task ; but
as far as the Vistula, but there they were made prisoners. One of them the sittings which marked its close were too characteristic to be passed by
escaped, and got safely home ; the rest were never heard of again. without notice. Those last three or four days- say since the date of my
Liprandi, in the report he drew up (in Russian) for the Government in the last letter- were very discreditable in more ways than one. I am not
year 1853 , says that " the Napoleonovshchina, or sect of worshippers of alluding to that crowning vote in favour of the old soldiers of the Republic
Napoleon, reappeared in 1820 at Byelostok, and at Pskoff, and again in 1844, and the Empire, although it was certainly not edifying to see a sum which
at Moscow." The worshippers of Napoleon at Moscow meet with the utmost has been estimated at about £ 2,500,000 sterling voted away on a sign from
secrecy in a private stone house in the middle of the town. There, after the Emperor after the Chamber had openly and repeatedly adhered to the
performing other rites, they prostrate themselves before a bust of Napoleon declaration of the Minister of Finance that no extra outlay of the most
as before a divinity. For them Napoleon is still living, and they believe that trifling amount, even for the most useful purposes, could be incurred
some day he will return from Siberia, together with the Emperor Peter III. without endangering the equilibrium of the Budget. It was expecting too
Then Peter will mount the throne of the world, and Napoleon will much, perhaps, of our deputies to hope that they would oppose the clearly
command the legions of the faithful under him. Liprandi goes on to tell expressed wish of the Sovereign and wound his religious feelings by showing
how the police contrived in November, 1846, to get hold of certain secret him that Napoleon-worship has ceased to be the creed of educated France ;
pictures belonging to this sect ; one of which he laid before the Minister and yet, sooner or later, it must come to that.
of the Interior. These pictures were printed on very thin paper, in order If the Imperial Constitution of 1852 is to work at all, the Emperor
that, being slipped between the leaves of books and atlases, they might get must make up his mind to see his measures sometimes rejected. He
passed on unseen from hand to hand. And these pictures represented knows as well as anybody that the dictatorial period has passed away.
" Napoleon ascending into heaven." Liprandi ends his report (which Some kind of constitutional check he must submit to ; some responsibility,
was never intended to be other than strictly private and confidential) by other than a merely nominal one, he must accept. There are several kinds
remarking how strange it is that " in Moscow there should have sprung up of responsibility out of which he may choose. There is the responsibility—
a religious sect of Napoleon-worshippers " ! so essentially French-- which culminates in revolution and a change of
From among the Molokani have arisen the Dukhobortsi or soul-wrestlers, dynasty ; then there is ministerial responsibility, which ends, as with you,
who hold that " the Dukhoborets is God, and cannot sin, but the non- in a change of Cabinet. The Emperor will have neither of these ; he must,
Dukhoborets is radically wicked- all that he does, even what appears to be therefore, make up his mind to that other sort of responsibility,
good, is sin." One of their characteristics is " the remarkably handsome à l'Américaine, which would place him in direct contact with the legisla-
forms both of the men and women, and the health and strength they ture. He must consent to have his measures discussed and vetoed, if need
display." This is partly to be accounted for by the fact that they put to be, by the Assembly. Napoleon III. has more than once pointed out
death every child that is delicate or deformed. "The soul," they say, with complacency the resemblance which, in his opinion, exists between
" being the likeness of God, must dwell in a worthy, noble, and vigorous the institutions of the Second Empire and those of the United
body. If we find it in a weak and poor one, we are bound to free it States, and being a man of inventive genius- as, indeed, the above
from its ignoble prison ; it then chooses for itself, according to the law of discovery abundantly proves- he may, in the interest of his dynasty, find
the transmigration of souls, another and a better body." Such child out some way of turning himself into a sort of Imperial President.
murder gives little pain to the parents, for their theory is that " the soul, The time is come, say some of his best friends ; in my opinion, the time
the image of God, recognizes no earthly father or mother," and that " there is gone by. But I am digressing, and must return to the last days of our
is only one father, the totality of God, who lives in every individual ; and defunct Assembly. One word more, however, I must add on the subject
[ 214 ]
7, 1869. PALL MALL BUDGE
MAY 7, 1869. ] T 15

quently, the
of the old soldiers. Thanks to the numberless calculations to which the every provincial Haussmann. Each municipality, down to the smallest
it only "of
y" childre grant on their behalf has given rise, certain very suggestive figures have conimune, vies with its neighbour and spends beyond its means. A town
been once more brought before the public which should go far, one would like Grenoble, for instance, where the prefect receives a salary of
in by name think, to damp popular enthusiasm on the occasion of the National £1,200, will erect a palace to lodge that functionary which will cost
must have Jubilee. The man whose birth is to be celebrated as a public festival about £40,000. Saintes, a still less important town, has spent half
ed Russi throughout France called upon her during the ten years his empire as much again. It would seem, at first sight, that the evil was
lasted to furnish him with 2,163,000 soldiers. Such is the authentic summing easy to guard against, for the communes and departments are,
a complete
Dia founded up of the conscription levies from 1805 to 1814. All these soldiers, by law, considered as minors, and can neither borrow nor pledge
the Seaf however, it must be remembered, were not called into active service, their revenues without the authorization of their guardian, the State.
although all were withdrawn from their peaceful avocations and their homes ; But in the first place, where the guardian himself is a spendthrift,
persuaded
the conquered provinces annexed to France furnished, too, their quota of his advice is not likely to outweigh his example ; and, secondly, all laws of
espotica chair à canon, and the peace of 1814 liberated many of the conscripts of "local interest," as they are termed, which authorize the towns or depart-
Dail. Afte
the last levies ; still, there remains a formidable set- off against Napoleonic ments to raise money, are hurried through the Corps Législatif without
he was glory. It is calculated that there are still living more than 80,000 soldiers being inquired into. Seventeen of these laws were voted without discussion
Ers of his
who fought in the wars of the Republic and the Empire, but as there are on the last day of the session. The president, the secretary, and the
fell into
certain conditions attached to the new bounty- such as wounds, or two reporter of the Commissions, which examine them in the Bureaux, are
le inusi campaigns-there will not be many more than 40,000 recipients ofit. About generally chosen from the deputies of the departments concerned in the
htest g
an equal number of old soldiers- the youngest of whom must be seventy- matter, and they are but too willing to pander to the vanity of their
few years The result is often that the money
three-will therefore be left out, after having had their hopes excited fellow-citizens and constituents.
e behind :
by the Imperial letter, and these will probably look coldly on the which has been squandered in foolish expenditure is not forth-
revealed National Jubilee. It is not very easy, you see, even for a socialist and coming for necessaries, and that for these the State is ultimately
any mati- almost omnipotent Emperor to satisfy completely one single class of his resorted to. Thus, the department of the Corrèze, which has just
rts were subjects. received State aid to the amount of £ 60,000 for its parish roads, had
This was the last act of the Legislature, but during the four or five spent previously nearly £40,000 on a splendid mansion for the prefect.
Russian days which preceded it every imaginable subject was touched upon, and Those who have had dealings with the Micawbers of private life know
Believers more especially every impost was put in question in a hopeless, desultory that it is a general rule with them to squander their resources, great or
k manner, thoroughly unworthy of the representatives of France. It was small, on luxuries, and never to ask for loans but for the butcher, the
proposed, first by one member and then by another, to repeal, reduce, or baker, or the rent. But what can be said of a nation with a whole
readjust every tax from which the public revenue is derived. The hierarchy of administrative Micawbers ?
tax on salt, the stamp duties on newspapers and bills of exchange,
the rate of postage, the duties on wine and spirits, the town dues
29. or octrois, were all discussed in extremis, without the remotest chance THE PARISIAN STAGE.
t died of any practical result, and dismissed with overwhelming negative
Corps votes. At the eleventh hour, and in a single sitting, the system of THE old Théâtre du Vaudeville, so long a familiar object in the Place de
al sin canalization of France, the necessity of trial by jury for the offences of la Bourse, now belongs to the past, and the great event of the day is the
o one the press, the monopolies of the publishing trade, and last, not least, the recent opening of the new theatre, situated at the corner of the Rue de la
itself obnoxious law known as the law of public safety (loi de sureté générale), were Chaussée d'Antin. The solemnities of the occasion commenced with a
ority, brought forward for no other purpose, it would seem, than to furnish oppor- prologue in verse, which the influx of an impatient public rendered almost
hich tunities for making speeches in view of the coming elections. I have said inaudible, and which was followed by three new pieces.
ence that this was discreditable, because the Assembly had been sitting since the The first of these, entitled " Les Oublieuses," was a trifle in one act by
com middle of January, taking innumerable holidays, setting languidly to work M. Edmond Gondinet, author of that very respectable comedy, " Le
cile --when it did work- at about two o'clock and breaking up at a quarter to Comte Jacques." The action takes place at the seaside town Trouville,
ned six ; so that the real business of the House has been wilfully postponed, or where a number of young married ladies have congregated for the sake less
di rather shirked. of health than of recreation. To prolong the period of liberty they have
has The small knot of Opposition members must be held blameless in this informed their husbands, by means of the telegraph, that they are indisposed,
rd, respect. When, at the beginning of the session, they wished to make but the worthy gentlemen, being more affectionate than was supposed,
er their interpellations, they were told that these would naturally find their hasten to the spot in time to find the lovely invalids dressing for a ball. As
on place during the discussion of the divers chapters of the Budget ; and the they have good tempers as well as warm hearts, no great harm ensues
ed Budget having been kept back to the last, they have been cheated of their beyond the failure of the piece, which has already disappeared from the
-ce opportunity. But this being the case, it would have been more dignified, programme.
10 I think, to have simply entered a protest. Mere speechifying, pure and More successful is the second work, " Le Contrat," a comedy in two
simple, is very puerile ; and when it may be mistaken for electioneering acts, written by M. Henri Meilhac. Georges d'Alteyrac, entangled in a
d clap-trap it is something worse. guilty liaison with Mdme. Hélène Aubertin, is on the point of marrying
S There is no doubt that many excellent things were said on this or that Jeanne, an intimate friend of his mistress, and- what is more remarkable
subject during this rapid survey of our finances and institutions. -the project of marriage has originated with Hélène herself, on her
M. Pouyer-Quertier, the great protectionist, for instance, in a very able discovery of the love of Jeanne for Georges. Unluckily, the liaison comes
speech pointed out the defective state of our canals as compared with to the knowledge of Jeanne's cousin, Casteja, who feels himself morally
those of England, and said with great truth that it would take a man much bound to prevent the match, and as he declares that to carry out his object
longer to go by water from Strasbourg to Marseilles than to go from Havre he will not shrink from creating a scandal, Georges feels compelled to back
to India. There is no doubt that what I would venture to call the " peace out, on the pretext that he does not love his intended bride. Hélène is,
armament " of France is still very incomplete, both as regards railways and however, magnanimous enough to sacrifice herself for the general
canals ; but what then ? M. Pouyer Quertier admits himself that four good, and, confessing her fault to Casteja and Jeanne, bids an eternal
millions sterling would be required to give France a complete net- farewell to her lover. We may add that she is represented by Mdme.
work of water-roads, and does he not know that, having so many Doche.
ironclads and Chassepots to buy, she cannot afford any other The third piece, a farce in one act, written by MM. Labiche and
expense? It is very hard, certainly, that we should pay 2d. for Delacour, and called " Le Choix d'un Gendre," has likewise proved
inland postage when you only pay 1d.; but how could we, with successful. The title refers to the difficulty experienced by M. François
so many soldiers to maintain, bear even a temporary diminution in the Trugadin in selecting a suitable husband for the younger of his two
revenue ? It seems hard, too, that common wine which costs five francs the daughters. The marriage of the elder has been unlucky, and the fond
hundred litres should pay twenty-two francs and a half duty on entering parent is resolved that he will not be mistaken a second time. Therefore,
Paris ; and harder still, perhaps, that the duty should be no higher for wines to study the character of Count Emile de Montmeillan, who has presented
costing a hundred times this sum . It is equally true that the tax on salt is himself as a suitor, he enters his service disguised and sedulously performs
a burden on agriculture, but how can we abolish our most productive taxes all the duties of a menial. For some time the observations made
when, as it is, we are living beyond our income ? in this favourable position are in the highest degree satisfactory,
The financial fact that without a surplus in hand taxation may be but at last a lady of the demi-monde, Mdlle. Mandolina, makes her
shifted, but cannot be reduced, never seems to have occurred to some of appearance, and Trugadin, feeling his suspicions aroused, does all he
the speakers. In most cases no efficient substitute was even suggested can to discover the particulars of her intimacy with the master he has
for the taxes it was proposed to repeal ; while on the other hand the aid imposed upon himself, intending to break it off if occasion requires.
of the State was repeatedly called for. At last, some one fortunately While he is thus occupied his cashier, Bidonneau (played by Arnal), who
quoted from Bastiat's " Sophismes Economiques " a passage asserting rents a lodging of the Comte de Montmeillan, calls upon his landlord to
that it is not possible at once to reduce the revenue and increase the discuss a question of repairs, and is surprised to find his employer in such
expenditure, and this produced a great effect on the Assembly. One a humiliating condition. However, he is soon initiated into the secret,
would have thought that it was scarcely necessary to invoke the and in consideration of an advance of salary, consents to become a
authority of a great economist to establish such an axiom, and that any coachman and aid Trugadin in his curious inquiries. When sufficient
honourable member might have derived the same information from his "fun " has been extracted from the false position of the merchant and his
cook. cashier, the farce is brought to a conclusion, Mandolina being sent off to
M. Glais- Bizoin made the most sweeping proposal of all--nothing less, Russia with a few bank-notes in her pocket and an engagement for the
in fact, than the total abolition of octrois or town dues. The measure, excel- theatre at St. Petersburg, and Trugadin consenting to the marriage of his
lent in itself, belongs unfortunately to the region of dreams, our towns daughter with Montmeillan.
being for the most part head over ears in debt, and having, in imitation of The story of Faust and Gretchen has been turned into a burlesque
Paris, pledged their resources for years to come. It is not generally known, opera by MM. Hector Crémieux and Adolphe Jaime, and has been
even here, to what an extent the pernicious example of the capital has been produced at the Folies-Dramatiques with music by M. Hervé, as " Le
followed throughout the empire. Splendid boulevards, magnificent petit Faust. "
buildings- comparatively magnificent and splendid- are the ambition of At the Palais Royal there is a new three-act comedy of the kind
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 16 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

proper to that theatre, bearing the title " Gavaut, Minard, et Compagnie. " from his Majesty that I would take him to the Commander-in-Chief, to whom he was
As is frequently the case in England, the " Co." of this firm does not commissioned to deliver a letter from his royal master. I accompanied the messenger
correspond to any human reality, the only partners being MM . Gavaut in the first instance to Colonel Merewether, and from thence we three proceeded together
and Minard, who are engaged in the cotton trade at Saint Sever, to the Commander-in- Chief's tent. His Excellency thereupon asked me to assist in
near Rouen. They have amassed a considerable fortune, although translating the letter verbally into English, which I did, with the aid of Samuel, who had
there is anything but an entente cordiale between them, it being the joined us in the meantime, and who first rendered the Amharic into Arabic. Samuel was
fixed principle of each partner always to consult the other and never then on the point of going up to Salámgê, to co-operate in bringing down the European
to follow the advice received. The only point on which they artisans and also to superintend the safe transport of my luggage and that of my released
fellow captives from Magdala, and he had been instructed to inform the King that his
agree is an unqualified admiration for their head clerk Térence, a
letter had been received, and that his messenger, Alaka Engada, was detained in order
scapegrace who has seduced a young sempstress and afterwards deserted
that he might carry back a reply to his Majesty. This part of the transaction, your
her to pay court to no less a person than Mdme. Minard, an emotional
grace will perceive, is corroborated by Colonel Merewether's statement as contained in
lady, with a strong belief in her powers of fascination. Unacquainted with Lord Napier's recent letter to your address. The only discrepancy in the two accounts
these details of profligacy, M. Gavaut proposes to marry Térence to one of is the substitution by Colonel Merewether of Dajjaj Aalamee for Alaka Engada--
his three daughters, no matter which, but his views are not in accordance evidently a clerical error, since the Dajjaj set out with Samuel and his party for
with those of the young ladies themselves, who have set their affec- Magdala.
tions on three magnificent hussars. To escape the importunities Here I may venture to remark that had this arrangement been adhered to, the
of their father and Térence, who would like well enough to marry one alleged misapprehension or mistake which subsequently arose regarding the Commander-
of his master's daughters, no matter which, the damsels take refuge with in-Chief's reply, touching the proffered cattle, might have been rectified ; but for
an aunt at Havre, who soon sends them back to their papa ; but some reason or other no reply whatever was subsequently sent either by Alaka
when they are again at Rouen a new affair engages the attention of the Ingada, who was kept in the British camp until Magdala was captured, or by any other
partners. A letter, directed to the firm, and bearing the signature " Clara," person.
announces the approaching arrival of a son, the result of some forgotten After Theodore's letter had been translated, sentence by sentence, Samuel requested
adventure, and Gavaut and Minard both dive into the recesses of memory me to ask the Commander-in-Chief what answer he was to give the King about
to discover to which of the two the honour of paternity most probably the proposed present of cows and sheep contained in his Majesty's letter. Sir William
belongs. Both, however, agree to receive him without recognizing his Merewether is positive that no words were uttered in reply to this question, and that his
peculiar claim, and to engage him in the house as a domestic. At this Excellency " simply bowed his head. " My own conviction is, notwithstanding-
juncture, a clerk in quest of a place, and bearing " Théodore " as his only and I was nearest to the Commander - in - Chief on the occasion — that the
name, presents himself. By the gentlemen he is supposed to be the words " I accept them " were uttered. Acting, therefore, on the conviction that Sir
expected son, while Mdme. Minard takes him for a culprit who, Robert Napier had accepted the present, I communicated the same to Samuel, who
accused of the murder of one of his friends, is endeavouring to forthwith departed with the European artisans to convey the favourable reply to
Theodore.
escape the clutch of justice. Her suspicions are confirmed by the
mysterious appearance of a gendarme, who, however, is simply the Now, I beg respectfully to submit to your grace that the principal question here,
so far as my conduct in the matter is involved, is not whether Sir Robert Napier signified
maidservant's sweetheart, and on investigation the fact transpires that
Théodore, instead of being an assassin, has been slightly assaulted by his acceptance of the proffered gift in words, but whether his Excellency signified as
much in such a way as to warrant the message which I communicated to Samuel on his
a friend, and has come to the house on the strength of a report that behalf.
Mdme. Minard is well-affected towards good-looking young men in general.
On this point I beg to remark, in the first place, that if I remember aright, Mr. Mun-
A baby that arrives in a cradle, and is a gift from the forsaken damsel to
zinger, the British consular agent at Massowah, was also present on the occasion, and as
Térence, solves the enigma, and the Mdlles. Gavaut, now justified that gentleman knows Arabic and English well, he would certainly have corrected me
in their objection to the libertine clerk, are at liberty to marry their had he thought that I had misunderstood Sir Robert Napier's answer. That he did not
hussars. The author of this complicated tale of profligacy is M. E. believe I had made any such mistake will appear in the sequel.
Gondinet. But, my lord, apart from any extraneous testimony, I think it is clear from Lord
The Théâtre Déjazet, usually appropriated to the merest trifles, has Napier's own remarks, when he says " the subsequent reference to the offered cattle led
lately astonished the world by the production of a five-act piece, written me to regard them in the same light as those that accompanied every other letter that
by M. E. Brisebarre, and entitled " La Comédie de la Vie." The life I had received from chiefs in Abyssinia "—I say it is obvious from these observations
represented is simply that of the stage, a certain Théâtre de Richebraque that he had notified his acceptance of the gift . It was only afterwards, according to his
being the point round which the action revolves. We have the director, lordship's own authority, when he intimates that he first heard of the largeness of the
who gathers the other personages about him ; a physician, who spoils his present, that he refused to accept it.
practice by ministering gratis to the ladies and gentlemen ofthe "profession ;" In order, however, to place the fact beyond doubt that others besides myself,
à gentleman who ruins himself for the sake of an actress, whom he after- who were present on the occasion, understood that Sir Robert ¡Napier had accepted
wards quits and who poisons herself at a supper ; a second violin and an the proferred gift, I am constrained to bring the following additional circumstances to
-:
Irish baronet who worship the actress ; and the wife and son of the your grace's notice :-
physician, who appear as victims of his indiscretion. All these are worked Shortly after the interview in the Commander-in-Chief's tent I found Colonel
into a piece, which is merely called " pièce," being neither comedy, Merewether, Colonel Thesiger (the adjutant-general ), and Mr. Munzinger engaged in
vaudeville, nor drama. discussing the question whether it was proper that an attack should be made on
"L'Aventurière," the comedy by M. Emile Augier, on which is founded Theodore after his present had been accepted. In the course of this conversation
Colonel Thesiger remarked, " Surely the Commander-in-Chief is not responsible for the
Mr. T. W. Robertson's " Home," now played at the Haymarket, has been
mistranslation of interpreters. " Fancying, as I did, that the speaker was aware that
revived at the Théâtre Français, with Mdlle. Arnould-Plessy as the
I had acted as interpreter on the occasion, and that the blame of accepting
principal female character.
the present was about to be attached to me, I at once indignantly denied
It will be remembered that shortly after the production of " Patrie "
having misunderstood the Commander-in-Chief's answer, affirming that I had
an attempt was made to trace the plot of the successful novelty to the
libretto of one of Verdi's early operas, written by Signor Camerano. The faithfully communicated to Samuel what his Excellency had signified in reply to
his question.
origin of the libretto is now traced in its turn to " La Bataille de Soon after this discussion, Sir Robert Napier sent for me, and in the presence of
Toulouse," a drama by Mr. Méry, brought out in 1856 at the Théâtre Colonel Merewether and Mr. Munzinger asked me to repeat to him the conversation that
Beaumarchais. This drama had been forgotten altogether, but its restora- had taken place when I translated King Theodore's letter. I accordingly did so, and
tion to memory, through the recent controversy, has been turned to repeated my statement that, in answer to Samuel's query about the present of cows and
practical account by the director of the Théâtre des Menus-plaisirs, who sheep, his Excellency had said that he accepted them. Thereupon Sir Robert Napier
has produced it on his own boards, where it shines with a lustre derived requested me to put my statement on paper. I left the tent for that purpose, and, in
from the Porte St. Martin. As far as plot is concerned the likeness of conjunction with Lieutenant Prideaux, wrote to the best of my recollection (for
" La Bataille de Toulouse " to " Patrie " is extremely formidable. I did not keep a copy of the memorandum) as follows :-That the King had
written to say that that day being Easter he hoped the Commander-in-Chief would
allow him to send 1,000 cows and 500 sheep as a breakfast for the British troops ;
CORRESPONDENCE. and that when Samuel inquired what answer he was to give to the King his
Excellency replied, " I accept them, " or words to that effect. I then returned
LORD NAPIER OF MAGDALA AND MR. RASSAM. to the Commander-in- Chief's tent, and delivered the memorandum to his Excellency
To the EDITOR. in the presence of Colonel Merewether and Mr. Munzinger, who were still there.
SIR,-Your impartiality hitherto in the question between Lord Nothing further was said on the subject, and I took it for granted that my plain
statement was as satisfactory as it was indisputable.
Napier of Magdala and myself with regard to the present of cows and
It was with no design to reflect on the conduct of any one, but simply in self-
sheep from the late King Theodore induces me to hope that you will find
defence, my lord, that I was induced to mention the bare facts of this transaction in my
space in your columns for the following reply to his lordship's letter on the
official report to Government. Both before quitting Abyssinia and after my return to
subject, which I am now in a position to lay before the public. - I remain,
England it was publicly asserted in several quarters that I had been instrumental in mis
Sir, your obedient servant, H. RASSAM. leading the late King Theodore with regard to the acceptance of his proffered present.
4, Maddox-street, W., May 5, 1869. As the imputation was false, I deemed it my duty to state briefly what part I had been
TO HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF ARGYLL, &C. &c. called upon to take in the matter. Neither should I have mooted the subject any
4, Maddox -street, W. , London, March 27, 1869. further ; but, as Lord Napier has constructively impugned my statement, I trust that your
My Lord Duke, -My attention having been called to the copy of a despatch grace will do me the justice to call upon his lordship for a copy of my memorandum
addressed to your grace as Secretary of State for India by Lord Napier of Magdala written on the occasion, and also direct that measures be taken to obtain from Mr.
which appeared in the overland Bombay journals of the 20th ult. , and which I presume Munzinger a statement of the facts of the case as far as he remembers them.
to be identical with the letter from his lordship which your grace is reported to have laid With those documents before you your grace will be able to form an opinion
before Parliament on the 18th inst. , commenting on a statement contained in paragraph whether any blame can fairly be imputed to me in this matter. In the meantime,
348 of my official report to Lord Stanley, dated the 1st of September last, I deem it as Lord Napier has communicated his letter to the press, I trust that you will sanction
incumbent upon me to submit the following additional remarks upon the transaction in my giving the same publicity to this reply. — I have the honour to be, &c. ,
question to your grace's consideration. H. RASSAM,
On Sunday morning, the 12th of April, 1868, Alaka Ingada, the late King First Assistant Political Resident at Aden,
Theodore's chief Amharic scribe, came to me while in the British camp, with a request late in charge of the British Mission to King Theodore.
[ 216 ]
 1869. MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 17

m he wa
messenga OCCASIONAL NOTES. board-room of that venerable office. Whatever may be the nature and
i togethe extent of the revolution it may effect, no attempt should be made to
o assistm The conviction which inspires the threats now so confidently uttered in disturb poor Lord Lansdowne, if he is still to be found there, as the junior
the United States towards England is summed up by Senator Chandler. lord who gives his services gratuitously. He does no harm, if he does no
, whoba
amuelwas His recent speech went a little too far, even for the Tribune, but in one part good, and the only objection to letting him sit in Whitehall, if it pleases
European of it he adopted the line which the Tribune and similar journals are never him, is the improbability that his successor will acquiesce in any arrange-
tired of following. "It is a national necessity," said the Michigan ment by which he is called upon to do nothing for no pay.
y released 66
g that his Senator, that we should have the British possessions." Suppose
in order England should object ? Senator Chandler laughed at that idea.
ion, your " There will be no war. Great Britain does not desire war with A private letter which we have received from a correspondent who was
tained in us "-which in one sense is quite true, though not in the sense present at the recent meeting between the Viceroy and Shere Ali contains
accounts meant by Mr. Chandler. The danger of the state of feeling excited some details of interest. The Ameer is a man of middle height, rather broad,
Engada by harangues like those of Senators Sumner and Chandler is that any with a Jewish cast of countenance, and hair tinged with grey. He was
unforeseen accident may imperil the peace of the two countries. It is not dressed as a soldier, with the Herat cap of Astrakan fur, his upper garment
party for
the direct negotiation on the Alabama claims that forebodes mischief so being of coarse brown camel's-hair cloth, and his whole aspect and
much as the little casualties which no nation can guard against, and any manners those of a man who has lived in camp all his life.
d to,the
mander one of which may too easily prove the spark to the powder when the train In return for the sword of honour, the Ameer presented Lord Mayo with a
is laid. Americans see this clearly enough, and consequently gold is sword, the blade of which is valued at 7,000 rupees. The other return
but fe
Alaka advancing. The gold speculators evidently have a promising time before presents consisted mostly of furs, carpets, horses, camels, and mules.
nyother them.

A new ukase, directed against the Polish landowners in Russian Poland,

ested Mr. Disraeli's speech in the House of Commons on Wednesday will
bring him very little sympathy. He ought to have no difficulty, indeed, has just been issued at St. Petersburg. Since the insurrection these land-
owners have been forced to pay annual " contributions " in addition to the
in persuading the country that the proceedings necessary to be taken
hat his for the removal of Mr. O'Sullivan from the magistracy should be regular taxes paid by the other inhabitants of the empire. Hitherto these " con-
tributions," which have varied from 8 to 30 per cent. on the landowner's
ding- and deliberate. That he should be permitted to remain in office is
at the income, have been levied by the military authorities as fines, but they have
altogether intolerable ; but it would be a blunder to eject him
at Sir by processes which in Ireland might give him the reputation of political now been converted by the new ukase into a permanent tax recoverable by
whi martyrdom. That the proceedings of the Government up to this time have the ordinary collectors. The landowners are not to be taxed according to
ly to a look of haste is undeniable ; but there is no reason to suppose that a fixed rate, but are to pay among them a contribution of 2,500,000 roubles
Mr. O'Sullivan will have any ground for complaint on that score or any (£400,000) a year to the imperial exchequer. As the number of Polish
here, other. For their own sake the Government should be as cautious as their landowners is yearly diminishing, no Pole being now allowed to acquire
nified land in the Polish provinces of Russia, the effect of this arrangement will
enemies last night advised them to be. Under some weak and fatally
ed a mistaken notion of gaining thereby " moral support " in Ireland they have be to impose a higher tax on each landowner every year. The rate of
hi diminution may be estimated from the fact that in 1864 60 per cent. of
pardoned a little bevy of sworn traitors, and turned them loose amongst
the land belonged to Poles, while in 1868 they were in possession of
their combustible fellow-countrymen ; Mr. O'Sullivan's seditious harangues
38 per cent. only.
are a direct consequence of that enormous folly ; and if now the Govern-
das
ment make what seems to be a hasty dash at that offender for instant
me If the Economist is to be believed, we are at the end of the plethora
not punishment, they will at least add nothing to their dignity, while their
"moral support " will be endangered. But they are at any rate warned ; period, and may look for a revival of excitement in the money market.
Before we all commence once more one of those periodical attempts to
crd and we may confidently expect that the Mayor of Cork will be disposed
of with all the forms and securities of justice. make our fortunes in the City which seem to end in everybody losing every-
led
thing and nobody but Higgs being a gainer, it may be as well to make an
hat
earnest appeal to fathers of large families and old ladies with small savings
ons
The Duke of Argyll has acted with praiseworthy fairness in permitting to have the goodness, if possible, to keep out of the coming struggle. How-
his Of
the Mr. Rassam to publish his rejoinder to Lord Napier's letter. ever much, in our newborn zeal for honesty, we may blame promoters and
course, explanations may be forthcoming from the other side. It directors, we must not forget there would be no knaves without fools, and it
is as well, as we remarked on a former occasion, that all doubts is not always easy in the fray to discover where the fool ends and
→
32

and discrepancies in such a case should be cleared up at once. If the knave begins ; besides which, although it adds to the excitement of
to that is attempted, it will be desirable that Lord Napier should show how, the money market, even that sensitive institution the Stock Exchange
with the discussion alleged to have taken place on the occasion still cannot watch unmoved the innocent gambling of those unsophisticated
fresh in his remembrance, and especially with the written memorandum lambs, whom the requirements of " commercial activity " render it neces-
which Mr. Rassam avers that he drew up at the time, at his sary to fleece without mercy, when they bring the few sovereigns they
A lordship's request, in his possession, his lordship could indite possess to sacrifice at the shrine of mammon. It is a harsh suggestion,
the following passage in his letter to the Secretary of State but we cannot doubt it would have a wholesome effect if, in addition to
e for India :- " When Mr. Rassam's report first came to my notice in punishing a few directors, we could send to prison one or two clergymen
England, my own recollection of the details attending the transaction of whose love of speculation has brought ruin and misery on all belonging
the letter was at variance with Mr. Rassam's account, but my recollection to them. An old governess sentenced to six weeks' hard labour for
being very indistinct, and considering Mr. Rassam simply as a translator, I losing her savings in the share market might be a sorry spectacle, but
felt that I should not be justified in impugning the accuracy of his would probably keep many other aged ladies out of the workhouse, would
deliberate statement, on the strength of my own imperfect remembrance of lighten the burden of the ratepayers, and be a mercy in the long run.
what at the time appeared unimportant. " Ifthe statement in Mr. Rassam's
report was inaccurate, why was it not impugned when the alleged written
The fellows of Oriel College, Oxford, have been making an attempt
memorandum, containing the identical statement, was first given to Lord
Napier on the day that Theodore's letter was translated ? to remove what is practically a clerical restriction upon their provostship.
It appears that originally the provostship of Oriel, like the wardenship
of Merton, was open alike to clergymen and laymen, but that the appro-
Perhaps one of these days some future Mr. Gladstone will prepare for priation to the headship, first of a canonry in Rochester Cathedral
us a pleasant little surprise by announcing the total abolition of the Lords in 1712 , and then of the living of Purleigh in Essex in 1730, has,
Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury. There are few items in the during the last century and a half, practically limited the choice of
estimates so open to criticism as the salaries of that board, whose duty it the fellows to a clergyman. This restriction a large majority of the
is to curtail unnecessary expenditure. The Treasury now consists of the fellows were anxious to remove by means of a private bill separating
First Lord at £ 5,000, the Chancellor of the Exchequer at £5,000, a from the provostship its ecclesiastical endowments, and raising its collegiate
Third Lord at £ 2,000, two other Lords at £ 1,000 each, and one endowments to the average value of other Oxford headships from funds
more Lord who kindly gives his services gratuitously. Besides all obtained in exchange for the canonry and living. This scheme was opposed
these Lords there are two parliamentary secretaries at £ 2,000 each, bythe provost (whose life interests were, of course, respected), and by a
and one permanent secretary at £2,500. Now any one conversant small minority of the fellows, this minority consisting exclusively of gentle-
with Treasury business is well aware that the Chancellor of the men in holy orders. The bill, having passed a second reading in the
Exchequer, with the assistance of the Financial Secretary, does all the House of Lords, was referred to a Select Committee, and arguments from
headwork, and that the junior lords are utterly useless. It is, in fact, a counsel were heard some days ago both for the promoters and the oppo-
cruel kindness to hamper the Chancellor of the Exchequer with too much nents. The chief arguments against the bill appear to have been the
assistance, for he cannot delegate his duties to any one else without injury following :-" That it was not becoming for the lay fellows, having a
to the public service. At the present time we believe that Mr. Lowe majority such as did not exist in any other college, to push their advantage
and Mr. Stansfeld, who, although he is called Third Lord, is, in truth, by getting a lay head also ; " "the more lay fellows, the more necessary it
financial secretary, transact the real business of the office ; that the services was that the college should have a clerical head ; " " that it was
of the three junior lords and Mr. Ayrton might well be dispensed with, and undesirable that the provost should be outside the rails in the
their duties transferred to the permanent members of the establishment, administration of the Sacrament, while a junior fellow, perhaps, was within
who would not find out the difference. The truth is that the constitution the rails." The animus of the fellows was supposed to be shown by the
of the Treasury should be assimilated to that of a Secretary of State's admission that clergymen have never been candidates for the open fellow-
office. The Treasury, and not Downing-street, is the proper place for the ships at Oriel, the fact, of course, being that candidates for fellowships are
Chancellor of the Exchequer, who ought to be the responsible head and usually below the age at which orders are taken, and that it is not usual in
centre of the office. We are a long way yet from this reform, but there is Oxford for young men to enter into orders while they are engaged in
in this country a growing feeling that boards are a mistake. We yearn for studying for fellowship examinations. The Committee rejected the bill on
something more tangible than my lords," and this yearning may one day the ground, as the Duke of St. Albans has since explained, that the subject
penetrate the interminable passages of the Treasury, and reach the very was one for general and not private legislation. The result ofthe rejection
[ 217 ]
 18 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

of the bill is to confine the election of the next Provost of Oriel to the them to found a separate colony somewhere in Central America. The
narrow area of those fellows or former fellows of the college who are in holy writer in Fraser quotes the story of Mr. Lincoln dictating the terms of John-
orders, unless, indeed, the society should be bold enough to try the experi- stone's surrender to Sherman , and says that it comes from " an authentic
ment of seeking a head beyond its own borders. witness who was present at the council which arranged those terms." The
truth is that the story was an invention of the Tribune, and has been
contradicted by General Sherman in every particular, as we mentioned a
General Todleben, says the Wiest of St. Petersburg, has prepared a
day or two ago.
plan for converting Kieff into a strong fortress capable of holding from
50,000 to 60,000 men. This plan has been approved by the Govern- Scotch venison must be rather a dear dish if Captain Horatio Ross's
ment, and steps are now being taken for carrying it out. The General calculations are correct. He estimates that " the value of every full-grown
states in his report that the fortifications of Kieff are at present so weak
nine-year-old stag killed in the deer forest and on sheep farms frequented
that a hostile corps from Galicia or the Black Sea could penetrate without by deer is about £ 50 ; that represents the profit derived by a Highland
difficulty into the heart of the empire before a sufficient army could be landowner in letting his shootings. " Little, half-grown animals, of course, are
placed so as to prevent its further progress. He therefore considers it
of less value, and Captain Ross speaks with sportsmanlike contempt of the
absolutely necessary to make so important a strategical point as Kieff a second-rate stalkers who trouble themselves with such small deer. The
strong garrison fortress.
grazing of a single red deer he sets down as equal to that of two and a half
sheep. Captain Ross is certainly right in his remark that a Royal Com-
The logic of poor law guardians generally repays examination. We are mission would collect far more useful and authoritative information on the
told in the local paper that a lady has been refused admission to Paddington game question than a Committee of the House of Commons.
workhouse. On some former occasions a similar restriction was enforced
at a time when ladies made themselves disagreeable by assisting certain
inquiries into the state of the sick wards. The danger of any such imperti- A correspondent of the Daily Telegraph, writing on the subject o
nence is not alleged as the reason in the present instance. Admission is horse-racing, mourns over the exclusion of the Duke of Hamilton from the
refused to Miss Beaufort because she does not live in the parish. It Jockey Club. " No one," he says, " who loves the British turf can have
would be curious to understand the principle on which charity is confined failed deeply to regret that the Jockey Club should have been guilty of
within geographical limits. Why, if a lady living in Montagu-square is rejecting the young Duke of Hamilton ." On the other hand, no one who
willing to visit the poor in Paddington workhouse, her place of residence loves the Duke of Hamilton can have failed to read without pleasure the
should be an insurmountable objection, is a question of extreme difficulty. announcement which has lately appeared in the papers that his horses are
Is a man only to be benevolent within a certain radius from his own to be sold. We do not attempt to palliate the guilt of the Jockey Club ;
door ? and if so, why so ? The supposition that the guardians object to the turf and the Duke of Hamilton are both much to be pitied for
lady visiting altogether is inadmissible, first, because their chaplain appears the mutual loss they have sustained, but, if his grace's rejection
to have recommended their admission ; and secondly, because if they had by the Jockey Club has led to his retirement from the turf,
meant it they would, of course, have said it. few will deny that there are gleams of comfort in the melancholy
transaction which should go far to assuage our sorrow. It is true that the
British turf will lose the advantage of ruining a hereditary legislator, but
Notwithstanding the declamation of the missionary societies , it is it has ruined so many, and there is so little fear but that it will ruin so
tolerably clear that Lord Clarendon's announcement of the future policy of many more, that the loss of one duke cannot be irremediable. The House
the Government with respect to missionaries in China does not meet with of Lords in a few months will have some life peers at the disposal of the
their approval, and the English Presbyterians, in connection with whose turf, but at the present moment the order requires every available help,
agents the recent disturbances at Formosa occurred, appear to be and can ill spare even the Duke of Hamilton. However grievous a
endeavouring to induce the Government to modify their declared policy. At
mistake the Jockey Club may have committed " by blackballing a young
the annual meeting ofthe synod ofthis body held the other day at Liverpool, man with an historical name," it may prove that the young man himself,
Mr. Hugh Matheson (whose commercial interests and religious sympathies instead of a curse, has received a blessing.
happen to lie in the same direction) is said to have " combated the policy
of Lord Clarendon, with whom he and others were endeavouring to deal
on the subject, and in the action which they might have to take they would Something more should be said of Sir Arthur Buller than has yet
be supported by a large body of the mercantile community. " Mr. Matheson appeared in very meagre obituary notices. The differences of wit and
would probably have been correct if he had said the entire mercantile humour were well illustrated, and the one and the other quality excellently
body, who have almost come to regard the British fleet in China and Japan exemplified, in the elder and more distinguished brother Charles, and Sir
as the water-police of the merchant navy, and would probably prefer to Arthur. A more humourous man than Sir Arthur probably never lived ;
have our gunboats and men-of-war placed under the order of the chambers but a peculiar diffidence prevented him from showing his powers in the
of commerce of the ports at which they may happen to be stationed. House of Commons, where the witty Charles Buller had made himself
When the news of the storming of Kagosima reached England, early a leader of opinion and a favourite. In private circles, and as
many people thought that there had been an unnecessary destruc- an after-dinner speaker on semi-public occasions, Sir Arthur Buller was
tion of life and property ; but the European merchants at Yoko- exceedingly and endlessly amusing. He was capable of serious things
hama considered that Admiral Kuper had only half accomplished as well as of being amusing. In early life he was, with his brother Charles,
what they expected from him, and the officers of the fleet were by no one of the band of writers who, under John Stuart Mill and Sir William
means warmly congratulated on the results of the action. In the the far East Molesworth, made the brilliant beginning of the London Review, soon after
society, ofcourse, is almost entirely mercantile ; and the wealthy merchants, merged in the Westminster. He afterwards went to Ceylon as Advocate-
if they like, can often make things rather disagreeable for a vice-consul or General ; and in 1847 Sir John Hobhouse made him an Indian judge.
senior officer who does not care about supporting their trading enterprises This appointment was doubtless mainly owing to the influence of Charles
in the way or to the extent which they desire. Buller, who was then a member of the Whig Government. There was
something beautiful in the affection of the two brothers. They were both
pupils in youth of Thomas Carlyle. They were both members of Lord
There is an article in Fraser's Magazine on American affairs which will Durham's staff in Canada. Something more than twenty years have passed
serve to give English readers an example of the style of discussion adopted since Charles Buller was suddenly snatched away, after a few days' illness,
by a violent and intemperate school of American writers. The writer at the early age of forty-two, his name already circled by fame, though he
vehemently contradicts English journals, but contributes nothing himself to yet stood only at the threshold of political power.
our stock of information. He rather leads us to believe that we in this
country have not so very much to learn after all from the common run of
American journalists. He denies with a sort of triumphant shout that The crime of drunkenness, the bane of our nation , and especially of
the Constitution contains any guarantee of the right of States to regulate our army, has always presented itself as a difficulty to those who have
the suffrage for themselves. It does not indeed say so in so many endeavoured to suppress it. The " Ordinances of Warre " of 1639
words, but the States never conceded the right in question ; and therefore it directed that common drunkards shall be fined and cashiered the army
remains in their possession, by virtue of the 10th amendment, which without pay or pasport." Fining was the chief punishment awarded
declares :-" The powers not delegated to the United States by the among Cromwell's Ironsides, and it is said that in this regiment an oath
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States was seldom heard, and a drunkard never seen. In later times imprison-
respectively, or to the people." A collateral point is mentioned in the fifth ment has been inflicted, and fines were only permitted when authorized by
article of the original Constitution, which provides that " no State, sentence of court-martial. Acting on the advice of the Court-martial Commis-
without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate." sion, the Secretary for War has this year introduced an article of war granting
Perhaps the writer in Fraser will say that this provision was adhered power to commanding officers to fine for drunkenness, and a general order
to between 1865-69. He asserts that New York is singular in just issued regulates these fines according to an established scale, rising from
demanding a pecuniary qualification of negro voters-a mere quibble, half a crown to seven shillings and sixpence, according to the frequency
since there are other States which do not allow the negro to vote on an of the recurrence of the offence. A man may still get drunk twice a year
equality with the white man. But the true issue raised is this : the Northern without being fined, but on being guilty of a third offence he is fined
States could admit negroes to vote, or could refuse them, just as they and entered in the regimental defaulters' book, which deprives him of
pleased ; whereas the Southern States were obliged, against their will, to all claim to good conduct pay for a year. In order to give soldiers
give the ballot to negroes while being deprived of it, in large numbers, the opportunity of deciding for themselves whether the pleasure
themselves. This was the injustice dwelt upon by writers whom the of getting drunk is worth the punishment due, the scale of fines to be
writer in Fraser contradicts. His representations as to the love of awarded is to be placed in a conspicuous position in every barrack room.
the North for the negro are absurd. Does he forget that Mr. Lincoln Hitherto many a man has escaped an accusation of drunkenness by remain-
himself told the negroes on the 14th of August, 1862, that they had ing absent till sober ; but this is now met by the rule that absence all night
better resolve to live apart from white men ? "There is an unwillingness is to be considered as equivalent to an act of drunkenness. Officers are
on the part of our people," said the President, " harsh as it may sanguine in their anticipations, that by thus depriving intemperate men of
be, for you free coloured people to remain with us." He advised the means of gratifying their desires they may prevent much insobriety,
[ 218 ]
1869.
PALL MAL BUD . 19
MAY 7, 1869.] L GET

ca. The
While thus increasing the power of lieutenant-colonels the Secretary for that the attention of the House is about to be called to the recommenda-
of Joha tions of the Committee on Theatres and Music Halls which sat some two
authentic War has not lost sight of the jealousy with which soldiers regard any
nterference with their pay, and reserves therefore to privates thus fined years ago. Perhaps the honourable member who has the matter in hand
5." The
as been the right of appeal to the decision of a court-martial, and further, in order will bring the trapeze performances under notice. "
tioned a to prevent the existence of any false impression that the amounts recovered
shall be applied to the advantage of individuals, the Secretary for War
undertakes to devote the sums thus obtained to objects tending to the The House of Commons has this week been indebted to Mr. Synan for
benefit of the army generally. a happy specimen of the Irish bull. Defending Colonel French from some
Ross's
remarks which had been passed on him, he said, " His right hon. friend had
l-grow retained his seat between thirty and forty years, and was likely, if he lived
quented In addition to the £68 charged for the conveyance of Prince Christian as long, to retain it for the period of his natural life."
ighland between Dover and Calais, there is included in the estimates an additional
rse, are sum of £ 100 required to pay for special packets for the conveyance of
of the distinguished persons. Now, as the fare between Dover and Calais is only The velocipedomania is still spreading. Last winter an ice velocipede,
The about 8s. , we are curious to know the number of trips made by these running on steel slides and propelled by means of a wheel furnished
a helf exalted personages, and the number of their retinue. In contrast with
with sharp points, was brought out at Stuttgart ; but it was much
Com these charges, two other items from the same vote deserve to be recorded, objected to by skaters on account of its spoiling the ice. We
on the viz. :-Cost of presents to King Masaba, £2 os. 4d. ; cost of presents to now hear that a party of Prince Napoleon's aides-de-camp have made
King Peter for care of European cemetery at River Congo, 12s. 8d. a trip from Nice to Villafranca on water velocipedes. These machines
The " Maintenance of Congo Pirate Chief at Ascension, £38 35." may consist of two miniature parallel canoes, which support a sort of chair ;
also be noted as peculiar.
Ect o the paddle-wheel, placed between the canoes, is propelled by the feet only,
the and is covered like the paddle-wheel of a steamer to protect the driver from
We hear from Aldershot that the Royal Artillery there are busily occupied the water it throws up. Their speed is said to be very great. It now
have on their spare days in trying various experiments as to the readiest means of remains for the Aeronautical Society to adapt the velocipede to travelling
Ity of
who protecting field guns by rapidly throwing varieties of breastworks for the through the air.
purpose. Something of this sort was done, imperfectly enough, by the
the Russians at the Alma, and some regular and efficient system for the
are A correspondent wrote to the Times not long ago to inform us that
purpose will form a necessary part of any future preparation of defensive
ub; Lady Canning's tomb was falling into a disgraceful state, and stating that,
positions. And this leads us to ask what are our engineers doing in this
for matter? Surely among their duties should be that of acting in some sort as the heir to Lord Canning's fortune had been vainly appealed to for
on as instructors in the use of the spade to the rest ofthe land forces. And if assistance, it might be desirable to call upon the liberality of the public.
uri, To this Lord Clanricarde replied that the application of any funds to
this be so, there must be something greatly wanting both at Aldershot
and elsewhere. Either the engineers, which seems contrary to the such a purpose was wholly unnecessary. But the Friend of India, pub-
the general notion entertained of that corps, are disinclined to take up any lished very near to Lady Canning's tomb, now contradicts Lord Clan-
Dat extra work, or else the difficulties thrown in their way by higher authority ricarde. The tomb is only covered with a " wretched thatched roof," and
50 the weather and white ants together " had destroyed much of the beautiful
are insuperable. We should like to hear where the fault really lies. If
mosaic work. " This has been renewed, " but not at the expense of the
se the regular forces are to keep their proper position as the military guide
he heir of Lord Canning." The Friend hopes that the Government will
and model for our various reserves, and the backbone of our whole
b defensive system, they must take care not to retrograde ; and in military remove a shed which is a blemish to the park at Barrackpore, and erect a
2 suitable mausoleum. Evidently, then, Lord Clanricarde has been misled.
matters standing still is, in these reforming days, practically retrogression.

The New York World of the 22nd of last month contains an announce- The New York correspondent of the Daily News, whose American
ment which leads back our minds to old times. "The inauguration of the prepossessions are of the most decided kind, is constrained to make some
Quaker policy with the Indians was made to-day, by the nomination of very damaging admissions in regard to the distribution of public appoint-
ments in the model democracy. Mr. Ashley, who has just been made
eighteen Pennsylvanian and Maryland Quakers recommended by the
Friends as superintendents of Indian affairs. These Quakers are not full governor of Montana, when chairman of the Committee on Public
of confidence in their mission, but merely ask to try the privilege of Lands, sold private information of the intentions of the Committee
civilizing the Indians to such an extent that they may secure permanent to a speculator, who bought up land accordingly, and gave him
peace. " We cannot pretend to entertain hopes of the success of these well- a share of the profits. Mr. Wadsworth, nominated United States
meaning Friends than they appear themselves to nourish. But it is a fine thing Marshal, but subsequently rejected, was a fraudulent bankrupt of very bad
that they should thus follow out, in our altered days, the ancient tradition of character. The Sheriff of New York, a notorious rowdy, has been six
their noble sect. The Quakers are a decaying body in America as in months in the penitentiary, and is the personal friend of a large circle
England. Painless extinction is all they have to look to. But their spirit of gaol birds. His deputies, all Irishmen, are mostly pugilists
is unchanged, and if their pacific efforts are fruitless it will be through no or ruffians of the lowest type. One of his friends is now under sentence of
flinching on their part. Now, as in the time of Fox and Penn (to borrow death for the cowardly murder of a policeman in cold blood, but a writ of
the language of Bancroft), " wherever there is evil and oppression the error has been obtained on his behalf. " There is hardly an office of any
Quaker claims the right to be present with a remonstrance. " And he will value in the city government now which is not held by Irishmen of a very low
confront the fierce savage of the western desert with the same doctrine class, and I believe it is the opinion of leading Democratic politicians here
which Penn addressed to the Delawares : " We are the same as if one of American birth that no more native Americans can be elected hereafter."
man's body were to be divided into two parts ; we are all one flesh and More than one judge of the Supreme Court is " purchasable by the highest
blood. " bidder, and one of them has now grown so bold in his sale of himself, and
is making such an open trade of his decisions, that capital is at last getting
A correspondent who was present at a recent trapeze accident at alarmed. Several of the great railroad companies are transferring their
Birmingham calls our attention to his further experience of these offices to Boston, so as to get their assets and stock out of his reach or
that of his satellites."
performances in Glasgow, where he visited a music-hall in Dunlop
street :- " On entering I found the proscenium ornamented with the now
invariable adjuncts of trapeze ropes and guiding lines, and after the The experiments lately made by the Birmingham Chamber of Com-
most mournful and soul-depressing person I had ever seen-even for merce as to the non-liability of percussion caps to explode en masse merely
a comic singer- had, totally uninvited by the audience, encored himself confirmed the results of all previous experience on this subject- results
and sung three ghastly ditties in succession, two women and a man which are perfectly consistent with theory. The fact is, as has been over and
came forward and were hauled up to the swinging bars. The women (I over again established , that percussion caps will not explode in bulk. One
found on reference to the programme) were known respectively as ' The cap may explode -two, three, or more, fifty or a hundred ; but each
Agile ' and ' The Daring,' and they merited the appellations. High up explosion is, so to speak, independent ofthe other. It is not communicated
in the very roof they swung about like monkeys, now with their male com- from one cap to another, and the explosion of so many caps at once is
panion forming an inverted pyramid, now being swung head downwards in merely the fortuitous concurrence of a number of explosions of single caps
mid-air, the man holding them only by one heel ; or again with their whole which have been subjected at one and the same time to similar or
pendant weight sustained by the grip with which one foot was caught separate influences. An explosion of this character is not of a
between the man's knees. The performance was highly sensational, formidable character. In the course of the trial which took place a
and caused many half-audible expressions of fright from the audience, few years ago with reference to the destruction by nitro-glycerine of the
which was exclusively composed of men ; but it is fair to say that a steamship European at Colon, an attempt was made to fix the blame
very strong net was stretched beneath the performers, which, in the on a small cargo of percussion caps, but it was effectually defeated by the
event of an accident, would have broken their fall. When, however, evidence which was forthcoming on the side of the caps, and with which
the crowning delight of the evening, the leap for life ' as it was the conclusions to be drawn from the late experiments are in perfect
called in the programme, came off, this net was withdrawn. One of accord. In these experiments boxes containing caps were placed
the women ascended a plinth at the far end of the gallery, and swung in the fire, and there allowed to remain until one by one the caps
herself thence across the entire length of the hall, turning a somersault in burnt out ; a half-hundredweight of caps were placed in a red-hot
her flight, and remaining hanging by her feet to a swinging bar. Sir, if chamber, without giving rise to any explosion ; 50,000 caps were
that woman had, in circus-language, missed her tip,' she must infallibly placed in an ordinary packing case inside a furnace, but no explosion
have broken her neck, and, in all probability, severely injured the persons occurred ; heavy masses of iron were allowed to fall on parcels con-
seated beneath her. There was a curious animal expression on the faces taining each 5,000 caps, without producing an explosion ; a bag
of many of the spectators of this performance, indicative of the existence containing 20,000 was laid on the rails of the London and North Western
of a morbid taste which it is anything but wise to encourage. And yet the Railway, and an engine passed over it without causing an explosion ; and
Scotch baillies, who are supposed to be over-cautious and ' unco guid,' even 100,000 caps in two wooden packing cases placed on the buffers (not
license the taverns where this so-called ' amusement ' is provided. I see spring) of an engine, and struck by a train of several trucks, moving at
[ 219 ]
 20 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

twelve miles an hour, gave no explosion. It is difficult to see how the will persist in his present opposition ; for, as that opposition will have infi-
railway companies can resist this conclusive evidence as to the safety of nitely more weight than my arguments in effecting the extinction of his
percussion caps, or why they should continue to impose prohibitory charges office, it may pave the way to a great permanent reform at the cost of only
on their conveyance by rail. Some time ago we had to remark upon a a temporary inconvenience to those of her Majesty's poorer subjects who
similar unwarranted suspicion of gun-cotton on the part of the railway are doomed to wait in the narrows of Park-lane in the dank and dreary
companies. discomfort of a hack cab."

In the development of ecclesiastical species there seems a natural It appears that the " anti-scorbutic " clauses of the Merchant Shipping
sequence between gig-bishops and velocipede- curates. A correspondent of Act, 1867, are likely to prove an equivocal benefit to the sailor. Many
the Church Review looks forward to the general adoption of this cheap and provision merchants neglect to clarify their lime and lemonjuice before
rapid vehicle by the clergy. He thinks the velocipede may be the means fortifying it according to the provisions of the Act, and send it into
of " saving the country and mission clergy the cost of keeping horses- the market, fulfilling all legal requirements, but so very objectionable
now a very heavy tax on small incomes," and thus " what now seems a in appearance that "Jack" declines to drink it. We are told, indeed,
folly for the vain and frivolous may become a useful means of rapid that, though the daily ration is one ounce (ie. twice the quantity prescribed
communication." under the old Act) less lime and lemonjuice are consumed than formerly, and
many cases of juice are being brought home the contents of which ought to
A piece is now being played at the Victoria Theatre under the title have been served out during the voyage. The "Ship Captain's Medical Guide,"
of " How Time Flies " (hero, Major Egerton, a roué ; heroine, Nancy, published under the authority of the Board of Trade, gives directions as to
a seller of sprats, whom Major Egerton endeavours to kiss), in which the mixing, &c. , which, if carried out, will make any good juice, however thick,
utmost limits of " realism " seem to have been attained. Billingsgate and palatable and agreeable to taste and sight. But the Board of Trade has
Covent-garden markets are both introduced ; but the great success ofthe no power to enforce these authorized directions. Meanwhile, has scurvy
drama, in the way of scenery and stage-grouping, is a representation of the diminished or not ?
New Cut on a Saturday night. Here the enthusiasm of the audience
reaches its height ; and when a live donkey is brought in , the house resounds In his speech on the Beer-houses Bill the other day Mr. Henley
with cries of " Author ! author ! " fell into an error respecting the quantity of malt, and therefore of beer,
consumed in England and Wales at the beginning of the present century,
The Indian Civil Service must be the envy of all those unfortunate in consequence of his selection of an exceptional year, 1801. The figures
persons in English Government offices who begin to discover that they have
committed themselves to a precarious career. "The least fortunate only 18,000,000 bushels of malt in that year, or two bushels per head of
civilian's career in India," says an Indian contemporary, " has two the population ; but each of the following years, 1802 and 1803, showed a
attractions, both of which no other service or profession guarantees- the consumption of more than 29,000,000 bushels, or not far from double that
luxury of power exercised for the highest ends, and a total freedom from of 1801. On turning to the report of the Malt Tax Committee it will be
pecuniary care or worry." Among the first of the competition wallahs who seen in the Appendix that the average consumption in the ten years
went out at the end of 1856 eleven names are given as examples of what 1787 to 1796 was more than three bushels per head. It follows
may be done with moderate good luck. Mr. Aitchison, after less than twelve that the consumption of malt has decreased 33 per cent. since
years' service, is receiving £3,300 a year. Mr. Thornton has been made the commencement of the century instead of remaining stationary, as
Secretary to the Punjaub Government, with a salary of £3,000. Mr. Cornell, stated by Mr. Henley. The fact is that the consumption of malt per head
after eleven years' service, receives £ 2,640. Mr. Reynolds, with ten and steadily decreased from 1750 down to 1830, when it attained its lowest
a half years' service, draws £2,299. There are still better appointments point, and since 1830 it has slightly increased. The consumption of spirits
open to these gentlemen and the class to which they belong, ranging from in the United Kingdom during the same period has slightly diminished.
£5,000 to £ 12,000 a year in value. When we add to this that the The same returns show that a population of 24,000,000 in 1830 consumed
Indian civilians may have holidays of three years at a time after a certain 27,700,000 gallons of British, foreign, and colonial spirits, besides the
period of service, and that they are sure of handsome retiring pensions, it quantity obtained by smuggling and illicit distillation. In 1867 a popula-
needs little further argument to prove that our Eastern empire offers greater tion of 30,000,000 consumed only 29,540,000 gallons, exclusive of a much
attractions to ambitious young men than any other part of our possessions. smaller amount of illegal supplies.

Prince Mentchikoff, whose paletot played so important a part in the Not long ago a remonstrance was raised in this country against the
events of 1853 , has just died at St. Petersburg. He was a descendant of practice which prevailed in France of dissecting live horses ; and although we
the Mentchikoff who, from a pastrycook's boy, rose to be the favourite of never quite persuaded our neighbours that there was anything objectionable
Peter the Great, and one of the highest dignitaries of the Russian empire. in this mode of pursuing their scientific researches, we have heard nothing
of it for some time and trust that it has been discontinued. Whatever
Born in 1789, he entered the army in 1805 , went through the campaigns
of 1813-15 as aide-de-camp to Alexander I. , and was sent by the Emperor doubts may have existed as to the propriety of stigmatizing as cruel
Nicholas, immediately after his accession, to conclude an alliance with the experiments on living animals , there can be no doubt that Dr.
Shah of Persia against the Sultan. Prince Mentchikoff's rough manners, Von Trautvetter, in his zeal for medical science, goes a little too far,
however, so displeased the Shah that the mission proved a failure. In if the account given by certain medical journals published at Berlin.
1828 he led a division against the Turks in Asia Minor, and captured and quoted by the Lancet of last week is to be believed. After
Anapa. He was severely wounded in the siege of Varna, and after his describing certain experiments by Dr. Von Trautvetter on dead bodies and
recovery entered the naval service. He became an admiral in 1834, and giving the results, the Lancet says, " Now comes an ugly feature." Dr. Von
Minister of Marine in 1836. In 1853 he was sent to Constantinople to Trautvetter,
66 having done with his dead bodies, selected for further experiment
demand of the Sultan on behalf of the Czar the right of protectorate a woman of twenty-eight, almost in articulo mortis from cavities in the
over all the Greek Christians. He appeared before the divan in an old lungs, " and proceeded to subject her to an experiment far too horrible to
paletot and muddy boots, and behaved in such an outrageous manner that detail. The patient died an hour afterwards, " whether from the progress
the Sultan, supported by the Western Powers, dismissed him. His first of the disease or the effects of the experiment is not clear." The Lancet
achievement in the war that followed was the destruction of the Turkish says, " Now, has M. Von Trautvetter overstepped the limits of fair experi-
fleet at Sinope. In 1854 he was Governor of the Crimea and Commandant mentation ? This is a matter for grave discussion . " It is indeed. In this
of Sebastopol. He was recalled immediately after the death of the country such a question would first be discussed by a coroner, probably,
and afterwards by a jury.
Emperor Nicholas, when the command was given to Prince Gortchakoff.
Prince Mentchikoff then retired from the service, but he was very active to
General Sherman has made an interesting contribution to the history of
the day of his death as the leader of the old Russian Panslavist party. the closing days of the war. It will be remembered that when the
Confederate General Johnston surrendered to Sherman in April, 1865,
We lately drew attention in an Occasional Note to the oppo- terms were accorded to him which were deemed far too liberal by the
sition which Mr. Gore, as the official representative of the Office of public, especially as they went beyond the conditions made by Grant with
Woods, is persistently offering to that most necessary of improvements, Lee. It has been represented that Sherman acted under direct instruc-
which, for want of a better name, we may term the Hamilton-place tions from President Lincoln, but he now tells his countrymen that he
thoroughfare. A correspondent has since raised the question whether it is alone was responsible for the terms made, and afterwards disavowed by
necessary that Mr. Gore and the Office of Woods should exist at all ? It the Government. In March, 1865, Mr. Lincoln, Generals Grant
would, he suggests, be more consistent with the spirit of the age we and Sherman, and Admiral Porter, met to consult on the final move
live in if her Majesty's hereditary possessions, which she has been against the enemy. The generals discussed the probability of Lee
graciously pleased to place at the disposal of her Parliament, were falling upon Sherman in the open country. " Mr. Lincoln, in
entrusted to the charge of a Minister directly responsible to Parlia- hearing us speak of a final bloody battle, which I then thought
ment, and consequently likely to appreciate the current of public would fall on me near Raleigh, did exclaim more than once that blood
opinion which Mr. Gore and his irresponsible office seem determined enough had already been shed, and he hoped that the war would end with-
to disregard. " There is nothing in the change," he says, " to which out any more." The question arose, what was to be done with Jefferson
the most constitutional of Conservatives need object, since a large portion Davis and other leaders ? President Lincoln " left me," writes Sherman,
of the Crown property is already managed by a Parliamentary Minister, the "under the impression that all he asked of us was to dissipate these armies,
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. If I dared to trespass on your and get the soldiers back to their homes anyhow ; the quicker the better,
space I might point out that economy would suggest that all the Crown leaving him free to apply the remedy and the restoration of civil law." Mr.
lands, whether appurtenant to the Duchy of Lancaster or to the Crown Lincoln evidently wished that Mr. Davis should succeed in effecting his
of England, and without excepting the enormous properties which the escape from the country, " as well as all the other leading Southern
War Office has acquired for defensive purposes, and which even under politicians, against whom public indignation always turned with a feeling
War Office management produce a surplus revenue of nearly £30,000 far more intense than against Generals Lee, Johnston, and other purely
aa year, ought to be brought under the control of one central authority. So military men." The historians of the war cannot afford to overlook this
Selettita of General Sherman. It is addressed tothe New York Tribune, and
great do I individually believe would be the benefits resulting from the
change I am indicating, that I am half disposed to hope that Mr. Gore dated April 11 , 1869,
[ 220 ]
 1869. PALL MALL BUDG . 21
MAY 7, 1869. ] ET
have int
tion of his Of the twelve lakhs granted by Sir John Lawrence, he has still six at his
AMERICAN COMPLAINTS AND ENGLISH SYMPATHIZERS.
st of only credit ; and he is likely to obtain a further gift of arms in addition to the
jects who THE Spectator, as is well known, was during the whole of the unhappy 6,000 stand of muskets already presented to him. Thus he will take the field
nd dreary civil war in America a steady, ardent, almost fanatical supporter of the with an equipment superior to that of his adversaries, and with important
North, to the extent often, as it seemed to us, of virulent injustice resources in reserve. But, even if accomplished, the recovery of the north-
and animosity to the South. It has since the termination of that west of Afghanistan will be financially but a barren conquest, at any rate
Shipping contest embraced the side of the United States in all their controversies for some time to come. The peasants have been pretty well stripped of
r. Many with the English Government, as far as reason and equity made everything by this time. Whichever party has been in the ascendant, their
ce before it possible to go-sometimes, perhaps, a little farther. Its decision fate has been the same. They have been pillaged first by one, then by
it into ought, therefore, to have some weight at the other side of another. Rents have even, it is said, been exacted for two years in advance.
ctionable the Atlantic, when it condemns Mr. Sumner's arguments and preten- Peace would be a gain to them, but it is doubtful whether there has been
indeed sions as utterly monstrous, childish, and absurd. But in its detestation of left to them the means of profitable cultivation. Under these circumstances
rescribed slavery and all its supporters, in its stern resolution to be candid, even it is tolerably clear that the Ameer's treasury is not likely to be much
merly, and against its own countrymen, and in its anxious desire to look at the matter, enriched from this quarter. On the other hand, military operations there
oughtto as far as possible, from an American, and even a Sumnerian, point of will involve a considerable expenditure. He himself estimates the cost of
Guide view, it has made concessions which appear to us so entirely inadmissible- his army at four lakhs a month. In this calculation some exaggeration
Ons asto only a few degrees, indeed, less unjust and unfounded than the claims and may be suspected. His object, of course, is to get as much as he can
assertions put forward by Mr. Sumner -that it might be mischievous to out of the Indian Govern ment. It is an elementary rule in Oriental
er thick
ade has allow them to go forth without exposure and repudiation. bargai ning to make exorbit ant demand s, under the impression that the
Scurvy The Spectator, then, admits, and even asserts, that a large and influential more asked the more will be given. Shere Ali has only followed the
usual custom. He will doubtless be quite content if he gets a great
portion of the English people were unfriendly to the Northern cause and
sympathized warmly with the South ; that this feeling did aid and deal less than he asks for. The impression at Umballa, as far as we can
Henley encourage the Secessionists, and enabled them indirectly to obtain ships gather from our correspondence , seems to be that, on the whole, he will
f beer, and money from private sympathizers in this country, as well as go away satisfied. Lord Mayo has deemed it the wisest policy to be
somewhat " daunted our Government in its endeavour to preserve a perfectly explicit in his assurances. The Indian Government desire
entury,
friendly attitude towards the States ; " and that for this unfriendliness to see Afghan istan in the enjoym ent of a settled Government, and for
figures
ion of of a portion of our countrymen, the United States may fairly demand that purpose they are willing to strengthen the Ameer by the gift of
ead of "from England a frank apology and expression of regret." On what supplies ; it will rest with himself to turn the material assistance thus
wed a conceivable ground are such admissions to be defended, or could such afforded to the best account, but he must expect nothing more. The
e tha t apology be made ? It is notorious that throughout the struggle the conduct Vicero y will have nothin g to do with the domest ic affairs of the countr y.
-illbe of our Government was as impartial as it well could be, and that where it No conditions will be imposed on the Ameer in regard to his own
years swerved from the strictest impartiality its deflection was practically towards government. We should like him to be strong, just, and merciful, but
ilows the Northern side. Our prompt recognition of the right of blockade (now there will be no intervention on our part either to support or restrain any
since imputed to us as a crime) was the greatest possible advantage to proceedings on his part. It is hoped that the Ameer now understands
, as the North, which was in possession of an overwhelming naval pre- this perfectly. He thinks the meeting with the Viceroy will strengthen his
head ponderance over its enemy. The ammunitions of war supplied (in power. Gradually the news will spread over Asia, and will have a good
defiance of the Queen's proclamation) by our merchants to both moral effect in his favour. There seems to be some reason to suppose that
west
irits combatants went in tenfold abundance to the North ; and it was when he first came to Umballa he was a little suspicious of our intentions
practically with British weapons that the Confederates were conquered. toward s him ; but his language now implies confidence in our sincerity.
ed
Our Government stretched, if they did not exceed, the law in the seizure The unders tanding between the two Governments will probably be of a
med
the of the rams, and, if accidentally tardy in the case of the Alabama, they more friendly nature henceforth, and in case of emergency caused by
have agreed to submit that question to arbitration. They were actively menace from without, he has been promised material support . Although
lla-
ch and most influentially friendly at the most critical moment of the war, a thorough soldier, the Ameer is sufficiently liberal and enlightened in his
when the Emperor of the French proposed to us to acknowledge the views to perceive that with peace the trade of Afghanistan will revive, and
independence of the South -a proposal which, if it had not been repudiated that commercial prosperity will do a great deal to consolidate his rule.
by us, would have ensured a very different issue to the conflict-a proposal, He was much impressed with the steadiness and discipline of the British
2

he regime nts, and especially by their subordination. "The general," he

by the way, which, both as to its initiation and repudiation, Mr. Sumner,
we remarked, " alone gives the command, and all the rest obey. That is
with deliberate uncandour, throughout his entire argument ignores.
le just as it should be." The precision of our artillery and the rifle
For what, then, could the English Government or the English nation
express regret or offer an apology ? What was the head and front- the practice of the infantry also called forth his admiration, in spite of the
affectation of indifference which at first he thought it politic to assume.
el sum total of our offending ? That a portion of our people sympathized
with a portion of the American people. Neither more nor less. Did the An idea that a too frequent application of water would impair their bodily
strength seems to prevail among the Afghans. The Ameer's suite are
suffering Lancashire operatives, the impoverished Liverpool merchants, the
descri bed as quite begrim ed with dirt, and the Grand Chamberlain is said
1 ruined Manchester manufacturers , express any sympathy withthe slave-
holders or any hostility towards the North ? Did either House of to have had considerable difficulty in persuading the prince himself to
put on a clean shirt for the durbar.
Parliament? Did any Cabinet or Government of either political party? Can
any single action or declaration of the Administration , any single despatch of
a Secretary of State, any vote of either Lords or Commons, be pointed to, as
expressing unfriendliness to the United States, or anything except grief and HOMBURG IN MAY.
pain at the unnatural civil strife ? Did our House of Representatives ever Homburg.
make the faintest approach in this respect to the indecent votes of the HOMBURG under its present aspect forcibly reminds one of an orchestra
House of Representatives at Washington in the cases of Cuba, of Ireland, during that agonizing interval of tuning which precedes the grand burst
of Hungary? In a word, can anything be alleged against us (putting aside of melody. Everything is in a state of half-finished preparation ; and
the questionable instance of the Alabama) beyond this- that individual though only three short years of existence are allotted to the bank, and
members of the Legislature, special classes of the community, certain consequently to Homburg itself as a fashionable resort, the administration
politicians of eminence, particular organs in the press, did, in their private and townspeople are sparing no expense to make the three last seasons as
capacity, sympathize with the beaten cause ? And for this sin- this brilliant as possible. The present effects of their endeavours are scarcely
expression of feeling, strictly within that individual competence and right pleasant. The springs and the Kursaal are surrounded by wildernesses of
which is never questioned except by the most intolerant of despots-the stone and mortar, which are being applied to their embellishment ; the
English nation, in its corporate capacity, is expected to atone and to houses are clothed from top to bottom in suits of scaffolding, from whence,
apologize. in the absence of the usual spring showers, workmen rain paint on the
unwary passers by ; flower stalls and open-air booths devoted to the sale of
the most useless knicknacks at the highest possible prices are springing up
THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND THE AMEER.
like mushrooms on all sides. Small children, who act as a sort of skir-
A GOOD deal of misapprehension still seems to prevail both as to the mishing force for the flower-women, run just before one's legs offering early
present position of the Ameer Shere Ali in his own country, and the flowers for sale with a persistency that almost drives one to echo the fox-
relations into which he has recently entered with the Indian Government. hunter's indignant remark about those " stinking violets." Even the little
The broad facts of the case were correctly stated by Lord Lawrence in the English playing agent, who is almost as much an institution as the bank
House of Lords-that the Ameer has acquired sufficient authority in itself, has donned a new suit of dittos, invented a new and infallible
Afghanistan to justify his recognition as the sovereign of that country, and Martingale, and is sighing for the advent of his annual customers. The
that the Indian Government have consented to assist him in maintaining French company have given us their last performance at the charming
and consolidating that position as far as can be done without actual inter- little Kursaal Theatre ; they were rather second-rate certainly, but what can
vention on their part. It is, however, quite a mistake to assume that by you expect for a florin, which was the price ofthe best places in the house?
his late victory before Ghuznee he is absolutely master of Afghanistan. The name of the last novelty exhibited- the " Kalospinthekromokrene,"
He rules the provinces of Khoorum, Cabul, Candahar, and Herat, but he which according to the play bills means the Marvellous Fountain- was
is powerless against the encroachments of the Persians in Seistan, and surely in itself worth double the money. Before long the new Marchioness
quite recently Isak Khan, the son of Azim Khan, was reported to be forcibly will be warbling at 5,000 fr. an evening, and the stalls, the only comfortable
collecting the revenues of Balkh and Turkestan. Nobody knows better than ones in Europe, will cost a louis each. Certainly Monsieur Blanc cannot
the Ameer himself the difficulties of his position. It is understood that on be accused of want of enterprise ; in his efforts to attract visitors he gives
his return to his own country one of his first steps will be to march against us two operas a week during the season, and loses on them £300 a
Balkh and Turkestan, and it is not improbable that there will be renewed night : no man better understands how to cast his bread upon the waters.
fighting. This will depend on Azim Khan and Abdul Rahman being able The fact is that Homburg is resorted to earlier than most other German
to get there before him with a sufficient body of troops. In the impending baths. Early in May, if the weather be propitious, French and German
struggle the Ameer will profit by the liberality of the Indian Government. tourists appear, heralding the approach of the great summer wave of visitors,
[ 221 ]
 22 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

which will soon roll in upon us and wash away the little winter pools of scandal
PARIS GOSSIP.
and blackguardism. One cannot help regretting, when reading Thackeray's
delightful description of Rouge et Noirburg in summer, that he THE population of France many now be said to be thoroughly
should not have shown us the revers de la médaille. No pen but his
engrossed in the elections. Much to the discontent of the semi-official
could have properly described the horde of swindlers, bankrupt stock- journals, the leaders of the Opposition continue to accept solicitations
brokers, cashiered guardsnien , and superannuated Aspasias who addressed to them to stand for different constituencies. The favourite
gregate round the gambling tables and dismally caricature society here representatives in France appear to be Messrs. Thiers, Jules Favre, and
in winter months. How these gentry contrive to obtain the ready money Jules Simon ; each of these gentlemen has agreed to contest half a dozen
with which they punt so persistently at roulette (for, as printed up in the seats, and in case of being returned for several places they will have a fine
rooms, Monsieur Blanc gives no credit ) and pay for luxurious dinners in exercise of patronage in recommending their lieutenants to the places they
the Kursaal Restaurant must be ranked among those mysteries which no vacate. In two constituencies M. Thiers will have formidable rivals in
fellow can understand . Their days seem to pass pleasantly enough in Paris he will be opposed by M. Devinck, the chocolate maker, and in
attempts to swindle each other as a kind of sham fight to keep their wits Marseilles by M. de Lesseps, just christened by an official organ the
sharp for the great summer campaign . Of the tables I speak with Christopher Columbus of the Isthmus of Suez. The Parisians of the
bated breath, and with the wrath of the omnipotent Monsieur Blanc second circumscription are invited to vote for the Liberal candidate,
threatening my devoted head. Even thus early the gambling is fast Thiers, defender of national works. A close contest will take place in
and furious ; last week a Bavarian countess won 100,000 francs, and, Paris between M. Emile Ollivier and M. Bancel, who placards the city
stranger still, went away with them ; but this is mere child's play ; in with his principles. It is perhaps sufficient to say that he commences with
66
a few short weeks the leviathans of the green cloth will enter the lists, ' Citoyens " and terminates his appeal with 66 salut et fraternité."
and modest louis be looked upon with contempt beside the heaps M. Bancel is an ex-representative of the people and an exile. The
of bank-notes flung on the mimic battle-field. Alas for the days of Liberals have a fine game before them, unless they allow petty
Garcia the Great ! we shall never more see his passionless face looking on jealousies to do the work of their adversaries ; and it must be
good and evil fortune without the quiver of a muscle, or hear his clear admitted that Frenchmen are only too prone to sacrifice national
voice calling " Douze mille francs à la masse ! " with as much unconcern to personal interest. M. Prevost Paradol narrowly escaped being
as another man might display in betting five shillings. Rouge-et-noir has forced the other day to renounce all thought of representing Nantes
been one too many for the bold gambler, and, in waiting at Madrid, on account of some of his own personal and party friends having
he has time to think, like Napoleon at St. Helena, of the battles, started another candidate. M. Prevost Paradol's only crime was a neglect
victories, and defeats of other days. Many Russians, and some of formalities ; he had omitted to call upon one gentleman and to
Englishmen still play as high ; but as a beau joueur, calm and impassible, acquaint another with his sudden determination to stand. Happily the
whether winning or losing thousands, Homburg has not yet seen his equal. good citizens of Nantes, without any consideration for the wounded
Those were, indeed, the great days of gambling, and will soon become feelings of a couple of influential electors, have memorialized
historical. Moral Prussia will not extend the lease for one moment M. Prevost Paradol to come forward for their town, and that gentleman
beyond the fatal 31st of December, 1872. His Prussian Majesty, however, has accepted. The memorial is plentifully signed, the two first signatures
does not seem to abhor the abode of wickedness, for he intends spending being those of the Presidents of the Chamber and the Tribunal of Com-
merce. M. Prevost Paradol, in his reply, expresses himself strongly in
part of the summer here, and the Castle is being prepared for his reception.
After all, one may search all Europe and not find a more delightful place favour of the abolition of personal government. -The other day the
to spend a few weeks in. You can sit in Monsieur Blanc's gardens, listen Minister of the Interior wrote a very liberal circular respecting the conduct
to his music, read his papers, dance at his balls, drink salt waters flavoured which Government expected from officials in the provinces during the
with stale eggs at his springs, and never pay a penny ; or, if your con- elections. M. Magne, however, has since sent confidential instructions to
science be tender, put a few louis on rouge the day before you leave, lose the officials under his department demanding active assistance, and
them, as you probably will, and go away with the feeling that you have inviting the gentlemen addressed to enlighten the functionaries in their
spent a pleasant summer, and are under no obligation to anybody for employment, and to place themselves at the disposal of the prefect whose
your enjoyment. advice they will do well to follow. The difference between the private and
the public instructions is remarkable.
The defection of the Constitutionnel from the Government is the talk
FEMALE ORATORS IN FRANCE. of the day, and it seems as if M. Rouher's organ, the Public, had com-
menced to waver-at least the latter paper writes about some independent
CONFERENCES, though quite a recent importation in France, have rapidly candidates whom it would be sorry to oppose. The Constitutionnel of this
become a national institution. Every subject except the forbidden one of morning (Monday) writes in favour of ministerial responsibility, an
politics is discussed there, from Voltaire to the reciprocal duties of masters independent Chamber, and free press, and treats the late Parliament as no
and servants, and from tenant right to the geography of the moon. With Opposition journal has yet dared to do it accuses it of approving every-
the exception, perhaps, of M. Girardin's lectures on Voltaire, the most thing, " and, instead of being an open window through which the Emperor
successful conferences have hitherto been held by ladies, some few ot could examine public opinion ," being " a curtain to repose the eye of the
whom have lately spoken so eloquently on the subject of woman's rights ; Sovereign." The writer then makes a happy allusion to the manner in
that one almost feels inclined to sigh for the days foreshadowed by the which Potemkin conducted Catherine the Great through her dominions.
Westminster Review, when the admission of the " suppressed sex " to The defection of the Constitutionnel is likened to that of Bourmont before
magisterial and senatorial rights shall shed a softening influence over law Waterloo, and the Public will probably be compared to Grouchy.--The
and politics. The women of France are making most strenuous efforts to Rappel, edited by Victor Hugo, Henri Rochefort, and other exiles, has
hasten the advent of this happy period. They have founded two news made its appearance, but having been conceived in crime it was
papers, enlisted in their interest men of talent, such as Simon and Favre, forbidden the kiosks even before its birth. Over the door of the house
and at the conferences have shown themselves, in many instances, fully where the journal is published the simple word " Rappel " had been
competent to plead their own cause. Foremost among the female printed, and because the proprietor of the establishment objected to
orators stands Mdme. Audouard, who is as pleasant to behold as to efface the obnoxious word, the police saved him the trouble by giving
This lady is already known to fame ; it is she who dauntlessly the doorposts a coat of white paint. As yet this dreaded paper has con-
took her stand on her son's grave and defied the irrepressible Haussmann tained nothing calculated to overthrow the present dynasty.
to drive a boulevard through the Cimetière Montmartre. She does not The Empress is shortly to receive an official invitation from the
confine herself to a simply European view of the question, but discourses Viceroy of Egypt to be present at the opening of the Suez Canal,
agreeably of her adventures among Turks, Egyptians, and Mormons ; as and M. Haussmann has left Paris for his villa near Nice in order to
regards the latter, she is at issue with Mr. Hepworth Dixon, as she maintains prepare some apartments for the reception of her Majesty, who has
that the ladies of Utah are far from being satisfied with their domestic promised to pay him a visit. M. Alphaud, the chief engineer of Paris, who
arrangements, and would much prefer having a whole husband each. Four is on his way to Corsica to prepare the fêtes for the 15th of August,
lectures by Mdme. Marie Duresme, which she calls " L'Ancien devant le accompanied the Prefect of the Seine. - The France states that the Emperor
Nouveau," have obtained a great success. This lady's views, presented and Empress dined a few days since with the Princess Mathilde, who gave a
with much vehemence and fluency, are of a slightly subversive nature. reception in the evening to which several poets and artists were bidden.
In theology she preaches deism ; on the question of female rights she At about ten o'clock Mdlle. Agar suddenly commenced to recite Victor
admits that there is and ought to be physical differences between the Hugo's celebrated Ode to the first Napoleon. The exile of Guernsey will
sexes, but whatever physiologists may say about cerebral inequalities and feel flattered to learn that their Majesties applauded his verse, which is
simian analogies, she asserts their perfect equality. Mdme. Minche, who some compensation for prohibiting his plays on the stage. After the ode
is next on the list, has exhibited her businesslike capacity by boldly M. Theophile Gautier recited some lines supposed to be entitled the
grappling with the somewhat intricate question of tenant right. The " Vision of Ham," in which the poet recounted a kind of vision which Louis
course she proposes to pursue is of admirable simplicity, and would doubt- Napoleon, then a prisoner, had when the ashes of his uncle were brought
less find strong partisans in Ireland. It consists in decapitating the land- back to France.
lords. This theory was too much for the long-suffering commissaire de Just before the close of the last session a motion to pass a vote of
police who listened to the lady's harangue : he called her to order. The 250,000 francs in favour of retired school masters and mistresses was lost
Minister of
ladies, as a rule, appear to give this functionary much more trouble than by a tie, 90 deputies voting for, 90 against the measure. The
male orators, who only approach the forbidden ground of politics by Public Instruction spoke against the bill, and the public was therefore
allusions and innuendoes. Red Republicanism finds among the softer sex not prepared to read in the official journal of the 5th inst. that 300,000 was
its most ardent adherents ; and in the event of another revolution it is to to be added to the pensions of superannuated teachers. A saving to this
be feared that their influence would once more be rather employed to amount is to be effected in another department, and the money paid to
stimulate than to appease the angry passions of the popular party. Still, if deserving recipients. Instances are known of teachers after fifty-six years'
we overlook this little outburst of intemperate zeal, the great fact remains service only receiving a pension of 63 francs a year.
that all these ladies spoke with much talent and success, and that their The Patrie says that the Dutch are in great delight at the thought of
efforts may go far to settle the question whether women in France are to trains being about to run from Paris to Amsterdam, and states that the
be raised to a new social and political position, or remain, as Sydney works destined to join the Dutch and Belgian lines are being actively
Smith calls them, " parturient, hysterical, interjectional animals." pushed forward.
[ 222 ]
 869.
MAY 7, 1869. ] PAL MAL BUD .
L L GET 23

at the bottom with five flounces "en biais, " each flounce being bordered by a narrow
LA MODE.- ROBES AND COIFFURES. rouleau of satin. The front of the robe has three corresponding flounces, surmounted
broughly
PARIS, May 3. by a deep flounce of point d'Alencon, above which is a "rattrassé " of satin. The
11-official
citations THE victory gained by the robes courtes in the ball - room and the salon last season has upper skirt, in blue faye, has a similar rattrassé, with a bouffante behind in tulle illusion,
avourite proved but a transient one, for robes à queue are now not only " de rigueur " there, but are trimmed with three rows of point d'Alençon. Three bows are disposed at the back
gradually reappearing at the promenade. For visiting and receiving toilettes of all of the robe ; one very large one above the top flounce of the train, another at
vre, and
descriptions the train is again the mode, though the demi-traine appears to be tolerated. the bottom of the upper jupe, and a third one simulating a sash, and more elaborate than
a dozen It is, however, the depth and number of the flounces, ruches, bouillonnés, rouleaux, coques, the others, at the waist. The small corsage is trimmed with point d'Alençon. Another
e a fine biais, and fringes with which the jupes and corsages, too, are trimmed that are the chief dress is of white gaze de Chambery, with a delicate undulating mauve stripe. At the
Des tat characteristics of the robe of to-day. 66 Bouffantes," when worn at all, are certainly less bottom is a deep gauze flounce festooned with mauve silk, over a flounce of mauve poult
als: voluminous than they were. Large bows looping up the upper jupe and otherwise orna- de soie. The low square-cut corsage of mauve silk terminates in front in little diamond
and menting the skirt have entirely supplanted rosettes and other ornaments. Sashes have shaped lappets bordered by Mechlin lace ; behind is a long rounded basque trimmed to
an the no longer the same flowing ends, but then, to compensate for the abridgment they have correspond. A fichu in organdi, edged with Mechlin lace, no deeper than a collar
of the undergone in this respect, they are wider and their bows larger and more intricate than behind, and descending in front no lower than the waist, where it is rounded off, masks a
didate ever. 64' Revers " of a different shade of colour are becoming prevalent in toilettes de portion of the corsage, which is encircled at the waist by a long sash of mauve gros grain
ace in visite, which seem daily to increase in magnificence. 66 Complete costumes," though still with floss silk ends. The mauve silk sleeves fit tight to the arm and have deep cuffs of
he cit generally worn, seem hardly likely to last another season, as innovations of all kinds are organdi and Mechlin lace. A couple of white roses are posed in the hollow of the
5W daily making their appearance. For instance, with a pale lavender robe the under jupe corsage and some white rosebuds in the hair. An unpretending robe in blue poult de soie
rnite. will be of maize colour, while one shot with lavender and golden brown will have a has the under skirt trimmed with a flounce of plaited crape of the same shade. An
jupe of the latter tint. And there are even more daring combinations. One has seen, upper skirt is simulated by means of a series of triangular-shaped "pattes, " fastened
The
for instance, light blue robes with under jupes of the brightest gold colour, and violet together by rows of bows and trimmed at the bottom with a corresponding flounce.
petty ones with jupes of the most brilliant sea green. With the loware corsage a lace chemisette is worn, secured at the neck with a collar
it be of ribbon sra e
liona Since the recent spurt of warm weather has passed off, cachemire costumes are much no. lace bow. The long tight sleeves have triple bows posed on each
in favour for toilettes de promenade. We have them in grey, almond colour, and shoulder.
e
being capucine, and other brilliant shades, the skirt trimmed behind with a flounce, starting A maize colour poult de soie dinner robe has its long training skirt trimmed with a
antes
from just below the waist and forming a train, which loses itself in a deeper flounce, deep plaited flounce of glossy crape of the same colour, at the head of which is a
elaborately ornamented with interlacing circular ruches, at the bottom of the ordinary garland of large Michaelmas daisies. Bows decreasing in size are ranged up the
skirt. The casaque, of the same material, has large lappets, bordered with flounces with entire front of the. skirt, and behind are puffs trimmed with crape flounces and
a coquillée heading, falling at the sides, and in front a tablier trimmed to match. The supported by bows and festoons of daisies. The low corsage is trimmed with a
the cuffs are en suite, and the corsage is ornamented with a row of coques, arranged to bertha of plaited crape and ornamented with bows, and a tall diadem of daisies form
simulate large facings. Another cachemire robe has the under jupe trimmed with a the coiffure.
ized couple of silk flounces of the same shade, each being surmounted by a plissé of cachemire, For evening dresses the ladies are going back to the period of the Renaissance
and the upper one being ornamented with perpendicular " pattes, " secured at the top and for their models. Fancy a robe with a long train of purple satin of that peculiar
Ires bottom by buttons. The skirts of the casaque -open at the back- are trimmed with a shade known among our modistes as 66 rouge Van Dyck, " trimmed with a large
OM- single flounce and plissé. The silk sash fastens with a perfect cluster oflittle bows behind. flounce of purple tulle surmounted by numerous smaller flounces of white tulle. A
With a robe of grey faye, à demi-traine, simply trimmed with a deep flounce surmounted deep band of Venice point forms the tablier, and droops down the skirt to meet
by a biais, a mantle of blue faye is worn, which has simulated sleeves and skirts the flounces aforesaid. The voluminous bouffante is richly draped with small flounces
sloped off in front to show a tablier, and open behind, where it is trimmed with a of Venice guipure, and the heart-shaped corsage is ornamented with a ruff of the same.
slightly scolloped flounce edged with deep lace and having a plissé heading, which Another sixteenth century robe is of blue satin, and has its train trimmed with
to carried up the front and round the neck, forms a collar to the mantle. The tablier
Brussels point. In front is a tablier of a darker shade, with a revers of white satin.
is trimmed to correspond, and a handsome bow posed behind gathers in the mantle With the corsage, which is rather high behind and low and square shaped in front, an
at the waist. upright ruff is worn. A garland, composed of blue velvet periwinkles with silver leaves
se A rather handsome toilette de promenade has a lavender under jupe with several starting from the centre of the corsage, gathers in clusters on the shoulders, whence
d small plaited flounces, and an upper jupe of black silk, with horizontal lace insertions the ends trail down. The short sleeves formed of bouillonnés of blue satin, confined by
extending all the way down it, trimmed at the bottom with a deep border of lace. The a white satin biais, terminate in coquilles of lace descending almost to the elbow. In
k corsage, matching the under jupe, is trimmed with ruches, and a lace ceinture encircles the the coiffure is a cluster of periwinkles fastened with a diamond brooch. A pearl grey
waist. A costume in blue taffeta has a deep plaited flounce surmounted by a rich oriental robe, with a less pretentious train, has the sides of the skirt ornamented with a wide
braid at the bottom of the under jupe, while the upper jupe has a single bouffante bouillonné, up which runs a chain of little puffs of some contrasting colour, such as pale
reaching to the head of this flounce, and partly veiled by a large lace bow. The corsage blue, mauve, or rose ; the corsage, heart-shaped in front, has a ruff of antique guipure
is composed of a tight fitting jacket worn over a small blue satin vest. The short square starting from the waist and spreading out like a fan at the back of the neck by means of
cut skirts are trimmed with lace and the oriental braid just mentioned, and the tight a frame of fine wire. The sleeves, which are either slashed or bouillonné, have deep lace
sleeves have deep lace cuffs which are headed with the same braid. Silvery grey cuffs. The trains of these robes are usually so fashioned as to be readily looped up on
costumes, shot with "moon " colour, like the famous dress of Peau d'Ane, have the upper the left side.
jupes raised in bouffantes and long lappets hanging from the sides of the corsage, which The less historical looking evening toilettes are of endless variety- in cerise satin
is ornamented with a pelerine. The whole is trimmed with double rows of fringe of both fringed with white rosebuds, the white under jupe being bordered with cerise velvet. In
shades of colour intermingled. A robe in shot green silk, with numerous small flounces the coiffure of white rosebuds entwined in and out a band of cerise velvet white lace is
mounting up the skirt, had the edges of these flounces bordered with violet satin ribbon. largely intermingled. A robe in white tulle had the under skirt trimmed with a deep
The sash was trimmed to match, and had a rich violet fringe in addition. Other flounce surmounted by a broad biais of sky blue satin, along the centre of which ran a
toilettes de promenade are in gros d'Italie of various shades, and have the under jupe wreath of brown and purple ivy leaves and berries. The paniers and the tablier
ornamented with five narrow plaited flounces, each surmounted by three narrow rouleaux were of tulle with sky blue satin stripes, and round the former ivy leaves and
of satin. The upper skirt, which is in the form of square shaped basques in front, berries were enwreathed. The hair was slightly tinged with powder, and more
has two large paniers at the sides which swell out and lose themselves under a ivy leaves and berries were twisted among the curls. A robe de bal thickly
large bow behind. The front lappets are trimmed with several rouleaux of satir , spangled with silver flowers had a tunic of white tulle, which glistened itself
edged with lace. A shawl-shaped fichu, open in front to show simulated plaited with silver fringe, thrown with infinite art over the glittering ground. The sash was
braces, and the point of which is secured behind beneath the ceinture, "" is trimmed of a ruddy gold colour, embroidered over with silver, and the coiffure was composed
to correspond. The tight sleeves have lace cuffs and a deep " montant of narrow of feathers of the same shade with a liberal addition of diamonds. Other robes de
satin rouleaux. bal, of white tulle with under skirts of plaited faille, are looped up with bouquets of
It is difficult to draw the line between toilettes de promenade and toilettes de visite, roses, heartscase, fuchsias, violets, primroses, variegated pinks, lilac and acacia blossoms ,
but the following may safely be included in the latter category. First, a robe of sky with rich silk cords, or with the brightest of satin bows, and have sashes and
blue poult de soie, trimmed at the bottom of the skirt with a deep flounce of Chantilly shoulder knots to correspond. A robe of rose colour tulle bouillonné is trimmed
lace, and a bouffante formed of double flounces of lace, fastening at the other side with at the bottom with a satin biais of the same shade ; the upper jupe, of white tulle
an "aumonière " of blue silk, embroidered over with the cypher of the wearer and powdered with gold, has a bouffante fastened behind with large pink satin bows,
ornamented with long silk tassels- the robe we are describing is for wedding visits, with while at the sides are clusters of tiny pink flowers. The hair was studded with similar
which perhaps the purse at the side has something to do. The corsage is veiled by a flowers.
jacket of black lace fitting to the shape and having loose sleeves, and the costume is A mauve tunic trimmed with a flounce of white tarletan falls over a maize colour
completed by a blue ceinture. Another robe, in lilac poult de soie, has a training skirt tarletan jupe, or the tints may be reversed, and the tunic may be of maize colour China
trimmed with a deep flounce headed by a bouillonné. The corsage, open all the way crape bordered with a fringe of floss silk, and worn over a skirt of mauve poult de soie,
down the front, terminates at the sides in square shaped basques and in a bouffante trimmed with a deep flounce headed by a bouillonné. The front of the tunic, which is
behind rounded into festoons, the edges being bordered with a ruche and a deep flounce of the same length behind as the under jupe, forms a rounded tablier, looped up at
of Chantilly lace. At the back is a lace bow. The tight sleeves have puffed epaulettes the side with bouquets of jonquils and bunches of lilac, which are repeated in the hair.
framed by ruches edged with narrow black lace ; the cuffs are of white lace, matching A robe of glossy white crape over a skirt of white taffeta, elaborately flounced at the
the collar. Other visiting toilettes are trimmed with flounces, headed by a large plaited bottom and festooned with maize colour silk, has the tunic, which is opened behind and
"chicorée "-a foliated trimming, very fashionable under the first Empire- which is arranged in large festoons, looped up on one side only and fastened with roses and
becoming largely adopted to ornament the present under jupes, and to follow the wavy wheat ears. Other roses and wheat ears are posed at the shoulders and entwined in the
outlines of the bouffantes and jupes Camargo. hair.
A very elegant visiting robe à traine is in violet faye, and has its long sweeping Coiffures are extremely high, but otherwise without the slightest pretension-simple
skirt, which is slightly bouffanté behind, trimmed all round with a deep flounce, headed ribbon or velvet bows or a single feather fastened, perhaps, with a diamond brooch ;
by a rich twisted violet and white cord. This skirt has a " revers " of white faye and more especially flowers of all hues-Easter daisies, primroses, and forget-me-nots
striped with violet and ornamented with a similar twisted cord and rich fringe for the younger beauties, roses and pinks for the more mature, both intermingled at
rising almost to the waist. A series of flounces, edged with white faye and headed with times with the lightest and brightest of tissues ; violets and heartsease are usually
cord, are disposed in front of the jupe tablier fashion, in addition to the flounce at the worn with velvet or ribbon bands. Powder, used, however, remarkably sparingly,
Jower part. The high corsage and the cuffs have revers bordered with fringe, and seems to be gradually getting into vogue. The ruddy Titian tint for the hair, which
the short skirts turned back both at the front and behind, the ends being secured by a has latterly been a good deal the rage and given birth to innumerable dyes, appears
bow, show revers of striped faye like those of the skirt. A narrow sash, with bow, in now to have yielded place to a pale yellow shade, which the small wits style " beurre
striped faye, completes the costume. frais " and " fromage d'Hollande, " and which will provide new employment for the
Among dinner dresses we may cite one in sky blue faye, with a long train trimmed chemistes-parfumeurs of Paris.
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 6 PALL MALL BUDGET.
[ MAY 7, 1869.

tion of the scandalous penal laws) as did the endowments of the sum equal to fourteen times the amount of the annual grant now
Church. The inference, therefore, is not unnatural which con- paid to it was raised only to be adjourned . It had been
cludes that the same statesmen, the same party, the same logic, incidentally argued, however, earlier in the afternoon by Mr.
the same policy, the same strong sense of justice (as some express CHICHESTER FORTESCUE, and it had the further advantage of a
it), the same determination to satisfy the Irish malcontents at any very able speech from the O'CONOR DON just before the sitting
cost (as others would prefer to call it), which are dealing so was suspended. The House of Commons has, consequently,
trenchantly with the property of the Church, will deal in the all the materials it needs for arriving at a decision, and
same fashion with the property of the landlords. Nor can though the greater part of Thursday night will probably be
the lawyers' plea of " prescription " be of any avail against the consumed in making apparent additions to the store, it is not
relentless consistency of logic which would follow up Mr. GLAD- likely that any new arguments will be brought forward. The
STONE'S first stroke by a second ; since few landowners can objection to the clause is simple enough. Maynooth carries
their titles back further than the Church. In fact, off a lump sum charged with the payment of certain annuities to
we believe many date their possessions from the very same years professors ; the Irish Church, on the contrary, gets nothing but
and the same Acts. And, finally, it is certain that the upas tree of the value of the annuities payable to the clergy, supposing the
Protestant preponderance (if it be a upas tree) in Ireland will not latter to be desirous of commuting. Mr. CHICHESTER FORTESCUE
be, and will not be thought to be, cut down so long as eight-ninths defends this seeming inconsistency at the expense of the symmetry
of the land are owned by Protestant proprietors. So far Mr. of the bill. The endowment of Maynooth, he argues, is the endow-
GLADSTONE is indisputably right. Is it, then, unreasonable to ask ment of an educational institution . It has, speaking strictly,
how he intends to rectify this awkward and unpopular anomaly, nothing to do with the measure into which it has, owing to Mr.
and to press for a speedy answer before the erroneous hopes which AYTOUN'S obstinacy, been needlessly introduced. It would have
his pregnant words have excited in the Irish mind have grown been treated most conveniently in connection with a scheme for
too confirmed and too deep-rooted to be extirpated without reconstructing the theological faculty in the University of Dublin ;
a catastrophe ? No doubt there is an important distinction and, if any objection is to be taken on the score of undue
between property given to and held by the Church expressly on favouritism, it can only be after the Government has proposed
account of its being Protestant and property given to owners who to deal with the latter on less advantageous terms. This way
may or may not be Protestant, and also a further distinction of looking at the question seems to be substantially correct, and
between property given for public purposes and for private use. But the O'CONOR DON would have been better advised if he had
these distinctions are apt to be overlooked by an ignorant and not gone on to argue that the only fair way of compensating the
passionate people unless forcibly and authoritatively pointed out. students of a college " is to divide the income by the number of
(6
As to the education question, only one word need be said, but students, and to hand over a capital sum calculated on that
it is a word that should be well pondered. Mr. GLADSTONE did " basis to a body to hold in trust for the purposes of the college."
not go one step beyond the truth when he described the existing The compensation of existing students does not require an
system as the third portion of the question of Protestant educational provision for the students of all times to come. The
ascendency, its third great bulwark. Only his language would longest period for which a young man remains at Maynooth is, we
have been more precise had he described it as the third great believe, seven years, so that even on the assumption that every student
barrier to Catholic encroachments and Ultramontane pretensions now in the college has only just entered, a capital sum equal to
and preponderance. The Catholic hierarchy detest it, and assail seven times the amount of the annual grant would amply satisfy
it with far greater virulence and a more concentrated enmity than all requirements. But the provisions of the bill in this respect
they directed against the Anglican Establishment. And they are admit of being justified on broader and less technical grounds.
quite right . It is a more formidable foe to their designs and a yet Even if we allow that Maynooth does get rather more than a
stronger element of good and hope to the distracted Irish nation . rigidly calculated compensation for vested interests, is the 39th
Does the Prime Minister really design to complete his work and clause the first in which such a method has been applied ? The
finally cut down his upas tree by conceding sectarian instruction economical fanaticism of certain Scotch members is offended
and handing over the youth of Ireland to the moral and intellectual because Popery carries off a fragment of the public money. They
guidance of the priests ? should have been more farsighted in their criticisms on the earlier
To conclude, we wish to say, in order to keep strictly within the part of the bill . How much public money has the Irish Church
limits of accuracy and to preclude any charge of exaggeration, contrived to snatch from the fire of disendowment ? In whose
that, in ascribing any portion of responsibility for the increased interest did Mr. GLADSTONE devise those pretty theories of churches
turbulence and the general insecurity now observable in Ireland being unmarketable, and consequently not strictly property at all,
to the language used by certain eminent politicians, our meaning of glebe houses being worth absolutely nothing, and the sites on
is simply this - that the language quoted was calculated and which they are built worth at the most but ten years' purchase ?
was certain to create or strengthen in the mind of the Irish They are one and all only ingenious fictions designed to cover the
peasant and tenant farmer the conviction that his notions fact that the Irish Church gets a good deal more than her own. The
as to the tenure and ownership of land were in substance disposition of the Government has been to make the process of
just, and were virtually shared by the leaders in question, disestablishment as pleasant as circumstances will allow, and no
however much they might condemn his mode of enforcing them ; Liberal member has objected to its doing so. It is not till
and further, that, as the hopes engendered by that language cannot this principle comes to be applied all round that any scruples of
be realized, nor those notions sanctioned or carried out, by any conscience are aroused. If any heed is to be paid to such
land legislation which could be proposed by any Ministry or remonstrances, the only mode in which it can be done fairly is to
adopted by any Parliament, the disappointment in store for those drop the present bill altogether, with the object of introducing one
misled classes can scarcely fail to cause a still more bitter resent- framed on a radically different principle. Then, when the State
ment, and perhaps a more desperate show of violence. has resumed every inch of land and every farthing of money which
is impressed with a public character, when it has put the churches
and the glebe houses up to auction and instituted a stringent inquiry
MAYNOOTH, into the history of alleged private endowments, it may be possible
without pettifogging inconsistency to pare down the compensation to
THE House of Commons is now half-way through the last Maynooth. Only in that case Sir GEORGE JENKINSON and Mr.
important discussion which is likely to arise on the Irish Church AYTOUN must make up their minds to lose theirWhitsuntide holiday.
Bill before it goes to the Lords. When the Maynooth clauses If we pass beyond the limits of the bill itself, the same
have been disposed of, little except technical details will remain reasoning will apply with even greater force. For three centuries
to be settled. The particular point raised by Mr. WHALLEY'S a small minority of the Irish people has appropriated public pro-
amendment on Tuesday was quite unworthy of the attention perty to the amount of some hundreds of thousands a year. For
which the tactics of the Opposition forced the House to bestow about one twelfth of that period the great majority of the Irish
upon it. Why, if it is convenient that the trustees of Maynooth people have been permitted by way of set-off to appropriate a few
shall continue to constitute a body corporate, any reasonable man thousands yearly. Is it is unfair that, when these accounts come
should wish to prevent it is beyond our comprehension . Sir JOHN to be squared, some notice should be taken of this enormous
PAKINGTON defended his vote on the plea that Maynooth is unduly disproportion ? Considering that on the smallest computation
favoured, not by the clause on which the division was taken, but by some £ 300,000,000 has gone first and last to the maintenance of
a subsequent provision in the bill. He voted in fact by anticipation. an alien Church in Ireland, while something short of £ 1,000,000 1
Mr. ALGERNON EGERTON was troubled because Maynooth would has been spent on the maintenance of the real Church of the
be incorporated at the moment of the passing of the Act, while the country, our sense of justice would not be shocked if May- I
nooth got rather better terms than the Establishment. As
Irish Church might not arrive at that dignity until two years
later, thereby giving Roman Catholicism an unfair start. And Lord a matter of fact, it does nothing of the kind, for the
JOHN MANNERS seems to hold that a man who thinks he has been benefits which accrue to the disestablished Church under the bill
unjustly dealt with is exonerated from the obligation of dealing are a full equivalent for a few years ' additional purchase of the
justly by others. In comparison with quibbles of this sort the Maynooth grant. But even if some dexterous Conservative orator
logic even of Mr. NEWDEGATE is convincing. should prove that we are wrong in our figures, our estimate of the
The main question whether Maynooth shall receive a capital claims of Maynooth will not be altered thereby.
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59. PALL MALL BUDGET.
MAY 7, 1869. ] 7
now
been ENGLAND'S PRESENT DIFFICULTIES. frightened, not, as we pointed out last week, at the prospect of
being defeated by an Irish rebellion, but at the prospect of having
- Mr.
e of a THREE very unpleasant things have happened which it is as well to suppress it by force, such force being employed to defend some
to look in the face. First in importance, and closely connected things which are distinctly indefensible. So far we must submit to
itting
with the other two, comes the speech of Mr. SUMNER in the the imputation of having been afraid. Unwelcome as the truth is,
ently, American Senate. It is shortly this- You English are respon- there is no good in denying it. The future, however, is still in
and
sible, if not for all the expenses of our civil war, at least for our power, and the question whether the English nation ought to
y be more than half of them ; and we will not be satisfied unless permit itself to be insulted is one which, when stated in plain terms,
= not
you pay us several hundred millions of pounds sterling, and make answers itself. Of course, no one would say yes to it, but there is
The
an ample, not to say abject, apology into the bargain. Increase considerable reason to fear that many people will give an answer
rries
your national debt by about 50 per cent., and creep in the which, though not an affirmative in terms, will have all the effect of
es to dirt before the United States, and perhaps we shall forgive you, one. They will seek, as cowards always do, to avoid the necessity
but perhaps also we shall not. The second thing is the riot at Derry. ofvindicating their character and position by denying that it has been
the
Prince ARTHUR, in the course of his Irish tour, undertaken for the attacked. They will try to extenuate the importance of such
CUE
sake of trying the effect on the Irish people of a small dose of language as Mr. SUMNER'S, and to deny the significance of such
etry royal favour, arrives at Derry. The prentice boys of Derry, under acts as are continually taking place in Ireland. They will treat
OW- the colour apparently of doing him honour, turn out in what as an absurdity the notion that any one can suppose that the British
'

tly, would appear to have been an Orange procession. The usual nation is frightened, or act upon the supposition of the existence
Mr. consequences follow in the shape of a desperate riot, in which of such a feeling. In a word, they will do their best to induce
ave the constabulary " had to charge several times." Three men were us all to pocket the affronts put upon us and to manage matters in
for shot dead on the spot, and " order was only restored when the 54th such a way as to show as little as possible the nature of the load
_n ; Regiment turned out and patrolled the streets." The scene of which we carry in our pockets. This is the well-established and
ue the third incident was Cork. The mayor of that city pre- well-understood procedure of every bully and coward who finds
ed sided at a dinner given to the two released Fenian convicts himself overmatched ; and those who do not wish their country to
ay WARREN and COSTELLO. He made a speech in favour of Irish play that part amongst the nations of the world would do well to
nd nationality, looking forward to the day when Ireland might defy consider how brave men usually act under difficulties. Whatever else
ad England, and upset the existing Government. He said ALLEN, they do, they invariably do three things-they acknowledge the
The LARKIN, and O'BRIEN " ought to be remembered and respected as existence of their difficulties, take their measure and march straight
of good patriots." He described O'FARRELL, the assassin who was hung up to them with a clear determination in their own minds as to the
at at Sydney, as a " noble Irishman," who " when he fired at the Prince kind and degree of resistance which they mean to oppose to them.
" in Australia was imbued with as noble and patriotic feelings as This is the proper course to take in the present instance. We
n " LARKIN, ALLEN, and O'BRIEN were," which is probably true. ought clearly to acknowledge that there is danger, which under
e WARREN and others made similar speeches, which appear to have favourable circumstances would become pressing, of foreign war with
Fe been received in a very enthusiastic manner. Add to these inci- the United States, and of civil war in Ireland. It is also true that,
t dents the murders, agrarian or otherwise, which have lately occurred except in so far as it puts us morally in a better position, our
in Ireland, and it must, we think, be admitted that matter enough policy with regard to the Irish Church will for the moment
exists to make us feel uncomfortable, to say the least of it. The rather aggravate than diminish these dangers. It will be attri-
t insults and threats levelled at us from the other side of the Atlantic buted, and not quite incorrectly, to fear, and it will thus encourage
by one of the most prominent public men in America are our enemies. Unfortunate as this is, it is not, as we have
echoed at home by a man holding an important public position, already pointed out, an argument against the measure, though it
whilst the old-standing wounds of Ireland break out in riot and certainly is a consideration which detracts from its value. With
murder, collective and individual, and under circumstances which regard to the course to be taken for reasserting our position, we can
make it impossible to doubt that there is a close connection speak only in very general terms. As to Ireland, we clearly ought
between the crimes which we witness, the threats which we hear, to punish and suppress in the most determined and unqualified
and the impression which is created in Ireland by the course of way every act or word which falls within the province of the
policy which we are pursuing for the express purpose of concilia- criminal law ; and we shall have abundant opportunities at
tion . These are facts which ought to make us think a little. no very distant date of showing clearly what it is which we
What has been and is the cause of these insults ? We need do not mean to concede to priests on the one hand or to
not go very far to look for it. It is to be found in the rebels on the other. With regard to America, mere violent
opinion which prevails widely both in the United States language and outrageous demands made unofficially by individuals,
and in Ireland that the English nation is afraid of them both. however distinguished, call for no notice on the part of the
They think that they have a hold on us, that we know it, nation at large. But the line of policy to be followed has the
and that we are beginning to suffer that knowledge to affect advantage of being perfectly clear, and Mr. SUMNER'S speech
our general conduct and policy. Large numbers of Americans, will at least enable our Government to draw it with the most
who contrast the language of our press at the height ofthe unmistakable plainness. We ought to be willing and ready to
civil war with the almost servile tone which it has assumed discuss the question of individual losses immediately caused by
towards America and its institutions since the conclusion of the any act which can be regarded as negligence on our part ; but as
struggle, and who dwell with natural satisfaction on the enormous to entertaining the question of paying general damages for recog-
and rapid development of military force which they were able nizing the Confederates, we ought to be prepared to fight first,
to make under pressure, conclude that we are frightened . Many at all hazards and disadvantages. We may perhaps consider
Irishmen draw a similar inference from the fact that the zeal on some other occasion the more general remedies which the
of the Liberal party for the disestablishment of the Irish Church present state of things requires.
proceeds from the terror produced by the Fenian rising and the
Clerkenwell explosion . The advent to power of Mr. BRIGHT,
with his strong American sympathies and his horror of war ; the COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN AMERICA.
sentimental and philanthropic reputation of Mr. GLADSTONE, and
So many people seem to be in doubt whether compulsory education
in particular the feelings which he has so often expressed as to exists as a system in any part of the United States that we trust a com-
Irish misgovernment and the importance of conciliating the pendium of the " Statutes relating to Public Schools " in Massachusetts
feelings of the Irish ; and, last of all, that most unhappy down to 1868 will receive attention. On more than one occasion
measure, the release of the Fenian prisoners, have gone far to Mr. W. E. Forster has expressed the belief that the compulsory system is
produce in the minds of our many ill-wishers a conviction not adopted in America. He will find on reference to this abstract that
by no means unlike that which had so much effect upon the law of the State compels every person having a child between the ages
the Emperor NICHOLAS fifteen years ago, that the spirit of of eight and fourteen under his control to send that child to school at least
the country has sunk, and that it is now much safer to twelve weeks in every year. Neglect of this renders the parent or guardian
insult us than it used to be. That under such circumstances we liable to a fine of twenty dollars, from which, however, he may gain
should meet with abundance of insults is only what was to have exemption on the plea of poverty, or if he can prove that the child has
been expected. It is highly important to consider what amount already received instruction, or that his mental or bodily condition unfits
him for it. The treasurer of every town or city is bound to prosecute
of truth there is in this impression , and whether or not it is to be
suffered to remain undisturbed. As to the first question, it is, "truants " under a penalty of twenty dollars. Every city or town is com-
we fear, impossible to affirm that the impression is altogether pelled to make proper provision for the education of children " wandering
about in the streets " between the ages of seven and sixteen.
unfounded. It is a melancholy truth that we have been consider- Children who will not go to school may be committed to a
ably frightened at the state of Ireland, at its relation to America, reformatory or other suitable institution for any period not exceeding
at the unexpected development of the military power and two years. Warrants issued are returnable "before any trial justice
tastes of the United States, and at the feelings provoked by or judge of a police-court." The children of drunken parents may
our mistake in giving our moral support to the wrong side in the be taken away and sent to school. These laws are put into force every
civil war.
day. Is it not strange that well-informed men in this country should go on
With regard to the Irish, again, many people in this country, asserting that compulsory education is a " dead letter " in everypart of the
some of them men in high authority, have most undoubtedly been United States ?
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 8 PALL MALL BUDGET.
[ MAY 7, 1869.

THE ROOT OF THE AMERICAN GRIEVANCE. Union as from a covenant with hell was urged by abolitionist missionaries
upon the New England States, and that the first instinct of abolitionist
THE republication in London of the full text of Mr. Sumner's speech will politicians was to welcome the secession of the Slave States as the
not lead to any modification of the judgment already passed upon it by removal of a standing reproach. It was only when the Northern Govern-
public opinion in this country. The extraordinary exaggeration both of ment wished to revive the fainting energies of the people by an infusion
tone and of detail which is visible in almost every sentence is so far an of quasi-religious enthusiasm, and when the abolitionists in this wish
advantage that the true character of the demands it embodies has been saw an opportunity of securing the Government as an ally in the
recognized far more completely and promptly than if its statements had working out of their special programme, that the compact was sealed,
been marked by diplomatic caution or strict accuracy. It is important, and the whole character of the war was changed. In the third place, the
however, to bear in mind that the real vice of the American position on secession of the South was only incidentally connected with slavery. It
the Alabama question is quite independent of the extreme forms in which is true that the immediate occasion of the movement was the election
it is occasionally expressed . Unless the unvarying testimony of English by a sectional vote of Republican President, and that the
and American observers is altogether false, the feelings which
hostility which led to this being accounted an irremediable wrong,
lie at the bottom of Mr. Sumner's declamation are shared by an immense had latterly been fanned by the abolitionist agitation. But in its
majority of the people of the United States. They were as apparent in origin, this hostility dated from a period when that agitation was
the despatches of Mr. Seward and Mr. Adams in 1865- they will probably, still unthought of. Any one who reads the writings of Mr. Calhoun
except when they are veiled for reasons of policy, be found as apparent about the time of the great tariff controversy of 1833 will see that South
in the despatches of Mr. Seward and Mr. Reverdy Johnson during the Carolina was as resolute in her determination then as ever she was twenty-
abortive negotiation which has lately closed - as in any of the eight years later. Fourthly, to many Englishmen it seemed almost certain
speeches delivered in secret session at Washington on the 13th of that the emancipation of the negroes would be an ultimate result of
last month. To what element, either in human nature generally
Southern success, even if their immediate emancipation was not effected by
or in the American character in particular , they are to be attributed it is Southern necessities. If Mr. Jefferson Davis could have had his way, the
not necessary to inquire here, but, as it is of great importance to the con- slaves would probably have been armed in time to give a new aspect to
duct of any future negotiation that they should be properly appreciated the struggle, in which case a return to slavery would have been virtually
by Englishmen, we propose to say a few words upon the latest manifesta- impossible ; and even if the South had established its independence
tion of them in Mr. Sumner's speech. without resorting to this expedient, the mere proportions of the white and
It must be noticed that much of Mr. Sumner's indignation would be black races in the new confederation must, in time, have greatly changed
admitted, even by himself, to be misplaced if it were not for his constant the position of the latter. Englishmen may well have held that the cer-
assumption that Englishmen were bound to regard the secession of the tainty of gradual amelioration was far preferable to the doubtful chances of
Southern States in precisely the same light in which it now appears to the violent emancipation .
abolitionist party in the North. If the "rebels " contemplated in
the Queen's Proclamation of Neutrality had been Hungarians of 1848,
or Cretans of 1867 , or Cubans of 1869, Mr. Sumner's sympathies would IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT.
in all probability have been given to the very act which, when it has
reference to the most formidable and best organized insurrection of WE have already expressed our general concurrence in the principle of the
modern times, it taxes his vocabulary to describe with sufficient abhorrence . Attorney-General's Bill for abolishing imprisonment for debt, that is for
We will not do Mr. Sumner the injustice of supposing that his opinion of incapacity to pay as distinguished from criminal recklessness or dishonesty
rebellion is determined simply by geographical considerations. On the in incurring the debt or evading payment. So far, indeed, the bill will
contrary, we believe that he has persuaded himself that the secession of the effect only a formal abolition of what has practically been abolished.
Southern States was different in kind from all other rebellions, and that to before. The deficiency of the present law arises from these two
Englishmen, equally with Americans, it ought to have appeared " an odious causes - First, so long as imprisonment for debt at the option of a
combination. " The reason why it should have been thus viewed by us is judgment creditor is allowed, natural humanity steps in and suggests
to be found, according to Mr. Sumner, in the fact that the war of the some palliative in the shape of a voluntary or compulsory surrender of
Federal against the Confederate Governments was the battle of freedom the debtor's property for the benefit of his creditors ; this supersedes
against slavery. The concession of belligerent rights to the South was a imprisonment, which the honest man dreads because it deprives him
66 possibly of the only means which he has of paying his debts, but which
flagrant and unnatural departure from that anti- slavery rule which by
manifold declarations - legislative, political, and diplomatic- was the has no terror for the accomplished rogue, into whose imagination the
avowed creed of England." The effect of this step was that " rebel slave- conception of payment never entered . Thus ifthe threat of imprisonment
holders, occupied in a hideous attempt, were taken by the hand, and thus, with operates upon credit, to the extent of making some persons pay, the
the official protection and the God-speed of anti-slavery England, commenced facilities with which debtors can avoid the infliction render the system
their accursed work. " And then Mr. Sumner quotes with natural approbation not only indefensible, but absurd. In fact, imprisonment is only effectual
Mr. Bright's lament that England alone of all the countries in Europe should to complete the ruin of the honest but unfortunate man who, at the most
have had men in it who gave aid and comfort to this foulest of all crimes. " critical moment, is torn away from his business and employment. The
In entire consistency with this view of the facts the Alabama and similar dishonest man, on the other hand, has only to wait for the registrar's
vessels are spoken of throughout the speech as " pirate ships," and in one monthly visitation , or to anticipate that event by petitioning in forma
place by a bolder flight of fancy as " rigged with curses dark." If Mr. Sumner pauperis. In illustration of the easy and cheap manner in which such
is right in his selection of epithets, to say that England sinned in not observing persons not only cheat their creditors but cheat the court, the following
a strict neutrality between the combatants is to characterize her crime very artifice of almost daily occurrence may be mentioned. The debtor is
arrested at the suit of a friendly creditor ; the former petitions in formâ
inadequately. The language of the speech should rather have been modelled
on Deborah's malediction upon the sluggish Israelites : " Curse ye Meroz, said pauperis, and, having been adjudicated bankrupt, as a matter of course he has
the angel ofthe Lord, curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof ; because they to go back to prison and there to make an application for his release under
the 112th section of the Bankruptcy Act, 1849 ; but in the meantime the
came not to the help of the Lord, to the help of the Lord against the mighty." friendly execution creditor has sent his release to the gaol. Thus the debtor
If the cause of the North was visibly the cause of civilization and liberty,
while the cause of the South was that of barbarism and slavery, English- walks out, and, if it suits his purpose, surrenders to his bankruptcy. This
artifice is adopted to save the £ 5 or 1 stamp on the petition , and all other
men ought to take shame to themselves that they suffered the issue
to remain doubtful for two years without making a move to determine it in court fees, which the less adroit and more honest debtor must either pay or be
absolved from by waiting in prison as a non- trader for the space of two
the right direction. We escape from this self-reproach because we deny calendar months or as a trader for fourteen days. It is idle to contend that
that premiss of Mr. Sumner's from which it is the legitimate deduction.
England as a nation did not, and does not, regard the secession of the a system of punishment which can be defeated thus easily can have any
South as " a hideous attempt," as an " accursed work," as the "foulest permanent effect either upon commercial credit or upon commercial
of all crimes." This disclaimer on her part is in no sense a departure from morality.
her old " anti-slavery rule." It was perfectly possible for Englishmen Imprisonment for debt as it now exists is little understood. Trades-
men, especially the small shopkeepers, believe that the threat of imprison-
to sympathize heartily with the South without thereby surrendering ment, or the punishment itself, is the only " set-off" to the profligate
or compromising this principle in the least degree. For, to begin with, the
credit which competition forces them to give. The county court judges
civil war in America was not in the first instance a war against slavery. It generally concur in this opinion, as may be seen from the report of
was accidentally a war against slaveholders, but in its early stages its aim
the committee of county court judges, issued on the 25th of July, 1859 , on
was simply to bring them back to their allegiance, not to deprive them of 66
their human property. 'County Court Commitments. " The committee say—
More than a year after the war had begun
emancipation was still treated, not as a boon to be won for the slave, but We express, we believe, the feeling of all the judges when we say that any alteration
as a penalty to be denounced against the owner supposing him to of the law which would take away from the county courts the power of imprisonment
persist in his rebellion. If the evidence of acts is not sufficient, there would relieve the judge of a most painful duty, but would produce great misery among
is the feeling of the United States Government speaking by the the working classes, who, forced to buy on credit, would hereafter only obtain it upon
terms which would cause those who paid their debts to pay for those who did not. The
mouth of President Lincoln, the truest representative of the conquering
judges are, with one or two exceptions , of opinion that it is essential that the working
mind of the North, in that letter to Mr. Horace Greeley quoted in the
classes should obtain credit on fair terms, and that they consider that the county courts
Times of Monday :-" My paramount object in the struggle is to save the enable them so to obtain it. Could they not do so in times of sickness or scarcity of
Union, and not either to save or destroy slavery." In the next place
resistance to secession was not in the first instance an abolitionist doctrine. work they would be compelled to resort to their parishes for relief, and their homes
would be broken up.
It now suits that party to assume that it was so, but no amount of bluster
can do away with the facts that, for years before the war, secession from the That the county court system of imprisonment enables working men to
obtain credit may be admitted, but there is strong evidence against the
*
" Speech of the Hon. Charles Sumner, delivered in Executive Session of the assumption that they obtain it on fair terms. As a rule they have not
United States Senate on Tuesday, April 13, 1869, against the Ratification of the only to pay some 30 or 40 per cent. above the real worth of the
Johnson-Clarendon Treaty for the Settlement of the Alabama and other Claims." goods if bought with ready money, but are made the victims of a noxious
(London : Stevens, 1869. ) system of trading, the object of which is to tempt the men themselves, and
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MAY 7, 1869. ] PAL MAL BUD . 9
L L GET
ssionaries
bolitionist often their wives and daughters, without their knowledge, to take goods on everything, and he must sacrifice duty somewhere. For choice, he
es as the credit, imprisonment being relied on as a means of ensuring payment. The certainly will not lavish what is so much in request on a company
Govern judge of an extensive district in North Lancashire thus describes the which to all outward seeming is flourishing, and where a trust-
infusion pedlar's ways :- worthy staff of veteran officials seem to render superfluous anything
his wish The usual course is this :-He calls when the husband is at his work, tempts but a signature attached as matter of form. Quis custodiet ipsos
the wife with shawls and dresses that she really does not want or cannot afford, and custodes ? The auditor is supposed to check the office, but who is
in the
gives her credit for them. She goes on paying without her husband's knowledge what she to check the auditor, and what but results are to gauge the care and
sealed
can save from the house money for perhaps a year or more ; at last the creditor comes ability he brings to his work ? He may go on for ever casting his eye
lace, the
forward and demands the money from the husband ; he beats his wife, and is summoned over sums total, and dashing off his name to the common satisfaction of
ery. It by the creditor to the county court ; thinks it unjust, particularly as the goods are sold himself, the directors, shareholders, and officials, if only the last are to be
election
as a rule (I speak advisedly) at three times their value ; refuses to pay, and often goes to relied on, and make his duties what they ought to be a matter of form.
hat the prison rather than submit to what he considers an imposition. If the officials take a vile advantage of his trusting disposition and faith in
wrong
He adds that he has often fifty such cases before him in a day. Another human nature, it comes very hard on him doubtless, because it may place
in its him in so false a position with his constituents. For as the very accident has
on was county court judge has put on record the contrast between the mechanics
at the Government factory at Enfield, who are frequently in trouble about happened which he was paid so highly to prevent, surely the onus rests on him
Calhoun
debts, and the soldiers in a garrison like Colchester, who are seldom if ever to show that the mishap was due to no want of ordinary care or diligence on
South his part . Directors may insist on tendering their work to an overworked
"county courted," simply because the publicans and other shopkeepers
wenty man, but their indiscretion does not absolve him from his responsibility in
certain know they are exempted from being committed for debt. Imprisonment
accepting it. He makes a bargain with the company for services to be
Sult of under a county court warrant, it must be remembered, does not purge the
rendered, and if circumstances make it clear that he has failed in the per-
debt, and a poor man may be incarcerated repeatedly for a trifling
ed by formance of his part of it, surely he must be held liable in equity for any
the debt of a few shillings, continually swollen by costs. The question is one of
importance, both on moral and social grounds, as may be judged from the losses that his neglect may have entailed on his clients. We need
ect to not go so far as to argue that the fees for whose payment the com-
following figures :-In the year 1867 there were in the county courts 933,055
tually plaints for the recovery of debts under £20, and 8,822 for the recovery of panies tax themselves are virtually a high insurance they pay against
dence loss - a black mail to the auditors that they may suffer no one but
e and debts under £50. The total amount thus sued for was £2,194,836. About
half of this amount was paid or settled without judgment. The number of themselves to pillage. Yet the scale on which those fees are generally
nged calculated makes that a colourable presumption. And if victimized
debtors who were actually imprisoned during that year was 8,362. In 1864
cer- shareholders succeed in any instance in obtaining judgment against their
Lord Westbury introduced a bill which might be revived with advantage.
es of auditors, certainly they need be held back by no considerations of for-
Without entirely abolishing county court commitments, it proposed to check
and restrain them. For instance, imprisonment was only to take place bearance or compassion from exacting the uttermost farthing. In auditing,
when a specific offence had been established, such as the contraction ofthe and still more during the last few years in the kindred branch of liquidating,
debt by means of fraud, or without probable or reasonable expectation of the profession seems to have solved the problem of combining the minimum
being able to pay, wilfully concealing property, &c. , and the period of limi- of service with the maximum of pay. Had they been Sir Boyle Roach's
the tation was proposed to be reduced from six years to one year. bird multiplied by ten and able to be in twenty places at once, it is simply
for impossible they could have given honest consideration for their fees.
Shareholders who have attended the meetings of companies in which they
sty
ill had an unlucky interest have painful recollections of men whose whole
AUDIT AND AUDITORS.
ed substance was gone or threatened by calls, and who had their questions
ΤΟ WE fear the unfortunate shareholders of the Great Central Gas Company and complaints peremptorily stifled by the official who was richly
may not agree with us, but for ourselves we should consider Mr. Higgs's paid for any amount of patience. In some of those rare cases where
a
ts appropriations a cheap price to pay for establishing the principle of the liquidation was promptly carried through, we have seen the liquidator
of possible responsibility of auditors. As it is, these gentlemen claim and condemn by implication all his confrères by claiming credit and exorbitant
ES have had conceded to them an exceptional position in the commercial gratuities for doing what was his bare duty. We have no doubt he was
n world. They play upon velvet ; heads, I win-tails, you lose ; making right and relatively righteous, and we much question whether beggared
handsome incomes out of the prosperity of their constituents, and fortunes contributories would find soothing reading in any black book that should
out of their adversity. Nothing can be wiser, or indeed more essential contain the candid histories of all inchoate liquidations so far as we have
to the well-being of a great company, than that its complicated gone. Under our system, liquidators and auditors are almost of necessity
accounts should be periodically manipulated by experts, and that irresponsibly their own masters, the work they do being that of other
the intromissions of its trusted officers should be checked off people, and, as we have shown, the presumptive evidence is irresistible
at intervals by a distinct machinery, carefully elaborated with that that they must habitually neglect it. There are two ways in which they
intention. But in its very purpose an audit not merely assumes honesty on might go to work. They may choose to undertake all they may get, doing
the part of the auditor as a primary essential, but average application, and it or neglecting it as they best can, and taking the consequences. Or they
ordinary intelligence as well. Does our experience tell us that those con- may take that only which they can comfortably manage and do it well.
ditions are generally fulfilled, and that disclosures so startling as those of They generally prefer the former, so, as honest men, they look, we
the Great Central Gas Company point only to exceptional incompetence presume, on the fortunes they amass as a sinking fund, amenable in the
and unparalleled carelessness ? or are we driven to the conclusion that contingencies when their reckless method of doing business has injured
auditing is too often a costly sham, suffered by the directors to figure in their clients.
the company accounts in deference to the superstition of the shareholders, We do not pretend to decide on the liability of the auditors of the
and as likely effectually to serve their interests as that despatch of detec- Great Central Gas Company, but we are sure if the principles we have
tives after a man who has certainly placed himself far beyond the reach of indicated are sound, the shareholders have a strong primâ facie case against
extradition treaties, for which the board of the Gas Company claims credit ? them. Look how things stood. Neither the capital nor income of the
Supposing the honesty assumed, we should say assiduity is much more company was very great, and the defalcations were relatively enormous.
of a desideratum in the auditor than eminent ability. At least, when pro- Although they extended over a period of eight years, in one of these they
fessional intelligence has once planned a system so 66 perfect " as that which actually amounted to something over £22,000. The auditors had it abso-
the auditors of the Great Central Gas could boast, it is clear it must be lutely forced on their notice that something was wrong. Mr. Higgs, notwith-
comparatively easy for a Higgs to cook totals so that broad results may standing the adroitness with which he hoodwinked the wiseacres he was
tally, if he know it to be the custom of those whom, if they were a trifle pillaging, was yet not prestidigitateur enough to fill up the increasing vacuum
sharper, he would regard as his natural enemies, never to stoop to items his frauds annually created in the company's coffers. Year after year a
or embarrass themselves with vouchers. How, then, do directors--those of highly flourishing business had to go on borrowing, while the puzzled
the largest companies, involving the heaviest stakes, in especial directors kept appealing to the auditors for the reason of a chronic deficit
endeavour to ensure the careful scrutiny that is necessary ? Why, when there ought to be a handsome surplus. This, one would have
as we have pointed out before in other articles, by emulously imagined, must have given the dullest of mortals the alarm , and stirred up the
running on some half - dozen of well - known houses, and bidding most supine of accountants to fathom a mystery that fell within the sphere
against each other for the use of familiar names. To common at once of his duty and interests. Surely it was incumbent upon Messrs.
sense it would appear that the very means thus adopted to Begbie and Chatteris to have noted that the plausible results sub-
reassure their shareholders and the public ought utterly to shake all faith mitted to them half-yearly were absolutely irreconcilable with facts,
in the value of an audit. It may be taken for granted that individual and therefore necessarily false. They were bound to have taken the
experience and ability is supposed to go for a very great deal, or the name alarm instead of waiting until it was given them by the hegira of Higgs.
of a celebrated accountant would not swamp his firm in its own business, They ought to have insisted on access to those very documents from which
and enable it to ask such fancy prices as those of a West-end tailor or they have now managed to puzzle out the truth, and which were always
gunmaker. If it be that experience and ability you pay for, what share of within their reach, and they should have ascertained that the company had
it can your pet accountant possibly place at your disposal with gone on year after year supplying its gas to customers who were represented
so many competing claims on his time ? He is already liquidator as never paying their bills by any chance. Moreover, were there any
to a score or two of defunct companies, each of which, when question at all about the real receipts, any surmises whatever as to the cause
its affairs were less delicate and less complicated, had overtasked of an unaccountable deficiency, was it in human denseness, one asks, not to
to its ruin the joint powers of a numerous board of directors. have begun by comparing the total of the receipts from the gas rental
In one way or other, he is concerned for endless private individuals as19 generally with those from the various districts into which the company's
well. He is not like an over-busy counsel, who, although he may “ scamp domains were divided, and which were entered separately in its ledger? Now
your work, must make some sort of appearance for your money, and in a that the whole thing has come out, the auditors still point to the system
manner pledges his reputation that it shall be a satisfactory one. The of management and laud its perfection with an honest pride. That the
accountant throws over much that ought to be strictly personal work by machinery may possibly have been perfect we admit, but the auditors
armfuls to his subordinates, among whom he can scarcely be supposed ignore the fact that it was their duty to see that it kept in order. They
to distribute with their salaries portions of his spirit, such as it is. It is were there to inspect the quality and quantity of the work it turned out,
morally and physically impossible that he can spare his valuable time for and when that was deteriorating visibly surely it wanted little astuteness to
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 ΙΟ PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

suspect that the intention of the ingenious inventor was being frustrated by between the two there existed neither union nor harmony. Every officer
some mechanical flaw. We should counsel the shareholders of the Central of Indian experience, to whichever army he may have belonged, will
Gas Company to recall the detectives they are subsidizing in Transatlantic testify to the existence of this moral as well as material separation- a
tours, and with the saving thereby effected to take the opinion of counsel separation so complete that several years of amalgamation have not
as to the liability of their auditors. Incompetence and negligence may be served altogether to efface it. For these reasons we contend that
good pleas when urged in moral extenuation of their laches, but these arguments derived from the condition of the old Indian local army
alone will hardly bar an action of damages for the results of a neglect of are generally inapplicable as against such a local force as might
duties deliberately undertaken for a valuable consideration. now be established- -a force which would differ essentially from that
at home only in the two particulars of a more protracted term of actual
military service, and of the limitation of that service, or the greater part of
A LOCAL ARMY FOR INDIA. it, to a certain area of her Majesty's dominions. Both forces would be
derived from the same source, and thus have their roots in the same soil.
We have already remarked on the fact that the half-revealed policy of the They would serve under the same standard, and be trained in the first
Government in the matter of the contemplated reorganization of our instance on the same drill ground. They would be amenable to the
military system, and of which a reduction ofthe term of actual service forms same discipline, and hardly removed from the same influences. They
a salient feature, is likely to be rendered in a great measure ineffectual would be led by officers educated under the same system and in the
by an apparent indisposition to establish at the same time separate terms same military schools. Is there any reason why of these two armies
and conditions of enlistment for Indian service. To attempt to combine one should flourish and the other deteriorate ? If there is, it needs
the short service system with service in India can, in our opinion , result to be set forth, and assuredly it is not to be found in a reference to
only in one of two things :-In an outlay for reliefs and a permanent a force which in nearly every respect differed essentially from that now
tying up in troop ships of so much military capital, so to speak, proposed.
which would be extravagant beyond all conception ; to say nothing of the The second objection to the establishment of a local army is, that
loss of efficiency due to the perpetual shifting of regiments between you thus localize your experience on both sides. To this several replies
England and India. Or, secondly, in a compromise between a long and might be made, but it will, perhaps, be sufficient to appeal to the services
short service system which would almost certainly defeat the objects with of the Queen's troops who were despatched to India at the time of the
which a reduction in the period of enlistment is proposed. Indeed, a mutiny as evidence that the want of local experience is no bar to military
refusal to effect any separation between the home and the Indian forces success in India, and there is nothing to show that the want of such expe-
must practically determine the ultimate failure of the short service rience would be a bar to success in European warfare. Moreover, under
scheme-either on the score of expense, or because it would fail to give us the system which we would propose, the two armies would have so much
a short service army in the best sense of the term . We propose therefore in common that their experiences would not be localized in any strict
to consider the objections which are urged against such a separation. sense of the word.
It is important, in the first place, to recognize that these objections We wish to say emphatically that in proposing to establish a local
have all been framed with reference to the old Company's army- an army Indian army we do not contemplate a force local in the sense in which the
which was more intensely local in its service, its traditions, and its organi- old Company's army was local. We do not contemplate a force composed
zation than any army which we would now desire to establish. We have no of men who from the day of their enlistment to the day of their discharge
more wish to see the old Indian army, or anything like it, revived than would serve exclusively in India, under a system exclusively Indian. We
we have to see the old Company itself re-established. What sort of an do not for a moment wish to rear, train, and nourish a force distinct in
army we have in view when we contemplate the establishment of a local force character and organization from that which would exist at home. We do not,
we will presently explain. The objections which are urged against the in short, desire to subdivide the Imperial army into two perfectly distinct
localizing of forces in India seem, as far as we have been able to collect forces. What we would propose is the formation of a force for Indian
them, to resolve themselves into two. It is said, first, that a local service of men who after a certain home training had elected to continue
force must necessarily be an inferior force to one employed on general their military service abroad, instead of availing themselves of the oppor-
service. In support of this general proposition, appeal is made to the tunity which would be afforded them of falling back into civil life with a
condition of the Company's European army for some years previous to its mere liability to military service. All men should, in the first instance, be
extinction ; and those who maintain this argument affirm that the enlisted for a short period. They should, for so many years as might be
bounty question, on which the force ultimately mutinied, was merely deemed necessary to secure military efficiency, be trained at home, and
the final exciting cause which brought a widespread and accumulated during these years they would constitute the mobilized and active portions
disaffection to a climax, like the greased cartridge question in the of our home army. At the end of this period of training two courses
case of the native army. And it is insisted that such a state of should be open to the soldier. He might prefer to pass back into
things is necessarily inherent in a local system ; that bad habits under civil life, to accept a small retaining fee, and to form one of the reserve ;
such a system become hereditary ; that the men, living far away or he might be disposed to adopt the army permanently as his profession,
from home, lose their love of England and its institutions, and cease in which case he would be required to extend his services to India, and
to be amenable to home influences ; that so things proceed from bad to by the men so electing the Indian army would be recruited. Thus, the
worse, until finally but inevitably a catastrophe takes place. Indian regular home army would consist of men in their first three years or so of
officers would as a rule no doubt warmly dispute the justice of these active military training ; and these men would feed the home reserves in
statements, and they would point probably to the present condition one direction and the foreign force in the other. They would, in fact, be
of such regiments as the 101st Bengal Fusiliers and the past ser- the parent stock for both the home and the Indian forces, which would be
vices of the Company's army as illustrations of their unsoundness. We branches of one tree. But between the home reserves and the foreign
are, however, less concerned with estimating exactly the propriety of army there would be this essential difference, that the one would
this view than with the consideration how far, even admitting it to be a consist of trained soldiers occupied in civil duties, while the other would
true one, even admitting all that may be said with reference to the consist of trained soldiers occupied permanently in military duties,
condition of the old Company's army, the argument is conclusive as to the and existing constantly as a mobilized force. Thus, whereas up to a
probability that a local force differently organized and made to conform certain point the conditions of service and training of the two would
to an Imperial standard of discipline, would exhibit exhibit the same be identical, their ultimate occupation and conditions of service would .
characteristic defects. To argue that because a particular local army be distinct.
was bad, therefore every local army must be bad, appears to us This system admits of more than one application, among which that
an untrustworthy generalization , and in this particular instance espe- suggested by Lord Monck is deserving of attentive consideration. Lord
cially unsound, because it is not denied that there existed under the Monck's plan, expressed in a few words, is to enlist and train all men
old system special causes of deterioration. Among these causes we may in a second battalion, and to pass them upwards into a first or foreign
name prominently the constant selection of the best officers and non- com- service battalion , or downwards into the home reserve. The first bat-
missioned officers for civil and military- political duties, and their withdrawal talions would under this system furnish the foreign garrisons, and a pro-
from their regiments. The ranks were thus largely deprived of those whose portion would be retained at home. The second battalion, serving exclu-
presence with their regiments could not be safely dispensed with ; and, to sively at home, would be the nursery for the whole Imperial army, and the
make matters worse, the vacancies thus created were not, as a rule, filled reserve home battalions would be entirely composed oftrained soldiers, always
up. Absenteeism told upon the Indian army, as it has told else- ready to hand. This plan, it is evident, minimizes the separation between
where. Again, the expatriation of our Indian forces is not now nearly the home and foreign army, and places them in the relation of two
so complete as it used to be, nor, in consequence, are Indian intersecting circles. Indeed, Lord Monck himself refuses to admit that his
habits as purely local as they were. The space which separates plan even amounts to a separation of the two forces. Or the circles may be
us from our Indian possessions has been sensibly reduced by the made tangential merely, by making the first battalions the nursery, and
introduction of steam and telegraphs, the establishment of more constant passing the men, always by voluntary election, forward to India, or back-
communication, and the adoption for military as well as for other purposes wards into the home reserve force. Although other plans suggest them-
of the overland route. These considerations were fully recognized in the selves, the choice would probably ultimately lie between some modifica
late discussion on the revision of the Indian furlough rules, and that they tion of one of these two, either of which, it will be observed , avoids that
exert a sensible growing influence upon Indian ways and habits, and must complete separation of the two armies which characterized the former
sooner or later influence our Indian military policy, will hardly be disputed. system, and against which the objections are levied ; while either
Again, the old army was the Company's, and not the Queen's army. The would permit of the unreserved application of the short - service
distinction between the two forces was as hard and marked as any system at home, and present all the economic and military advantages of
distinction could possibly be. There was no attempt and no desire a long service system abroad. Under either system, too, the evil, on which
on the part of the Indian army to conform to what should be the recruiting commissioners remarked , of sending men out to India under
regarded as the European model. On the contrary, the tradi- twenty years of age would be avoided. The Indian army would reap all
tions, the habits, the discipline, the organization, the esprit de corps, the benefits of the home training and derive their first military impulse in
of the two forces were absolutely different, we might perhaps say opposed. the same school as the home army. Finally, they would not reach India
In short, the Company's army was the Company's army ; the Queen's until that impulse and training had been set and established, and thus
army was the Queen's army. If one was round the other was square, and India would contain none but effective soldiers formed on an imperial
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PALL MAL BUD
MAY 7, 1869. ] L GET.

ry officer model. This is what we mean when we speak of the formation of Ministre des Affaires Générales, &c. &c. &c. -an altogether different being.
ged, will a local army in India, and to such an arrangement it appears to us difficult Nowadays if you want to see the portrait of M. Bascule you have only to
ation-a
to urge any substantial objections at all commensurate with those which stop at the first photograph shop in Paris ; there you will find him (price
ave not
present themselves against any attempted combination of short terms of one franc) lying in heaps of a hundred and selling almost as well as his foes
end that enlistment with an indiscriminate liability to service in India. We trust of the Opposition, Jules Favre, Grevy, and Ernest Picard. At the Salon
al army
that these possible solutions will be carefully considered before the idea of (Royal Academy's Exhibition ) there are at least five or six pictures of him
might a local force, or we should say a local branch of the Imperial force, is exhibited yearly. He is generally painted sitting pensive, clad in a tail coat,
om that finally abandoned. with a table covered by treaties at his side and a few more treaties lying at
of actual his feet ; in the background is a silver inkstand shaped like an eagle, and a
part of bust of Napoleon III. smiling magnanimously upon the table, the treaties, the
Ould be
MEN OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. eagle, and M. Bascule. In the way of more solid memorials M. Bascule
me soil has already got his effigy in marble, lately erected at the public expense,
the first No. IX. THE SPEAKING MINISTER. in the market-place of his native town ; and, in addition to this, the house
to the THERE is a right royal mansion in the Champs Elysées, not very in which he was born has just been adorned with a blue enamelled plate
They distant from the Arc de Triomphe. It is newly built ; stands alone and lettered in this wise :-" Ici naquit Bascule le 1 Mai, 1810." The
in the imposing between a splendid lawn and a princely garden, and cost, as idle Bascule pure and simple without any adjunct of Mr. or Excellency is, as
armies tongues affirm, some 15,000,000 francs- that is, £600,000. Every everybody will understand, the zenith of respectful homage. Nobody says
needs body who goes to the Bois de Boulogne turns round to look at this M. Montesquieu, M. Turgot, or his Excellency M. Talleyrand ; they say
ace to mansion, and everybody knows to whom it belongs. It is the pro- Montesquieu, Turgot, and Talleyrand ; and so for the same reason they say
t now perty of his Excellency M. Bascule, one of the Ministers of the Imperial Bascule, some even say " l'illustre Bascule," but this is optional. And here
Cabinet. I may be pardoned for remarking that if any Englishman, unversed in
that Five and thirty years ago M. Bascule- Eugène Bascule, as they called the customs of France, were to judge of a French Cabinet Minister by the
plies him then-was a wild, handsome, unmanageable student at a provincial samples ofthat race which he may have viewed in his own country, he would
vices university in Provence ; and it is still on record in that university that he be altogether out of his reckoning. The English, to be sure, have Cabinet
Ethe gave more trouble to the town police than all the other students put Ministers. They have even had a few who- unless compared with M.
itary together. It was he who used to tear down in the night the notices posted Bascule might, to a certain extent, be called remarkable ; but, taking Mr.
Expe in front of the mairie. It was he who adorned with irreverent marginal Gladstone or Mr. Disraeli for average instances, there is nothing in either
nder notes the encyclicals of his Holiness the Pope stuck up outside the of these right hon. gentlemen which could in any way vie with the splen-
uch cathedral. It was he, again, who covered with improper headdresses dour of M. Bascule. Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Disraeli both dress as
trict the statues of the local celebrities, and as though all this had not been ordinary mortals ; neither of them have so much as a star of knighthood
enough-it was he, again, who took a diabolical pleasure in serenading the to put on their coats. Very often they go out on foot ; sometimes they
Ocal mayor with the " Marseillaise " whenever he could do so with discomfort may be seen at church. In Parliament any bit of a member may call
the to that personage and impunity to himself. His father prophesied that them to their legs and ask them to furnish explanations. They are cross-
sed he would be hanged. " It's lucky for you that we live under a king like questioned by their constituents ; bullied by the newspapers ; ridiculed in
rge Louis Philippe," he used to say, " for if ever we get a Napoleon or a the comic prints ; called Bill and Ben respectively at the music-halls
We Bourbon again you'll see what your radical nonsense will bring you to." and places of vulgar entertainment ; and when either of them obtains
in Whereupon Eugène would reply with conviction that "the days of Napoleons a few years' lease of power he cannot distribute posts of emolument
ot, and Bourbons had passed ; that the future of France lay in a Republic, and to his friends or relatives without having a whole cohort of meddlesome
act that some modern Harmodius would infallibly arise at no distant date to rid journalists down upon him. There is nothing of all this in the case of
an the country of the last of its Pisistratida." And truly enough, for not one M. Bascule. That personage never goes out on foot, and it would be quite
ue Harmodius, but several, were in due time found, and the last of the Pisis- idle to look for him in a church. From morning till night he wears his
I- tratidæ, just as Eugène had prophesied, took his way towards the frontier. 32By broad scarlet riband and his diamond star. On state occasions he is so
that time, however, M. Bascule - no longer addicted to the " Marseillaise ' covered with decorations that it is impossible to see the gold lace on his
was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and it is even stated that he uniform. None of the music-hall wits ever call him Bill or Ben ; let them
cursed the Harmodiuses above mentioned with no little bitterness for inter- only try, and they will see what the gendarme on duty will say. Similarly,
fering with the last of the Pisistratidæ. His place in the Chamber unless he had any particular wish to go to St. Pélagie, an artist of the
was somewhere in the centre, facing M. Dupin, the President. He Eclipse or Charivari would think many times before venturing to caricature
S was a Liberal-Conservative, to use his own language, which means his Excellency's countenance. M. Bascule, in short, is one of those indi-
that he fluctuated according to expediency between M. Guizot and viduals who must not be spoken of at all unless with reverence, for,
M. Thiers, without ever giving his allegiance to either. The revolu- although it is a hazardous business to speak disrespectfully ofthe Emperor,
tion annoyed him considerably, because he had not been able to yet it is almost safer to attack his Majesty than his great and powerful
foresee it. The event found him exactly in the position of a man who Minister.
is obliged to make a long journey at a moment's notice without being in M. Bascule has been called the Vice- Emperor. He is more than that,
the least prepared for it. Between the 24th and 25th of February M. he is Emperor, or, if you like the term better, Arch-Emperor, holding the
Bascule was forced to go a hundred leagues farther in liberalism than he sovereign in his hands, and doing with him pretty much what he pleases.
would ever have thought possible, and this without luggage of any sort, in How is this, you will ask, and why ? Well, that is one of those secrets
the way of opinions, to take with him. He had a few old professions which it requires to be more or less a frequenter of the Tuileries to unravel.
of faith, which he carried about in his pockets ; but these, which had been His Majesty, certain people say, is getting old, although I, for my part,
deemed fresh enough on the 20th, were laughed at as antiquated and don't believe a word of it. They add that he feels less secure in his place
out of fashion on the 25th. When he pronounced himself in favour and less clear in his views than when, eighteen years ago, he planned the
of reform they told him that universal suffrage was about to be voted. coup d'état, and that, loving peace and rest, he feels each day more and
When he talked about a reduction of the export duties, they answered more inclined to hand over the exercise of his powers to those around him .
him drily that those duties and a great many others were going to Of course, M. Bascule is one of those around him ; for his Excellency
be abolished altogether. Finally, when he came to the subject of social contrives to be as much within call of his Imperial master as possible.
innovations, they sketched him a short programme, which included a The Emperor likes him, or rather he respects him, and this is one of
new agrarian law and a solid scheme for giving everybody £200 a year. the reasons why, in a country where ministers succeed each other
Eugène Bascule reflected maturely upon this programme during a space of even more rapidly than dynasties, M. Bascule has remained in the
six weeks, merely giving out in the interval that all his hopes had been Cabinet ever since the Empire was re-established, and seems likely to
crowned by the establishment of the Republic, and that the radical senti- remain in it until either himself or that hopeful institution comes to a
ments he had expressed whilst a university student were a sufficient natural end. This might make people think that M. Bascule is a great
guarantee of his sincerity. After this, thinking he had gone quite far statesman who is imposed upon the Crown by the confidence of the nation,
enough for the present, he sat down patiently to watch the stream of events ; pretty much as ministers in England are ; but this would be a mistake.
ready to take advantage of the tide, whether it should turn definitely to the The worst title that any French subject could have to the patronage ofthe
left towards socialism and communism- or branch off once more to the Court would be his popularity with the nation ; and perhaps it is not one of
right, towards monarchy. To the immense gratification of M. Bascule, the least of M. Bascule's claims to Imperial favour that, except by ultra-
who at heart entertained the profoundest dislike for the men of conservatives, his Excellency is cordially detested from one end of the
'48, the new state of things soon resulted in a general war- empire to the other. No, M. Bascule is not a statesman. How should
fare, every man against his neighbour, so that it became apparent he be, and why should he be ? New dynasties are always jealous
enough to anybody who had his wits about him that the country would not of illustrious men, and had M. Bascule been a man of large,
have to wait long for a change. Here was the time for M. Bascule with enlightened, ambitious views, he would have been coaxed into the
the happiest instinct he judged the moment when the Republic was sick Senate, where he would have been harmless, and quietly shelved
and dying, and then with immense spirit got up and attacked it. His there ; he would never have been a minister. M. Bascule's influence
speech is still remembered with pride as one of the sternest flights of over the Crown proceeds mainly from this, that he is an excellent
oratory on record, and at the time it was pronounced the apparent audacity and obedient mouthpiece, and that there is not another minister living so
of it caused an echo to ring from one end of France to the other. Lucky competent as he to make the worse appear the better reason. He has no
speech, and lucky M. Bascule ! Prince Louis Bonaparte was on the eve schemes of his own, but he can always interpret those of others. He has
of his election . A few weeks later he was on the look out for very little ambition except to remain where he is,
but he is good at encou-
Ministers.
Spontaneously, both to his lips and to those of all his raging the ambition of his master and goading it to wildness by the bright
intimate advisers, rose the name of M. Bascule, and M. Bascule accord- sparks of a flashy rhetoric, which is to solid eloquence what Brummagem
ingly was entrusted with a portfolio, an honour to which, of course, he trinkets are to the jewellery sold in the Rue de la Paix. When he rises to
had never aspired . speak in the Corps Législatif he knows that whatever he may say he has a
Here we must take leave of M. Eugène Bascule, for we have nothing squad of at least two hundred claqueurs ready to beat their hands red and
more to do with him. The personage before us is Son Excellence M. to cheer themselves hoarse for him. Even nervous men might feel at ease
Bascule, Sénateur, Grande- Croix de la Légion d'Honneur, Conseiller Privé, under such circumstances, and M. Bascule, who has never been nervous in
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 12 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

his life, drinks down the applause like so much cold water, and treats his question now is less what to do than how to do it. With the whole of
hearers to the greatest stuff imaginable, thinking, no doubt, and with good Earl Grey's general principles and with much of his detail, we heartily
reason, that it is of no use casting pearls before--well, never mind. I forget agree ; but we think that he committed an error in advocating the
the name of that animal. When carefully rid of all the padding around them, suspension of all outlay on the militia, and an increase of the
M. Bascule's speeches simply amount to this : that from 1848 to 1851 regular army, pending the formation of an army of reserve. It
there was a republic which did many stupid things, but that in 1851 arose a appears to us that this would be a dangerous way of attempting to bring
man who put a stop to the stupid things and to the republic too. No matter about the change which it is desired to effect. The formation of an army
on what subject he may be speaking -the Eastern question, the press laws, of reserve ought to proceed, as the Duke of Cambridge said the other night,
or a bill for improving drains- it will be the same thing. Whenever he feels pari passu with the improvement of our existing system. The object
his argument weak out comes the legend of 1851. Ifthe Opposition remains should be to increase in every way the efficiency of the militia, which, as Earl
cool, he proceeds to personal insinuations, and reminds Jules Favre, Garnier- Grey pointed out, is not, " as at present constituted," a trustworthy reserve
Pagès, or Carnot, that if the country had not been saved from them it force. It would be a most extraordinary course to attempt to remedy this
would have gone to grief long ago. This generally produces the desired condition of inefficiency by abolishing or reducing the permanent staff, and
effect. The Opposition protest in chorus. An uproar ensues. The by diverting the money hitherto applied to the militia into another channel.
majority rise like one man and take part with M. Bascule, and the next The suggestion to temporarily increase recruiting for the regular army is
day as usual the semi-officials cry out to the mass of bumpkin electors less open to objection, the intention being, of course, to create rapidly a
throughout France that party spirit still runs as high as ever it did, and that reserve army by passing at once a number of men through a short military
there are not wanting men in the land who would be delighted to see the training. But for the present it would probably be sufficient to fill up
Reign of Terror restored . vacancies due to deaths, discharges, &c. , until the success of the experiment
M. Bascule, however, is not happy ; and by this I do not mean that shall have become established. And inefficient as the militia undoubtedlyis,
he entertains any great remorse for what he does, or feels very acutely the compared with what a reserve force should be, it would be in the highest
degradation of acting as the professional advocate of whatever ideas it degree impolitic to venture to dispense with the force or to supersede it in
may suit his master to fancy. Ministers like M. Bascule are made of any way until you have got wherewithal to replace it. Indeed, all
sterner stuff. No, no ; once again, what makes M. Bascule unhappy measures for military organization ought ultimately to tend, as Earl Grey,
is the idea that he may at any moment lose his place, without warning, notwithstanding his proposition, appeared to admit, to the development
rhyme, or reason. Napoleon III. has never been particularly logical, either and strengthening of the militia as our mainstay of reserve ; and we do
in his choice or in his dismissal of Ministers. That M. Bascule should have not see how this would be accomplished by temporarily wiping out the
held his place so long has been due more or less to a succession of force altogether. This proposition of Earl Grey's sensibly diminished the
hazards ; but none knew better than his Excellency that one of those effect of his speech, and placed Lord Northbrook, however unwillingly, in
hazards which set him at the top of the wheel might just as well lower him the position of opposing that speech, while admitting on behalf of the
to the bottom. In parliamentarily governed countries the position of a Government its leading principles. It was again stated by Lord North-
minister who goes out of office is not one that excites pity. As leader of brook that the Government anxiously desire to " obtain men who would
the Opposition , or at least one of its most influential members, the out- enlist in the army for a shorter term of service and afterwards continue their
going statesman has plenty of consolations for his self-esteem ; but in services in an army reserve," and this, as we have frequently pointed out,
France, if M. Bascule were turned out of his place what earthly solace is unquestionably the proper principle to proceed upon. But we have
could he have to compensate him? To-day he is the most powerful man in never attempted to disguise the fact that the establishment of such a
France, to-morrow he would be nobody. All the friends who now cheer system, which amounts to a complete reversal of our military policy, will
him so vociferously in the Corps Législatif would desert him to a man necessarily be attended with difficulty, and its adoption must, in the first
if he made any attempt to rally them round him into a party ; and instance, be of a tentative and partial character. We have no doubt of
*
if, deserting the Senate, he were to offer himself as a candidate for the ultimate success of the measure, or that, if heartily applied , it will grow
the Corps Législatif without the aid of official patronage, he would not apace. But it would be most improper and unwise to introduce it
find a single constituency throughout the empire to elect him. Truly, offhand, to the immediate destruction or weakening of the existing
then, when he performs his brilliant feats of rhetorical gymnastic, M. system or of any useful 66 part of it. Earl Grey's argument apparently
Bascule is dancing on a slack wire. The caprice of an august lady thwarted is that the militia, as at present constituted ," is not a useful
in a wish or tired of seeing the same face always near her, the momentary part of our military system, and therefore that we shall gain more
pique of a fast-aging autocrat, the cabal of a few brainless courtiers-any than we shall lose by devoting all our energies to the formation of efficient
or all of these things might cause M. Bascule to lose his balance. I watched reserves, even although while so doing we find it necessary temporarily
him the other day when the Corps Législatif was dissolved. The men to abandon the militia. But the militia is, in fact, a very useful part of our
who for the last six years had obeyed his nod and voted as he told them system, as Lord Northbrook showed, and it contains the materials
were clustering about him exactly like schoolboys around the head-master of an excellent reserve. Its existence is in no way inconsistent with, but
on breaking-up day. Some were shaking hands with him , others looking is rather supplementary to and bound up with , the formation of an army
for a smile, others again shouting " Vive l'Empereur ! " to show that reserve. It must itself, as we have stated, under any organization, con-
they had not forgotten their lessons. And M. Bascule the while, with stitute our mainstay of reserve. What is needed is to make that mainstay,
a livid, dejected expression on his face, was glancing towards the Oppo- by expansion, reorganization , and training, a thoroughly sound efficient
sition benches, where a score of enthusiasts were crying, " Vive la liberté ! " prop, upon which the regular army can safely lean.
The cry was loud and hearty, though the voices were few, and M. Bascule Lord Northbrook half implied that the failure of General Peel's army of
was perhaps wondering how many more there might be to join in it when reserve scheme had a sort of bearing upon the prospects of the short
next the deputies of the nation should be gathered in that place. Perhaps, service reserve system which is now generally advocated, and which the
too, he was thinking this, that if in the coming struggle but one score more Government are considering. By General Peel's scheme, men of good
were added to the number on those benches, the twenty new victories character are permitted to leave the army after seven years' service to join
would be too much for him ; and as he rose to cry "Vive l'Empereur " in the reserve. Hardly any men, says Lord Northbrook, have availed them-
his turn he may have thought of those gladiators who in another imperial selves of this permission ; and the scheme is admittedly a failure. Granted ;
city shouted " Vive l'Empereur " on entering the lists. The cry then was, and, as we have found out, there was every reason to anticipate this failure,
"Ave, Cæsar imperator, morituri te salutant ! " which has no connection with the proposed system, for these reasons :
First, the men to whom the offer was made were men who had enlisted in
the first instance for a prolonged military career, and they may therefore be
said to have deliberately accepted the military profession, in some sort, en
EARL GREY ON ARMY REFORM. permanence. The majority are totally unfitted by habit and disposition to
THE attention of the House of Lords was again directed on Tuesday night resume civil life. In the second place this incapacity has been aggravated by
to the subject of army organization. No one, as Lord Northbrook the absence of industrial employment in barracks, and the consequent more
admitted, is better entitled to be heard upon this question than Earl Grey, complete hardening of the soldier into something quite distinct from an
who many years ago, at a time when the principles of military organization industrious civilian. Finally, a first term of service of seven years is, as we have
were less generally studied and less perfectly understood than they are repeatedly insisted, too long. The severance which during this term of
now, advocated a reduction in the term of military service, and enumerated years takes place between the soldier and his civil interests and occupations
principles which in the main are now generally accepted as those upon is sufficiently complete to oppose, in the majority of cases, a permanent
which the reorganization of our military system should be based. Earl barrier between him and civil life. The proposed organization should
Grey's speech on Tuesday night was a forcible repetition of opinions which differ from that which has failed on each of these essential points.
the public have long learnt to associate with his name. He again urged The men who would pass into the reserve would not be those
the importance of creating an efficient and thoroughly trained reserve ; of who desired a prolonged term of military service. Such men would
accomplishing this by means of a reduced term of actual service, followed remain in the army and extend their services to foreign stations. A
by a reserve service ; together with the establishment of a system of system of industrial occupation and training would form an integral
part of the system. Thirdly, the term of active service ought to
military industrial training. It must, in one sense, be satisfactory to Lord
Grey to compare the reception which these views now receive with that be considerably less than seven years. This point of the precise
which was accorded to them on their first enunciation . Thirty-five years duration of service is so important that we desire again emphatically to
ago they were too far in advance of the age to find acceptance ; now they express our conviction that the adoption of so long a term as seven years
are so generally admitted that it is in their application, and in the choice will be quite sufficient of itself to ensure the failure of the experiment. We
of the many suggested schemes for giving effect to them, that the difficulty are disposed also to take serious exception to Lord Northbrook's statement
principally lies. In fact, to use a racing phrase, Earl Grey is " coming that we should leave out of account in reorganizing our system the possi-
back to his horses." He no longer rides alone at the head of the race. bility of having to carry an aggressive war into an enemy's country. It
ought always to be in our power to strike a blow if we desired ; it
There are those about him as eager to reach the goal as himself, and the might often be necessary or strategically wise to do so. And such
* A senator may resign his seat in France. Count Walewski established the a contingency, although it is more remote and less pressing than the
precedent in 1865. He left the Senate and was elected to the Corps Législatif, of which consideration of home defence, is one which no statesman could safely
he was forthwith appointed President, ignore.
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 1869.
MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 13
he whole d
we heart THE " KROOMLEES.
" she exists, a treatment so harsh and unequal that the greatest penalty a
ocating the Christian Raiah can dread is to be assimilated with a Mahometan.
ise of the IN an out-of-the-way corner, no corner more so, of the Ottoman Empire Enough ofthe facts ; there are more, but let them go ; a plain state-
eserve. I has occurred a movement which, judging by the number of persons ment might involve the risk of a prosecution for libel. Let us rather look
concerned, not above five thousand at most, might seem insignificant, yet at the consequences.
ng tobring
of an arm merits attention, because it indicates two dangerous shoals, one imme- That a community recognized as Christian at the epoch when the
other ni diately ahead of the Turkish flag, the other not far distant ; two problems " nefoos-parasi," or yearly payment, was permitted to the Christian inhabi-
The olie easy of solution perhaps in the eyes of Western theorists, by no means tants of Turkey in lieu of arms and military service, should in itself and
ch, asEa equally easy in Eastern practice. Does the exchange of Islam for Chris- in its descendants continue to enjoy the inglorious exemption, may be
hy reserve tianity exempt Ottoman subjects, previously Mahometan, from the impolitic, may be an evil for the empire ; still it rests on a guaranteed
obligation of military service ? and how long is the present state of right, and cannot be violated in whole or in part so long as the empire
" medy ths
staff, and things, in which the whole burden of army conscription in all its itself continues to recognize the decrees of Sultan Mahmood and Sultan
chartel branches falls solely and exclusively on the Mahometan population, to Abd-el-Mejeed. But to extend the same privilege to all who in future time
army's continue ? may quit the creed of Mahomet for that of Photius, of Pius, or of Calvin,
We said that the movement in question has taken place on an obscure is simply to hold out a premium for apostasy and a bribe for disloyalty
rapidiva
corner of the Turkish stage, namely, the province of Trebizond, better and desertion. The example set by the " Kroomlees " may spread much
t military known as Pontus or Colchis. Still more obscure to fame are the four or or spread little ; it has already, we understand, been taken up by some
fill p five thousand actors, the " Kroomlees," or inhabitants of the village of other villagers of the neighbourhood ; but, much or little, the precedent is
benment
Kroom, whence their name, and of the adjoining district, situate among equally immoral and disastrous. The Christian section of the empire will
Stedly , the fertile soil-covered mountains that rise south and south-east of the be more confirmed in their alienation from their Mahometan subject-
highest town of Trebizond. brethren, and from the Government which they still, however half-
deitin Our " Kroomlees are a peculiar race, and distinct at first sight from mindedly, avow ; while though the Islam themselves are in general, what-
ted, all the populations, Turkoman, Laz, or Armenian, which surround them. ever their faults, somewhat too high-spirited to purchase the privilege
| Grey, Whence their origin history affords no direct evidence ; but, to judge of poltroons by the title of apostates, yet mean and sordid spirits
pment from their type of feature, spoken dialect, and other peculiarities physical can never be wanting in a crowd ; and the ill leaven would sour, even
we do and moral, they are in the main descended from Byzantine immigrants, where it did not ferment. Of the just and reasonable disgust of the more
ut the that is, from the mixed rabble of medieval Constantinople and its steadfast Mahometans we need not speak ; to find oneself maltreated in pro-
d the suburbs, where, as Finlay avers, " whether the Asiatics, the Greeks, or the portion to one's honesty, and petted in proportion to one's disaffection and
Iv. Sclavonians formed the greater number of the inhabitants cannot be ascer- defection, is a bad incentive to loyalty.
f the tained." It is probable that this settlement took place at or near the time But a wider question opens here. Is the exemption of Christians from
orth-
when Alexios Comnenos and his brother David, escaping to Colchis, first military service to be permanent in the Ottoman Empire ? or how long are
ould raised Trebizond to a narrow and unstable pinnacle of empire, and made the Mahometans to bear alone a burden, heavy enough if distributed among
their it a convenient refuge for their Byzantine fellow-citizens from Latin invasion the shoulders of all, far too heavy for the very limited number of those who
out, and the fanaticism of Crusaders in the thirteenth century. Of the old at present alone support it ? And if a change is to be brought about, how ?
lave Hellene stock we find no trace or vestige, though the inhabitants of and in what measure ?
ha Surmeneh and Of, villages on the adjoining coast, claim, with good title it
will seems, to be the true descendants of the earliest Greek colonizers of the
irst Pontine coast, the Jasons of classic times ; while, singular to say, THE RASKOLNIKS OF RUSSIA.
of they contrast with the " Kroomlees " in the steadfast fervour of their
Mahometanism , not untinged with bigotry. But to return to our subject. SOME years ago, it is said, one of our consuls favoured the Foreign Office
Whatever Christianity the " Kroomlees " had, whatever faith in the with a report on some wonderful sects which, according to him, had lately
Theotokos and in St. Eugenius, the Byzantine patrons of Trebizond, faded sprung into existence within the pale of the Russian Church. " It's
before the rising fortunes of Islam in the fifteenth century ; and the evident he has never seen Haxthausen's book ; send him out a copy," was
Dimitris and Constantins of the land hastened to write themselves the only remark his report elicited from his chief on its arrival. The book
down Ahmeds and Mehemets, bore witness to the unity of God, was sent, and the consul doubtless gained a good deal of information from
bowed towards the kibleh, contributed their quota to the irregular its pages . It is strange that while so excellent a description of Russia
troops of the then Mahometan armies, and cursed the Giaours exists as Haxthausen has written, so little should generally be known
with orthodox energy. But blood is thicker than water ; and while about the country. We can only suppose that the book is not as widely
the outer man adopted the symbols of the Crescent, the inner man known as it deserves to be. That being the case, it may be worth our
of the " Kroomlee " remained true to the Cross ; nay, they privately while, now that public attention has been called to the subject of the
reviled the Prophet, and maintained in secret the rites and practices Raskolniki, to glean from Haxthausen's pages a few statements relative to
which their lips publicly denounced as idolatrous and polytheistic. So the most eccentric of the sects into which those Russian schismatics are
runs their tale. Whether men deserve belief when they declare themselves divided.
to have been systematical and secular liars is a question we leave to Phil- Of these sects about two hundred are said to have been described by
hellenes and casuists. Archbishop Dmitry of Rostof, in the book which he wrote about them a
Still, however great and enduring may have been their Christian sympa- century and a half ago. Since his time many of these have died out, but
thies, they were carefully concealed by our Mahometanized Byzantines ; others have also sprung into life, so that an exhaustive work on the subject
and even the Nizam of Sultan Mahmood counted in its ranks villagers of would be likely to be a long one. All that we intend to do at present
Kroom no less than of Ak-Kopree or any other Turkish hamlet. But is to take a hasty glance at the most striking forms assumed by Russian
when the edicts of Gul-Khaneh, followed by the Tanzeemat, and the over- dissent, relying for the most part upon Haxthausen, but making use also of
much cited Hatti-Hamaioun of 1856 heralded the dawn of Christian various other works in which the subject is treated, and particularly of the
supremacy ; and the growing influence of Russia on these coasts, an collection of documents printed by the Russian Government, to which we
influence tenfold more corroborated by the conquest of the Caucasus than alluded in a recent article.
ever it had been impaired by the transient reverses of Kertch and Sebas- The wildest among the Russian fanatics are the Morelshchiki, or
topol, promised efficient aid to the execution of designs that unaided Immolators. Their leading idea is to mortify the flesh for the sake of
cowardice still shrank from undertaking, the " Kroomlees " threw off the saving the soul, and in order to do this efficiently they have recourse to
mask, if mask it was, and declared themselves Greeks and Christians. By various means of mutilation and death. Sects inculcating the virtues of
the former title they appealed to, and readily obtained, the politic sympathies suicide and murder naturally do all they can to keep their existence
of Russia, who even went so far as to supply a considerable number of her a secret, but every now and then a horrible story comes from the
new protégés with passports of Russian nationality at a moderate price ; by interior of some gloomy forest or dreary waste, which tells how some of
the latter they vindicated to themselves, or thought to vindicate, the great these wretched people have died. Sometimes a deep pit is dug in the
privilege which exempts Christian flesh and blood from the hazards and earth and half filled with wood and straw. This is set alight, and when
sufferings of a soldier's career in the Ottoman army. the whole mass is in a blaze the miserable creatures leap into the pit and
The Turkish Government foresaw whither all this tended, but tempo- are consumed in the fire, wildly singing hymns as they burn. At other
rized, willing to put off the evil day. Accordingly, the conversion, or times they meet in a wooden house, round which they have piled heaps of
re-conversion, little matters which, of the " Kroomlees " was silently and, straw ; and in it they deliberately burn themselves to death, their neigh-
so to speak, passively acknowledged ; and an unusually large levy of bours looking on quietly the while ; for the act is a sacred one ; the victims
recruits raised during the first years of their change served conveniently to are undergoing " baptism by fire." Some years ago, says Haxthausen, a
defer further demands of a critical character. Meanwhile the Neo- congregation of Immolators assembled at a spot on the left bank of the
Christians appealed to all the European consulates, and intrigued with Volga, and agreed to put each other to death. But after six and thirty
some ; gaining thus much, at least, to deter their rulers from any active of them had fallen, " the desire of life awoke in a young woman, and
measures. she fled to a neighbouring village. The people repaired to the scene
But the position was too false to last indefinitely ; and an
atempt, wise or not, to enforce conscription has now provoked from the of action, and found two of the murderers still alive, and forty- seven
" Kroomlees " another and a more pressing appeal to consular protection ; persons dead. The two who were taken were knouted - exulting
backed up by threats of emigration, as a final protest against the perse- at every stroke at the martyrdom they were undergoing." It is to
cution that would actually subject Christians to the yoke so patiently this sect that the Scoptsi belong, of whom we have spoken in pre-
borne by their Mahometan fellow - subjects . ceding article.
Could any severer satire be devised on Eastern Christianity, Russia, Next in singularity to these people come the Khlisti, or Scourgers-the
and Turkey, all three ? Here stands forth the first, unblushingly avowing Flagellants of the Middle Ages-whose notion of a religious service is a
itself timid and hypocritical in concealment ; self-interested and disloyal in wild dance accompanied by severe castigation. In the middle of the
manifestation ; apostate in either case. The second prostitutes her room in which they meet stands a vessel containing water, and to this they
imperial honour and policy to the vile ends of intrigue and sedition, by the go from time to time, in order to wet their heads or to drink out of their
yet viler means of such men as these. And beside them stands Turkey, hands. Then they resume their stamping and their flogging, until they
self-convicted of inflicting on her Mahometan subjects, the Islam by whom fall down utterly exhausted, or convulsions seize them, during which they
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 14 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

utter ravings which they call prophecies. Every Easter night, one of his one mother, universal matter or nature, the earth." Consequently, the
secretaries told Haxthausen, the fanatics " all assemble for a great Dukhobortsi never call their parents " father " or " mother," but only “ old
solemnity, the worship of the Mother of God. A virgin, fifteen years of man " and " old woman ; " and a parent does not speak of " my " children,
age, whom they have induced to act the part by tempting promises, is bound but of " ours," meaning the community's.
and placed in a tub of warm water ; some old women come and first The career of the great chief of the Dukhobortsi, Kapustin by name,
make a large incision in the left breast, then cut it off, and stanch had something in common with that of John of Leyden. He must have
the blood in a wonderfully short time. Other barbarities follow, too been no common man who, although " merely an uncultivated Russian
shocking to be told. During these operations a mystical picture of the peasant," was able to create, and maintain for several years, " a complete
Holy Spirit is put into the victim's hand, in order that she may be absorbed theocratic State, comprising 4,000 persons- a platonic Utopia founded
in regarding it." Afterwards a wild dance takes place around the tub, upon religious, Christian, and Gnostic principles." It was near the Sea of
kept up by the whole congregation until their strength is exhausted. Azof that the Dukhobortsi settled, and there Kapustin, who had persuaded
The girls who have been thus mutilated are ever afterwards considered them that the soul of Christ dwelt in his body, ruled them despotically.
sacred. At the age of nineteen or twenty they are said to look like In 1814 he was imprisoned, but he was soon liberated on bail. After
women of fifty or sixty, and they generally die before reaching their a time he disappeared, and it was not till long after he was
thirtieth year.
dead that the cave in which he had spent the last years of his
Another very singular sect, which existed in former days, was that of the life became known to the public. After his death the colony fell into
Beslovesniki, or the Dumb, but they seem to have died out. Scarcely any disorder. The Council of Elders which ruled it " became a terrible inquisi-
thing is known about them, for as soon as any one joined the community tional tribunal." Torture and death followed close upon the slightest sign
he became mute, and from that time forward no articulate sound ever of an intention to go over to the Russian Church. " Within a few years
escaped his lips. Various attempts have been made at different times to about two hundred people disappeared, leaving scarcely a trace behind ;
torture them into speaking, but always in vain. " A governor-general of an investigation by the authorities, too late to prevent the mischief, revealed
Siberia, named Pestal, in the time of Catherine II., ordered them to be a dreadful state of things : bodies were found buried alive, and many muti-
tortured in the most horrible manner. The soles of their feet were tickled, lated." In 1842 and the following year most of the Dukobortsi were
and melted sealing-wax was dropped upon their bodies ; but they did not transplanted to the Caucasus.
utter a sound." Such are a few of the strangest offshoots from the main body of Russian
Not quite so wild as these sects, but still sufficiently erratic, are those of dissent. Of the great mass of the Raskolniki, comprising the Old Believers
the Molokani and the Dukhobortsi. The Molokani are so styled by the and other respectable sects, our space has not permitted us to speak,
people, on account of the quantity of milk (Moloko) they consume, but they
call themselves " true Christians." The sect has existed about a century,
during which time its members have generally led peaceful and steady FRANCE.
lives, in many respects resembling those of the Moravians. Now and
(FROM A PARISIAN . ) April 29.
then, however, they are carried away by outbursts of fanaticism, as on
one occasion when a Molokan rushed into the midst of a Church THE third Parliament of the Second Empire expired on Monday. It died
procession, seized a picture of a saint, threw it on the ground, and as it had lived ; it died and made no sign-of independence. The Corps
then trampled on it. At first the bystanders stood silently aghast ; but Législatif has borne to its unhonoured grave the stain of that original sin
they soon recovered from the shock and piously put the offender to death. which it received at its birth, the sin of official nomination, and on no one
In the year 1833 a certain fanatic named Terenty began to preach occasion has it attempted to wipe that stain away and to redeem itself.
repentance to the Molokani. He gave himself out as the prophet Elias, Our deputies, with the exception of a nominally insignificant minority,
ordered them to desist from all work and to give themselves up exclusively may boast that they have faithfully performed the service for which
to praying and singing hymns, announced that the millennium was close they were engaged, and they can boldly claim the continuance
at hand, and ultimately fixed a day on which he promised to reascend to of further favours. No factious opposition has turned them from
heaven before their eyes. When the appointed day arrived he appeared the
the path
path of
of duty
duty ;; no
no doubts,
doubts, no fears, have arrested their docile
in a carriage, and ordered the crowd which had assembled to meet him , votes. They have never contradicted, thwarted, nay, even questioned
composed of many thousands of Molokani from all parts of Russia, to the Government. The Mexican expedition, a ruinous system of expendi-
kneel down and pray with him. At the end of his prayer he flapped his ture, the wavering and tortuous foreign policy of latter years which has
arms and tried to fly ; but he only fell heavily to the ground, injuring a inflicted on France the burden of war in the midst of peace- in a word,
woman in his fall. A great uproar followed, and his disappointed disciples all the caprices of personal government- they have, in obedience to their
handed him over to the police, who sent him to prison for a time. After origin, sanctioned and applauded . They would have voted the suppression
his release he recovered some of his influence over the Molokani, to of the Corps Législatif nad they been asked to do so, and would have cried .
whom he preached the coming end of the world till the day of his "Vive l'Empereur ! " as they dispersed. And now they must face once
death. Eventually his flock migrated to Georgia, where they settled more their nominal electors- that universal suffrage which was supposed to
down within view of Ararat and united with a colony of Lutherans from have chosen them. What will the country say? Will it take the lesson
Wurtemberg. to heart and understand the danger of an entirely unchecked and
When Napoleon was in Russia the Molokani imagined that he was uncontrolled executive ? Will it see that to have independent deputies
"the Lion of the Valley of Jehoshaphat described in their old Psalms, you must take independent candidates, and reject steadfastly Govern-
who was destined to overthrow the false Emperor, and restore the throne of ment nominees ? The most sanguine among us scarcely dare to
the white Czar. " So the Tambof Molokani appointed a deputation from their hope it.
body "to go clothed in white and present an address to him," in the year I have no wish to indulge in a retrospect of the labours of our
1812. The deputies made their way through Little Russia and Poland, ex-Legislature- it would be at once a useless and a wearisome task ; but
as far as the Vistula, but there they were made prisoners. One of them the sittings which marked its close were too characteristic to be passed by
escaped, and got safely home ; the rest were never heard of again. without notice. Those last three or four days- say since the date of my
Liprandi, in the report he drew up (in Russian) for the Government in the last letter-were very discreditable in more ways than one. I am not
year 1853 , says that " the Napoleonovshchina, or sect of worshippers of alluding to that crowning vote in favour of the old soldiers of the Republic
Napoleon, reappeared in 1820 at Byelostok, and at Pskoff, and again in 1844, and the Empire, although it was certainly not edifying to see a sum which
at Moscow." The worshippers of Napoleon at Moscow meet with the utmost has been estimated at about £ 2,500,000 sterling voted away on a sign from
secrecy in a private stone house in the middle of the town. There, after the Emperor after the Chamber had openly and repeatedly adhered to the
performing other rites, they prostrate themselves before a bust of Napoleon declaration of the Minister of Finance that no extra outlay of the most
as before a divinity. For them Napoleon is still living, and they believe that trifling amount, even for the most useful purposes, could be incurred
some day he will return from Siberia, together with the Emperor Peter III. without endangering the equilibrium of the Budget. It was expecting too
Then Peter will mount the throne of the world, and Napoleon will much, perhaps, of our deputies to hope that they would oppose the clearly
command the legions of the faithful under him. Liprandi goes on to tell expressed wish of the Sovereign and wound his religious feelings by showing
how the police contrived in November, 1846, to get hold of certain secret him that Napoleon-worship has ceased to be the creed of educated France;
pictures belonging to this sect ; one of which he laid before the Minister and yet, sooner or later, it must come to that.
of the Interior. These pictures were printed on very thin paper, in order If the Imperial Constitution of 1852 is to work at all, the Emperor
that, being slipped between the leaves of books and atlases, they might get must make up his mind to see his measures sometimes rejected . He
passed on unseen from hand to hand. And these pictures represented knows as well as anybody that the dictatorial period has passed away.
Napoleon ascending into heaven." Liprandi ends his report (which Some kind of constitutional check he must submit to ; some responsibility,
was never intended to be other than strictly private and confidential) by other than a merely nominal one, he must accept. There are several kinds
remarking how strange it is that " in Moscow there should have sprung up of responsibility out of which he may choose. There is the responsibility-
a religious sect of Napoleon-worshippers " ! so essentially French-- which culminates in revolution and a change of
From among the Molokani have arisen the Dukhobortsi or soul-wrestlers, dynasty ; then there is ministerial responsibility, which ends, as with you,
who hold that " the Dukhoborets is God, and cannot sin, but the non- in a change of Cabinet. The Emperor will have neither of these ; he must,
Dukhoborets is radically wicked -all that he does, even what appears to be therefore, make up his mind to that other sort of responsibility,
good, is sin." One of their characteristics is " the remarkably handsome à l'Américaine, which would place him in direct contact with the legisla-
forms both of the men and women, and the health and strength they ture. He must consent to have his measures discussed and vetoed, if need
display." This is partly to be accounted for by the fact that they put to be, by the Assembly. Napoleon III. has more than once pointed out
death every child that is delicate or deformed. " The soul," they say, with complacency the resemblance which, in his opinion, exists between
"being the likeness of God, must dwell in a worthy, noble, and vigorous the institutions of the Second Empire and those of the United
body. If we find it in a weak and poor one, we are bound to free it States, and being a man of inventive genius-as, indeed, the above
from its ignoble prison ; it then chooses for itself, according17 to the law of discovery abundantly proves - he may, in the interest of his dynasty, find
the transmigration of souls, another and a better body.' Such child out some way of turning himself into a sort of Imperial President.
murder gives little pain to the parents, for their theory is that " the soul, The time is come, say some of his best friends ; in my opinion , the time
the image of God, recognizes no earthlyfather or mother," and that " there is gone by. But I am digressing, and must return to the last days of our
is only one father, the totality of God, who lives in every individual ; and 'defunct Assembly. One word more, however, I must add on the subject
[ 214 ]
7, 1869.
MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGE . 15
T
equently,the
ut only of the old soldiers. Thanks to the numberless calculations to which the every provincial Haussmann. Each municipality, down to the smallest
y" childre grant on their behalf has given rise, certain very suggestive figures have conmune, vies with its neighbour and spends beyond its means. A town
been once more brought before the public which should go far, one would like Grenoble, for instance, where the prefect receives a salary of
-in bynam think, to damp popular enthusiasm on the occasion of the National £ 1,200, will erect a palace to lodge that functionary which will cost
e must ha Jubilee. The man whose birth is to be celebrated as a public festival about £40,000. Saintes, a still less important town, has spent half
ted Russi throughout France called upon her during the ten years his empire as much again. It would seem, at first sight, that the evil was
a comple lasted to furnish him with 2,163,000 soldiers. Such is the authentic summing easy to guard against, for the communes and departments are,
pia founded up of the conscription levies from 1805 to 1814. All these soldiers, by law, considered as minors, and can neither borrow nor pledge
the Sea d however, it must be remembered, were not called into active service, their revenues without the authorization of their guardian, the State.
although all were withdrawn from their peaceful avocations and their homes ; But in the first place, where the guardian himself is a spendthrift,
d persuaded
despotical the conquered provinces annexed to France furnished, too, their quota of his advice is not likely to outweigh his example ; and, secondly, all laws of
bail. After chair à canon, and the peace of 1814 liberated many of the conscripts of "local interest," as they are termed, which authorize the towns or depart-
rhe was the last levies ; still, there remains a formidable set- off against Napoleonic ments to raise money, are hurried through the Corps Législatif without
glory. It is calculated that there are still living more than 80,000 soldiers being inquired into. Seventeen of these laws were voted without discussion
ars of
who fought in the wars ofthe Republic and the Empire, but as there are on the last day of the session. The president, the secretary, and the
fell into
certain conditions attached to the new bounty- such as wounds, or two reporter of the Commissions, which examine them in the Bureaux, are
ble inqust
campaigns- there will not be many more than 40,000 recipients of it. About generally chosen from the deputies of the departments concerned in the
ghtest st
an equal number of old soldiers- the youngest of whom must be seventy- matter, and they are but too willing to pander to the vanity of their
few years The result is often that the money
three-will therefore be left out, after having had their hopes excited fellow-citizens and constituents.
-e behind. by the Imperial letter, and these will probably look coldly on the which has been squandered in foolish expenditure is not forth-
revealed National Jubilee. It is not very easy, you see, even for a socialist and coming for necessaries, and that for these the State is ultimately
anymatt almost omnipotent Emperor to satisfy completely one single class of his resorted to. Thus, the department of the Corrèze, which has just
rtsi were subjects. received State aid to the amount of £ 60,000 for its parish roads, had
This was the last act of the Legislature, but during the four or five spent previously nearly £40,000 on a splendid mansion for the prefect.
Russian days which preceded it every imaginable subject was touched upon , and Those who have had dealings with the Micawbers of private life know
Believers more especially every impost was put in question in a hopeless, desultory that it is a general rule with them to squander their resources, great or
k manner, thoroughly unworthy of the representatives of France. It was small, on luxuries, and never to ask for loans but for the butcher, the
proposed, first by one member and then by another, to repeal, reduce, or baker, or the rent. But what can be said of a nation with a whole
readjust every tax from which the public revenue is derived. The hierarchy of administrative Micawbers ?
tax on salt, the stamp duties on newspapers and bills of exchange,
the rate of postage, the duties on wine and spirits, the town dues
29. or octrois, were all discussed in extremis, without the remotest chance THE PARISIAN STAGE.
t died of any practical result, and dismissed with overwhelming negative
Corps votes. At the eleventh hour, and in a single sitting, the system of THE old Théâtre du Vaudeville, so long a familiar object in the Place de
al sin canalization of France, the necessity of trial by jury for the offences of la Bourse, now belongs to the past, and the great event of the day is the
o one the press, the monopolies of the publishing trade, and last, not least, the recent opening of the new theatre, situated at the corner of the Rue de la
itself obnoxious law known as the law of public safety (loi de sureté générale), were Chaussée d'Antin. The solemnities of the occasion commenced with a
ority, brought forward for no other purpose, it would seem, than to furnish oppor- prologue in verse, which the influx of an impatient public rendered almost
hich tunities for making speeches in view of the coming elections. I have said inaudible, and which was followed by three new pieces.
ance that this was discreditable, because the Assembly had been sitting since the The first of these, entitled " Les Oublieuses," was a trifle in one act by
om middle of January, taking innumerable holidays, setting languidly to work M. Edmond Gondinet, author of that very respectable comedy, " Le
cile -when it did work- at about two o'clock and breaking up at a quarter to Comte Jacques. " The action takes place at the seaside town Trouville,
ed six ; so that the real business of the House has been wilfully postponed, or where a number of young married ladies have congregated for the sake less
di rather shirked. of health than of recreation. To prolong the period of liberty they have
has The small knot of Opposition members must be held blameless in this informed their husbands, by means of the telegraph, that they are indisposed,
rd, respect. When, at the beginning of the session, they wished to make but the worthy gentlemen, being more affectionate than was supposed,
er their interpellations, they were told that these would naturally find their hasten to the spot in time to find the lovely invalids dressing for a ball. As
place during the discussion of the divers chapters of the Budget ; and the they have good tempers as well as warm hearts, no great harm ensues
ed Budget having been kept back to the last, they have been cheated of their beyond the failure of the piece, which has already disappeared from the
opportunity. But this being the case, it would have been more dignified, programme.
0 I think, to have simply entered a protest. Mere speechifying, pure and More successful is the second work, " Le Contrat," a comedy in two
n simple, is very puerile ; and when it may be mistaken for electioneering acts, written by M. Henri Meilhac. Georges d'Alteyrac, entangled in a
1 clap-trap it is something worse. guilty liaison with Mdme. Hélène Aubertin, is on the point of marrying
There is no doubt that many excellent things were said on this or that Jeanne, an intimate friend of his mistress, and--what is more remarkable
subject during this rapid survey of our finances and institutions. -the project of marriage has originated with Hélène herself, on her
M. Pouyer- Quertier, the great protectionist, for instance, in a very able discovery of the love of Jeanne for Georges. Unluckily, the liaison comes
speech pointed out the defective state of our canals as compared with to the knowledge of Jeanne's cousin, Casteja, who feels himself morally
those of England, and said with great truth that it would take a man much bound to prevent the match, and as he declares that to carry out his object
longer to go by water from Strasbourg to Marseilles than to go from Havre he will not shrink from creating a scandal, Georges feels compelled to back
to India. There is no doubt that what I would venture to call the " peace out, on the pretext that he does not love his intended bride. Hélène is,
armament " of France is still very incomplete, both as regards railways and however, magnanimous enough to sacrifice herself for the general
canals ; but what then ? M. Pouyer-Quertier admits himself that four good, and, confessing her fault to Casteja and Jeanne, bids an eternal
millions sterling would be required to give France a complete net- farewell to her lover. We may add that she is represented by Mdme.
work of water-roads, and does he not know that, having so many Doche.
ironclads and Chassepots to buy, she cannot afford any other The third piece, a farce in one act, written by MM. Labiche and
expense ? It is very hard, certainly, that we should pay 2d. for Delacour, and called " Le Choix d'un Gendre," has likewise proved
inland postage when you only pay 1d.; but how could we, with successful. The title refers to the difficulty experienced by M. François
so many soldiers to maintain, bear even a temporary diminution in the Trugadin in selecting a suitable husband for the younger of his two
revenue ? It seems hard, too, that common wine which costs five francs the daughters. The marriage of the elder has been unlucky, and the fond
hundred litres should pay twenty-two francs and a half duty on entering parent is resolved that he will not be mistaken a second time. Therefore,
Paris ; and harder still, perhaps, that the duty should be no higher for wines to study the character of Count Emile de Montmeillan, who has presented
costing a hundred times this sum . It is equally true that the tax on salt is himself as a suitor, he enters his service disguised and sedulously performs
a burden on agriculture, but how can we abolish our most productive taxes all the duties of a menial. For some time the observations made
when, as it is, we are living beyond our income? in this favourable position are in the highest degree satisfactory,
The financial fact that without a surplus in hand taxation may be but at last a lady of the demi-monde, Mdlle. Mandolina, makes her
shifted, but cannot be reduced, never seems to have occurred to some of appearance, and Trugadin, feeling his suspicions aroused, does all he
the speakers. In most cases no efficient substitute was even suggested can to discover the particulars of her intimacy with the master he has
for the taxes it was proposed to repeal ; while on the other hand the aid imposed upon himself, intending to break it off if occasion requires.
of the State was repeatedly called for. At last, 22some one fortunately While he is thus occupied his cashier, Bidonneau (played by Arnal), who
quoted from Bastiat's " Sophismes Economiques a passage asserting rents a lodging of the Comte de Montmeillan, calls upon his landlord to
that it is not possible at once to reduce the revenue and increase the discuss a question of repairs, and is surprised to find his employer in such
expenditure, and this produced a great effect on the Assembly. One a humiliating condition. However, he is soon initiated into the secret,
would have thought that it was scarcely necessary to invoke the and in consideration of an advance of salary, consents to become a
authority of a great economist to establish such an axiom, and that any coachman and aid Trugadin in his curious inquiries. When sufficient
honourable member might have derived the same information from his "fun " has been extracted from the false position of the merchant and his
cook .
cashier, the farce is brought to a conclusion, Mandolina being sent off to
M. Glais- Bizoin made the most sweeping proposal of all--nothing less, Russia with a few bank-notes in her pocket and an engagement for the
in fact, than the total abolition of octrois or town dues. The measure, excel- theatre at St. Petersburg, and Trugadin consenting to the marriage of his
lent in itself, belongs unfortunately to the region of dreams, our towns daughter with Montmellan.
being for the most part head over ears in debt, and having, in imitation of The story of Faust and Gretchen has been turned into a burlesque
Paris, pledged their resources for years to come. It is not generally known, opera by MM. Hector Crémieux and Adolphe Jaime, and has been
even here, to what an extent the pernicious example of the capital has been produced at the Folies-Dramatiques with music by M. Hervé, as " Le
followed throughout the empire . Splendid boulevards, magnificent petit Faust."
buildings-comparatively magnificent and splendid-are the ambition of ! At the Palais Royal there is a new three-act comedy of the kind
[ 215 ]
 16 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

proper to that theatre, bearing the title " Gavaut, Minard, et Compagnie." from his Majesty that I would take him to the Commander-in-Chief, to whom he was
As is frequently the case in England, the " Co. " of this firm does not commissioned to deliver a letter from his royal master. I accompanied the messenger
correspond to any human reality, the only partners being MM . Gavaut in the first instance to Colonel Merewether, and from thence we three proceeded together
and Minard, who are engaged in the cotton trade at Saint Sever, to the Commander-in -Chief's tent. His Excellency thereupon asked me to assist in
near Rouen, They have amassed a considerable fortune, although translating the letter verbally into English, which I did, with the aid of Samuel, who had
there is anything but an entente cordiale between them, it being the joined us in the meantime, and who first rendered the Amharic into Arabic. Samuel was
fixed principle of each partner always to consult the other and never then on the point of going up to Salámgê, to co-operate in bringing down the European
to follow the advice received. The only point on which they artisans and also to superintend the safe transport of my luggage and that of my released
fellow captives from Magdala, and he had been instructed to inform the King that his
agree is an unqualified admiration for their head clerk Térence, a
letter had been received, and that his messenger, Alaka Engada, was detained in order
scapegrace who has seduced a young sempstress and afterwards deserted
that he might carry back a reply to his Majesty. This part of the transaction , your
her to pay court to no less a person than Mdme. Minard , an emotional
grace will perceive, is corroborated by Colonel Merewether's statement as contained in
lady, with a strong belief in her powers of fascination. Unacquainted with Lord Napier's recent letter to your address. The only discrepancy in the two accounts
these details of profligacy, M. Gavaut proposes to marry Térence to one of is the substitution by Colonel Merewether of Dajjaj Aalamee for Alaka Engada--
his three daughters, no matter which, but his views are not in accordance evidently a clerical error, since the Dajjaj set out with Samuel and his party for
with those of the young ladies themselves, who have set their affec- Magdala.
tions on three magnificent hussars. To escape the importunities
Here I may venture to remark that had this arrangement been adhered to, the
of their father and Térence, who would like well enough to marry one alleged misapprehension or mistake which subsequently arose regarding the Commander-
of his master's daughters, no matter which, the damsels take refuge with in- Chief's reply, touching the proffered cattle, might have been rectified ; but for
an aunt at Havre, who soon sends them back to their papa ; but some reason or other no reply whatever was subsequently sent either by Alaka
when they are again at Rouen a new affair engages the attention of the Ingada, who was kept in the British camp until Magdala was captured, or by any other
partners. A letter, directed to the firm, and bearing the signature " Clara," person.
announces the approaching arrival of a son, the result of some forgotten After Theodore's letter had been translated, sentence by sentence, Samuel requested
adventure, and Gavaut and Minard both dive into the recesses of memory me to ask the Commander-in-Chief what answer he was to give the King about
to discover to which of the two the honour of paternity most probably the proposed present of cows and sheep contained in his Majesty's letter. Sir William
belongs. Both, however, agree to receive him without recognizing his Merewether is positive that no words were uttered in reply to this question, and that his
peculiar claim, and to engage him in the house as a domestic. At this Excellency " simply bowed his head." My own conviction is, notwithstanding—
juncture, a clerk in quest of a place, and bearing " Théodore " as his only and I was nearest to the Commander - in - Chief on the occasion - that the
name, presents himself. By the gentlemen he is supposed to be the words " I accept them " were uttered. Acting, therefore, on the conviction that Sir
expected son, while Mdme. Minard takes him for a culprit who, Robert Napier had accepted the present, I communicated the same to Samuel, who
accused of the murder of one of his friends, is endeavouring to forthwith departed with the European artisans to convey the favourable reply to
Theodore.
escape the clutch of justice. Her suspicions are confirmed by the
mysterious appearance of a gendarme, who, however, is simply the Now, I beg respectfully to submit to your grace that the principal question here,
maidservant's sweetheart, and on investigation the fact transpires that so far as my conduct in the matter is involved, is not whether Sir Robert Napier signified
Théodore, instead of being an assassin, has been slightly assaulted by his acceptance of the proffered gift in words, but whether his Excellency signified as
much in such a way as to warrant the message which I communicated to Samuel on his
a friend, and has come to the house on the strength of a report that behalf.
Mdme. Minard is well-affected towards good-looking young men in general.
On this point I beg to remark, in the first place, that if I remember aright, Mr. Mun-
A baby that arrives in a cradle, and is a gift from the forsaken damsel to
zinger, the British consular agent at Massowah, was also present on the occasion, and as
Térence, solves the enigma, and the Mdlles. Gavaut, now justified that gentleman knows Arabic and English well, he would certainly have corrected me
in their objection to the libertine clerk, are at liberty to marry their had he thought that I had misunderstood Sir Robert Napier's answer. That he did not
hussars. The author of this complicated tale of profligacy is M. E. believe I had made any such mistake will appear in the sequel.
Gondinet.
But, my lord, apart from any extraneous testimony, I think it is clear from Lord
The Théâtre Déjazet, usually appropriated to the merest trifles, has Napier's own remarks, when he says " the subsequent reference to the offered cattle led
lately astonished the world by the production of a five-act piece, written. me to regard them in the same light as those that accompanied every other letter that
by M. E. Brisebarre, and entitled " La Comédie de la Vie." The life I had received from chiefs in Abyssinia "--I say it is obvious from these observations
represented is simply that of the stage, a certain Théâtre de Richebraque that he had notified his acceptance of the gift. It was only afterwards, according to his
being the point round which the action revolves. We have the director, lordship's own authority, when he intimates that he first heard of the largeness of the
who gathers the other personages about him ; a physician , who spoils his present, that he refused to accept it.
practice by ministering gratis to the ladies and gentlemen ofthe "profession ;" In order, however, to place the fact beyond doubt that others besides myself,
a gentleman who ruins himself for the sake of an actress, whom he after- who were present on the occasion, understood that Sir Robert (Napier had accepted
wards quits and who poisons herself at a supper ; a second violin and an the proferred gift, I am constrained to bring the following additional circumstances to
Irish baronet who worship the actress ; and the wife and son of the your grace's notice :-
physician, who appear as victims of his indiscretion . All these are worked Shortly after the interview in the Commander-in- Chief's tent I found Colonel
into a piece, which is merely called " pièce," being neither comedy, Merewether, Colonel Thesiger (the adjutant- general ), and Mr. Munzinger engaged in
vaudeville, nor drama. discussing the question whether it was proper that an attack should be made on
" L'Aventurière," the comedy by M. Emile Augier, on which is founded . Theodore after his present had been accepted. In the course of this conversation
Colonel Thesiger remarked, " Surely the Commander-in-Chief is not responsible for the
Mr. T. W. Robertson's " Home," now played at the Haymarket, has been
mistranslation of interpreters. " Fancying, as I did, that the speaker was aware that
revived at the Théâtre Français, with Mdlle. Arnould- Plessy as the I had
acted as interpreter on the occasion, and that the blame of accepting
principal female character. the present was about to be attached to me, I at once indignantly denied
It will be remembered that shortly after the production of " Patrie " having misunderstood the Commander-in-Chief's answer,
affirming that I had
an attempt was made to trace the plot of the successful novelty to the
faithfully communicated to Samuel what his Excellency had signified in reply to
libretto of one of Verdi's early operas, written by Signor Camerano. The his question.
origin of the libretto is now traced in its turn to " La Bataille de Soon after this discussion, Sir Robert Napier sent for me, and in the presence of
Toulouse," a drama by Mr. Méry, brought out in 1856 at the Théâtre Colonel Merewether and Mr. Munzinger asked me to repeat to him the conversation that
Beaumarchais. This drama had been forgotten altogether, but its restora-
had taken place when I translated King Theodore's letter. I accordingly did so, and
tion to memory, through the recent controversy, has been turned to repeated my statement that, in answer to Samuel's query about the present of cows and
practical account by the director of the Théâtre des Menus-plaisirs, who sheep, his Excellency had said that he accepted them. Thereupon Sir Robert Napier
has produced it on his own boards, where it shines with a lustre derived requested me to put my statement on paper. I left the tent for that purpose, and, in
from the Porte St. Martin. As far as plot is concerned the likeness of conjunction with Lieutenant Prideaux, wrote to the best of my recollection (for
" La Bataille de Toulouse " to " Patrie " is extremely formidable. I did not keep a copy of the memorandum) as follows :-That the King had
written to say that that day being Easter he hoped the Commander-in-Chief would
allow him to send 1,000 cows and 500 sheep as a breakfast for the British troops ;
CORRESPONDENCE. and that when Samuel inquired what answer he was to give to the King his
Excellency replied, " I accept them, " or words to that effect. I then returned
LORD NAPIER OF MAGDALA AND MR . RASSAM . to the Commander- in - Chief's tent, and delivered the memorandum to his Excellency
To the EDITtor. in the presence of Colonel Merewether and Mr. Munzinger, who were still there.
Nothing further was said on the subject, and I took it for granted that my plain
SIR, -Your impartiality hitherto in the question between Lord
statement was as satisfactory as it was indisputable.
Napier of Magdala and myself with regard to the present of cows and It was with no design to reflect on the conduct of any one, but simply in self-
sheep from the late King Theodore induces me to hope that you will find defence, my lord, that I was induced to mention the bare facts of this transaction in my
space in your columns for the following reply to his lordship's letter on the
official report to Government. Both before quitting Abyssinia and after my return to
subject, which I am now in a position to lay before the public. I remain , England it was publicly asserted in several quarters that I had been instrumental in mis
Sir, your obedient servant, H. RASSAM. leading the late King Theodore with regard to the acceptance of his proffered present.
4, Maddox-street, W., May 5, 1869. As the imputation was false, I deemed it my duty to state briefly what part I had been
TO HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF ARGYLL, &C. &c. called upon to take in the matter. Neither should I have mooted the subject any
4, Maddox-street, W. , London, March 27, 1869. further ; but, as Lord Napier has constructively impugned my statement, I trust that your
My Lord Duke, -My attention having been called to the copy of a despatch grace will do me the justice to call upon his lordship for a copy of my memorandum
addressed to your grace as Secretary of State for India by Lord Napier of Magdala written on the occasion, and also direct that measures be taken to obtain from Mr.
which appeared in the overland Bombay journals of the 20th ult. , and which I presume Munzinger a statement of the facts of the case as far as he remembers them.
to be identical with the letter from his lordship which your grace is reported to have laid With those documents before you your grace will be able to form an opinion
before Parliament on the 18th inst. , commenting on a statement contained in paragraph whether any blame can fairly be imputed to me in this matter. In the meantime,
348 of my official report to Lord Stanley, dated the 1st of September last, I deem it as Lord Napier has communicated his letter to the press, I trust that you will sanction
incumbent upon me to submit the following additional remarks upon the transaction in my giving the same publicity to this reply.-- I have the honour to be, &c. ,
question to your grace's consideration. H. RASSAM,
On Sunday morning, the 12th of April, 1868 , Alaka Ingada, the late King First Assistant Political Resident at Aden,
Theodore's chief Amharic scribe, came to me while in the British camp, with a request late in charge of the British Mission to King Theodore.
[ 216 ]
 1869.
MAY 7, 1869. ] PAL MAL BUD
L L GET. 17
homhe ་
le messenger OCCASIONAL NOTES. board-room of that venerable office. Whatever may be the nature and
ded togethe extent of the revolution it may effect, no attempt should be made to
to assistin The conviction which inspires the threats now so confidently uttered in disturb poor Lord Lansdowne, if he is still to be found there, as the junior
tel, who the United States towards England is summed up by Senator Chandler. lord who gives his services gratuitously. He does no harm, if he does no
Samuel a His recent speech went a little too far, even for the Tribune, but in one part good, and the only objection to letting him sit in Whitehall, if it pleases
le Europe of it he adopted the line which the Tribune and similar journals are never him, is the improbability that his successor will acquiesce in any arrange-
tired of following. "It is a national necessity," said the Michigan
myrelease ment by which he is called upon to do nothing for no pay.
ingthat Senator, " that we should have the British possessions." Suppose
led inorde England should object ? Senator Chandler laughed at that idea.
ction, you " There will be no war. Great Britain does not desire war with A private letter which we have received from a correspondent who was
ontained us "--which in one sense is quite true, though not in the sense present at the recent meeting between the Viceroy and Shere Ali contains
To accols meant by Mr. Chandler. The danger of the state of feeling excited some details of interest. The Ameer is a man of middle height, rather broad,
Enga by harangues like those of Senators Sumner and Chandler is that any with a Jewish cast of countenance, and hair tinged with grey. He was
Fary for unforeseen accident may imperil the peace of the two countries. It is not dressed as a soldier, with the Herat cap of Astrakan fur, his upper garment
the direct negotiation on the Alabama claims that forebodes mischief so being of coarse brown camel's-hair cloth, and his whole aspect and
ed to,the much as the little casualties which no nation can guard against, and any manners those of a man who has lived in camp all his life.
nmander one of which may too easily prove the spark to the powder when the train In return for the sword of honour, the Ameer presented Lord Mayo with a
; but fr is laid. Americans see this clearly enough, and consequently gold is sword, the blade of which is valued at 7,000 rupees. The other return
by Al advancing. The gold speculators evidently have a promising time before presents consisted mostly of furs, carpets, horses, camels, and mules.
anyother them.

requested Mr. Disraeli's speech in the House of Commons on Wednesday will A new ukase, directed against the Polish landowners in Russian Poland,
gat bring him very little sympathy. He ought to have no difficulty, indeed, has just been issued at St. Petersburg. Since the insurrection these land-
William in persuading the country that the proceedings necessary to be taken owners have been forced to pay annual " contributions " in addition to the
thathe for the removal of Mr. O'Sullivan from the magistracy should be regular taxes paid by the other inhabitants of the empire. Hitherto these " con-
tributions," which have varied from 8 to 30 per cent. on the landowner's
Ming- and deliberate. That he should be permitted to remain in office is
it the altogether intolerable ; but it would be a blunder to eject him income, have been levied by the military authorities as fines, but they have
.
at S by processes which in Ireland might give him the reputation of political now been converted by the new ukase into a permanent tax recoverable by
martyrdom. That the proceedings ofthe Government up to this time have the ordinary collectors. The landowners are not to be taxed according to
My to a look of haste is undeniable ; but there is no reason to suppose that a fixed rate, but are to pay among them a contribution of 2,500,000 roubles
Mr. O'Sullivan will have any ground for complaint on that score or any (£400,000) a year to the imperial exchequer. As the number of Polish
here. other. For their own sake the Government should be as cautious as their landowners is yearly diminishing, no Pole being now allowed to acquire
enemies last night advised them to be. Under some weak and fatally land in the Polish provinces of Russia, the effect of this arrangement will
be to impose a higher tax on each landowner every year. The rate of
mistaken notion of gaining thereby " moral support " in Ireland they have
pardoned a little bevy of sworn traitors, and turned them loose amongst diminution may be estimated from the fact that in 1864 60 per cent. of
their combustible fellow-countrymen ; Mr. O'Sullivan's seditious harangues the land belonged to Poles, while in 1868 they were in possession of
Fan- 38 per cent. only.
12 are a direct consequence of that enormous folly ; and if now the Govern-
ment make what seems to be a hasty dash at that offender for instant
punishment, they will at least add nothing to their dignity, while their If the Economist is to be believed, we are at the end of the plethora
10
"moral support " will be endangered. But they are at any rate warned ; period, and may look for a revival of excitement in the money market.
and we may confidently expect that the Mayor of Cork will be disposed Before we all commence once more one of those periodical attempts to
of with all the forms and securities of justice. make our fortunes in the City which seem to end in everybody losing every-
d
thing and nobody but Higgs being a gainer, it may be as well to make an
earnest appeal to fathers of large families and old ladies with small savings
រ
The Duke of Argyll has acted with praiseworthy fairness in permitting to have the goodness, if possible, to keep out of the coming struggle. How-
Mr. Rassam to publish his rejoinder to Lord Napier's letter. Of ever much, in our newborn zeal for honesty, we may blame promoters and
course, explanations may be forthcoming from the other side. It directors, we must not forget there would be no knaves without fools, and it
is as well, as we remarked on a former occasion, that all doubts is not always easy in the fray to discover where the fool ends and
and discrepancies in such a case should be cleared up at once. If the knave begins ; besides which, although it adds to the excitement of
that is attempted, it will be desirable that Lord Napier should show how, the money market, even that sensitive institution the Stock Exchange
with the discussion alleged to have taken place on the occasion still cannot watch unmoved the innocent gambling of those unsophisticated
fresh in his remembrance, and especially with the written memorandum lambs, whom the requirements of " commercial activity " render it neces-
which Mr. Rassam avers that he drew up at the time, at his sary to fleece without mercy, when they bring the few sovereigns they
lordship's request, in his possession, his lordship could indite possess to sacrifice at the shrine of mammon. It is a harsh suggestion,
the following passage in his letter to the Secretary of State but we cannot doubt it would have a wholesome effect if, in addition to
for India :-" When Mr. Rassam's report first came to my notice in punishing a few directors, we could send to prison one or two clergymen
England, my own recollection ofthe details attending the transaction of whose love of speculation has brought ruin and misery on all belonging
the letter was at variance with Mr. Rassam's account, but my recollection to them. An old governess sentenced to six weeks' hard labour for
being very indistinct, and considering Mr. Rassam simply as a translator, I losing her savings in the share market might be a sorry spectacle, but
felt that I should not be justified in impugning the accuracy of his would probably keep many other aged ladies out of the workhouse, would
deliberate statement, on the strength of my own imperfect remembrance of lighten the burden of the ratepayers, and be a mercy in the long run.
what at the time appeared unimportant." Ifthe statement in Mr. Rassam's
report was inaccurate, why was it not impugned when the alleged written
The fellows of Oriel College, Oxford, have been making an attempt
memorandum, containing the identical statement, was first given to Lord
Napier on the day that Theodore's letter was translated ? to remove what is practically a clerical restriction upon their provostship.
It appears that originally the provostship of Oriel, like the wardenship
of Merton, was open alike to clergymen and laymen, but that the appro-
Perhaps one of these days some future Mr. Gladstone will prepare for priation to the headship, first of a canonry in Rochester Cathedral
us a pleasant little surprise by announcing the total abolition of the Lords in 1712, and then of the living of Purleigh in Essex in 1730, has,
Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury. There are few items in the during the last century and a half, practically limited the choice of
estimates so open to criticism as the salaries of that board, whose duty it the fellows to a clergyman. This restriction a large majority of the
is to curtail unnecessary expenditure. The Treasury now consists of the fellows were anxious to remove by means of a private bill separating
First Lord at £5,000, the Chancellor of the Exchequer at £5,000, a from the provostship its ecclesiastical endowments, and raising its collegiate
Third Lord at £ 2,000, two other Lords at £1,000 each, and one endowments to the average value of other Oxford headships from funds
more Lord who kindly gives his services gratuitously. Besides all obtained in exchange for the canonry and living. This scheme was opposed
these Lords there are two parliamentary secretaries at £2,000 each, by the provost (whose life interests were, of course, respected), and by a
and one permanent secretary at £2,500. Now any one conversant small minority of the fellows, this minority consisting exclusively of gentle-
with Treasury business is well aware that the Chancellor of the men in holy orders. The bill, having passed a second reading in the
Exchequer, with the assistance of the Financial Secretary, does all the House of Lords, was referred to a Select Committee, and arguments from
headwork, and that the junior lords are utterly useless. It is, in fact, a counsel were heard some days ago both for the promoters and the oppo-
cruel kindness to hamper the Chancellor of the Exchequer with too much nents. The chief arguments against the bill appear to have been the
assistance, for he cannot delegate his duties to any one else without injury following :-"That it was not becoming for the lay fellows, having a
to the public service. At the present time we believe that Mr. Lowe majority such as did not exist in any other college, to push their advantage.
and Mr. Stansfeld, who, although he is called Third Lord, is, in truth, by getting a lay head also ; "the more lay fellows, the more necessary it
financial secretary, transact the real business of the office ; that the services was that the college should have a clerical head ; " "that it was
of the three junior lords and Mr. Ayrton might well be dispensed with, and undesirable that the provost should be outside the rails in the
their duties transferred to the permanent members of the establishment, administration of the Sacrament, while a junior fellow, perhaps, was within
who would not find out the difference. The truth is that the constitution the rails." The animus of the fellows was supposed to be shown by the
of the Treasury should be assimilated to that of a Secretary of State's admission that clergymen have never been candidates for the open fellow-
office. The Treasury, and not Downing-street, is the proper place for the ships at Oriel, the fact, of course, being that candidates for fellowships are
Chancellor of the Exchequer, who ought to be the responsible head and usually below the age at which orders are taken, and that it is not usual in
centre of the office. We are a long way yet from this reform, but there is Oxford for young men to enter into orders while they are engaged in
in this country a growing feeling that boards are a mistake. We yearn for studying for fellowship examinations. The Committee rejected the bill on
something more tangible than "my lords," and this yearning may one day the ground, as the Duke of St. Albans has since explained, that the subject
penetrate the interminable passages of the Treasury, and reach the very was one for general and not private legislation. The result ofthe rejection
[ 217 ]
 18 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

of the bill is to confine the election of the next Provost of Oriel to the them to found a separate colony somewhere in Central America. The
narrow area of those fellows or former fellows of the college who are in holy writer in Fraser quotes the story of Mr. Lincoln dictating the terms of John-
orders, unless, indeed, the society should be bold enough to try the experi- stone's surrender to Sherman, and says that it comes from " an authentic
ment of seeking a head beyond its own borders.. witness who was present at the council which arranged those terms." The
truth is that the story was an invention of the Tribune, and has been
contradicted by General Sherman in every particular, as we mentioned a
General Todleben, says the Wiest of St. Petersburg, has prepared a
day or two ago.
plan for converting Kieff into a strong fortress capable of holding from
50,000 to 60,000 men. This plan has been approved by the Govern-
Scotch venison must be rather a dear dish if Captain Horatio Ross's
ment, and steps are now being taken for carrying it out. The General
calculations are correct. He estimates that "the value of every full-grown
states in his report that the fortifications of Kieff are at present so weak
nine-year-old stag killed in the deer forest and on sheep farms frequented
that a hostile corps from Galicia or the Black Sea could penetrate without by deer is about £ 50 ; that represents the profit derived by a Highland
difficulty into the heart of the empire before a sufficient army could be landowner in letting his shootings." Little, half-grown animals, of course, are
placed so as to prevent its further progress. He therefore considers it of less value, and Captain Ross speaks with sportsmanlike contempt of the
absolutely necessary to make so important a strategical point as Kieff a second-rate stalkers who trouble themselves with such small deer. The
strong garrison fortress.
grazing of a single red deer he sets down as equal to that of two and a half
sheep. Captain Ross is certainly right in his remark that a Royal Com-
The logic of poor law guardians generally repays examination. We are mission would collect far more useful and authoritative information on the
told in the local paper that a lady has been refused admission to Paddington game question than a Committee of the House of Commons.
workhouse. On some former occasions a similar restriction was enforced
at a time when ladies made themselves disagreeable by assisting certain
inquiries into the state of the sick wards. The danger of any such imperti- A correspondent of the Daily Telegraph, writing on the subject o
nence is not alleged as the reason in the present instance. Admission is horse-racing, mourns over the exclusion of the Duke of Hamilton from the
refused to Miss Beaufort because she does not live in the parish. It Jockey Club. " No one," he says, " who loves the British turf can have
would be curious to understand the principle on which charity is confined failed deeply to regret that the Jockey Club should have been guilty of
within geographical limits. Why, if a lady living in Montagu-square is rejecting the young Duke of Hamilton." On the other hand, no one who
willing to visit the poor in Paddington workhouse, her place of residence loves the Duke of Hamilton can have failed to read without pleasure the
should be an insurmountable objection, is a question of extreme difficulty. announcement which has lately appeared in the papers that his horses are
Is a man only to be benevolent within a certain radius from his own to be sold. We do not attempt to palliate the guilt of the Jockey Club ;
door ? and if so, why so ? The supposition that the guardians object to the turf and the Duke of Hamilton are both much to be pitied for
lady visiting altogether is inadmissible, first, because their chaplain appears the mutual loss they have sustained, but, if his grace's rejection
to have recommended their admission ; and secondly, because if they had by the Jockey Club has led to his retirement from the turf,
meant it they would, of course, have said it. few will deny that there are gleams of comfort in the melancholy
transaction which should go far to assuage our sorrow. It is true that the
British turf will lose the advantage of ruining a hereditary legislator, but
Notwithstanding the declamation of the missionary societies, it is it has ruined so many, and there is so little fear but that it will ruin so
tolerably clear that Lord Clarendon's announcement of the future policy of many more, that the loss of one duke cannot be irremediable. The House
the Government with respect to missionaries in China does not meet with of Lords in a few months will have some life peers at the disposal of the
their approval, and the English Presbyterians, in connection with whose. turf, but at the present moment the order requires every available help,
agents the recent disturbances at Formosa occurred, appear to be and can ill spare even the Duke of Hamilton. However grievous a
endeavouring to induce the Government to modify their declared policy. At mistake the Jockey Club may have committed " by blackballing a young
the annual meeting ofthe synod of this body held the other day at Liverpool, man with an historical name," it may prove that the young man himself,
Mr. Hugh Matheson (whose commercial interests and religious sympathies instead of a curse, has received a blessing.
happen to lie in the same direction) is said to have " combated the policy
of Lord Clarendon, with whom he and others were endeavouring to deal
on the subject, and in the action which they might have to take they would Something more should be said of Sir Arthur Buller than has yet
be supported by a large body of the mercantile community." Mr. Matheson appeared in very meagre obituary notices. The differences of wit and
would probably have been correct if he had said the entire mercantile humour were well illustrated, and the one and the other quality excellently
body, who have almost come to regard the British fleet in China and Japan exemplified, in the elder and more distinguished brother Charles, and Sir
as the water-police of the merchant navy, and would probably prefer to Arthur. A more humourous man than Sir Arthur probably never lived ;
have our gunboats and men-of-war placed under the order of the chambers but a peculiar diffidence prevented him from showing his powers in the
of commerce of the ports at which they may happen to be stationed. House of Commons, where the witty Charles Buller had made himself
When the news of the storming of Kagosima reached England, early a leader of opinion and a favourite. In private circles, and as
many people thought that there had been an unnecessary destruc- an after-dinner speaker on semi-public occasions, Sir Arthur Buller was
tion of life and property ; but the European merchants at Yoko- exceedingly and endlessly amusing. He was capable of serious things
hama considered that Admiral Kuper had only half accomplished as well as of being amusing. In early life he was, with his brother Charles,
what they expected from him, and the officers of the fleet were by no one of the band of writers who, under John Stuart Mill and Sir William
means warmly congratulated on the results ofthe action. In the far East Molesworth, made the brilliant beginning of the London Review, soon after
society, ofcourse, is almost entirely mercantile ; and the wealthy merchants, merged in the Westminster. He afterwards went to Ceylon as Advocate-
if they like, can often make things rather disagreeable for a vice-consul or General ; and in 1847 Sir John Hobhouse made him an Indian judge.
senior officer who does not care about supporting their trading enterprises This appointment was doubtless mainly owing to the influence of Charles
in the way or to the extent which they desire. Buller, who was then a member of the Whig Government. There was
something beautiful in the affection of the two brothers. They were both
pupils in youth of Thomas Carlyle. They were both members of Lord
There is an article in Fraser's Magazine on American affairs which will Durham's staff in Canada. Something more than twenty years have passed
serve to give English readers an example of the style of discussion adopted since Charles Buller was suddenly snatched away, after a few days' illness,
by a violent and intemperate school of American writers. The writer at the early age of forty-two, his name already circled by fame, though he
vehemently contradicts English journals, but contributes nothing himself to yet stood only at the threshold of political power.
our stock of information. He rather leads us to believe that we in this
country have not so very much to learn after all from the common run of
American journalists. He denies with a sort of triumphant shout that The crime of drunkenness, the bane of our nation, and especially of
the Constitution contains any guarantee of the right of States to regulate our army, has always presented itself as a difficulty to those who have
the suffrage for themselves. It does not indeed say so in so many endeavoured to suppress it. The " Ordinances of Warre " of 1639
words, but the States never conceded the right in question ; and therefore it directed that " common drunkards shall be fined and cashiered the army
remains in their possession, by virtue of the 10th amendment, which without pay or pasport." Fining was the chief punishment awarded
declares :-" The powers not delegated to the United States by the among Cromwell's Ironsides, and it is said that in this regiment an oath
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States was seldom heard, and a drunkard never seen. In later times imprison-
respectively, or to the people." A collateral point is mentioned in the fifth ment has been inflicted, and fines were only permitted when authorized by
article of the original Constitution, which provides that " no State, sentence of court-martial. Acting on the advice of the Court-martial Commis-
without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate." sion, the Secretary for War has this year introduced an article of war granting
Perhaps the writer in Fraser will say that this provision was adhered power to commanding officers to fine for drunkenness, and a general order
to between 1865-69. He asserts that New York is singular in just issued regulates these fines according to an established scale, rising from
demanding a pecuniary qualification of negro voters-a mere quibble, half a crown to seven shillings and sixpence, according to the frequency
since there are other States which do not allow the negro to vote on an of the recurrence of the offence. A man may still get drunk twice a year
equality with the white man. But the true issue raised is this : the Northern without being fined, but on being guilty of a third offence he is fined
States could admit negroes to vote, or could refuse them, just as they and entered in the regimental defaulters' book, which deprives him of
pleased ; whereas the Southern States were obliged, against their will, to all claim to good conduct pay for a year. In order to give soldiers
give the ballot to negroes while being deprived of it, in large numbers, the opportunity of deciding for themselves whether the pleasure
themselves. This was the injustice dwelt upon by writers whom the of getting drunk is worth the punishment due, the scale of fines to be
writer in Fraser contradicts. His representations as to the love of awarded is to be placed in a conspicuous position in every barrack room .
the North for the negro are absurd. Does he forget that Mr. Lincoln Hitherto many a man has escaped an accusation of drunkenness by remain-
himself told the negroes on the 14th of August, 1862, that they had ing absent till scber ; but this is now met by the rule that absence all night
better resolve to live apart from white men ? " There is an unwillingness is to be considered as equivalent to an act of drunkenness. Officers are
on the part of our people," said the President, "harsh as it may sanguine in their anticipations, that by thus depriving intemperate men of
be, for you free coloured people to remain with us." He advised the means of gratifying their desires they may prevent much insobriety,
[ 218 ]
 1869 .
MAY 7, 1869. ] PAL MAL BUD
L L GET. 19
rica. The
is of Icha While thus increasing the power of lieutenant-colonels the Secretary for that the attention of the House is about to be called to the recommenda-
authentic War has not lost sight of the jealousy with which soldiers regard any tions of the Committee on Theatres and Music Halls which sat some two
ns." The nterference with their pay, and reserves therefore to privates thus fined years ago. Perhaps the honourable member who has the matter in hand
has been the right of appeal to the decision of a court-martial, and further, in order will bring the trapeze performances under notice. "
entioneda to prevent the existence of any false impression that the amounts recovered
shall be applied to the advantage of individuals, the Secretary for War
undertakes to devote the sums thus obtained to objects tending to the The House of Commons has this week been indebted to Mr. Synan for
tio Ross's benefit ofthe army generally. a happy specimen ofthe Irish bull. Defending Colonel French from some
full-grown remarks which had been passed on him, he said, " His right hon. friend had
equented charged for the conveyance of Prince Christian retained his seat between thirty and forty years, and was likely, if he lived
In addition to the £68
Highland between Dover and Calais, there is included in the estimates an additional as long, to retain it for the period of his natural life. "
ourse,are sum of £100 required to pay for special packets for the conveyance of
pt of the distinguished persons. Now, as the fare between Dover and Calais is only
r. The The velocipedomania is still spreading. Last winter an ice velocipede,
about 8s., we are curious to know the number of trips made by these
ad a half retinue. In contrast with running on steel slides and propelled by means of a wheel furnished
exalted personages, and the number of their
al Com with sharp points, was brought out at Stuttgart ; but it was much
these charges, two other items from the same vote deserve to be recorded, objected to by skaters on account of its spoiling the ice. We
1 on the viz. :-Cost of presents to King Masaba, £2 os. 4d.; cost of presents to
now hear that a party of Prince Napoleon's aides-de-camp have made
King Peter for care of European cemetery at River Congo, 125. 8d.
The " Maintenance of Congo Pirate Chief at Ascension, £38 35." may a trip from Nice to Villafranca on water velocipedes. These machines
also be noted as peculiar. consist of two miniature parallel canoes, which support a sort of chair ;
ject o the paddle-wheel, placed between the canoes, is propelled by the feet only,
om the and is covered like the paddle-wheel of a steamer to protect the driver from
We hear from Aldershot that the Royal Artillery there are busily occupied the water it throws up.
I have Their speed is said to be very great. It now
on their spare days in trying various experiments as to the readiest means of remains for the Aeronautical Society to adapt the velocipede to travelling
uilty of protecting field guns by rapidly throwing varieties of breastworks for the through the air.
e who purpose. Something of this sort was done, imperfectly enough, by the
e the Russians at the Alma, and some regular and efficient system for the
'S are A correspondent wrote to the Times not long ago to inform us that
purpose will form a necessary part of any future preparation of defensive
Club; Lady Canning's tomb was falling into a disgraceful state, and stating that,
positions. And this leads us to ask what are our engineers doing in this
1 for matter? Surely among their duties should be that of acting in some sort as the heir to Lord Canning's fortune had been vainly appealed to for
ction as instructors in the use of the spade to the rest ofthe land forces. And if assistance, it might be desirable to call upon the liberality of the public.
turi, this be so, there must be something greatly wanting both at Aldershot To thispurpose Lord Clanricarde replied that the application of any funds to
holy and elsewhere. Either the engineers, which seems contrary to the such a was wholly unnecessary. But the Friend of India, pub-
the general notion entertained of that corps, are disinclined to take up any lished very near to Lady Canning's tomb, now contradicts Lord Clan
66
but extra work, or else the difficulties thrown in their way by higher authority ricarde. The tomb is only covered with a wretched thatched roof," and
the weather and white ants together " had destroyed much of the beautiful
n so are insuperable. We should like to hear where the fault really lies. If mosaic work." This has been renewed, " but not at the expense of the
ase the regular forces are to keep their proper position as the military guide heir of Lord Canning.
the " The Friend hopes that the Government will
and model for our various reserves, and the backbone of our whole
eip, defensive system, they must take care not to retrograde ; and in military remove a shed which is a blemish to the park at Barrackpore, and erect a
suitable mausoleum. Evidently, then, Lord Clanricarde has been misled.
matters standing still is, in these reforming days, practically retrogression.
ng
The New York World of the 22nd of last month contains an announce- The New York correspondent of the Daily News, whose American
ment which leads back our minds to old times. “ The inauguration of the prepossessions are of the most decided kind, is constrained to make some
Quaker policy with the Indians was made to-day, by the nomination of very damaging admissions in regard to the distribution of public appoint-
et eighteen Pennsylvanian and Maryland Quakers recommended by the ments in the model democracy. Mr. Ashley, who has just been made
d Friends as superintendents of Indian affairs. These Quakers are not full governor of Montana, when chairman of the Committee on Public
y of confidence in their mission, but merely ask to try the privilege of Lands, sold private information of the intentions of the Committee
T civilizing the Indians to such an extent that they may secure permanent to a speculator, who bought up land accordingly, and gave him
peace." We cannot pretend to entertain hopes of the success of these well- a share of the profits. Mr. Wadsworth, nominated United States
meaning Friends than they appear themselves to nourish. But it is a fine thing Marshal, but subsequently rejected, was a fraudulent bankrupt of very bad
character. The Sheriff of New York, a notorious rowdy, has been six
that they should thus follow out, in our altered days, the ancient tradition of
their noble sect. The Quakers are a decaying body in America as in months in the penitentiary, and is the personal friend of a large circle
England. Painless extinction is all they have to look to. But their spirit of gaol birds. His deputies, all Irishmen, are mostly pugilists
is unchanged, and if their pacific efforts are fruitless it will be through no or ruffians of the lowest type. One of his friends is now under sentence of
flinching on their part. Now, as in the time of Fox and Penn (to borrow death for the cowardly murder of a policeman in cold blood, but a writ of
the language of Bancroft), " wherever there is evil and oppression the error has been obtained on his behalf. " There is hardly an office of any
Quaker claims the right to be present with a remonstrance." And he will value in the city government now whichis not held by Irishmen of a very low
confront the fierce savage of the western desert with the same doctrine class, and I believe it is the opinion of leading Democratic politicians here
which Penn addressed to the Delawares : " We are the same as if one ofAmerican birth that no more native Americans can be elected hereafter. "
man's body were to be divided into two parts ; we are all one flesh and More than one judge of the Supreme Court is " purchasable by the highest
blood." bidder, and one of them has now grown so bold in his sale of himself, and
is making such an open trade of his decisions, that capital is at last getting
A correspondent who was present at a recent trapeze accident at alarmed. Several of the great railroad companies are transferring their
Birmingham calls our attention to his further experience of these offices to Boston, so as to get their assets and stock out of his reach or
that of his satellites."
performances in Glasgow, where he visited a music-hall in Dunlop
street : " On entering I found the proscenium ornamented with the now
invariable adjuncts of trapeze ropes and guiding lines, and after the The experiments lately made by the Birmingham Chamber of Com-
most mournful and soul-depressing person I had ever seen- even for merce as to the non-liability of percussion caps to explode en masse merely
a comic singer- had, totally uninvited by the audience, encored himself confirmed the results of all previous experience on this subject- results
and sung three ghastly ditties in succession, two women and a man which are perfectly consistent with theory. The fact is, as has been over and
came forward and were hauled up to the swinging bars. The women (I over again established, that percussion caps will not explode in bulk. One
found on reference to the programme) were known respectively as ' The cap may explode -two, three, or more, fifty or a hundred ; but each
Agile ' and ' The Daring,' and they merited the appellations. High up explosion is, so to speak, independent of the other. It is not communicated
in the very roof they swung about like monkeys, now with their male com- from one cap to another, and the explosion of so many caps at once is
panion forming an inverted pyramid, now being swung head downwards in merely the fortuitous concurrence of a number of explosions of single caps
mid-air, the man holding them only by one heel ; or again with their whole which have been subjected at one and the same time to similar or
pendant weight sustained by the grip with which one foot was caught separate influences. An explosion of this character is not of a
between the man's knees. The performance was highly sensational, formidable character. In the course of the trial which took place a
and caused many half-audible expressions of fright from the audience, few years ago with reference to the destruction by nitro-glycerine of the
which was exclusively composed of men ; but it is fair to say that a steamship European at Colon, an attempt was made to fix the blame
very strong net was stretched beneath the performers, which, in the on a small cargo of percussion caps, but it was effectually defeated by the
event of an accident, would have broken their fall. When, however, evidence which was forthcoming on the side of the caps, and with which
the crowning delight of the evening, the leap for life ' as it was the conclusions to be drawn from the late experiments are in perfect
called in the programme, came off, this net was withdrawn. One of accord. In these experiments boxes containing caps were placed
the women ascended a plinth at the far end of the gallery, and swung in the fire, and there allowed to remain until one by one the caps
herself thence across the entire length of the hall, turning a somersault in burnt out ; a half-hundredweight of caps were placed in a red-hot
her flight, and remaining hanging by her feet to a swinging bar. Sir, if chamber, without giving rise to any explosion ; 50,000 caps were
that woman had, in circus-language, missed her tip,' she must infallibly placed in an ordinary packing case inside a furnace, but no explosion
have broken her neck, and, in all probability, severely injured the persons occurred ; heavy masses of iron were allowed to fall on parcels con-
seated beneath her. There was a curious animal expression on the faces taining each 5,000 caps, without producing an explosion ; a bag
of many of the spectators of this performance, indicative of the existence containing 20,000 was laid on the rails of the London and North Western
of a morbid taste which it is anything but wise to encourage. And yet the Railway, and an engine passed over it without causing an explosion ; and
Scotch baillies, who are supposed to be over-cautious and unco guid,' even 100,000 caps in two wooden packing cases placed on the buffers (not
license the taverns where this so-called ' amusement ' is provided, I see spring) of an engine, and struck by a train of several trucks, moving at
[ 219 ]
 20 PALL MALL BUDGET.
[ MAY 7, 1869.

twelve miles an hour, gave no explosion. It is difficult to see how the will persist in his present opposition ; for, as that opposition will have infi-
railway companies can resist this conclusive evidence as to the safety of nitely more weight than my arguments in effecting the extinction of his
percussion caps, or why they should continue to impose prohibitory charges office, it may pave the way to a great permanent reform at the cost of only
on their conveyance by rail, Some time ago we had to remark upon a a temporary inconvenience to those of her Majesty's poorer subjects who
similar unwarranted suspicion of gun-cotton on the part of the railway are doomed to wait in the narrows of Park-lane in the dank and dreary
companies. discomfort of a hack cab."

In the development of ecclesiastical species there seems a natural It appears that the " anti-scorbutic " clauses of the Merchant Shipping
sequence between gig-bishops and velocipede curates. A correspondent of Act, 1867, are likely to prove an equivocal benefit to the sailor. Many
the Church Review looks forward to the general adoption of this cheap and provision merchants neglect to clarify their lime and lemonjuice before
rapid vehicle by the clergy. He thinks the velocipede may be the means fortifying it according to the provisions of the Act, and send it into
of " saving the country and mission clergy the cost of keeping horses- the market, fulfilling all legal requirements , but so very objectionable.
now a very heavy tax on small incomes," and thus " what now seems a in appearance that " Jack" declines to drink it. We are told, indeed,
folly for the vain and frivolous may become a useful means of rapid that, though the daily ration is one ounce (i.e. twice the quantity prescribed
communication." under the old Act) less lime and lemonjuice are consumed than formerly, and
many cases of juice are being brought home the contents of which ought to
A piece is now being played at the Victoria Theatre under the title have been served out during the voyage. The " Ship Captain's Medical Guide,"
of " How Time Flies " (hero, Major Egerton, a roué ; heroine, Nancy, published under the authority of the Board of Trade, gives directions as to
a seller of sprats, whom Major Egerton endeavours to kiss ), in which the mixing, &c., which, if carried out, will make any good juice, however thick,
utmost limits of " realism " seem to have been attained. Billingsgate and
palatable and agreeable to taste and sight. But the Board of Trade has
Covent-garden markets are both introduced ; but the great success of the no power to enforce these authorized directions. Meanwhile , has scurvy
drama, in the way of scenery and stage-grouping, is a representation of the diminished or not?
New Cut on a Saturday night. Here the enthusiasm of the audience
reaches its height; and when a live donkey is brought in, the house resounds In his speech on the Beer-houses Bill the other day Mr. Henley
with cries of " Author ! author ! "
fell into an error respecting the quantity of malt, and therefore of beer,
consumed in England and Wales at the beginning of the present century,
The Indian Civil Service must be the envy of all those unfortunate in consequence of his selection of an exceptional year, 1801. The figures
persons in English Government offices who begin to discover that they have which he quoted from the spirits and malt return showed a consumption of
committed themselves to a precarious career. "The least fortunate only 18,000,000 bushels of malt in that year, or two bushels per head of
civilian's career in India," says an Indian contemporary, " has two the population ; but each of the following years, 1802 and 1803 , showed a
attractions, both of which no other service or profession guarantees - the consumption of more than 29,000,000 bushels, or not far from double that
of 1801. On turning to the report of the Malt Tax Committee it will be
luxury of power exercised for the highest ends, and a total freedom from
pecuniary care or worry." Among the first of the competition wallahs who seen in the Appendix that the average consumption in the ten years
went out at the end of 1856 eleven names are given as examples of what 1787 to 1796 was more than three bushels per head. It follows
may be done with moderate good luck. Mr. Aitchison , after less than twelve that the consumption of malt has decreased 33 per cent. since
years' service, is receiving £3,300 a year. Mr. Thornton has been made the commencement of the century instead of remaining stationary, as
Secretary to the Punjaub Government, with a salary of £3,000. Mr. Cornell, stated by Mr. Henley. The fact is that the consumption of malt per head
after eleven years' service, receives 2,640. Mr. Reynolds, with ten and steadily decreased from 1750 down to 1830, when it attained its lowest
a half years' service, draws £ 2,299. There are still better appointments point, and since 1830 it has slightly increased. The consumption of spirits
open to these gentlemen and the class to which they belong, ranging from in the United Kingdom during the same period has slightly diminished.
£ 5,000 to £ 12,000 a year in value. When we add to this that the The same returns show that a population of 24,000,000 in 1830 consumed
Indian civilians may have holidays of three years at a time after a certain 27,700,000 gallons of British, foreign, and colonial spirits, besides the
period of service, and that they are sure of handsome retiring pensions, it quantity obtained by smuggling and illicit distillation. In 1867 a popula-
needs little further argument to prove that our Eastern empire offers greater tion of 30,000,000 consumed only 29,540,000 gallons, exclusive of a much
attractions to ambitious young men than any other part of our possessions. smaller amount of illegal supplies.

Prince Mentchikoff, whose paletot played so important a part in the Not long ago a remonstrance was raised in this country against the
events of 1853 , has just died at St. Petersburg. He was a descendant of practice which prevailed in France of dissecting live horses ; and although we
the Mentchikoff who, from a pastrycook's boy, rose to be the favourite of never quite persuaded our neighbours that there was anything objectionable
Peter the Great, and one of the highest dignitaries of the Russian empire. in this mode of pursuing their scientific researches, we have heard nothing
Born in 1789, he entered the army in 1805 , went through the campaigns ofit for some time and trust that it has been discontinued. Whatever
of 1813-15 as aide-de- camp to Alexander I. , and was sent by the Emperor doubts may have existed as to the propriety of stigmatizing as cruel
experiments on living animals, there can be no doubt that Dr.
Nicholas, immediately after his accession, to conclude an alliance with the
Shah of Persia against the Sultan. Prince Mentchikoff's rough manners , Von Trautvetter, in his zeal for medical science, goes a little too far,
however, so displeased the Shah that the mission proved a failure. In if the account given by certain medical journals published at Berlin
and quoted by the Lancet of last week is to be believed. After
1828 he led a division against the Turks in Asia Minor, and captured
describing certain experiments by Dr. Von Trautvetter on dead bodies and
Anapa. He was severely wounded in the siege of Varna, and after his
recovery entered the naval service. He became an admiral in 1834, and giving the results, the Lancet says, " Now comes an ugly feature." Dr. Von
Minister of Marine in 1836. In 1853 he was sent to Constantinople to Trautvetter, having done with his dead bodies, selected for further experiment
66 a woman of twenty-eight, almost in articulo mortis from cavities in the
demand of the Sultan on behalf of the Czar the right of protectorate
over all the Greek Christians. He appeared before the divan in an old lungs," and proceeded to subject her to an experiment far too horrible to
detail. The patient died an hour afterwards, "whether from the progress
paletot and muddy boots, and behaved in such an outrageous manner that
of the disease or the effects of the experiment is not clear." The Lancet
the Sultan, supported by the Western Powers, dismissed him . His first
achievement in the war that followed was the destruction of the Turkish says, " Now, has M. Von Trautvetter overstepped the limits of fair experi-
fleet at Sinope. In 1854 he was Governor of the Crimea and Commandant mentation ? This is a matter for grave discussion." It is indeed . In this
of Sebastopol. He was recalled immediately after the death of the country such a question would first be discussed by a coroner, probably,
and afterwards by a jury.
Emperor Nicholas, when the command was given to Prince Gortchakoff.
Prince Mentchikoff then retired from the service, but he was very active to General Sherman has made an interesting contribution to the history of
the day of his death as the leader of the old Russian Panslavist party. the closing days of the war. It will be remembered that when the
Confederate General Johnston surrendered to Sherman in April, 1865,
We lately drew attention in an Occasional Note to the oppo- terms were accorded to him which were deemed far too liberal by the
sition which Mr. Gore, as the official representative of the Office of public, especially as they went beyond the conditions made by Grant with
Woods, is persistently offering to that most necessary of improvements, Lee. It has been represented that Sherman acted under direct instruc-
which, for want of a better name, we may term the Hamilton-place tions from President Lincoln, but he now tells his countrymen that he
thoroughfare. A correspondent has since raised the question whether it is alone was responsible for the terms made, and afterwards disavowed by
necessary that Mr. Gore and the Office of Woods should exist at all ? It the Government. In March, 1865, Mr. Lincoln, Generals Grant
would, he suggests , be more consistent with the spirit of the age we and Sherman, and Admiral Porter, met to consult on the final move
live in if her Majesty's hereditary possessions, which she has been against the enemy. The generals discussed the probability of Lee
graciously pleased to place at the disposal of her Parliament, were falling upon Sherman in the open country. " Mr. Lincoln, in
entrusted to the charge of a Minister directly responsible to Parlia- hearing us speak of a final bloody battle, which I then thought
ment, and consequently likely to appreciate the current of public would fall on me near Raleigh, did exclaim more than once that blood
opinion which Mr. Gore and his irresponsible office seem determined enough had already been shed, and he hoped that the war would end with-
to disregard. "There is nothing in the change," he says, " to which out any more. " The question arose, what was to be done with Jefferson
the most constitutional of Conservatives need object, since a large portion Davis and other leaders ? President Lincoln " left me," writes Sherman,
of the Crown property is already managed by a Parliamentary Minister, the "under the impression that all he asked of us was to dissipate these armies,
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. If I dared to trespass on your and get the soldiers back to their homes anyhow ; the quicker the better,
space I might point out that economy would suggest that all the Crown leaving him free to apply the remedy and the restoration of civil law." Mr.
lands, whether appurtenant to the Duchy of Lancaster or to the Crown Lincoln evidently wished that Mr. Davis should succeed in effecting his
of England, and without excepting the enormous properties which the escape from the country, " as well as all the other leading Southern
War Office has acquired for defensive purposes, and which even under politicians, against whom public indignation always turned with a feeling
War Office management produce a surplus revenue of nearly £30,000 far more intense than against Generals Lee, Johnston, and other purely
a year, ought to be brought under the control of one central authority. So military men." The historians of the war cannot afford to overlook this
military men."
great do I individually believe would be the benefits resulting from the letter of General Sherman. It is addressed to the New York Tribune, and
change I am indicating, that I am half disposed to hope that Mr. Gore dated April 11, 1869.
[ 220 ]
69. MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGE . 21
T

Of the twelve lakhs granted by Sir John Lawrence, he has still six at his
AMERICAN COMPLAINTS AND ENGLISH SYMPATHIZERS.
of cain credit ; and he is likely to obtain a further gift of arms in addition to the
THE Spectator, as is well known, was during the whole of the unhappy 6,000 stand of muskets already presented to him. Thus he will take the field
dreary civil war in America a steady, ardent, almost fanatical supporter of the with an equipment superior to that of his adversaries, and with important
North, to the extent often, as it seemed to us, of virulent injustice resources in reserve. But, even if accomplished, the recovery ofthe north-
and animosity to the South. It has since the termination of that west of Afghanistan will be financially but a barren conquest, at any rate
contest embraced the side of the United States in all their controversies for some time to come. The peasants have been pretty well stripped of
with the English Government, as far as reason and equity made everything by this time. Whichever party has been in the ascendant, their
it possible to go-sometimes, perhaps, a little farther. Its decision fate has been the same. They have been pillaged first by one, then by
ought, therefore, to have some weight at the other side of another. Rents have even, it is said, been exacted for two years in advance.
onable the Atlantic, when it condemns Mr. Sumner's arguments and preten- Peace would be a gain to them, but it is doubtful whether there has been
dee sions as utterly monstrous, childish, and absurd. But in its detestation of left to them the means of profitable cultivation. Under these circumstances
slavery and all its supporters, in its stern resolution to be candid, even it is tolerably clear that the Ameer's treasury is not likely to be much
against its own countrymen, and in its anxious desire to look at the matter, enriched from this quarter. On the other hand, military operations there
as far as possible, from an American, and even a Sumnerian, point of will involve a considerable expenditure. He himself estimates the cost of
view, it has made concessions which appear to us so entirely inadmissible his army at four lakhs a month. In this calculation some exaggeration
only a few degrees, indeed, less unjust and unfounded than the claims and may be suspected. His object, of course, is to get as much as he can
assertions put forward by Mr. Sumner -that it might be mischievous to out of the Indian Government. It is an elementary rule in Oriental
thick
allow them to go forth without exposure and repudiation. bargaining to make exorbitant demands, under the impression that the
The Spectator, then, admits, and even asserts, that a large and influential more asked the more will be given. Shere Ali has only followed the
CULTY usual custom. He will doubtless be quite content if he gets a great
portion of the English people were unfriendly to the Northern cause and
sympathized warmly with the South ; that this feeling did aid and deal less than he asks for. The impression at Umballa, as far as we can
erley encourage the Secessionists, and enabled them indirectly to obtain ships gather from our correspondence, seems to be that, on the whole, he will
beer. and money from private sympathizers in this country, as well as go away satisfied. Lord Mayo has deemed it the wisest policy to be
somewhat " daunted our Government in its endeavour to preserve a perfectly explicit in his assurances. The Indian Government desire
friendly attitude towards the States ; " and that for this unfriendliness to see Afghanistan in the enjoyment of a settled Government, and for
on of of a portion of our countrymen, the United States may fairly demand that purpose they are willing to strengthen the Ameer by the gift of
ad of "from England a frank apology and expression of regret." On what supplies ; it will rest with himself to turn the material assistance thus
afforded to the best account, but he must expect nothing more. The
red a conceivable ground are such admissions to be defended , or could such
-that apology be made? It is notorious that throughout the struggle the conduct Viceroy will have nothing to do with the domestic affairs of the country.
Ell be of our Government was as impartial as it well could be, and that where it No conditions will be imposed on the Ameer in regard to his own
years swerved from the strictest impartiality its deflection was practically towards government. We should like him to be strong, just, and merciful, but
lous the Northern side. Our prompt recognition of the right of blockade (now there will be no intervention on our part either to support or restrain any
Since imputed to us as a crime) was the greatest possible advantage to proceedings on his part. It is hoped that the Ameer now understands
25 the North, which was in possession of an overwhelming naval pre- this perfectly. He thinks the meeting with the Viceroy will strengthen his
head ponderance over its enemy. The ammunitions of war supplied (in power. Gradually the news will spread over Asia, and will have a good
defiance of the Queen's proclamation) by our merchants to both moral effect in his favour. There seems to be some reason to suppose that
west
pirits combatants went in tenfold abundance to the North ; and it was when he first came to Umballa he was a little suspicious of our intentions
hed practically with British weapons that the Confederates were conquered. towards him ; but his language now implies confidence in our sincerity.
med Our Government stretched, if they did not exceed, the law in the seizure The understanding between the two Governments will probably be of a
the of the rams, and, if accidentally tardy in the case of the Alabama, they more friendly nature henceforth, and in case of emergency caused by
Sula- have agreed to submit that question to arbitration . They were actively menace from without, he has been promised material support. Although
uch and most influentially friendly at the most critical moment of the war, a thorough soldier, the Ameer is sufficiently liberal and enlightened in his
when the Emperor of the French proposed to us to acknowledge the views to perceive that with peace the trade of Afghanistan will revive, and
independence of the South -a proposal which, if it had not been repudiated that commercial prosperity will do a great deal to consolidate his rule.
by us, would have ensured a very different issue to the conflict-a proposal, He was much impressed with the steadiness and discipline of the British
the regiments, and especially by their subordination. " The general," he
we by the way, which, both as to its initiation and repudiation, Mr. Sumner,
with deliberate uncandour, throughout his entire argument ignores. remarked, " alone gives the command, and all the rest obey. That is
ble
For what, then, could the English Government or the English nation just as it should be." The precision of our artillery and the rifle
ng practice of the infantry also called forth his admiration, in spite of the
ver express regret or offer an apology ? What was the head and front--the
affectation of indifference which at first he thought it politic to assume.
el sum total of our offending ? That a portion of our people sympathized
with a portion of the American people. Neither more nor less. Did the An idea that a too frequent application of water would impair their bodily
Jr. The Ameer's suite are
suffering Lancashire operatives, the impoverished Liverpool merchants, the strength seems to prevail among the Afghans.
ir, described as quite begrimed with dirt, and the Grand Chamberlain is said
ruined Manchester manufacturers , express any sympathy with the slave-
holders or any hostility towards the North ? Did either House of to have had considerable difficulty in persuading the prince himself to
er put on a clean shirt for the durbar.
Parliament ? Did any Cabinet or Government of either political party ? Can
any single action or declaration of the Administration , any single despatch of
a Secretary of State, any vote of either Lords or Commons, be pointed to, as
expressing unfriendliness to the United States, or anything except grief and HOMBURG IN MAY.
pain at the unnatural civil strife ? Did our House of Representatives ever Homburg.
make the faintest approach in this respect to the indecent votes of the HOMBURG under its present aspect forcibly reminds one of an orchestra
House of Representatives at Washington in the cases of Cuba, of Ireland , during that agonizing interval of tuning which precedes the grand burst
of Hungary ? In a word, can anything be alleged against us ( putting aside of melody. Everything is in a state of half-finished preparation ; and
the questionable instance of the Alabama) beyond this-that individual though only three short years of existence are allotted to the bank, and
members of the Legislature, special classes of the community, certain consequently to Homburg itself as a fashionable resort, the administration
politicians of eminence, particular organs in the press, did, in their private and townspeople are sparing no expense to make the three last seasons as
capacity, sympathize with the beaten cause ? And for this sin- this brilliant as possible. The present effects of their endeavours are scarcely
expression of feeling, strictly within that individual competence and right pleasant. The springs and the Kursaal are surrounded by wildernesses of
which is never questioned except by the most intolerant of despots-the stone and mortar, which are being applied to their embellishment ; the
English nation, in its corporate capacity, is expected to atone and to houses are clothed from top to bottom in suits of scaffolding, from whence,
apologize . in the absence of the usual spring showers, workmen rain paint on the
unwary passers by ; flower stalls and open-air booths devoted to the sale of
the most useless knicknacks at the highest possible prices are springing up
THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND THE AMEER. like mushrooms on all sides. Small children, who act as a sort of skir-
A GOOD deal of misapprehension still seems to prevail both as to the mishing force for the flower-women, run just before one's legs offering early
present position of the Ameer Shere Ali in his own country, and the flowers for sale with a persistency that almost drives one to echo the fox-
relations into which he has recently entered with the Indian Government. hunter's indignant remark about those " stinking violets. " Even the little
The broad facts of the case were correctly stated by Lord Lawrence in the English playing agent, who is almost as much an institution as the bank
House of Lords--that the Ameer has acquired sufficient authority in itself, has donned a new suit of dittos, invented a new and infallible
Afghanistan to justify his recognition as the sovereign of that country, and Martingale, and is sighing for the advent of his annual customers. The
that the Indian Government have consented to assist him in maintaining French company have given us their last performance at the charming
and consolidating that position as far as can be done without actual inter- little Kursaal Theatre ; they were rather second-rate certainly, but what can
vention on their part. It is, however, quite a mistake to assume that by you expect for a florin, which was the price of the best places in the house ?
his late victory before Ghuznee he is absolutely master of Afghanistan. The name of the last novelty exhibited- the " Kalospinthekromokrene,"
He rules the provinces of Khoorum, Cabul, Candahar, and Herat, but he which according to the play bills means the Marvellous Fountain—was
is powerless against the encroachments of the Persians in Seistan, and surely in itself worth double the money. Before long the new Marchioness
quite recently Isak Khan, the son of Azim Khan, was reported to be forcibly will be warbling at 5,000 fr. an evening, and the stalls , the only comfortable
collecting the revenues of Balkh and Turkestan. Nobody knows better than ones in Europe, will cost a louis each. Certainly Monsieur Blanc cannot
the Ameer himself the difficulties of his position . It is understood that on be accused of want of enterprise ; in his efforts to attract visitors he gives
his return to his own country one of his first steps will be to march against us two operas a week during the season, and loses on them £300 a
Balkh and Turkestan, and it is not improbable that there will be renewed night : no man better understands how to cast his bread upon the waters.
fighting. This will depend on Azim Khan and Abdul Rahman being able The fact is that Homburg is resorted to earlier than most other German
to get there before him with a sufficient body of troops. In the impending baths. Early in May, if the weather be propitious, French and German
struggle the Ameer will profit by the liberality of the Indian Government. tourists appear, heralding the approach of the great summer wave of visitors,
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 22 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

whichwill soon roll in upon us and wash away the little winter pools ofscandal GOSSIP.
PARIS
and blackguardism. One cannot help regretting, when reading Thackeray's
delightful description of Rouge et Noirburg in summer, that he THE population of France many now be said to be thoroughly
should not have shown us the revers de la médaille. No pen but his engrossed in the elections. Much to the discontent of the semi-official
could have properly described the horde of swindlers, bankrupt stock- journals, the leaders of theOpposition continue to accept solicitations
brokers, cashiered guardsmen, and superannuated Aspasias who con- addressed to them to stand for different constituencies. The favourite
gregate round the gambling tables and dismally caricature society here representatives in France appear to be Messrs. Thiers, Jules Favre, and
in winter months. How these gentry contrive to obtain the ready money Jules Simon ; each of these gentlemen has agreed to contest half a dozen
with which they punt so persistently at roulette (for, as printed up in the seats, and in case of being returned for several places they will have a fine
rooms, Monsieur Blanc gives no credit) and pay for luxurious dinners in exercise of patronage in recommending their lieutenants to the places they
the Kursaal Restaurant must be ranked among those mysteries which no vacate. In two constituencies M. Thiers will have formidable rivals : in
fellow can understand. Their days seem to pass pleasantly enough in Paris he will be opposed by M. Devinck, the chocolate maker, and in
attempts to swindle each other as a kind of sham fight to keep their wits Marseilles by M. de Lesseps, just christened by an official organ the
sharp for the great summer campaign. Of the tables I speak with Christopher Columbus of the Isthmus of Suez. The Parisians of the
bated breath, and with the wrath of the omnipotent Monsieur Blanc second circumscription are invited to vote for the Liberal candidate,
threatening my devoted head. Even thus early the gambling is fast Thiers, defender of national works. A close contest will take place in
and furious ; last week a Bavarian countess won 100,000 francs, and, Paris between M. Emile Ollivier and M. Bancel, who placards the city
stranger still, went away with them ; but this is mere child's play ; in with his principles. It is perhaps sufficient to say that he commences with
a few short weeks the leviathans of the green cloth will enter the lists, " Citoyens " and terminates his appeal with " salut et fraternité."
and modest louis be looked upon with contempt beside the heaps M. Bancel is an ex-representative of the people and an exile. The
of bank-notes flung on the mimic battle-field. Alas for the days of Liberals have a fine game before them, unless they allow petty
Garcia the Great ! we shall never more see his passionless face looking on jealousies to do the work of their adversaries ; and it must be
good and evil fortune without the quiver of a muscle, or hear his clear admitted that Frenchmen are only too prone to sacrifice national
voice calling " Douze mille francs à la masse ! " with as much unconcern to personal interest. M. Prevost Paradol narrowly escaped being
as another man might display in betting five shillings. Rouge-et-noir has forced the other day to renounce all thought of representing Nantes
been one too many for the bold gambler, and, in waiting at Madrid , on account of some of his own personal and party friends having
he has time to think, like Napoleon at St. Helena, of the battles, started another candidate. M. Prevost Paradol's only crime was a neglect
victories, and defeats of other days. Many Russians, and some of formalities ; he had omitted to call upon one gentleman and to
Englishmen still play as high ; but as a beau joueur, calm and impassible, acquaint another with his sudden determination to stand. Happily the
whether winning or losing thousands, Homburg has not yet seen his equal. good citizens of Nantes, without any consideration for the wounded
Those were, indeed, the great days of gambling, and will soon become feelings of a couple of influential electors, have memorialized
historical. Moral Prussia will not extend the lease for one moment M. Prevost Paradol to come forward for their town , and that gentleman
beyond the fatal 31st of December, 1872. His Prussian Majesty, however, has accepted. The memorial is plentifully signed, the two first signatures
does not seem to abhor the abode of wickedness, for he intends spending being those of the Presidents of the Chamber and the Tribunal of Com-
merce. M. Prevost Paradol, in his reply, expresses himself strongly in
part of the summer here, and the Castle is being prepared for his reception.
After all, one may search all Europe and not find a more delightful place favour of the abolition of personal government. - The other day the
to spend a few weeks in. You can sit in Monsieur Blanc's gardens, listen Minister of the Interior wrote a very liberal circular respecting the conduct
to his music, read his papers, dance at his balls, drink salt waters flavoured which Government expected from officials in the provinces during the
with stale eggs at his springs, and never pay a penny ; or, if your con- elections. M. Magne, however, has since sent confidential instructions to
science be tender, put a few louis on rouge the day before you leave, lose the officials under his department demanding active assistance, and
them, as you probably will, and go away with the feeling that you have inviting the gentlemen addressed to enlighten the functionaries in their
spent a pleasant summer, and are under no obligation to anybody for employment, and to place themselves at the disposal of the prefect whose
your enjoyment. advice they will do well to follow. The difference between the private and
the public instructions is remarkable.
The defection of the Constitutionnel from the Government is the talk
FEMALE ORATORS IN FRANCE. of the day, and it seems as if M. Rouher's organ, the Public, had com-
menced to waver—at least the latter paper writes about some independent
CONFERENCES, though quite a recent importation in France, have rapidly candidates whom it would be sorry to oppose. The Constitutionnel of this
become a national institution. Every subject except the forbidden one of morning ( Monday) writes in favour of ministerial responsibility, an
politics is discussed there, from Voltaire to the reciprocal duties of masters independent Chamber, and free press, and treats the late Parliament as no
and servants, and from tenant right to the geography of the moon. With Opposition journal has yet dared to do : it accuses it of approving every-
the exception, perhaps, of M. Girardin's lectures on Voltaire, the most thing, " and, instead of being an open window through which the Emperor
successful conferences have hitherto been held by ladies, some few of could examine public opinion," being " a curtain to repose the eye of the
whom have lately spoken so eloquently on the subject of woman's rights ; Sovereign." The writer then makes a happy allusion to the manner in
that one almost feels inclined to sigh for the days foreshadowed by the which Potemkin conducted Catherine the Great through her dominions.
Westminster Review, when the admission of the " suppressed sex " to The defection of the Constitutionnel is likened to that of Bourmont before
magisterial and senatorial rights shall shed a softening influence over law Waterloo, and the Public will probably be compared to Grouchy. - The
and politics. The women of France are making most strenuous efforts to Rappel, edited by Victor Hugo, Henri Rochefort, and other exiles, has
hasten the advent of this happy period. They have founded two news made its appearance, but having been conceived in crime it was
papers, enlisted in their interest men of talent, such as Simon and Favre, forbidden the kiosks even before its birth. Over the door of the house
and at the conferences have shown themselves, in many instances, fully where the journal is published the simple word " Rappel " had been
competent to plead their own cause. Foremost among the female printed, and because the proprietor of the establishment objected to
orators stands Mdme. Audouard, who is as pleasant to behold as to efface the obnoxious word, the police saved him the trouble by giving
listen to. This lady is already known to fame ; it is she who dauntlessly the doorposts a coat of white paint. As yet this dreaded paper has con-
took her stand on her son's grave and defied the irrepressible Haussmann tained nothing calculated to overthrow the present dynasty.
to drive a boulevard through the Cimetière Montmartre. She does not The Empress is shortly to receive an official invitation from the
confine herself to a simply European view of the question, but discourses Viceroy of Egypt to be present at the opening of the Suez Canal,
agreeably of her adventures among Turks, Egyptians, and Mormons ; as and M. Haussmann has left Paris for his villa near Nice in order to
regards the latter, she is at issue with Mr. Hepworth Dixon, as she maintains prepare some apartments for the reception of her Majesty, who has
that the ladies of Utah are far from being satisfied with their domestic promised to pay him a visit. M. Alphaud, the chief engineer of Paris, who
arrangements, and would much prefer having a whole husband each. Four is on his way to Corsica to prepare the fêtes for the 15th of August,
lectures by Mdme . Marie Duresme, which she calls " L'Ancien devant le accompanied the Prefect of the Seine. The France states that the Emperor
a
Nouveau," have obtained a great success. This lady's views, presented and Empress dined a few days since with the Princess Mathilde, who gave
with much vehemence and fluency, are of a slightly subversive nature. reception in the evening to which several poets and artists were bidden.
In theology she preaches deism ; on the question of female rights she At about ten o'clock Mdlle. Agar suddenly commenced to recite Victor
admits that there is and ought to be physical differences between the Hugo's celebrated Ode to the first Napoleon. The exile of Guernsey will
sexes, but whatever physiologists may say about cerebral inequalities and feel flattered to learn that their Majesties applauded his verse, which is
simian analogies, she asserts their perfect equality. Mdme. Minche, who some compensation for prohibiting his plays on the stage. After the ode
is next on the list, has exhibited her businesslike capacity by boldly M. Theophile Gautier recited some lines supposed to be entitled the
grappling with the somewhat intricate question of tenant right. The " Vision of Ham," in which the poet recounted a kind of vision which Louis
course she proposes to pursue is of admirable simplicity, and would doubt- Napoleon, then a prisoner, had when the ashes of his uncle were brought
less find strong partisans in Ireland. It consists in decapitating the land- back to France.
lords. This theory was too much for the long-suffering commissaire de Just before the close of the last session a motion to pass a vote of
police who listened to the lady's harangue : he called her to order. The 250,000 francs in favour of retired school masters and mistresses was lost
ladies, as a rule, appear to give this functionary much more trouble than by a tie, 90 deputies voting for, 90 against the measure. The Minister of
male orators, who only approach the forbidden ground of politics by Public Instruction spoke against the bill, and the public was therefore
allusions and innuendoes. Red Republicanism finds among the softer sex not prepared to read in the official journal of the 5th inst. that 300,000 was
its most ardent adherents ; and in the event of another revolution it is to to be added to the pensions of superannuated teachers. A saving to this
be feared that their influence would once more be rather employed to amount is to be effected in another department, and the money paid to
stimulate than to appease the angry passions of the popular party. Still, if deserving recipients. Instances are known of teachers after fifty-six years'
we overlook this little outburst of intemperate zeal, the great fact remains service only receiving a pension of 63 francs a year.
that all these ladies spoke with much talent and success, and that their The Patrie says that the Dutch are in great delight at the thought of
efforts may go far to settle the question whether women in France are to trains being about to run from Paris to Amsterdam, and states that the
be raised to a new social and political position, or remain, as Sydney works destined to join the Dutch and Belgian lines are being actively
Smith calls them, " parturient, hysterical, interjectional animals." pushed forward,
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MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 23

at the bottom with five flounces " en biais, " each flounce being bordered by a narrow
LA MODE - ROBES AND COIFFURES. rouleau of satin. The front of the robe has three corresponding flounces, surmounted
PARIS, May 3. by a deep flounce of point d'Alencon, above which is a " rattrassé " of satin. The
THE victory gained by the robes courtes in the ball - room and the salon last season has upper skirt, in blue faye, has a similar rattrassé, with a bouffante behind in tulle illusion,
proved but a transient one, for robes à queue are now not only " de rigueur " there, but are trimmed with three rows of point d'Alençon. Three bows are disposed at the back
gradually reappearing at the promenade. For visiting and receiving toilettes of all of the robe ; one very large one above the top flounce of the train, another at
descriptions the train is again the mode, though the demi-traine appears to be tolerated . the bottom of the upper jupe, and a third one simulating a sash, and more elaborate than
It is, however, the depth and number of the flounces, ruches, bouillonnés , rouleaux, coques, the others, at the waist. The small corsage is trimmed with point d'Alençon. Another
biais, and fringes with which the jupes and corsages, too, are trimmed that are the chief dress is of white gaze de Chambery, with a delicate undulating mauve stripe. At the
characteristics of the robe of to-day. " Bouffantes, " when worn at all, are certainly less bottom is a deep gauze flounce festooned with mauve silk, over a flounce of mauve poult
voluminous than they were. Large bows looping up the upper jupe and otherwise orna- de soie. The low square-cut corsage of mauve silk terminates in front in little diamond
menting the skirt have entirely supplanted rosettes and other ornaments . Sashes have shaped lappets bordered by Mechlin lace ; behind is a long rounded basque trimmed to
no longer the same flowing ends, but then, to compensate for the abridgment they have correspond. A fichu in organdi, edged with Mechlin lace, no deeper than a collar
undergone in this respect, they are wider and their bows larger and more intricate than behind, and descending in front no lower than the waist, where it is rounded off, masks a
ever. " Revers " of a different shade of colour are becoming prevalent in toilettes de portion of the corsage, which is encircled at the waist by a long sash of mauve gros grain
"" Complet costume , " though still with floss silk ends. The mauve silk sleeves fit tight to the arm and have deep cuffs of
visite, which seem daily to increase in magnificence. e s
generally worn, seem hardly likely to last another season, as innovations of all kinds are organdi and Mechlin lace. A couple of white roses are posed in the hollow of the
daily making their appearance. For instance, with a pale lavender robe the under jupe corsage and some white rosebuds in the hair. An unpretending robe in blue poult de soie
will be of maize colour, while one shot with lavender and golden brown will have a has the under skirt trimmed with a flounce of plaited crape of the same shade. An
jupe of the latter tint. And there are even more daring combinations . One has seen, upper skirt is simulated by means of a series of triangular-shaped "pattes, " fastened
for instance, light blue robes with under jupes of the brightest gold colour, and violet together by rows of bows and trimmed at the bottom with a corresponding flounce.
ones with jupes of the most brilliant sea green. With the low are corsage a lace chemisette is worn, secured at the neck with a collar
of ribbon lace bow. The long tight sleeves have triple bows posed on each
Since the recent spurt of warm weather has passed off, cachemire costumes are much
in favour for toilettes de promenade. We have them in grey, almond colour, and shoulder.
capucine, and other brilliant shades, the skirt trimmed behind with a flounce, starting A maize colour poult de soie dinner robe has its long training skirt trimmed with a
from just below the waist and forming a train, which loses itself in a deeper flounce, deep plaited flounce of glossy crape of the same colour, at the head of which is a
elaborately ornamented with interlacing circular ruches, at the bottom of the ordinary garland of large Michaelmas daisies. Bows decreasing in size are ranged up the
skirt. The casaque, of the same material, has large lappets, bordered with flounces with entire front of the skirt, and behind are puffs trimmed with crape flounces and
a coquillée heading, falling at the sides, and in front a tablier trimmed to match. The supported by bows and festoons of daisies. The low corsage is trimmed with a
cuffs are en suite, and the corsage is ornamented with a row of coques, arranged to bertha of plaited crape and ornamented with bows, and a tall diadem of daisies form
simulate large facings. Another cachemire robe has the under jupe trimmed with a the coiffure.
couple of silk flounces of the same shade, each being surmounted by a plissé of cachemire, For evening dresses the ladies are going back to the period of the Renaissance
and the upper one being ornamented with perpendicular " pattes, " secured at the top and for their models. Fancy a robe with a long train of purple satin of that peculiar
bottom by buttons. The skirts of the casaque -open at the back- are trimmed with a shade known among our modistes as " rouge Van Dyck, " trimmed with a large
D single flounce and plissé. The silk sash fastens with a perfect cluster of little bows behind. flounce of purple tulle surmounted by numerous smaller flounces of white tulle. A
With a robe of grey faye, à demi-traine, simply trimmed with a deep flounce surmounted deep band of Venice point forms the tablier, and droops down the skirt to meet
by a biais, a mantle of blue faye is worn, which has simulated sleeves and skirts the flounces aforesaid. The voluminous bouffante is richly draped with small flounces
sloped off in front to show a tablier, and open behind, where it is trimmed with a of Venice guipure, and the heart-shaped corsage is ornamented with a ruff of the same.
slightly scolloped flounce edged with deep lace and having a plissé heading, which Another sixteenth century robe is of blue satin, and has its train trimmed with
carried up the front and round the neck, forms a collar to the mantle. The tablier Brussels point. In front is a tablier of a darker shade, with a revers of white satin.
is trimmed to correspond, and a handsome bow posed behind gathers in the mantle With the corsage, which is rather high behind and low and square shaped in front, an
at the waist. upright ruff is worn. A garland, composed of blue velvet periwinkles with silver leaves
A rather handsome toilette de promenade has a lavender under jupe with several starting from the centre of the corsage, gathers in clusters on the shoulders, whence
small plaited flounces, and an upper jupe of black silk, with horizontal lace insertions the ends trail down. The short sleeves formed of bouillonnés of blue satin, confined by
extending all the way down it, trimmed at the bottom with a deep border of lace. The a white satin biais, terminate in coquilles of lace descending almost to the elbow. In
corsage, matching the under jupe, is trimmed with ruches, and a lace ceinture encircles the the coiffure is a cluster of periwinkles fastened with a diamond brooch. A pearl grey
waist. A costume in blue taffeta has a deep plaited flounce surmounted by a rich oriental robe, with a less pretentious train, has the sides of the skirt ornamented with a wide
braid at the bottom of the under jupe, while the upper jupe has a single bouffante bouillonné, up which runs a chain of little puffs of some contrasting colour, such as pale
reaching to the head of this flounce, and partly veiled by a large lace bow. The corsage blue, mauve, or rose ; the corsage, heart-shaped in front, has a ruff of antique guipure
is composed of a tight fitting jacket worn over a small blue satin vest. The short square starting from the waist and spreading out like a fan at the back of the neck by means of
cut skirts are trimmed with lace and the oriental braid just mentioned, and the tight a frame of fine wire. The sleeves, which are either slashed or bouillonné, have deep lace
sleeves have deep lace cuffs which are headed with the same braid. Silvery grey cuffs. The trains of these robes are usually so fashioned as to be readily looped up on
costumes, shot with " moon " colour, like the famous dress of Peau d'Ane, have the upper the left side.
jupes raised in bouffantes and long lappets hanging from the sides of the corsage, which The less historical looking evening toilettes are of endless variety- in cerise satin
is ornamented with a pelerine. The whole is trimmed with double rows of fringe of both fringed with white rosebuds, the white under jupe being bordered with cerise velvet. In
shades of colour intermingled . A robe in shot green silk, with numerous small flounces the coiffure of white rosebuds entwined in and out a band of cerise velvet white lace is
mounting up the skirt, had the edges of these flounces bordered with violet satin ribbon. largely intermingled . A robe in white tulle had the under skirt trimmed with a deep
The sash was trimmed to match, and had a rich violet fringe in addition. Other flounce surmounted by a broad biais of sky blue satin, along the centre of which ran a
toilettes de promenade are in gros d'Italie of various shades, and have the under jupe wreath of brown and purple ivy leaves and berries. The paniers and the tablier
ornamented with five narrow plaited flounces, each surmounted by three narrow rouleaux were of tulle with sky blue satin stripes, and round the former ivy leaves and
of satin. The upper skirt, which is in the form of square shaped basques in front,
berries were enwreathed. The hair was slightly tinged with powder, and more
has two large paniers at the sides which swell out and lose themselves under a ivy leaves and berries were twisted among the curls. A robe de bal thickly
large bow behind. The front lappets are trimmed with several rouleaux of satir, spangled with silver flowers had a tunic of white tulle, which glistened itself
edged with lace. A shawl-shaped fichu, open in front to show simulated plaited with silver fringe, thrown with infinite art over the glittering ground. The sash was
braces, and the point of which is secured behind beneath the ceinture, is trimmed of a ruddy gold colour, embroidered over with silver, and the coiffure was composed
to correspond. The tight sleeves have lace cuffs and a deep " montant "" of narrow of feathers of the same shade with a liberal addition of diamonds. Other robes de
satin rouleaux.
bal, of white tulle with under skirts of plaited faille, are looped up with bouquets of
It is difficult to draw the line between toilettes de promenade and toilettes de visite, roses, heartsease, fuchsias, violets, primroses, variegated pinks, lilac and acacia blossoms ,
but the following may safely be included in the latter category. First, a robe of sky with rich silk cords, or with the brightest of satin bows , and have sashes and
blue poult de soie, trimmed at the bottom of the skirt with a deep flounce of Chantilly shoulder knots to correspond. A robe of rose colour tulle bouillonné is trimmed
lace, and a bouffante formed of double flounces of lace, fastening at the other side with at the bottom with a satin biais of the same shade ; the upper jupe, of white tulle
an 66 aumonière of blue silk, embroidered over with the cypher of the wearer and powdered with gold, has a bouffante fastened behind with large pink satin bows,
ornamented with long silk tassels-the robe we are describing is for wedding visits, with while at the sides are clusters of tiny pink flowers . The hair was studded with similar
which perhaps the purse at the side has something to do. The corsage is veiled by a flowers.
jacket of black lace fitting to the shape and having loose sleeves, and the costume is A mauve tunic trimmed with a flounce of white tarletan falls over a maize colour
completed by a blue ceinture. Another robe, in lilac poult de soie, has a training skirt tarletan jupe, or the tints may be reversed, and the tunic may be of maize colour China
trimmed with a deep flounce headed by a bouillonné. The corsage, open all the way crape bordered with a fringe of floss silk, and worn over a skirt of mauve poult de soie,
down the front, terminates at the sides in square shaped basques and in a bouffante trimmed with a deep flounce headed by a bouillonné. The front of the tunic, which is
behind rounded into festoons, the edges being bordered with a ruche and a deep flounce of the same length behind as the under jupe , forms a rounded tablier, looped up at
of Chantilly lace. At the back is a lace bow. The tight sleeves have puffed epaulettes the side with bouquets of jonquils and bunches of lilac, which are repeated in the hair.
framed by ruches edged with nanow black lace ; the cuffs are of white lace, matching A robe ofglossy white crape over a skirt of white taffeta, elaborately flounced at the
the collar. Other visiting toilettes are trimmed with flounces, headed by a large plaited bottom and festooned with maize colour silk, has the tunic, which is opened behind and
“chicorée "—a foliated trimming, very fashionable under the first Empire- which is arranged in large festoons, looped up on one side only and fastened with roses and
becoming largely adopted to ornament the present under jupes, and to follow the wavy wheat ears. Other roses and wheat ears are posed at the shoulders and entwined in the
outlines ofthe bouffantes and jupes Camargo .
hair.
A very elegant visiting robe à traine is in violet faye, and has its long sweeping Coiffures are extremely high, but otherwise without the slightest pretension-simple
skirt, which is slightly bouffanté behind, trimmed all round with a deep flounce, headed ribbon or velvet bows or a single feather fastened, perhaps, with a diamond brooch ;
by a rich twisted violet and white cord. This skirt has a " revers " of white faye and more especially flowers of all hues-Easter daisies, primroses, and forget- me-nots
striped with violet and ornamented with a similar twisted cord and rich fringe for the younger beauties, roses and pinks for the more mature, both intermingled at
rising almost to the waist. A series of flounces, edged with white faye and headed with times with the lightest and brightest of tissues ; violets and heartsease are usually
cord, are disposed in front of the jupe tablier fashion, in addition to the flounce at the worn with velvet or ribbon bands. Powder, used, however, remarkably sparingly,
lower part.
The high corsage and the cuffs have revers bordered with fringe, and seems to be gradually getting into vogue. The ruddy Titian tint for the hair, which
the short skirts turned back both at the front and behind, the ends being secured by a has latterly been a good deal the rage and given birth to innumerable dyes, appears
bow, show revers of striped faye like those of the skirt. A narrow sash, with bow, in now to have yielded place to a pale yellow shade, which the small wits style " beurre
striped faye, completes the costume. frais " and " fromage d'Hollande, " and which will provide new employment for the
Among dinner dresses we may cite one in sky blue faye, with a long train trimmed chemistes-parfumeurs of Paris.
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 24 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869 .

accent. These views, and others lucidly displayed in this work, are
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRENCH
among the latest gathered fruits of that advanced philology which aims at
LANGUAGE.* establishing the laws of language on the firm foundation of facts, and trans-
THESE little books, quite independent of each other in origin, yet associated ferring etymology " from the realms of fancy to the solid ground of a
historical science." Another instance or two will illustrate M. Brachet's
by a common object, are contributions of no ordinary value to teachers
method. To show that " the present state of an idiom is but
and students of French in this country. They represent- especially the
former certain very important principles with which we are destined to the natural consequence of its previous state, which alone makes
become more and more acquainted. One of these is that that training it intelligible," he refers us to the history of the word âme. The
of the mind in any science is most fruitful and effective which leads it in Latin anima became in the tenth century the French anime ; in the eleventh
the way which the science itself followed in its own natural development ; aneme; in the thirteenth, anme; and in the fourteenth and ever afterwards,
which, in other words, substitutes the rational perception of the pupil for ame, now written âme. The mere statement of the facts proves the deriva-
the dogmatism of the teacher. It is obvious that our knowledge of the tion, and supersedes entirely those fanciful guesses and inventions of the
actual state of any subject must be imperfect as long as we only know old etymologists who devised intermediate forms to serve their own
what is. In order fully to comprehend the phenomena of the present, we purposes, with as little reason as the old geographers filled up their
must ascertain the circumstances which produced them ; and the simple maps with names of places which had no existence outside of their
own brains. The modern philologist, on the other hand, sets
statement of these circumstances frequently supplies the explanation that is
sought. Hence the superior value, in the case of language especially, of aside all guessing, and looks to the history of words and the natural
the historical over the merely technical method of exposition. The laws of permutation as their raison d'être, rigidly rejecting every etymology
technical method has hitherto had an overpowering sway amongst us. which does not account for letters retained, changed, or lost. Some
The entire history of English education for ages past is identified with of the cherished dreams of Ménage (though there is much to be said
it, and its latest fruit is the noble art of cramming. This term is usually for as well as against his famous dictionary) are in imminent danger of
employed to describe extraordinary efforts to " get up " a st syct ; butbut all being scattered for ever under modern investigations. No one hence-
teaching which consists in imposing on the learner rules, ons, formulæ , forth can adopt his mode of deriving haricot from faba, by first assuming
generalizations of any kind, which are the embodiment of facts not within a derivative fabaricus, then stretching it arbitrarily into fabaricotus, next
his cognizance, and in the framing of which he has not himself taken a cutting down this form into aricotus, and then simply, by a breath, con-
personal and intelligent share , is of the essence of cramming. We cannot, verting aricot into haricot. We need not, indeed, go back to Ménage for
however, pursue this subject further now, nor show, as it would be easy to etymological fancies. In a " Manuel Etymologique," dated 1854, and
do, not only that cramming is antagonistic to all healthful mental training, bearing the name of a London French professor ( Delille) of considerable
but that the very power of cramming on special occasions might be reputation in his day, we are told that the adverb très is derived from the
increased by an entire avoidance of it in the ordinary course of instruction. Latin tres, and therefore that très bon means " thrice good," the author
The time may come when it will be generally acknowledged that teachers being obviously unacquainted with the normal change of trans into tres,
require to be taught how to teach -a conviction as yet far from universal. as we see it, for instance, in the word trespass, which became English in
the thirteenth century. Très bon, therefore, means " over "- i.e. very
A glance at M. Brachet's book reminds us of another very important
practical principle, in regard to which we appeal to the experience of our good ; and we have a parallel idiom at this day in our Devonshire
readers. They will all, or very nearly all, remember that they have patois, wherein " a very good man " is " auver good," and the colour of a
gown may be described as 66 auver modest. "
been taught Latin and French for many years together in the same
school, without ever having had their attention drawn to the interest- M. Brachet justly remarks, as a warrant for his undertaking, that " the
ing relation, and indeed direct kinship, between the two languages. principles of French philology, scarcely recognized even by the learned,
The classical and French masters, each working in his own groove, are still utterly unknown to the great majority of the literary public. " If this
is true of France, how much more so is it of England , and hence our earnest
have been apparently unmindful of the fact that they are both engaged
in teaching what is really one and the same subject in different recommendation of M. Brachet's attempt to make known these principles in
an interesting and popular form. We have rarely met with a volume of
stages of development. The knowledge of French genders, for instance,
is greatly facilitated by observation of the fact that most masculine and 212 pages containing so much that is truly valuable on the subject which
it professes to treat, and in every page of which the hand of a master of
neuter Latin nouns become masculine in their French derivatives. Again ,
not only is the fact that nearly all the words the pupil meets with in his the art of exposition is so conspicuous. Mr. Kitchin deserves much praise
for his sagacity in fastening on this book as a contribution to the Clarendon
French are derived from Latin interesting in itself, but the laws by which
the transformation takes place are especially interesting, and serve not only Press Series, and for his skill in transforming it into excellent English.
their own immediate purpose of instruction in French, but, being founded As we were previously well acquainted with M. Brachet's labours, we
on natural principles of development, open his eyes to some of the have compared Mr. Kitchin's translation with the original. Our scrutiny,
most general truths of philology. He sees that it is not by accident however, has detected only one error of importance. It is that of translating
but by law that strictus becomes étroit ; factum, fait ; regem, roi ; bellus, "les lycées " by " the Lyceum. " This is, of course, merely a slip, as
beau ; civitatem, cité; mercedem, merci; camera, chambre ; sacramentum, Mr. Kitchin knows quite as well as we do that there is no such institution
66
serment; vivenda, viande, &c. Under the ordinary unreflecting system of in France as the Lyceum," and that lycées should be translated " upper
or superior schools."
instruction, a child may remain entirely ignorant of the fact that such words
We must not conclude without a word of praise for Dr. Meissner's
as pas, personne, rien, mie, goutte, &c. , have a definite positive meaning, and
therefore that ne• · pas means not a step ; ne ... personne not a person, little book, which is also a very valuable digest of the present state of the
nobody ; ne . . . rien (rem), not a thing, nothing ; ne . . . mie, not a philology of the French language. It is not so clearly and systematically
crumb, & c. The same pupil may never come to know the curious fact compiled as M. Brachet's, but it treats some features of the subject that
that the future of all French verbs is a compound of the infinitive and of the dialectic characteristics of the langue d'Oil, for instance -more
amply. This matter of ancient French dialects is one of considerable
the present tense of avoir, so that parler-ai properly means I have to
speak, parler-as, thou hast to speak, &c., nor the general truth that this is importance in relation to the early development of our own language, and
a normal feature of the Romance reorganization , found also in Spanish, we are glad to learn that it is beginning to occupy the attention of the
Portuguese, Italian, and Provençal ; nor, further, that our own English, Philological Society.
though adopting a different method, recognizes the same principle,
inasmuch as I shall speak originally meant I am under obligation or com THE LESS KNOWN LATIN POETS *
pulsion to speak, that is, I have to speak- an additional evidence that in
all the cases cited the sense of the future is really involved in the circum- BEFORE Considering the object which this work may be presumed to have
stances of the present. in view, we must be allowed to ask one question with regard to its table of
The few disconnected points that we have touched on are all brought contents. Upon what principle does Mr. Pinder class Ovid, Tibullus, and
into their proper places in M. Brachet's Grammar, which, in brief, we may Propertius among the less known Latin poets ; less known , especially, to the
designate as an admirable compendium of the digested results of modern schoolboy, for whose use the volume seems intended ? Are not selections
philology in its application to French. After a vivid and sufficient sketch from these poets the subject of his very earliest lessons after mastering the
of the history of the language, the author proceeds to state and illustrate rudiments of grammar ? Are not their elegies and epistles familiar to him
the phonetic laws which governed its evolution from the popular or low long before the odes of Horace or the eclogues of Virgil ? Certainly they
Latin of the middle ages, which was itself of course a development or are so, or were so till very lately, in the majority of our great schools. And
corruption, ifthe term be preferred, of classical Latin. Its true formation . even if we take a step forward to poets less known than these, we are at a
he justly refers to the period - about the fourteenth century- when it loss to understand why either Catullus or Martial is included in a list from
developed the essential characteristics by which it is distinguished from which Lucretius is omitted. Mr. Pinder, indeed, says that Mr. Monro's
others. The changes which have since taken place, he well shows, have edition of Lucretius has superseded all necessity for any further recommen-
been rather external than internal, affecting rather incidental peculiarities dation of him to the classical student. But what has Mr. Monro done for
than its vital and essential constitution. He distinguishes, therefore, by a Lucretius which has not been done equally for Catullus by Mr. Ellis and for
sharp line such words as were the spontaneous and unconscious outgrowth Martial by Mr. Paley ? At all events, all five of these poets distinctly come
of the popular mind from those which in later times owed their origin within the circle of Roman writers whose works are supposed to be more or
to the devices and conventions of literary men. He shows, for example, that less familiar to all lads, whether at school or college, who have any pre-
such words as sembler (simuláre), meuble (móbilis), froid (frígidus), frêle tensions to scholarship. At least, we may say this much, that all who would
(frágilis), belong to the former class, and their correlates simuler, mobile, read Ausonius and Calpurnius with Mr. Pinder would have read Martial
and Catullus without him.
jrigide, fragile, to the latter, the popular words obeying, the learned ones
violating, the fundamental law of accentuation which required that Latin To a complete knowledge of Latin literature, a knowledge of the later
words transformed into French should uniformly retain the original Latin poets is of course indispensable. To the young scholar anxious to perfect
himself in the art of versification it is extremely serviceable, supplying
* " A Historical Grammar of the French Tongue. " By Auguste Brachet. him, as it will, with so many more equivalents for modern thought and
Translated by G. W. Kitchin, M. A. (Oxford and London : Macmillan and Co. 1869. )
* " Selections from the Less Known Latin Poets." By North Pinder, M. A. ,
" Palæstra Gallica ; or, An Introduction to the Philology of the French Language. "
formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford . ( Oxford ; Clarendon Press. 1869. )
By A. L. Meissner, Ph.D. (London : Longmans and Co. 1868. )
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 MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 25

modern imagery than are to be found in the Augustan writers. Indeed, "THE GIRL HE MARRIED." *
it is scarcely to be doubted that to the greater familiarity with the silver
literature which prevailed in the eighteenth century, the scholars of that age, THIS is a tale the incidents of which, though occurring nominally in the
the Grays, the Addisons, the Wellesleys, and a host of others, are indebted nineteenth century, do, by the manner in which they are treated, savour of
for the remarkable freedom and felicity which distinguish their Latin com- veritable romance, and take the imagination of the reader back to the old
positions. But then the student of a literature does not study it in extracts ; time when every woman was a hag or an angel, and every man a chivalrous
and how far the requirements of Latin versification are any longer an adequate gentleman or an unmitigated villain. Style in writing varies markedly at
reason for so laborious a work as this one is a question which those who like least every twenty years with us ; and not only the style, but the views
may answer. We should rather say with the " Last Minstrel "— entertained and the arguments advanced are born of and nourished by the
For well a day its date is fled, prevailing sentiments of the hour. The novels of Miss Austin presented a
Its tuneful brethren all are dead ; complete contrast to those of Sir Walter Scott, but there was a direct sim-
or, if dead is too strong, we may certainly say very sick. plicity of style in both alike. Since that time the realistic novel has been
Is there then any third end to which such a publication may conduce developed. Quite at the head of the authors of this kind of narrative stands
of sufficient acknowledged usefulness to justify the author in hoping George Eliot ; also the satirical novel, of which perhaps Mr. Whitty and
that the results of his labours may prove permanently acceptable ? Mr. George Meredith have given us the best specimens. Lastly, the sen-
Now, no doubt, the mastery of Latin as a language, apart either from sation novel, in respect of which it is not needful to point out the most
literature on the one hand, or mere verse-writing on the other, is such flagrant offender against the canons of purity and good taste. In the last-
an end. The progress, modification , and expansion of the Latin tongue, named it is that the demi-reps, the femmes incomprises, the girls of the
its greater flexibility acquired at some sacrifice of purity, its gradual and period, the mature sirens, and frisky matrons figure, with little to conceal
almost imperceptible accommodation to new conditions of life and new their undraped weakness or viciousness. Soiled doves and wounded fawns
modes of thought, which are all to be observed between the epochs of have, of course, been written of and portrayed ever since romances and
Catullus and Claudian, must all be understood by a finished Latin scholar, novels were composed and published, but in this class of literature the
and can none of them be learned without the help of the later authors. doves are more soiled and more contented and thriving with their dirty
At the same time, it is obvious that whatever the poets can teach us of the plumage than ever dove was yet known to be. It is not, therefore, without
development of the language can be learned better from prose- writers ; a certain sense of relief that we turn to Mr. Grant, who is rather a romancist
from Pliny or Macrobius better than from Lucan or Calpurnius. This, than a novelist, and prefers legitimate love and marvellous adventure to
however, is no just detraction from the merits of Mr. Pinder's work. He immorality, even when well dressed and made beautiful for ever.
has contributed his share, he would say, towards a more general diffusion The framework of the tale is very simple, most of the characters are
of the later Roman literature ; and if he has chosen the poets rather than natural and well defined, and there is no attempt made to propound or
another class of writers no one has a right to blame him. solve any of the social problems which so exercise the critical and positive
In the selections which he has made from the various authors intro- tendencies of the present generation. The amazing perils and escapes are
duced, Mr. Pinder shows considerable taste and judgment, though on one related in a pleasant dashing way, and, though we are detained in England
or two points he is, we think, open to animadversion. As we have already for a time, the author is obviously in a more congenial sphere when he has
stated that he has in our opinion introduced five poets who do not properly transported his hero to Mexico, the magnificent scenery of which is
belong to the less known poets of Rome, so we say now that if these had described con amore. After an explosion in a coal mine we find ourselves
been left out and the space filled up by more copious quotations from on blue waters, and encounter shipwrecks, pirates, mutinies, Spanish
Lucan, Claudian, and Calpurnius, his book would have been much brigands, frantic creoles, and lovely romantic girls. Here Mr. Grant is
improved. In the first place, some of the finest passages in these writers every inch at home, and much more successful, in our opinion, than when
have been omitted from Mr. Pinder's pages in deference, we suppose, to he is endeavouring to portray London swells.
space. And in the second place, we doubt how far it is possible to The tale opens with a telegram dated from Blairavon, in the Highlands
convey any adequate idea of an author's style and diction by such of Scotland, in which Lennard Blair, then a clerk in the mercantile house
brief examples of them as are here in several instances presented of Vere and Co. in Liverpool, is requested to return instantly, as his father,
to us. The specimens of Lucan include, indeed, that most characteristic Mr. Blair, of Blairavon, is in a dying state. Of an ancient Scotch family,
passage in the ninth book, where Cato gives his reasons for refusing to Mr. Blair had squandered a noble patrimony, and sold one estate after
consult the oracle. But they do not include either of two scarcely less another until only the old manor house of Oakwoodlee, with a few sur-
beautiful passages, namely, the dream of Pompey at the beginning of the rounding acres, remained to attest to the former importance of the family.
seventh book, and Lucan's reflections on his hero's grave at the end of On this remnant stood a grey old Druidical monolith named the Charter
the eighth book. Among the extracts from Claudian we find the splendid Stone, the possession of which was supposed to be in some mysterious
declamation against Rufinus, the praises of Stilicho, and a very small way necessary to the better fortunes of the Blairs. There had been a
portion of the " Rape of Proserpine. " But in both the second and the younger brother, but he and Mr. Blair had parted in early life with
third we miss well-known beauties, such as the address to Victory and the more of sorrow than bitterness, owing to the unfortunate circumstance
description of Proserpine's tapestry, while the Senex Veronensis is not that they had found themselves rivals in the affections of the
given at all. Calpurnius is represented by a single passage only, sixty- same woman. This brother sailed for America, was never afterwards heard
five lines in length, and that by no means a peculiarly characteristic of, and was supposed to be dead, so that Lennard, as only son, was the
one. Yet the seven, some say the eleven, eclogues which he wrote abound sole representative of the family honours and poverty. He was a good-
in picturesque touches, while in ease and elegance of expression he is hearted, high-spirited young fellow, and had determined to work
scarcely, if at all, inferior to Virgil. As a keener appreciation of the unflinchingly in the hope of improving matters, so that when Mr. Vere
picturesque has been held to be one of the differential features of the purchased Blairavon and offered to take him into his counting-house, and at
poetry of the Empire, it was the duty of an editor proposing to give us the same time profitably to invest in the concern two or three thousand pounds
samples of that poetry to be careful in selecting passages which should which had remained after paying the old man's debts, Lennard had consented
serve to illustrate this particular excellence. And to this duty Mr. Pinder, gladly. In the train he made the acquaintance of a remarkably insolent and
we repeat, has hardly been sufficiently alive. Indeed, whether for students disagreeable individual named Travice Cheatwood, a nephew of Mr. Vere's,
of the language and literature, or for boys just beginning to show some and on his way to visit his uncle at Blairavon. Cheatwood is described as
taste for Latin verses, we can imagine none of the later Roman writers a coward, a gambler, cheat, liar, and eventually tries to murder Lennard.
more interesting or more useful than the author of the latest Roman Then we have Hesbia Vere, who has secretly encouraged Lennard as a
pastorals. Artificial they may be, but not more SO than Virgil's ; lover. She is an undeniable flirt, clever, charming, but rather fast, and
while the impurities which Mr. Pinder calls attention to are so utterly curiously heartless and mercenary. She had about her that soupçon of
uncongenial with the author's style in general that we have no hesitation in coarseness which in a woman is not to be forgiven, and the style in which
imputing them to corruptions of the text. Passing from Calpurnius to the feminine county magnates kept her at arm's length is creditable to their
Ausonius, another Roman poet well known for similar characteristics, why penetration and taste. But, though Mr. Grant can detail her actions, he
have we not a great deal more of his poem on the Moselle, which contains rather fails in bestowing on her character those decisive but delicate
many very pretty bits of word painting besides the one example of it, touches which make the individual present to the imagination of the
beautiful as that is, which is found in Mr. Pinder's extract ? Finally, why reader. Mr. Vere was, as men of his stamp are apt to be, not
has Mr. Pinder not given us a few specimens of one or two other writers, quite content with the attitude of the poor on his property towards
who, if not equal to the best of those he has included, are not inferior to him. They clung to the memory of the Blairs, for in the Highlands
the worst? The tenth book of Columella, for instance, on horticulture ; the a laird may commit many faults (provided they are of a reckless extrava-
short elegiac poem of Palladius on grafting ; and even portions, perhaps, of gant kind) before he cools the affection of those who have for centuries
Avienus, the geographer, would not have been out of place in a collection looked up to him with love and sympathy. Mr. Vere seems to have enter-
like the present. As aids to Latin composition they would all be useful. tained the idea that, if he could buy Oakwoodbee and the Charter Stone
On the whole, however, if we have been compelled to find fault with which stood thereon, his position would be improved in this matter, and
his execution, we can give unqualified praise to Mr. Pinder's design ; and thenceforth the place become to him even as Naboth's vineyard was to
have to thank him, at least, for leading us back to a class of authors asso- David. Ultimately, after his father's death, Lennard agrees for the sake
ciated in the case of most educated men with the happiest days of their of the love he bears to Hesbia to sell the place, reserving, however, the
lives. We believe, indeed, that Latin poetry in general is more agreeable monolith Charter Stone. Then he is privately engaged to Hesbia, is shot but
to the taste of manhood than of boyhood ; and that he who at the age of not mortally wounded by Travice Cheatwood, whom he had detected at foul
twenty-one looks even at Virgil for the last time dies in ignorance of his play with cards. Vere, perceiving the state of affairs between Lennard and
real beauty. This is still truer of the writers of the silver age ; and certainly his daughter, and having stripped the former of everything he conveniently
we never enjoyed more than in the pages of Mr. Pinder the bounding could, despatches him to Vera Cruz in the capacity of mercantile agent.
periods and fine conceptions of Statius, rising sometimes, as in the death Before Blair left he sought, of course, an interview with his betrothed
of Amphiaraus, to genuine sublimity ; the spirited yet mellowed fluency, wife, but Hesbia had fully made up her mind to break with him. She had
and the graceful and prolific fancy of the courtly Claudian ; or the lofty considered the matter well. She hated poverty with all the hatred of an
rhetoric, the indignant melancholy, and the bold declamation of him who essentially vulgar mind. Her father, whose affairs were not so prosperous
placed upon the tomb of the Roman Commonwealth the noblest of all
d
funeral offerings , the Pharsalia . " The Girl He Married. " By J. Grant. 3 vols. (London : Tinsley Brothers. 1869. )
[ 225 ]
 26 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

as they appeared, had a suitor for her hand said to be very rich. This to fight with bows and arrows against French chassepots or Prussian
gentleman called himself a baronet, but the name of Sir Cullender Crowdy needle-guns as seek to make agriculture profitable by dividing the country
was not to be found in " Burke." It is true he was cadaverous, ill-tempered , among small proprietors, or aiming at the restoration of the venerable
more than half a Jew, and without any character to speak of. But then he "bold yeomanry, their country's pride." The small squires and the bold
could give her diamonds and fine clothes, the luxuries and good eating yeomanry were possibly very admirable personages in their day ; but the
which she desired, so when poor Lennard entered and was about to great capitalists are buying up the small squires at an ever increasing rate,
embrace her Hesbia skilfully contrived to keep several chairs, tables, and and the bold yeomanry could no longer make a decent living upon their
couches between herself and him, while she personally and fussily closed simple and semi-barbarous principles of cultivating the soil.
two of the windows, caressed her little terrier." In her eye he " read the Small farms, then, says Mr. Brown, do not pay as well as large farms ;
evidence of a change since they had parted, and, looking at her wistfully, because, in the first place, they require a larger outlay in proportion to
thought, was this the meeting for which he had so yearned ? " What fol- their buildings than larger holdings. For a farm of forty or fifty acres,
lowed was of the usual kind. " Is all the past, with its tender vows and the cost of house, barns, stabling, and so forth, is almost as great as the
passionate kisses, no tie between us ?" " None- none." " You reject cost for a farm of 100 acres. The cost for similar buildings for 150 acres
me, then ? " " Now and for ever," replied Hesbia ; and Lennard had suffi- is fully one-third larger, in proportion to the rental, than it would be for a
cient self-respect to leave the house at once. holding double the size. So, again, with fencing. Small farms involve
That night he encountered Travice Cheatwood starving and penniless, small fields, in order to provide for the necessary routine of crops ; and
invited him to supper, and was drugged by his guest, who also robbed him small fields involve a large increase of fences. High farming, further-
of all he had about him. Cheatwood personates Blair, and sails under his in other words, profitable farming -requires intelligent and cultivated
name for Vera Cruz. Blair follows by the next packet, with the pleasant farmers ; and intelligence and cultivation cannot be looked for in the men
knowledge that this scoundrel was already a week in advance of him , with small capital who would take small farms. Agriculture is now no
and in possession of his luggage and credentials. As the vessel left longer a thing of ancient traditions and dull routine. It is a thing of
the shore poor Lennard believes himself to be broken-hearted . The time brains and science, and demands an amount of capital at which our fore-
was coming, though he did not know it, when he would feel a little fathers would have stood aghast. A few small farms, at the same time, are
ashamed of having loved any woman so thoroughly mercenary and useful, as supplying stepping stones to intelligent men who are without
heartless, and when a man is once shamed in his love he is not far from a large capital ; but the majority of farms in any estate should range from
cure. Even while he thought grievingly of her beauty and the charm her two hundred to six hundred acres in extent. The actual size of existing
manners had exercised over him, he could not help remembering how and well-managed farms we think Mr. Brown somewhat underrates. Dairy
disingenuously she had in many ways acted, how she had kept others in farms, he says, range from a hundred and fifty to three hundred acres. We
play while accepting his presents and encouraging his affection , and how certainly happen to know that one of the very best of the Gloucestershire
coolly and easily she had cast him off for the sake of the wealth of dairy farms contains not less than a thousand acres ; and though there are
another. However, now events occur with exceeding rapidity, a lovely not many such in any part of England, we suspect that there is a general
Spanish girl, under the guardianship of an old Spaniard, soon dims the tendency, both in dairy and grazing farms, to grow bigger and bigger still.
memory of Lennard's faithless love. There is a shipwreck and a mutiny, Of the political, social, and economic results of the abolition of the
and Lennard rescues her from death, and from insult worse than death. small farmer Mr. Brown naturally says nothing ; but by the world in
On his arrival in Mexico he is immediately arrested by the Spanish general these results cannot be overlooked, though they are usually totally
authorities to answer for some iniquities which had been committed in his misunderstood. On the productive aspect of the change there can be no
name by Cheatwood . From this difficulty he is extricated by Señor Don difference of opinion. Poets, politicians, and professors may be loud in
Juan, the father of the Spanish girl, and a man of great importance and their lamentations over the extinction of the small proprietors who culti-
unknown riches. Don Juan is discovered to be Lennard's long-lost uncle, vated the soil bequeathed to them by their progenitors, on the theory that
and at once ratifies the engagement between Lennard and his daughter. men will do more for the land which they own than for that which they
Meanwhile, Mr. Vere and Sir Cullender Crowdy have both become rent. But facts are all against the theory. Under a wise landlord , an
bankrupts, Hesbia has eloped with a " first tenor," leaving her husband to intelligent and wealthy tenant farmer beats the humble proprietor out of
face a disreputable poverty as he best could, and Blairavon being once the field. He brings more beef and mutton , more wheat and barley into
more in the market, Don Juan becomes the purchaser, and the Blairs again the market, and at a lower price than is possible to the petty landowner,
enjoy the estate of their ancestors under a new lease of prosperity. however laborious. And for the country as a whole, that system is the
It is quite characteristic of the spirit of Mr. Grant's writings that, though best which produces the most, the best, and the cheapest food. So far,
it is not exactly affirmed, it is obviously meant to be inferred that, had then, the consolidation of estates and the diminution of small farms is a
Lenna been so unfaithful to his traditions as to have sold the Charter distinct gain to the community at large. As to the profit of farming, as a
Stone, the star of his good fortune would have set never to rise again. trade, it is equally certain that under the new system the returns on the
capital invested are larger than those on the old system. Agriculture was
never a very prosperous business, and it is the worst of all trades still, but
it pays better than formerly. Mr. Brown confirms a statement which we
LARGE AND SMALL FARMS.*
had previously ventured on in these columns, to the effect that not more
APART from its own substantial merits, Mr. Brown's tall and stout volume than an average of 10 per cent. interest can be looked for upon the capital
is emphatically a sign of the times. It is a product of a period of revolu- invested. The landlords are still the chief gainers by the vast strides that
tion in the ideas and habits of English landowners. A generation or two agriculture has been, and still is, making. They have got possession of a
ago the publication of such a book would have been all but impossible, or raw material, the soil, which is a fixed quantity, and for which there is a
at any rate would have been a most unprofitable speculation. But competition which never seems to slacken. Who can complain if they
now such a treatise is loudly called for. Everywhere the old feudal choose to take the rentals offered them, and which keep down the profits
spirit of English territorialism is dying out and giving place to the of tenants to 10 per cent. ? Are the owners of Cheapside or Pall-mall to
spirit of avowed commercial enterprise. Everywhere the younger race be blamed because they take rents for their property almost fabulous in
of landlords are giving themselves to study the great question how their magnitude, all because the competition for it is practically unlimited ?
to make their property pay the largest rental. Land- owning is becoming Nor from the Liberal political point of view is the diminution in the
a business, to be conducted on sound commercial principles, under number of tenant farmers to be deprecated. Farmers, like landowners,
the immediate supervision of the owner, and with a distinct and are, as a rule, Tories ; and the fewer tenants a great man has, the fewer the
unflinching recognition of the spirit and advantages of the age. So votes he can influence. The new style of farming, moreover, tends to that
many acres of land are to the territorialists just what so many bales of personal enlightenment of the tenant which essentially liberalizes his
cotton are to the Manchester manufacturer. The one question is, by what whole cast of mind. If he remains a Tory, his Toryism is of that sort
machinery, and on what system of paying for labour, can the largest amount which his grandfather would have denounced as radicalism or republicanism.
of wheat, mutton, and timber be produced at the lowest cost ? What may be the more strictly social effects of these changes it is more
Mr. Brown's book offers minute and ample answers to every possible difficult to foretell. But those effects must unquestionably be as deep as
inquiry which the landowner's ingenuity can suggest. If it will frighten a good they will be wide. Year by year the number of the smaller squires is
many timid souls, whether of the landlord or the tenant-farmer race, it will diminished ; and they, or their sons and daughters, flock to London,
encourage a good many more than it will terrify. It is difficult, indeed, to or some popular centre of business or pleasure. Men with incomes
say what subjects connected with the management of estates it overlooks. of from £500 to £ 1,000 a year are vanishing from the face of the
From the personal training of owners, agents, and farmers, down to the country ; and their abodes are pulled down or converted into farm-
best forms of spades and pickaxes, Mr. Brown has put together an amount houses by the territorial magnate of the neighbourhood. And mean-
of information quite wonderful in extent ; and, so far as we can venture to while a race of intelligent farmers, owning large capital, are taking their
judge, correct as to matters of fact, and sound in the inferences to which it places. What will be the final social position of this new race ? How
leads. As to entering upon a discussion of these details, it is, in will they stand towards the landowners and towards the diminished
our limited space, not to be attempted. As a sample of the numbers of " gentlefolks " that will still remain in their neighbourhoods ?
practical manner in which Mr. Brown treats his whole subject, it will In culture and personal habits the farmer of the future and his family will be
be enough to turn to what he says on the comparative advantages of large undeniably more refined and elevated than the small squire of the past.
and small farms, as being a topic into which the most non-agricultural mind. What, then, will be the exact place which he will fill in the complicated
can easily enter. It is, moreover, one which is of very serious pressing structure of English society ? He will differ from the ancient squire in
political, social, and economical interest, and quite certain to assume more being essentially both a man of business and a man in business ? Will
and more prominence in the history of coming generations. All the legis he ultimately take rank as a gentleman ? Or will he be simply a trades-
lative action in the world cannot stop the rapid consolidation of small man living among fields, instead of in the street of a town ? Who can say ?
estates which has been going on for nearly a century past. And, at the Of one thing, indeed, we may satisfy ourselves. The farmer of the future
same time, all the lecturing of half-informed political economists cannot will play no uninfluential part in national and in county politics and econo-
resuscitate the old system of farming. You might as reasonably propose mics. And if he turns out to be recognized as the member of a " gentle-
manly occupation " and a buttress of the cause of Liberalism, it will not be
" The Book of the Landed Estate. " By R. E. Brown, Factor and Estate Agent, more surprising than the fact that the effect of free trade has been to make the
Wass, Yorkshire. (Edinburgh and London : Blackwood and Sons. 1869. ) great landowners of England a still wealthier race than they ever were before.
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 MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 27

"OUR ENEMY- LUXURY. ” * details and particulars- it is cheaper to wear a cap than a hat, but society
will not allow it ; it is cheaper to go without gloves than to wear them, but
THE writer of this volume has preferred to remain anonymous, and there society requires gloves ; it is cheaper to smoke a pipe than a cigar, but
are other reasons for supposing that he is less a professor of the craft or society prefers cigars. There are hundreds of men who care for hardly any
trade of authorship than a layman who has taken up the pen to accom- luxury in itself, yet who live luxuriously because their professional advance-
plish a task which he believes to be necessary, or at least to say what ment or the prospects of their children seem to require it. Then the habit
he cannot help saying. It is a provision of nature that when we are of luxury forms itself-no habit forms itself so rapidly-and useless things
strongly persuaded of the value of a truth not so generally recognized become necessary. We may not care anything for luxury in itself, but
as we feel that it ought to be, we are uneasy until we have spoken we think it necessary to make ourselves brave in dress and equipage
out on the subject ; and no doubt the anonymous author of the volume as an expression of respect for our friends. So we can no longer ask
before us felt a pleasant sensation of relief when the last proof was corrected a party of friends to a very simple dinner ; there must be an appearance
and his protest against the vices of the age was ready to go forth amongst of sacrifice on our part to their enjoyment. In England you cannot
a wicked and perverse generation. The book is not very well written, and ask people to come and see you in a room without a carpet. In
it contains little that is new ; in short, as a literary performance it has little the same way there is a strong feeling in this country that it would be
or nothing to recommend it, but the author is so sincere that one reads his almost wrong—a failure in respect to the Almighty-to go to church in a
book straight through with sympathy and respect. He hates luxury, and shabby coat. But what if I cannot afford a better ? Am I to cease going
gives some of his reasons for hating it. The picture which he draws to church on that account ? And so, if I cannot afford a costly dinner, am
of the effect of luxury on middle-class life in France is in many I therefore never to receive my friends ?
respects very sombre and even terrible. From long personal observa- There is an unsoundness in the reasoning on which luxurious customs
tion we are also convinced that it is true. Middle- class life has are founded, which it may not be altogether useless to expose. We require
lost much that made it very agreeable formerly. Frenchmen of our friends to spend money in order to show their respect for us, but
the upper section of that class used to lead very happy and rational we often lose sight of the other ways of showing respect which our
lives indeed ; they had work enough to keep them safe from ennui, and requirements have made impossible. For example, with reference to
pleasure enough to keep their minds from hardening. They were indus- the old way and the new way of giving dinners in France- which shows
trious, within limits ; they were very prudent in expenditure, and they were the most respect and liking for your friends, to ask them many
light-hearted and sociable. It is astonishing how many dinner parties times in the year to a good dinner, or once a year to a wildly
they used to give, and what merry repasts they were, and what good dinners wasteful and extravagant feast ? If it is the pleasure of their society
they were, too, gastronomically considered. It was not at all uncom- which you seek, the answer is obvious. So in all questions of expense
mon in the more hospitable provinces, as for instance in Burgundy, for which affect social relations. When the exigencies of society compel us
people by no means rich, and yet who would rather have starved than to an expenditure beyond our means they exclude us, or they make our
exceeded their income, to entertain their friends two or three times a week. appearances in society rare. Now we venture to observe that it is a
The lady of the house superintended the cooking, and prepared one or manner of showing your affection for your friends, and your respect
two of the most difficult dishes herself ; there were always in every town for them, to go and see them often, to make their life a subject
two or three professional cooks unattached whose business it was of constant interest to you, to be continually aware how they are,
to render assistance on such occasions, and the waiting was managed and what most occupies their minds. This is one way of showing
by the maid-servants. The wine was abundant and pure, but respect, and quite as good a way as the purchase of a new hat to pay
it was always of home growth. They did not make it a point then a state call.
to give you Bordeaux in Burgundy and Burgundy at Bordeaux. The The most obvious result of advances in luxury is to exclude from
dessert came from your host's garden , and the melon and the vegetables. general society gentlemen who have married on limited means, and we
The only fault ofthe convives was that they were so talkative and merry as venture to say that the loss here is not entirely on the side of the excluded.
to be always interrupting each other, and that now and then a discussion It is a loss to them, and a very real one, but their exclusion is also a loss
would become so animated as to threaten danger if the disputants had not to wealthy society. Wealthy society often greatly suffers from dulness, and
been as forgiving as they were irascible. They were polite after their fashion , the men most capable of relieving it from this infliction are often men of
but they were not stately, and such a thing as a stiff dinner was utterly very moderate means. It is inevitable that this should be so, because the
unknown-lay in fact outside of their experience, and beyond the reach of pursuits which lead to the highest mental culture rarely lead to great pecu-
their vulgar provincial imaginations. They had a notion that when they met niary results. But such men are too independent to be always receiving
it was to be sociable and gay, to relax from the labours of the day, and hospitality without ever returning it, and as they cannot invite people of
sharpen their wits by conversation. But in these latter days a sombre luxurious habits to simple dinners, there is an end to much intercourse
demon has come and put an end to these pleasant meetings - the demon which might be profitable to both parties.
of the State dinner, that offspring of luxury and pride. Instead of fifty Great luxury is hostile to social feeling in another way also. A very
jolly dinners a year and as many déjeuners, the poor bourgeois now gives grand dinner is nearly always a very dull dinner, especially when the people
two stiff and stately ones, and he has everything sent down from Paris, by present are not in the constant habit of being grand. So that not only
express train, at an enormous expense. These occasions occur so rarely does luxury make people meet more rarely, but when they do meet, or
that the hosts never get really accustomed to them and at their ease under seem to meet, it keeps them at a distance from each other. It is a common
the infliction. It is all very well for the Emperor to give State luxury to have iced champagne, and the other luxury of iced conversation
dinners, it is a part of his daily life- not so with the unlucky has unfortunately become equally common.
bourgeois and the partner of his sorrows. Then the guests go away The author of " Notre Ennemi le Luxe " believes that luxury is
and criticise everything, and the host and hostess go to bed with the clear hostile even to the fine arts. Many readers will at first feel disinclined to
knowledge that they are being criticised. Then the bill comes in, an agree with him here, because there is a general belief that the fine arts
amount large enough to keep a family decently for two months, and a are a luxury. The fact is that fine art may be, and too often is, degraded
resolution is made to put off the next corvée of the kind as long as the to the level of a luxury, but that in its best state it is something far higher.
duties of society will permit. So the feasts become rarer and rarer, and No one would call the " Iliad " or Michael Angelo's Moses a luxury, yet
more and more costly, and more and more stiff and dull and disagreeable there are some poems and some statues which are luxuries, and an immense
every year, until at last the bourgeois makes up his mind that he quantity of music is nothing better. There is, however, a severity of
will never either give a feast or go to one again. We know several purpose and of study in all noble art which raises it infinitely above mere
respectable French families who have taken and kept this resolution luxury, and the distinction between the two is perfectly clear. It is quite
during the last few years, and the consequence is that they live at meal- true that luxury does degrade art ; it brings it down to that pretty shop art
times in a state of absolute isolation from all mankind. They have forgotten which is so plentiful in these days and so richly paid. The great men
how other people eat, and unless they go to a restaurant to make observa- hate and scorn it, the smaller men conform to it for the rewards it has
tions and study mankind, they may actually arrive in course of years at to offer.
the conclusion that eating and drinking are practices peculiar to them- Another consequence of luxury in these days is its unfortunate effect
selves, and not recognized by the outer world. The inference from all on marriage. Marriage is quickly becoming impossible for young gentle-
this is that luxury and pride are hostile to social enjoyment. But men with moderate incomes, except on condition of finding an heiress ;
they are hostile to gaiety in other ways. A man of sense cannot and, after all, the heiress may not prove personally agreeable. Hence
be light-hearted unless his money matters are going on tolerably we have a large class of prudent young men who arrange their lives without
well ;
and since ideas of luxury have invaded the middle class the number any idea of marrying, and, as continence is not a very common virtue,
of professional men whose incomes are no longer equal to the claims upon at least that life-long continence which a total renunciation of marriage
them has prodigiously increased. Men overwork themselves and injure their would require, they either keep a mistress or do worse. On the Continent
health to pay for superfluities which they do not care for and cannot enjoy, these difficulties have led to the limitation of the number of children, now so
and they have always before their eyes the prospect of a threatening deficit very general. A few brave the opinion of society, and live on small means
in the conjugal exchequer. They cannot be gay and kind under such with a poor wife and an unlimited family, but the inevitable result is a
circumstances, or, if they seem so, it must be at the cost of continual self- great descent in the social scale, implying exclusion from many of
restraint. The fact is that at the present moment a whole class in France is the avenues to distinction. The contradiction between the laws of nature
leading a mistaken life, and suffering from the mistake. The author of the and the laws of the world has never been more flagrant in all that relates
book before us declares that the French have lost their gaiety, that bright to these questions than it is now. What is most remarkable is that the limi-
gaiety which may coexist with poverty and with great simplicity of life, tation of the family to two children, or one child, is commonest in the most
but which is killed by anxiety and pride. On the other hand, it may be luxurious classes in France, which seems to show that luxury, and not real
answered that many who suffer from the existing state of things are its want, is the cause of it. But the artificial wants are as real as the others,
victims and not its cause. All who are dependent upon society for anything especially when they imply the future of the children themselves. Once
necessary to their happiness are compelled to conform to its rules. To go fall out of the ranks and so many careers are closed to them ! Hence
into detail and we know that, as Mr. Bright says, economy is a matter of every effort is made to keep abreast with the world ; in other words, to
+ spend more and more money every year on those frivolities which society
“ Notre Ennemi le Luxe. " ( Paris : Furne, Jouvet et Cie. London : Williams and has decided to be necessary to that ever enlarging ideal, the comme
Norgate . 1869. ) ilfaut.
[ 227 ]
 28 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

ambassadors of man on the one side and of the animals on the other, in the
" THE GREEK SCEPTICS."19 audience of the King of the Jins, whose capital was in Ceylon. The
THE Hare Prize was founded in 1861 , as a memorial of the last surviving claim of man to supremacy is asserted on one side and controverted
author of " Guesses at Truth." It is arranged to be awarded every four on the other with some ingenuity. The position taken up by the mule, the
years to the author of the best English dissertation on some subject taken hawk, and other acute reasoners is that man has a superiority conferred upon
from ancient history or philosophy. In 1865 it was not awarded, him for the good of all, not an absolute supremacy like that of an Eastern
and Mr. Maccoll is, therefore, the first laureate. The trustees could ruler. In developing this view they are naturally led to dwell at length on the
hardly have chosen a more suitable subject than this of Greek sceptical less pleasing side of human character. For example, the gift of religion to
philosophy ; for, while it is interesting in itself to all philosophical men is an evidence of their sinfulness, their refinements in religion are proofs
students the authoritative books are difficult and obscure, and the English of ignorance, their liability to disease is caused by vice, their politics are devices
language has contained, up to this time, no adequate account of it. In for oppression, and so on. Incidentally, there is some good legendary matter,
his introduction Mr. Maccoll points out that the greatness of Plato and as, for instance, the description of the sea serpent. The king has just been
the almost finality of Aristotle as thinkers were not recognized for many hearing from the locust an account of the dragon, but is put off at an
years after their death. They had written not for their own age, but for a interesting moment by a general comparison with the sea serpent. For
remote posterity. The generation which succeeded them, oppressed by further information on this potentate, he has to refer to his ambassador,
foreign rule, could not enter into the political ideals which crowned and the frog, who is " standing on a hillock by the side of the sea, and
summed up their work. To men politically dead, the Stoics, the engaged in prayer and praise." His account of his master is very
Epicureans, and the early Sceptics offered in various forms a satisfaction Men are represented by ambassadors from various nations, dis-
for individual aspirations . The subjective psychology of the Sophists strange. garments,
tinguished by appropriate dress and actions. " A man in woollen
was the real antecedent of these later philosophies. But the speculations
with a belt fastened round his waist, and a censer in his hand, in which he
of Pyrrho, the first true Sceptic, and of Arcesilas, the founder of the New
kept burning incense and making smoke," while he " spoke something in
Academy, are distinguished from those of the Sophists by their practical
modulated tones, and in a bad voice," is " a Syrian, who is of the religion of
aim ; they doubt not from love of truth, but from love of happiness. When the Lord Jesus." When he has declared the glories of his religion, a
the Sophists used the principle of subjective reason to overthrow existing Mohammedan advocatus diaboli remarks : " It is true, but he has forgotten to
forms of dogmatism, they accepted as true the principle which had been
say this : We have not discharged the duty of serving Him ; we have become
their instrument ; while Scepticism questioned that in turn, and rested
in the balance of contrasted incredibilities. This attitude of apathy or infidels ; we pay worship to the crucifix ; we eat the flesh of swine after offering
them in sacrifice ; and we have used deceit and calumny against God ; ' " by
suspense is exhibited by Mr. Maccoll in its threefold relation to ontology,
which we may see how it strikes a stranger. The aim of the book seems to be to
psychology, and ethics. It was hard even to persuade oneself that it
had been attained-" to strip off the man," as Pyrrho phrased it ; harder preach a sort of eighteenth-century toleration, or equal estimation of all religions.
still to transmit it among men of various characters, or to maintain it " Poems by George Howard , Earl of Carlisle." Selected by his Sisters.
unbroken. Pyrrho's successor, Timon, preached apathy with a passionate ( Moxon, Son, and Co. ) A life so honourable and useful as that of the late
tongue, and railed at those who were less fervid for indifference than himself. Lord Carlisle would be fitly honoured by an adequate record, which should
The New Academy was founded on a vigorous modification, or rather preserve the memory of his constant devotion to liberty and philanthropy. The
restriction, of the Platonic deposit of dogma. Arcesilas succeeded to the present volume, while it contains nothing inconsistent with this view of his
headship of the school at a time when ontological speculations had lost character, will not increase the estimation in which his name is held by adding
their interest, and when the asceticism of the Stoics had tinged all the evidence of intellectual originality. His verses are tasteful exercises in style,
existing philosophies. His reaction, little affected either in direction and the best of them seem to us to be those which do not aim at
or degree by his nominal position , is compared by Mr. Maccoll to being more the poem on " Paestum," which gained the Newdegate at
the Florentine phase of revived Hellenism, with its vehement recoil
from mediæval severity. Oxford in 1821 , and some translations from the classics belonging to the
With the primary aim of reviving a freer
same period. If prizes are to be proposed for verses by boys, it is better,
and more genial mode of life, he attacked the Stoical moral system we think, that the conditions should remain conventional. In the rhymed
at its root-the assertion of an unquestionable intellectual criterion.
couplets and artificial diction of the eighteenth century, a degree of excellence
Knowledge, the Stoics had said , means those impressions which convey the
may be attained by an undergraduate capable of estimation and deserving
evidence of their own genuineness ; all others come under the head of
opinion. Arcesilas disproved, as he thought, the existence of the first, and reward as a piece of neat and harmonious workmanship ; but true genius, if it
concluded that wise men would not remain contented with the second. All expresses itself with entire freedom at that time of life, produces results which
knowledge, then, is impossible ; there remains nothing but probability. Sub- are either too good or too bad, or both at once, for the ordeal of competition.
stantially the same views were impressed on the docile intellect of Rome by a Occasional verses, in which women of fashion are described in the Kitcat style ,
later head of the Academy, Carneades, whose teaching is well known to us by their surnames or titles alone, mark the period when London society was
from the reports of Cicero. Mr. Maccoll's summary of his authorities on this freshly attractive to the young poet. He celebrates
philosopher is transparently clear and at the same time cautious and critical. The classic mould of Vernon's magic face,
Under the Roman Empire the Scepticism of Pyrrho was revived by Paget's dark eye, or Richmond's milder grace.
Aenesidemus, Agrippa, and Sextus Empiricus. The formidable treatise of Memories of the grand tour are succeeded by expressions of the enthusiasm which
Sextus tells us all that we know of this intellectual movement, in which Canning's brilliant career excited in the ardent youth of 1826. The remaining
the systematic negation was formulated with a completeness which would verses are chiefly religious, slight but graceful expressions of a gentle and de-
have been impossible at periods when the human mind was profoundly vout temper. This little volume, if it makes no new friends for Lord Carlisle's
interested in the subjects under dispute. In his concluding chapter, Mr. memory, will fix, wherever it is already cherished , the image of a good man.
Maccoll compares this form of Scepticism, which was revived at an interval " Singers and Songs of the Church." By Josiah Miller, M.A. Second
of 400 years after its first feeble beginnings in republican Greece, with Edition. (Longmans.) Mr. Miller has made Christian hymnology the study of
the compact and continuous succession of the New Academy, an a lifetime, and the result is this extraordinary monument of industry and
Athenian theory, which was born and (virtually) died at Athens. He research. Beginning with St. Clement of Alexandria, he passes in review the
concludes that the latter has the advantage in its conception of philosophy
whole series of hymn writers down to Mr. Moultrie and Miss Cambridge. The
as a whole, while the former is contented with the display of ingenuity in
poems themselves are not quoted, but the principal works of each writer
partial, and indeed mutually destructive, criticisms. In a word, the
are indicated by their first lines and traced through the collections in
Academical doubt lies further back than that of the Pyrrhonists ; the former For the student of religious history
which they have found a place.
calls in question the validity of all our conceptions, but recognizes an there is no manifestation of the growth and changes of faith more
order and degree among them, while the latter refuses to regard mental
instructive than the series of moulds in which popular art has embodied
manifestations as a whole, and expends its ingenuity on reducing all
for a moment its passing forms. With this book at hand, and four or five collec-
intellectual operations, itself included, to an absurdity.
tions of the hymns of different periods, the history of dogma may be learnt in a
Mr. Maccoll has produced a monograph which merits the gratitude of
all students of philosophy. His style is clear and vigorous ; he has most attractive way. To take only one ofthe aspects thus presented, how differently
did the Court of Heaven, to which the thoughts of all aspired, present itself to the
mastered the authorities, and criticises them in a modest but independent imagination of successive ages ! In the primitive view the elements of the old
spirit ; and the memory of Hare is fitly honoured by so useful a
contribution to the history of thought. world lingered. With the severity and concentration of the Hebrew ideal there
is associated the spacious calm and repose of Olympus. Early Catholic hymns
contemplate a more active energy in the government of the universe, necessitat-
NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS. ing a clearer division of functions, and the intermediate glory of subordinate
intelligences. Two characters predominate in the imaginative presentations of
" Ikhuwánu- s Safá ; or, Brothers of Purity." Translated from the Hin-
mediæval Christianity --unbridled mythological phantasy, and the piercing note
dustání, by Professor John Dowson , M.R.A.S. , Staff College. (Trübner. ) The of individual aspiration, growing in refinement as it recedes from health. A
Hindustani version of these Arabic fables is a standard reading-book of the
manly and secular gravity, the spirit of the Reformation, looks past all inter-
language, and Professor Dowson has made the present translation for the use mediate armies to the central unity, and tends in practice to the soldier's attitude
of students. It makes the impression of being literal, and is written in excel- of submissive attention to one chief. With the new growth of dogma come new
lent English. The translator from the Arabic dates his work " in the time of intermediate forms, not concrete now but abstract, and never completely per-
the government of that noblest of dignified nobles, the cream of powerful sonified. Justice and love, wrath and pity are active within the divine mind :- --
princes, the Hátim of the age and the Plato of the time, chief of chiefs and Salvation, oh ! the charming sound,
hero of heroes, Nawáb Governor- General Lord Minto, Bahádur." So did the
image of a Scotch Whig peer reflect itself in the mind of a Calcutta moulvie in is apostrophized, and all the moods of experience are interpreted by corresponding
abstractions. With the decline of all dogmatic systems has come an accommo-
1810. The book is interesting as a specimen of Mohammedan benevolent
rationalism. The fables are introduced as parts of an argument held between the dating sympathy for all earlier forms of emotional satisfaction-an eclectic view
of the eternal world, the inconsistencies of which are not felt because the whole
external conception is relative to a complete though unconscious spiritualization
*
" The Greek Sceptics, from Pyrrho to Sextus." An essay which obtained the
Hare Prize in the year 1868. By Norman Maccoll, B. A. , Scholar of Downing College, of the inward faith. The path which we have traced is only one parallel
Cambridge. (London : Macmillan and Co. 1869. ) among many along which the study of hymnology will serve as a guide.
[ 228 ]
 MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 29

Mr. Newdegate said that, having in the first instance welcomed

Parliamentary Review. Mr. Whalley as the successor of his old friend and ally, Mr. Spooner, he
had since found it useless and impossible to co-operate with a member
HOUSE OF LORDS.
who brought such ridicule and disrepute on an important question.
FRIDAY.-The House of Lords began their sitting by reading a second time Mr. Whalley retorted that he had hitherto borne silently the hon. gentleman's
Lord Westbury's bill for extending the copyright for works of art to thirty years affectation of superiority and supremacy. He had never received the slightest
beyond the lives of the authors, with provisions for registration, punishment of advice or assistance from the hon. gentleman. He had been puzzled at this
piracy, and restriction on the production of replicas by artists except by special till he got to the bottom of the thing, and found there were Protestants and
agreement with the purchaser of the original. Protestants. As to the Maynooth question having been made ridiculous, the
The condition of Ireland was brought before the House by a question from hon. gentleman himself had told him that the Roman Catholics had packed the
Lord Lifford as to the recent declarations of the Mayor of Cork. Lord reporter's gallery with their agents in order that the reports might cast ridicule
Granville, expressing his contempt for the miserable rubbish talked at the on Protestant speakers. The hon. gentleman took care of himself by employing
Fenian supper, admitted that anything said by an official person could special reporters. Mr. Newdegate said he had mentioned this to Mr. Whalley
not be passed over. If the report of the speeches proved to be accurate, in strict confidence, and was surprised it should be made public.
the Government would put the law in operation against the mayor. It was intimated by Mr. Gladstone that the members of the Commission
Lord Bath urged the Government to give a distinct assurance that would be Lord Monck, Mr. Justice Lawson, and Mr. G. A. Hamilton.
they were ready to take vigorous measures for the prevention of agrarian The Marquis of Hartington announced the abandonment of the bill for
outrages. Lord Granville could only repeat what he had said on the enabling post- office savings banks to receive deposits up to £300, and the
previous evening, that the Government were doing all they could in the Premier that a full fortnight's holidays would be allowed at Whitsuntide.
matter, but it would be inexpedient to go into details. The evening sitting was occupied by a warm discussion on light dues.
MONDAY-The Duke of Somerset asked if any arrangement had been made, Mr. Headlam moved a resolution condemning the practice of charging on
or was in contemplation , in reference to the south-western dioceses now filled by home and foreign shipping the cost of lighting and buoying the shores of
prelates utterly incapacitated for duty. The Archbishop of Canterbury proposed the United Kingdom. Mr. Lefevre's official answer was more sharply and
to meet the difficulty last year by a plan of retirement for bishops similar to that authoritatively repeated by Mr. Lowe and Mr. Bright. Mr. Lowe held that
in force as regards judges. He regretted that neither that bill nor the Bishop the dues were in the nature not of a tax but of a payment for services
of Exeter's proposal of suffragans was accepted ; but he was now in communi- rendered. He rather ridiculed the idea of bribing commerce to come into
cation with the Government on another measure, which he hoped would be our ports. It was like a grocer saying to his customers, " Come to my
approved. shop, and I will pay your turnpike for you." Of course he would take
TUESDAY.-A bill for removing the disability to sit in Parliament imposed it out of the first pound of tea. Besides, if the principle were once adopted,
by an old statute on persons holding civil service pensions passed through where could they stop ? they might just as well abolish dock dues and offer
Committee. douceurs to foreign ship-masters. Mr. Bright, defending the dues as just in
On the third reading of the Militia Bill Lord Grey at some length principle, admitted that they fell unequally on different classes of shipping, and
recapitulated his well-known views on the question of military reserves. intimated that the Board of Trade and the Trinity House had the subject
The proper course, he held, was to pass as many men as possible through the under consideration. Ultimately Mr. Headlam withdrew his motion.
army, reducing the period of active service and retaining the power of recalling WEDNESDAY. -The greater part of the sitting was occupied by the dis-
them to their regiments in case of an emergency. Without any fresh legis- cussion of the bill for removing Mr. O'Sullivan from the mayoralty of Cork,
lation, it might be notified to the soldier that, when completely trained, and disqualifying him from holding any magisterial office in Ireland. There
discharges would be granted on conditition of entering the army reserve. was an unusually large attendance of members for a Wednesday sitting, and a
Lord Northbrook repeated his approval in principle of short enlistments, but good deal of excitement prevailed. Mr. Gladstone at the outset explained that
dwelt on the practical difficulties in the way of giving immediate effect to it. a copy of the bill would at once be sent to Mr. O'Sullivan, and that he would
be heard at the bar by counsel if he desired. The Attorney- General for Ireland,
HOUSE OF COMMONS. in introducing the measure, recapitulated in detail the familiar circumstances
of the case. That the legislation proposed was exceptional could not be denied,
FRIDAY. - Mr. Graves, proceeding with his notice in regard to Ireland , drew although the case of the Lord Provost of Edinburgh at the time of the Porteus
a gloomy picture of the state of the sister island, and attributed it not so much riot supplied a precedent. But the occasion was also exceptional, and no time
to Fenianism, the weakness of the Executive, or the Irish Church agitation, as could be spared in applying a prompt remedy.
to the false hopes excited in regard to tenant right by the declarations of Mr. Mr. Bagwell recommended a general bill, and amid cries of " Oh," excused
Gladstone, Mr. Bright, and Mr. Bruce. He appealed to the Government to the conduct of O'Sullivan. If his speech was an apology for political assassi-
calm the uneasiness which prevailed and correct any misapprehensions which nation, it should be remembered that Tell was an assassin, and yet was held up
might exist by a distinct statement of their policy on that subject. Mr. C. as a hero. Mr. Bouverie regretted that it should be deemed necessary to fall
Fortescue denied that the condition of Ireland was so bad as had been back on an old precedent drawn from such evil times. He should have pre-
described, or that the Tipperary outrages had the political meaning attributed ferred the ordinary course of legal procedure notwithstanding its delay.
to them. Mr. Gladstone and the other Ministers had said nothing more than Besides, the Porteus precedent had not been strictly followed, for then the bill
that the Irish land question was one which demanded serious attention. was introduced in the House of Lords, and evidence taken at the bar on oath.
Lord Stanley said he did not blame the Government for not bringing in a Mr. Walpole, Mr. G. H. Moore, Sir J. Gray, and Mr. Newdegate joined in
bill ; that was practically impossible. But they ought to make such a declara- urging that the House should not proceed on mere hearsay evidence, and that
tion of their general views in regard to the land question as should satisfy the the mayor should have the fullest opportunity of defending himself at the bar
expectations of those who wished to see it settled on reasonable principles, and of the House. Mr. Maguire, repudiating any sympathy with the opinions
dissipate the wild imaginations of others. expressed by O'Sullivan, pleaded that they were uttered late at night and after
A furious denunciation of Mr. Bright by Lord C. Hamilton brought up the supper.
President of the Board of Trade. There was, he said, a great Irish question Sir F. Heygate attributed O'Sullivan's misconduct and the general excite-
long before he entered Parliament, and since he had been there he had always ment which prevailed in Ireland to the recent release of Fenian prisoners-a
expressed the same view in regard to it. He did not accuse any particular measure intended, in his opinion, as " a stab at Lord Mayo and the late
landlords or set of proprietors, but he held that there never would be peace and Administration." Mr. Disraeli caught up this charge, remarking that, as the
security in Ireland until the population, by some means or other he was pre- Government had thought fit to open the gaols and send assassins and
pared to propose a plan which involved injustice to no man- were put in traitors swarming through the country, the mayor might have some reason
possession of the soil of the country in greater numbers than at present. The to imagine that his profligate folly would not be reprobated. Was there
time had come when acts of constant repression in Ireland were unjust and any precedent for a bill of pains and penalties for words alone, without any
evil, and when no more such acts should ever be sanctioned by Parliament specific act of malfeasance ? He had never heard of one. Certainly he never
unless attended with acts of a remedial and consoling nature. in his whole experience heard of so serious a step being taken on the mere ipse
Lord John Manners feared the dangerous speech of the President of the dixit of an Irish Attorney- General. Had the bill been introduced in the House
Board of Trade would inflame rather than soothe the agitation of the Irish. of Lords evidence could have been there taken upon oath.
Mr. Gladstone remarked that Mr. Bright had done his best to divest his well- Mr. C. Fortescue assured the House that the preamble of the bill would be
known views (in which he was more sanguine than many Liberals) of a revolu- proved by evidence at the bar, and that the mayor would have an ample
tionary aspect by declaring that he would propose nothing which, if he were an opportunity of exculpating himself if he could. Amid general cheering, he
Irish landlord, he would not himself cordially support. remarked that in the difficult task of vindicating the law, the Government had
MONDAY- In Committee , nine more clauses of the Irish Church Bill were a right to expect support from the leader of the Opposition . The release of the
disposed of. The chief subject of controversy was clause 32, regulating Fenians, which was by no means indiscriminate, had strengthened the moral
the sale of tithe-rent charges to landowners. In the bill the terms of purchase position of the Government. By a policy of mercy they had gained the right
were originally fixed at 22½ years' purchase, or by annual instalments of 4½ per of insisting with effect on measures of severity should they be required. Later
cent. ofthe money for 45 years. An amendment was proposed by Mr. Gladstone to in the debate Mr. Gladstone indignantly resented the contemptuous manner in
extend the payment of instalments over 52 years, the yearly payment being which Mr. Disraeli had spoken of the Irish Attorney-General. Dr. Ball, in
£4 95. per cent., with a deduction for poor rates. Various objections were made supporting the view that the bill should have been introduced in the House of
to this proposal, Professor Fawcett, Mr. Morrison , and others holding that it Lords, explained incidentally on behalf of Mr. Disraeli that he had no intention
was an extravagant waste of public money to commute a payment for ever into of saying anything personally offensive to the Attorney- General for Ireland .
one for 52 years, being equal to a gift of between £8,000,000 and £9,000,000 to Mr. Henley and Sir S. Northcote also expressed a preference for evidence on
oath.
Irish landlords for the purpose of greasing the wheels " of the measure ; Sir Colonel Wilson Patten had, soon after Mr. Disraeli's speech, risen to express
M. Beach and Sir F. Heygate raising a cry of " sacrilege and bribery," and
Colonel Barttelot complaining that a distinction was drawn between ecclesiastical his general approval ofthe bill as an exceptional measure for an exceptional
case. Mr. Hardy also differed from the leader of the Opposition. It was essen-
and impropriate tithes injurious to the latter. An amendment by Mr. Herbert
tial that O'Sullivan should be removed from office without a moment's delay ;
to reduce the 22½ years'purchase to 18 was withdrawn, after some discussion,
but Professor Fawcett then moved to omit all the clause relating to the redemp- Government would , indeed, be disgraced if he were not. Formal evidence of
his misconduct must, of course, be submitted to the House, though the facts were
tion by instalments. Mr. Gladstone justified the plan on the ground that the
notorious, and the culprit had himself admitted them. He could not admit
Commissioners would get twenty-two-and-a-half instead of seventeen years' that the House of Commons had lost its power of initiating such a measure
purchase, the ordinary market rate, while the 1 per cent. difference between because it could not take evidence on oath. Mr. Beresford Hope pointed out
the rate at which the landowner would borrow from the Commissioners
and pay them back would form a sinking fund. On a division the Professor's the danger to law and order in Ireland of an impression that any persons holding
amendment was rejected by 181 to 33. Mr. Gladstone agreed to an amend- themselves up to be the leaders of the Conservative party could in the least
ment to allow the commutation to be quickened by increased payments spread degree tamper with treason for the sake of a party victory. After some further
over a shorter time by mutual agreement. discussion the bill was read a first time.

TUESDAY.-At a morning sitting, from two to seven o'clock, for the purpose THURSDAY.-About nine hours were spent in Committee on the Irish
of expediting the Irish Church Bill, five hours' talk did not effect the passing Church Bill. An amendment by Sir. G. Jenkinson to the effect that Maynooth
of a single clause. All that was done was to negative, by 324 to 196, should not be compensated out of Church funds was rejected by 318 to 192,
Mr. Whalley's amendment repealing the whole of the Maynooth Act, and majority 126. Mr. Aytoun's amendment to give the professors and students
dissolving the corporation of the college. An encounter between Mr. Newdegate direct personal compensation, instead of a capital sum to the college, was also
and Mr. Whalley, fitfully prolonged, was the chief feature of the debate, lost by 305 to 198, majority 107.
[ 229 ]
 30 PALL MALL BUDGET.
[ MAY 7, 1869.

A telegram from Rome states that several prelates, chiefly from South
Summary of the Week's News . America, have already arrived, to be present at the Ecumenical Council.
FOREIGN NEWS The publication in " The History of the Campaign of 1866, by the Staff
There is not much news this week from the continent of Europe. The Officers of the Austrian Army," of a Prussian despatch, originally in cypher,
protocol of the negotiations between France and Belgium on the railway ques- has given a good deal of umbrage in Prussia, and the Prussian journals have
tion was published on Saturday in the official journals of both countries. charged the Austrian Government with having stolen the cypher, with bribing
M. Frère-Orban recapitulates the objections to the working ofthe Belgian lines Prussian officials, or with abusing the confidence of the Prussian Government.
by foreign companies, but with a view to facilitate the commercial intercourse The official Evening Post of Vienna of Wednesday replies to these accusations.
between France, Belgium, and Holland, the Government, he says, is ready to It says the publication of the despatch was exclusively the act of the compiler
give its warm support to the establishment of a direct service, such of the history, who found it in the archives. How it came there was no concern
service to be regulated according to local requirements. M. de Lavalette of the compiler, nor was any one entitled to ask. It also defends the Govern-
replies that the most favourable solution will be found in new agree- ment from the reproach of seeking to annoy Prussia. It is stated that Count
ments for the working of the whole or a portion of the Luxemburg, Beust intends to visit Egypt to be present at the opening of the Suez canal.
Liége, and Lemburg lines, and which should contain every guarantee In the Second Chamber of the Netherlands Parliament on Wednesday, it
for that control, supervision, and authority which incontestably belong was stated with reference to the rumoured disturbances at Java, that a telegram
to the Belgian Government. At the same time he will be glad to had been received in which were the following words :- " Trouble at Bekasoi-
obtain the same result by the means suggested by M. Frère-Orban. The troops were sent- disorder finished."
two Ministers, therefore, agree to appoint a mixed commission of six
members. The commission will be composed of men specially selected The St. Petersburg telegrams announce that Councillor von Stoeckl, the
for the purpose, and no diplomatic personages or officials of the Russian Minister to the United States, has been removed from his post, and that
foreign Ministers will take part in it. On Tuesday the negotiations were Admiral Menschikoff is dead. A report that an interview between the Emperors
the subject of some conversation in the Belgian Representative Chamber. The of Russia and Austria was to take place during the approaching summer has
supporters of the Government, through their leader, M. Detheux , announced been contradicted. It is stated that the Emperor of Russia will not this year
that they would reserve their opinion on what has been done till all the papers leave his dominions.
are before them. In the meantime they wished it to be understood that their The Atlantic cable has brought us scarcely any political or general news
silence is not to be construed into approbation. This speech called up this week. Advices from New York received by the mail inform us that the
M. Frère-Orban, who said that the reserve was unnecessary, as by the Con- rumours which had been in circulation that large and well-organised filibuster-
stitution the Government was solely responsible, and reiterated his assurances ing expeditions had started from American ports for Cuba have been officially
that the results of his mission would give satisfaction in both countries. declared to be false. According to the Daily News correspondent at New York,
M. Bara, the Minister of Justice, has placed his resignation in the hands of Mr. Sumner's speech on the Alabama claims treaty had been very well received,
the King. and is treated by the press as a very good statement of the American case.
But there is a good deal of disappointment felt at his not saying anything
The news from France during the last few days relates almost exclu- as to the precise form of the remedy to be resorted to, or of the satisfaction
sively to the preparations for the coming elections. The sudden change of to be demanded. Mr. Sumner, it seems, was suspected by many of having
front ofthe Constitutionnel, which after being for many years the leading semi- inspired the Tribune's proposal, that England should square accounts
official paper in Paris, has, since the dissolution of the Legislative Body, declared with the United States by surrendering Canada, but there was no trace in his
in favour of the tiers-parti, has naturally excited a good deal of discussion . It speech of this idea. There are plenty of writers and orators in America
is thought by some that the change may be only meant to cover the retreat who make no secret of their belief that Canada should be taken from England
of the Government from a too advanced position, which it finds itself unable by force, and that right speedily ; and there are plenty more who think England
to maintain in the elections, and enable it to adopt as its own those candidates might be readily persuaded into making the transfer, and the Canadians into sanc-
whom it would risk a defeat in opposing. M. Baroche has been appointed tioning it by their vote ; butthe plan of getting England to give up her American
Minister of Finance ad interim . In the Senate on Friday, M. de Lavalette, possessions by way of a penalty for her bad behaviour in the Alabama matter, and
in reply to Count de Segur, said the French Government had come to no at the same time as a pledge of perpetual friendship between the two countries,
determination relative to the evacuation of Rome, and added that France would has, the writer thinks, few supporters outside the Tribune office. Mr. Sumner's
only consider the question of leaving Rome when the security of the Pope was speech pretty certainly expresses Grant's views as to what ought to be done.
assured. The Senate was closed on Saturday by imperial decree. How far it accords with those of Mr. Fish the public does not know, as very
The Spanish Constituent Cortes is still discussing the drafts of the new little is known of his opinions on any point of foreign policy ; but that they
Constitution. The paragraphs which relate to religious questions have, it is agree generally with Grant's there cannot be much doubt, and that Grant will
said, been modified in a liberal sense, but what the modifications are the not interfere much, if at all, in the management of foreign affairs , is also
telegraph has not informed us. In a speech delivered by Señor Castelar on tolerably certain.
Wednesday, he announced that he had abandoned Roman Catholicism for A private letter from the Fiji Islands states that there has been a dreadful
" philosophy and reason." It is reported that the majority of the Cortes is dis- outbreak of the natives, owing to a dispute with two white men who have a
satisfied with the Ministry, but that no change is likely to take place until the large plantation. The natives burnt £ 5,000 worth of cotton , killed a half- caste
future form of government has been decided upon. Another candidate for the boy, twelve years of age, and ate him , killed and ate five horses, stole £500
vacant throne is now mentioned - Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen. worth of property, killed four labourers (Sandwich men) belonging to the white
He is thirty-four years old, and married to a sister of the present King of men, cooked them, and, as a mark of contempt, gave the bodies to the pigs
Portugal. His father, Prince Charles Antoine, abdicated the government of his to eat. They afterwards killed and ate all their pigs, poultry, &c.; and any-
principality in favour of the King of Prussia, so that Prince Leopold has no thing they could not use they broke up and threw into the river. They have
hope of reigning in his own country. Envoys from the Spanish Government totally ruined Messrs. Burt and Underwood, the two white men.
are said to have left for Germany to offer him the Crown. A semi-official paper
at Florence denies that the Duke of Aosta has any ambition to become King of The last overland mail brought further particulars of the Ameer Shere Ali's
Spain. Disturbances have again been reported in the northern part of the visit to British India. The Ameer did not, it is said, obtain quite so much as
country, and on Friday evening, the 30th ult., the telegraphic communication he expected ; but he was by no means dissatisfied. According to the Bombay
between Paris and Spain was interrupted for several hours. A question on the Gazette, he wanted the British Government to guarantee the integrity of his
subject was put in the Cortes on Saturday, in answer to which the Minister territory up to the old limits ofthe Dooranee empire, to assist him in recovering
of Justice said that the partisans both of Don Carlos and Queen Isabella were Seistan from Persia, and to enter into a formal treaty binding Government to
incessantly at work with the object of bringing about civil war. The Govern-
the fulfilment of those engagements. It was necessary to meet these requests
ment, however, would act with energy, and one of the bands had been dispersed with a refusal. Another of his requests was for European military officers :
by the troops on Friday in Asturias. In Navarre a volunteer of liberty had this also was refused. He next asked for native officers, and was promised
been assassinated by Carlists that morning, and Colonel Lagunery had been them if volunteers could be found . But there is a great deal more he has been
wounded. The Minister proceeded to state that the Government could vouch promised without any "if." He is to get a lakh of rupees ( 10,000) a
for the fidelity of the army and volunteers, and he believed that the ordinary month ; he is to have a complete battery of guns, and a supply of any arms
means would be sufficient for preventing a breach of the peace. If, however, he may require in addition to the several thousand stands sent to him a few
necessity should require it, the Government would call upon the House to grant months ago. Indeed, there seems to have been a promise of any material
them extraordinary powers. A late telegram states that thirty- six persons, support that may be needed , short of an expedition. He is to have our " moral
including several superior officers, both on active service and half-pay, have support " also- whatever it may count for- through thick and thin. There is
been arrested at Barcelona, charged with being implicated in a Carlist con- to be no envoy sent to Cabul, for the present at all events, but it seems still to
spiracy. be expected that a special political agent will be appointed, with quarters at the
An important redistribution of Italian parties is about to take place. The frontier, as a medium of communication with the Ameer. There is to be no
Piedmontese members, who acknowledged the leadership of Signor Ferraris, treaty, but protocols will be exchanged after the Ameer has returned to Cabul.
and the Third Party, which was led by Signor Mordini, have decided to join The last interview between Lord Mayo and the Afghan ruler took place on the
the Premier, General Menabrea, and thus separate themselves entirely from 3rd of April, and on the 5th both left Umballa. Shere Ali proceeded on his
Signor Rattazzi and the Left, with whose extreme opposition to the way to Cabul, and a telegram direct from Calcutta informs us that on the 28th
Government the Piedmontese and the Third Party have long been he had got as far as Jellalabad. Lord Mayo, after visiting the Ganges Canal,
dissatisfied. On Monday, in the course of a discussion of the revenue was going on a tiger- shooting expedition, and would then proceed to Simla,
estimates, Signor Ferraris explained the programme of his party. Its principal where he was expected to arrive about the 20th of April. Lady Mayo had
points were, he said, liberal government, strict administrative economy, and gone to Kussowlie. H.M.S. Spiteful had been sent from Trincomalee to take
the firm maintenance of the national aspirations. The mission of the party possession of the Nicobar Islands. The Jubbulpore police had detected a
of action, he added, had entirely ceased, and Parliament was now the system of kidnapping children, carried on by the Bunjaras, a wandering tribe
sole source of the national strength and initiative. He subsequently declared of Central India. It is supposed that this system has up to the present
that it was the intention of his party to support the Government, without, time been habitually followed by the Bunjaras. Her Majesty's 58th
however, expressing approval of all past measures. He afterwards moved Regiment was suffering severely from cholera at Allahabad. Upwards of
certain orders of the day, urging union and concord in Parliament to ensure twenty deaths had occurred. The Hon. L. H. Bayley, Advocate- General
the restoration of the finances to a sound condition by strict economy and of Bombay, had been appointed a judge of the High Court of Judicature,
better organization , affirming that the maintenance of these principles would Bombay, vice Sir Joseph Arnould, who retires. Mr. James Sewell White
ensure " a natural and orderly development of constitutional liberty," and succeeds Mr. Bayley as Advocate-General. Mr. Gerald Fitzgerald, private
expressing confidence that the Cabinet would conduct the public administration secretary to the Governor of Bombay, was about to proceed to England for
in that sense. The two first were carried unanimously, and the third by 168 ayes change of air.
against 20 noes, 77 members of the Left abstaining from voting. Rumours of a
change intheMinistry in consequence of these movements are daily gaining more HOME NEWS.
consistency. General Menabrea and Count Cambray-Digny, with probably The Queen is still at Osborne, but beyond this there is no Court news to
one or two more of the present Ministers, will remain in office, but beyond report. Her Majesty is expected to go to Balmoral next week. It is officially
these, it is thought, there will be a complete remodelling of the Cabinet. announced that the Prince of Wales will hold a levee at St. James's Palace on
The Prince and Princess of Wales have been travelling through Italy on behalf of her Majesty on the 1st of June.
their way home. On Monday they arrived at Turin, and on Tuesday they Prince Arthur has brought his tour in Ireland to a close, and has paid a
passed over Mont Cenis by special train on their way to Paris. visit to the Isle of Man. On Thursday, the 29th ult., he went to the Giant's
[ 230 ]
 MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 31

Causeway, and visited all the spots of interest. Crowds of spectators assembled, on his relinquishing all idea of a residence in Ireland." Meanwhile the " National
an address was presented to the Prince by Archdeacon Hincks, incumbent of Association " has passed resolutions expressing confidence in the promises of
the parish, and the National Anthem was sung on the Great Causeway. On Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Bright to bring in a measure dealing with the land
Friday afternoon, the Prince arrived at Shane's Castle, where he was received question.
most warmly by the assembled crowd. At night there was a ball at the castle, The Right Hon. Thomas Lefroy, ex- Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, died on
and on the following day, Saturday (his birthday), the Prince visited Belfast, Tuesday at Bray from an attack of bronchitis. The late Chief Justice is stated
where he had an enthusiastic reception. The day was observed as a general to have been in his ninety-sixth year. He was called to the bar in Easter
holiday, and the thoroughfares were completely blocked up by the crowds. The term, 1797. The deaths are also announced of Sir Arthur W. Buller, M.P. for
Prince, after making a tour of the town, visited the Town Hall, where an address Liskeard ; of Sir Thomas Maryon Wilson , whose name is well known to
was presented to him by the corporation , and then went to a flower show in the Londoners as that of the lord of the manor of Hampstead ; of Sir John Edmond
Royal Botanic Gardens, where a blind harper sang an original song by a local de Beauvoir, Bart., son of the late Sir John Edmond Browne, who changed his
poet in honour of the Prince's birthday to the music of his harp, but the Prince name to " De Beauvoir " in 1827 ; of Mr. Samuel Scott, the banker of Caven-
could notgetnear him on account of the pressure of the crowd. The Queen's College dish-square ; and of Mr. Toulmin Smith, well-known as a writer upon parochial
was next visited, and here the Prince received an address from the president, administration and other subjects.
professors, and students. While the Prince was inspecting the library of the
institution the students gave cheers for the Lord Lieutenant and groans for the There is a report that Sir Thomas Western, Bart. , will be raised to the
students of Trinity College, Dublin. On leaving the College his Royal Highness peerage.
proceeded to the music-hall, where he was entertained at a déjeûner by the Mr. Stephen W. Flanagan, Q.C., has been appointed to the Landed Estates
corporation. He then visited the monument which is being erected in memory Court in Ireland. He was called to the bar in 1838, and was formerly an officer
of his father at the foot of High-street, and returned to Shane's Castle, where of the Encumbered Estates Court.
there was a display of fireworks in the evening to celebrate the Prince's birth-
day. On Monday he again went to Belfast, visited several of the principal mills The Gazette has announced the appointment of Major-General E. Frome
and warehouses, and was present at the citizens' ball in the evening. At half- to be Lieutenant- Governor of Guernsey, and of Mr. C. A. Cobbe to be Inspector
past two in the morning he embarked for the Isle of Man in the Vivid. of Constabulary, in the room of Colonel Cartwright, resigned. It has also
The Prince landed at Port Erin, on the south-west coast of the island, at been announced that the dignity of a Knight of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland has been granted to Mr. James Martin, late First
half- past twelve o'clock, and immediately drove to Castletown, and thence to Minister and Attorney-General of New South Wales ; and to Mr. Robert
Douglas, where he met with a most enthusiastic greeting from the inhabitants, Officer, Speaker of the House of Assembly of Tasmania.
who lined the thoroughfares through which his Royal Highness passed en route
to the Castle Mona Hotel, where he was presented with addresses from the The hearing of the Stafford election petition commenced on Tuesday before
authorities_in_the_island. The Prince afterwards dined with the Lieutenant- Mr. Justice Blackburn. The sitting member is Colonel Meller ( C. ), and the
Governor at Government House, and at night attended a grand ball given by seat is claimed by Mr. Chawner (L.) , the defeated candidate. The proceedings
the Lieutenant- Governor at Castle Mona Hotel, to which about 400 of the will therefore result in a scrutiny. Coloner Meller's majority at the election was
leading residents in the island had been invited. At night Douglas was 17, but Mr. Chawner's friends object to 912 of the votes given for the Conserva-
brilliantly illuminated, and there were great rejoicings in the town. tive, and 497 votes are objected to on the other side. There is also a counter
petition against Mr. Pochin, the sitting Liberal member, on the ground of
It appears that two men were killed in the riot which took place at Derry on
the night of the Prince's arrival in that town. A third man is not expected to intimidation and bribery. Three petitions have been disposed of by the Court
recover. An inquest has been held on the bodies of the deceased, at which a of Common Pleas this week. In the case of the Taunton petition the Court
decided on Tuesday that the judgment of Mr. Justice Blackburn, which
good deal of conflicting evidence was given. The jury deliberated three hours
before giving their verdict, and then found that one of the inen was killed by a seated Mr. Henry James in the room of Mr. Serjeant Cox, must be
against the
bullet fired by the constabulary, and they expressed an opinion that the regarded as final and conclusive, and that all further proceedings
authorities were to blame for not exercising proper precaution for the pre- return ofthe present member must be stayed. On Wednesday the petition against
servation of the peace. The police, the jury believed, received provocation, but the return of Mr. Hamilton (L. ) for Salisbury came before the court upon a
special case. The question submitted was whether compound occupiers, whose
not such as to justify them"" in firing on the crowd without giving warning.
Derry has been " proclaimed' that is, placed under the provisions of the Peace rates were paid by the landlords under a local Act, had a right to vote. If they
Preservation Act. were not, and the number of votes given by these persons for Mr. Hamilton
were deducted, Mr. Ryder, the Conservative candidate, would have been in a
Prince Arthur declined to visit Cork, the mayor of which city has succeeded in majority, and would have been entitled to the seat. The court held that on this
attracting a large share of public attention , both in and out of Parliament, by point the register as passed by the revising barrister was final and conclusive,
his extraordinary conduct. In a letter to the local Examiner on Friday, the and gave judgment for the sitting member with costs. On Thursday the court
29th ult., he repudiated the construction placed on his speech at the banquet to gave judgment in the case of Mr. Birley, the Conservative member for Man-
Warren and Costello. He would, he wrote, be the last man in Ireland to justify chester, whose return was questioned on the ground that as a partner in the
the taking of the life of either prince or peasant. " I called O'Farrell ' noble,' not firm of Macintosh and Co. he was interested in Government contracts , and
because of what he did, but because I considered him to be sincere in his love therefore disqualified . The court held that Mr. Birley had before the
for Ireland. That is, in my mind, a great virtue, and one that should endear electio ceased to be 66 a person executing, holding, or enjoying " a con-
his memory to his countrymen." On the same day the mayor was interro- tract under which anything remained to be done by him, and he had been
gated in the town council as to his speech, when he repeated the converted into a mere creditor of the Government. As to a second contract
above explanation , and vehemently repudiated the supposition that he sympa- which had been mentioned - for supplying articles to the Broadmoor Lunatic
thized with assassination . If he saw a weapon raised at prince or peasant he Asylum- it was not a formal contract in the popular sense, and neither Mr.
would, he said, be the first to turn it aside, but he would not deny to any of Birley nor his firm , nor anybody connected with it, knew until after the election
his countrymen-he would not deny to the men hanged at Manchester, or to that it was a contract with the Government, and the court was satisfied that it
Barratt, who was supposed to have blown up Clerkenwell prison- " the posses- it was not the intention of the Legislature that such a casual act as this should
sion of honourable motives , or that they were sincere lovers of their country." work a disqualification. This being so, their judgment was that Mr. Birley was
Mr. Lyons, one of the aldermen of the city, called upon the mayor to entitled to retain his seat.
repudiate in toto the sentiments attributed to him ; otherwise he could not con- Mr. Horsman has issued an address to the electors of Liskeard, where the
scientiously continue to sit with him at the board. A warm discussion ensued, death of Sir Arthur Buller has caused a vacancy, placing his service at their
and finally the meeting broke up without coming to any conclusion further than disposal, though he does not formally offer himself as a candidate. The names
the expression of an intention to await the consideration of the matter by the of Lord Amberley, Mr. Milner Gibson, Lord Eliott, Mr. Bernal Osborne, and
law officers of the Crown.
Mr. Grenfell, have also been mentioned.
On the following day, Saturday, when the mayor took his seat on the It is reported that considerable bitterness of feeling has arisen out of the
bench at the police- court, Mr. Pollok, a Conservative magistrate, who has had
frequent encounters with Mr. O'Sullivan, refused to hand him the charge- difference of views entertained not only amongst independent Liberals of
sheet as chairman, and a struggle for its possession took place, during which it various shades, but amongst members of the Government itself, regarding the
was torn. The magistrates afterwards held a meeting, under the presidency of attitude taken by Mr. Bright in Friday evening's debate on the Irish land
Lord Fermoy, at which the conduct and language of the mayor were strongly question. " The names of more than one member of the Cabinet," we are
told, " are freely mentioned in connection with the right to pledge them to his
condemned, and it was resolved to request the Government to take some action
well-known scheme for buying up Irish estates with Government money, and
in the matter. On Sunday night the mayor's friends held an open- air meeting,
breaking them up into peasant properties. It is said by those who dislike the
and passed a vote of confidence in him. His " persecutors " were condemned , scheme, and who object to its announcement from the Treasury bench before
and Alderman Lyons was denounced as a traitor, spy, and informer. The crowd it has been considered in the Cabinet,
that the expressions with which it was
dispersed, cheering for O'Sullivan, Warren, and Costello. Subsequently accompanied, intimating that unless brought forward its author would not con-
bands went about playing, and some barrels were lighted. Addressing tinue to hold the office of a Minister, were calculated to take away freedom of
a crowd in front of his residence, the Mayor " disavowed sympathy with deliberation in the Cabinet. This is stoutly controverted by
the friends and
assassination," " expressed his confidence in Messrs. Gladstone and Bright, supporters of the right honourable gentleman, and will as a matter of course be
and repudiated any kind of revolution in Ireland other than a peaceful one." repudiated by his colleagues, if they are interrogated on the subject in
both
On Monday morning he went to the police- court an hour and a half before the Houses." There is also a rumour, the correctness of which, however, is open
usual time, and either discharged or remanded the prisoners. When his to question, that a section of the opponents to the Irish Church Bill in the
colleagues arrived he told them there was nothing to do. At the ordinary Upper House have resolved to move, when the bill comes before that house,
monthly meeting of the council on the same day an unsuccessful attempt was
that all consideration of it should be postponed till a complete scheme of their
made to pass resolutions condemnatory of the magistrates, and declaring the reforms affecting Ireland has been elicited from the
ministry, and " that the
explanations of the mayor as to his language at the Fenian banquet satisfactory. Lords, as a body, deprecate the piecemeal legislation, the hole- and- corner policy
The mayor made a speech, and abused in intemperate language Lord Fermoy, which the Premier has adopted." It is added that Lord Westbury is the origi-
Mr. Lyons, and the magistrates generally, whom he characterized as cut-throat nating spirit of this determination, and that his lordship will most probably be
Orangemen and traitorous Catholics. Mr. Alderman Lyons, it is stated, has
received a letter informing him that it had been decreed that he should be shot selected as the propounder of the motion.
before the 15th. The measures adopted by the Government with reference to On Monday a great ." demonstration " against the bill, which had been
the mayor are described in our parliamentary summary. widely advertised for some time, was held at St. James's Hall. There was a
good attendance, especially of clergymen and ladies. The Earl of Harrowby
The recent assassinations in Ireland, the perpetrators of which are still presided. The Bishop of Derry offered prayer at the commencement of the
undiscovered, have produced a very uneasy feeling among the possessors of proceedings, and the principal speakers were the Duke of Marlborough , the
landed property in that country. A letter in the Manchester Guardian says : - Duke of Rutland , Sir Joseph Napier, Lord Fitzwalter, and Mr. J. C. Colquhoun.
" It is useless to deny that alarm, always contagious and sure to be exaggerated Resolutions were passed protesting against Mr. Gladstone's bill as " subversive
by political feeling, pervades the proprietary class who are connected with of rights, and destructive of interests secured by fundamental laws and inter-
Ireland. One instance has come to my knowledge of a Roman Catholic, of national treaty," and expressing a hope that the House of Lords will, " in the
noble family, who, having purchased in the Encumbered Estates Court some exercise of their undoubted constitutional privileges , refuse their assent to a
property which is situated in one of the disturbed counties, has for some time measure so prejudicial to the Protestant religion and so perilous to the peace and
been laying out a large sum of money in improvements. Last year he gave integrity of the empire."
notice to quit to a tenant of a small grass farm which he wished to include in On Tuesday, a large meeting in favour ofthe Permissive Prohibitory Liquor
his park. The man has been in consequence dispossessed, and the life of the Bill was held at St. James's Hall, Archdeacon Sandford in the chair,
proprietor has been threatened in such a manner that his family have insisted
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 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.
32

Among those present were Dr. Manning, Mr. G. Morgan, M.P. , Mr. Dalway, report of the Committee should be in favour of the ballot, and that there was a
M.P. , Mr. Blake, M.P., Mr. T. Whitworth, M.P., Mr. S. Pope, Sir Wilfrid good prospect of the question being made a Cabinet one. Resolutions were
Lawson, M.P. , and Dr. Brewer, M.P. The chairman, in opening the proceed- adopted asserting that vote by ballot has become a national political necessity,
ings, said he had devoted the last two years of his life to an investigation ofthe and entreating the friends of free and protected voting to subscribe to the
evils attending the liquor traffic ofthe country, and he had obtained such a mass £ 1,000 fund which the Ballot Society is now raising for the purpose of dissemi-
of information as to decide him to throw his whole energy into the movement nating information on the subject by means of lectures, public meetings, and
initiated by the United Kingdom Alliance for the suppression of the traffic in otherwise.
all intoxicating drinks. Dr. Manning, in seconding a resolution declaring the The formation of an evangelical sisterhood , to be known as " The Evangelical
legal facilities given for the sale of intoxicating liquors to be a great source Protestant Deaconesses' Institute and Training Hospital," was celebrated on
of pauperism and crime, warmly supported the Permissive Bill, which he Saturday afternoon in the grounds of the building which is to be the head-
contended was neither an impracticable nor an extreme measure, and repudiated quarters of the new sisterhood. A luncheon was given in a tent erected in
the notion that free trade in drink should be allowed. The resolution was
the grounds, and this was followed by a public meeting, over which Mr. Samuel
adopted, as was also another calling upon the reformed Parliament to adopt Morley, M.P., presided, and in which the Rev. Mr. Hale, Vicar of Tottenham,
efficient measures to remedy the evils of the liquor traffic, and a petition to the Rev. T. Binney, and other Nonconformist ministers, took part. The
Parliament in favour of the Permissive Bill. On the following day a deputation institution is described by its founder and director (Dr. Laseron, a retired
waited upon Mr. Bruce to present to him a memorial in favour of the bill. medical practitioner of Tottenham), as " a voluntary association of Christian
After having heard speeches by Mr. Bazley, M.P. , Mr. Pope, Dr. Manning, and women for the performance of works of active benevolence, such as
Archdeacon Sandford, Mr. Bruce said that he was called away on important the nursing of the sick and training of the young." The deaconesses
business, but he would take the opportunity of saying that he heartily wear white caps and aprons, with dark coloured dresses and bonnets.
sympathized with the deputation in its efforts to diminish intemperance, and They will nurse in private families, when asked to do so, upon certain condi-
they knew the Government had the same end in view. The Under Secretary 66
tions. They must be addressed as sister," and be allowed sufficient rest,
was afterwards addressed by other speakers ; but he could not speak in reply exercise, and quietude. Travelling expenses, board, &c., must be provided,
of the intentions of the Government. but no charge is to be made for their services. The deaconesses are
The annual meetings of the Liberation Society were held on Wednesday. to be of all ranks, receiving maintenance from a common fund ; private
In the morning a meeting of the Council was held at the Cannon- street Hotel, means, however, 66to be left at the possessor's uncontrolled disposal. Evangelical
at which the report of the committee was presented. The committee state that principles, and a satisfactory recommendation from the pastor of the church
"the impression existing in the minds of some of their supporters, that their to which they belong," are mentioned amongst the qualifications for admission.
greatest difficulties have been overcome, and that the irresistible tendency of It is expected that each sister will promise to remain at least five years in the
events will achieve a yet uncompleted work, is one in which they do not share." service of the institution, unless unforeseen events compel her withdrawal.
They, on the contrary, feel that the most formidable portion of their enterprise Candidates for admission must be over seventeen and not more than thirty-five
has yet to be entered upon. The expenditure of the past year (£7,783 13s. 10d.) years of age. They must not be engaged to be married nor have any intention
had been the largest incurred since the society's formation, but the receipts had of making such engagement. The community is modelled upon the principles
also increased, and the treasurer had a balance in hand of £ 1,129 7s. 6d. In of the well-known establishment at Kaiserswerth , on the Rhine, and the lady
the evening a soirée was held at St. James's Hall. The chair was taken by superintendent at Tottenham was ten years at that place.
Mr. Alfred Illingworth, M.P. , and the principal speakers were Mr. E. Miall, M.P. , A movement is on foot in the county of Cork in favour of having agriculture
Mr. H. Richard, M.P., Mr. Serjeant Dowse, M.P., Dr. Sandwith, and the taught at the different national schools in the country.
Rev. Samuel Martin.
The eightieth annual dinner of the Royal Literary Fund took place on Mr. Rupert Kettle, county court judge at Wolverhampton, has succeeded in
Wednesday under the presidency of Lord Stanley, on whose immediate arbitrating between the masters and men in the north of England iron trade.
right sat the Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Prince Ali Kadr Hussen Ali The question of wages- the men demanding an advance of 10 per cent.—was
some time ago submitted to the local board of arbitration, but no settlement
Bahadoor. In proposing the toast of the evening his lordship said that the
lists of those who had been assisted by the fund in their hours of difficulty could be arrived at, the votes on each side being equal. Mr. Rupert Kettle was
then called in as arbitrator, and that gentleman, after going through the
comprised names of the highest distinction in English and, though more rarely,
in foreign literature. " I went," he added, " through your records from the first, masters' contracts and prices for the last six years, intimated on Saturday that,
if called upon to decide, he must give judgment against the men at present, yet
year by year and case by case, and in the presence of your secretary I noted
off a list containing over sixty names of those assisted, to every one of which if the whole year were taken, with the prospective improvement in prices, the
the credit of eminence in his or her respective line could not be denied. men would probably, with reason, soon make another demand. A compromise
What I mean by eminence, for the word is vague, is this-that of those sixty odd was, therefore, suggested, and it was eventually agreed that there should be
an advance of 5 per cent., to rule until the end of the year. On
names there is not one which would not be familiar-I do not say merely to
professed students of literature or science, but to any well- educated individual Tuesday, Mr. Kettle visited Manchester, having been called upon by
having ordinary acquaintance with the literature and science of the last half- the builders and the carpenters and joiners of that city to arbitrate between them
century." Lord Stanley also mentioned that the late Mr. Brown, a member of and their employers as to the settlement of two questions- the hours of labour
the publishing firm of Messrs. Longmans and Co., had bequeathed to the fund and the mode of payment. After an inquiry which occupied four hours, Mr.
Kettle decided in favour of the masters. His award was in support of payment
a sum of £ 3,000, being, with a single exception- that of the Newton bequest
sixty years ago-the largest contribution ever made by a private individual. by the hour, and against the application of the men for a reduction of the hours
The trustees of the fund subscribed some years ago for the erection of a statue of labour. Strikes in the building trade have taken place in several other
towns in the north of England. The strike in the cotton trade at Preston
to Lord Macaulay had also handed to the fund a surplus of £50 which remained
after all the expenses connected with the erection of the statue had been seems to be fast dying out.
defrayed. Mr. Reverdy Johnson, in responding to the toast of the diplomatic The meeting of the Great Central Gas Company on Friday, the 30th ult.,
body, reiterated his conviction that peace between England and America was was a rather noisy one ; but though the conduct of the directors was a good
not likely to be disturbed. Among the other speakers were Lord Stratford deal criticised, they succeeded in passing their resolutions. The motion for a
de Redcliffe, Sir John Burgoyne, Lord Colchester, Lord Lawrence, Lord Justice committee of investigation was lost by ninety-three to sixty-three, and in spite
Giffard, and Mr. Anthony Trollope. of opposition the retiring directors, Mr. Alderman Dakin, Sir T. Gabriel,
The annual Royal Academy banquet took place on Saturday at the new Mr. Austin, and Mr. Bennoch, were re-elected. When some of the shareholders
building at Burlington House. The speeches were of the usual character. The present complained that the style in which Higgs lived had not attracted the
directors' attention , Mr. Alderman Dakin retorted with the observation that
artists were, of course, congratulated on being housed in their new home, and
the Bishop of Oxford, in saying grace, acknowledged the hand of the Almighty some of the shareholders who lived in the immediate neighbourhood of Higgs
in the matter. The Duke of Cambridge returned thanks for the army (referring ought to have communicated with the directors. Several of them did so, he
to the fact that it was the anniversary of Wellington's birthday), Lord Chelms- added, but only after Higgs had absconded.
ford for the navy, and Major Leighton for the volunteers. Mr. Gladstone spoke The opening of the British and Foreign Bible Society's new building in
on behalf ofthe Queen's Ministers, and promised that if the Academy should the new street now being constructed from Blackfriars Bridge to the Mansion
ever revert to their old custom of not proposing a special toast in honour of House was celebrated on Monday by an evening service at St. Paul's Cathedral.
the Government of the day, the men who might compose it would not resent The Archbishop of Canterbury preached, and among the clergy who officiated
the omission as long as they were asked to dinner. Mr. Disraeli returned were the Dean of St. Paul's, Canon Melvill, Archdeacon Hale, Prebendaries
thanks for the House of Commons. The Archbishop of Canterbury said the Marshall, Griffith, Mackenzie, Gibbs, Auriol, and Venn. Mr. Binney and other
dissociation of art from religion was not good for either art or religion ; and Dissenting Ministers, Lord Shaftesbury, Lord Charles Russell, the Lord Mayor,
Mr. Reverdy Johnson, who returned thanks for himself, reiterated his assu- and the two Sheriffs were also present. In the evening the Lord Mayor
rances of the goodwill of Americans towards England, said that the Fenians entertained the Archbishop and the Committee of the Society at dinner at the
had given as much trouble to the United States as to this country, and asserted Mansion House.
that war between the two countries was impossible, unless the Governments
The foundation stone of new offices for the Society for the Prevention of
of both were " absolutely insane." Lord Lawrence made a speech which is Cruelty to Animals in Jermyn-street, St. James's, was laid on Tuesday by
not reported, and the Lord Mayor ventured to say that the pictures were as
good as any he had seen ; he had been warned not to criticize nor even to Miss Burdett Coutts. Mr. George Wood, one of the patrons of the society,
praise ; but as Molière was anxious to know the opinion even of his own has given £ 5,000 for the purchase of the site, and the cost of the building will
be about £2,900.
servant, the members of the Royal Academy might not altogether disdain that
of the Chief Magistrate of London. The Dean of Westminster was called On Saturday Miss Burdett Coutts gave an afternoon party at Holly Lodge,
upon, at the fag end of the proceedings, to respond to the usual compliment to Highgate, to 600 of Messrs. Cubitt's workmen and labourers, being all the
literature. hands who have worked longest during the past five years in the building
of Columbia-square Market.
A consolation banquet was given to Mr. Milner Gibson by the Ashton
Liberals on Wednesday night. The right hon. gentleman had given to him an The number of deaths registered in London last week was 1,288, being less
address and a silver salver, and Mrs. Milner Gibson was presented with a gold by 171 than the estimated number, and 89 less than were reported in the
bracelet. In acknowledging the presentation Mr. Gibson spoke of the present previous week. The mean temperature of the air was 51.9 degrees, or 3.3 degrees
position of the ballot question. Hitherto, he said, it had been what was called above the average of the last fifty years. There was, however, a variation in
by parliamentary men an open question, and if it had been left in that position, the temperature to the extent of 35.7 degrees, the highest day temperature being
which was its real position, he had no doubt that it would have taken very 73.3 degrees, on Wednesday, and the lowest night temperature, 37.6 degrees, on
good care of itself. But the Government had interfered . He did not find fault Friday.
with the Government for doing so, but he should unless he had confidence
in the Administration . He believed that by their having interfered, and pro- The Rev. G. B. Hamilton, Essex county chaplain , in a letter to the Times,
asks the public not to accept the result of Mr. Heale's effort to obtain some
posed a preliminary inquiry, though some might have an idea that it merely information respecting the supposed European captives among the Somalis, as
meant a postponement of the question, the Government meant themselves
ultimately to form an opinion (and that opini on could not be but favourable), any disproof of their existence, as it does not appear from the despatch received
from Mr. Churchill that Mr. Heale has done more than has been continually
and he trusted to bring it forward as a Government question.
attempted during the last nine years, without satisfactory explanation of failure,
On Thursday afternoon a conference on the ballot was held in the West- by Government. The only way to obtain authentic information, Mr. Hamilton
minster Palace Hotel, Mr. Samuel Morley, M.P., in the chair. The chairman, believes, is by sending into the interior a European acquainted with the natives
Sir H. Hoare, Sir R. Clifton, Mr. Leatham, and other members spoke. Mr. and their language ; and until such a step be taken the mystery and uneasiness
Leatham said the majority of the present Government were anxious that the which surround this question cannot be dispelled .
[ 232 ]
 MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 33

r
Up to this time only one native had succeeded in the open competition fo mode of reforming the council, Lord Granville pointed out the extreme difficulty
the Civil Service of India, but the list of selected candidates for the present year' in a Crown colony, composed of 1,500 Europeans and 80,000 Asiatics, of having
which is published in another column, contains the names of no less than four' any legislative assembly which would represent all the races, and added that
and one of them, Mr. Romesh Chunder Dutt, stands, by order of merit, third in a council in which the majority were unofficial, Europeans might act most
in the list of the fifty successful candidates, the whole number of the injuriously upon the rights of the majority of the population.
candidates having been 330 ; another, Mr. Bihari Lal Gupta, is fourteenth ;
the other two, Mr. Surendra Nath Banerjea and Mr. Sripad Babaji
Thakur, are respectively thirty-eighth and thirty-ninth. Mr. Thakur, a THE CHURCH AND THE UNIVERSITIES.
Parsee, has been only five months in England, and comes from Bombay, The reports of the health of the Bishop of Carlisle continue to be of a very
where he received his education in Elphinstone College, and took the unsatisfactory character.
degree of B.A. Messrs. Dutt, Gupta, and Banerjea, who are Hindoos,
began their studies at the Calcutta University, where Messrs. Dutt and The archdeaconry of Norfolk, which lately became vacant, has been con-
Gupta studied for three years in Presidency College, passing their ferred upon the Rev. Richard Blakelock, M.A. , Rector of Gimingham, near
first examination in arts, and Mr. Banerjea, after four years of study in North Walsham. The rev. gentleman was educated at St. Catherine's Hall
Doveton College, took the degree of B.A. During the last twelve months (now College), Cambridge, where he took his B.A. degree in 1825 , when he was
these three gentlemen have been students at University College, London. 13th wrangler and 8th in the second class of the classical tripos.
The table of marks obtained in the several subjects shows that Mr. Dutt stood
higher in each of the five subjects upon which he offered himself for examina- The Rev. W. J. E. Bennett, vicar of Frome, in a sermon at Bristol on
tion than either of the two candidates who head the list, standing below them Sunday night, rebuked his clerical brethren who dread the separation of
Church and State, which Mr. Bennett believes to be coming. If free from the
only because he had selected fewer subjects. The gentleman first on the list
had taken nine. In Sanskrit Mr. Dutt was first, and he took the second place State, which was composed of all sorts of creeds and no creeds, the Church
in English literature. Mr. Thakur and Mr. Gupta followed closely upon Mr. might, Mr. Bennett said, go and preach the Gospel to the poor from the old
doctrines of the Catholic faith, as handed down to them. They would have
Dutt in Sanskrit, and Mr. Gupta was a good third in moral science.
no more bishops to sit in the House of Lords and bring in discipline laws.
Lord Houghton has given notice that in Committee on the Government of Even the slightest symptom of a return to such a golden era was no cause of
India Act Amendment Bill he shall propose the repeal of that section of the grief or fear--they ought rather to rejoice and be exceeding glad.
Act of 1857 which debars members of the Indian Council from sitting in The annual general meeting of the Church Missionary Society was held on
Parliament.
Tuesday morning in Exeter Hall. The Archbishop of Canterbury presided,
In the House ofCommons on Monday evening Sir Stafford Northcote asked supported bythe Earl of Chichester, Lord Fitzwalter, the Bishop of Ripon, the
the Under Secretary of State for India what restrictions were imposed by law, Bishop of New Zealand (nominate), Bishop Smith, Bishop Ryan, the Bishop of
or by the authority of the Secretary of State in Council, upon the power ofthe Mauritius, the Dean of Exeter, Mr. Fowler, M.P., the Hon. Arthur Kinnaird,
Governor-General of India in Council, with respect to the expenditure of the M.P., and other gentlemen. The Rev. J. Mee, M.A., read the report, which
revenues of India. Mr. Grant Duff said in matters of expenditure, as in all stated that the ordinary income of the year from all sources had amounted to
others, the Governor- General was entirely under the control of the Secretary of £ 157,330 11s. 6d.
State in Council, and any disobedience of orders was punishable as for mis-
demeanour. It was not the practice, and he trusted it never would be, to inter- The Taylorian (modern languages) scholarships at Oxford have been awarded
fere vexatiously with that great functionary, who acted upon the assumption as follows : -For French with German, Mr. Ploetz, demy of Magdalen College ;
that his acts would be recognized and approved of by the Secretary of State in for German with French, Mr. F. R. Graham, of Lincoln College.
Council. For all practical purposes the control of the Home Government was
complete, because in case of any new and serious expenditure, the Governor- THE ARMY AND NAVY.
General consulted the Secretary of State directly.
The fourth of the Society of Arts' Conferences on Indian subjects was held Major- General Whitfield, late of the 2nd West India Regiment, will, it is
on Friday, the 30th ult., at the society's house. Mr. George Campbell was in the and stated, succeed the late General Brunker in command of the troops in China
chair ; and the conference was opened by Mr. Leonard Wray, who read a paper Japan.
on " Indian Fibres," excluding silk and cotton, which have received separate The Army and Navy Gazette says that it is not true that Major- General
attention. A large and beautiful collection of fibres, lent by the India Office Sir Edward Wetherall will relinquish his appointment in Ireland in order to
and Mr. Bainbridge, was exhibited . The discussion was continued by Mr. Bain- take the command of a division in India.
bridge, Dr. A. Campbell, Mr. Briggs, Mr. J. C. Wilson, Mr. C. Horne, Mr. Turn- In view of the changes in the education of candidates for the army which the
bull, Mr. Cornelius Thorne, Mr. Hyde Clarke, and Mr. Login, C.E. Royal Commission on Military Education may consider it necessary to recom-
At a meeting of the Colonial Society on Monday, Mr. A. Rogers, ofthe mend, the Secretary of State for War has decided that the usual half-yearly
Bombay Civil Service, read a paper on " The Internal Prospects of India." examinations for admission to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, subse-
Tracing the progress which had been made in the general administration ofthe quently to that in June next, will be suspended until further notice.
country in late years, he drew attention to the beneficial effects of railways, and A parliamentary paper has been issued containing the official correspondence
to the efforts which had been made by Miss Carpenter and others to promote
the cause of education in India. He felt, he said, that bureaucratic centraliza- which has passed between the Government of India and the Secretary of State
tion had been the cause of great inischief in that country ; and, in his opinion, on the scheme elaborated by Colonels Broome and Norman for inducing a limited
number of senior officers of the Staff Corps and local service to retire on
the levelling effect of railways, the creation of freeholds, and the redemption of
the land tax by gradual process, would remedy much of the evil which was now place special pensions, together with a bonus of £ 1,000, provided the retirement took
before a given date. The Government of India supported the proposal
justly complained of. He thought that a change in our financial policy in India on the ground that a great increase of expenditure was to be appre-
was required for many weighty reasons brought into existence by the advance of hended from the large number of field officers who would remain in
the age. The process by which the main revenues of the country were now raised, the service until they became entitled to colonel's allowances, and thus
a land tax, an excise on salt and spirits, and an export duty on opium for foreign
add to the present large number of unemployed officers, and also on account
consumption, & c., was to some extent becoming unsuited to present circum- of administrative difficulties that would arise from an undue proportion of field
stances, and must at all events be supplemented by other methods of taxation. officers in the several Staff Corps. The Duke of Argyll, however, dissented
It was desirable that this should, as far as possible, assume the form of indirect
from the conclusions arrived at by the Indian authorities, and declined to
imports on the imported luxuries of the rich ; but, until the creation of artificial sanction the scheme. He considers that the present increase in the
wants among them should have provided such a revenue, it would be necessary number of officers of the higher grades is but temporary, and that a
to resort to local taxation, by the more general adoption of which two most great proportion of those who are described as " unemployed " are SO
important ends would be attained --viz., the relief of the general revenues of
only in the sense of their holding no staff appointment, and are doing
India (the Indian Imperial Exchequer, as it may be termed) of the weight of duty either in garrisons or with regiments. He also opposes the scheme from
several millions of expenditure, and the raising of funds for local works subsi-
diary to those executed from imperial resources, and the more extensive the financial considerations, and on the ground that it is impolitic in the interests of
public service to encourage early retirement. He refers to the irritation
employment, both in and out of the paid service of government, of a large
number of natives, whom our system of education was rendering fit for such and disappointment the adoption of measures of the kind proposed would
employment, and who otherwise would be discontented and troublesome. The create in the minds of the large body of officers who have been transferred from
capital that would be thus thrown into the country would promote enterprise, the local to the British army, and deprecates the public discussion (as in the
present case) of such projects in India before the views of her Majesty's
and this would bring into circulation the enormous mass of wealth which now Government upon them have been sought and ascertained.
lay hoarded and useless, while the confidence that would be gradually engendered
among the natives would promote that self-reliance which, by raising their Another batch of about 550 dockyard and arsenal artisans and their families
social status,
countrywould render them fit to take a larger share in the administration left Woolwich on Friday, the 30th of April, by special train to Portsmouth, for
ofthe . the purpose of embarking on board the Serapis for Canada.
A deputation of gentlemen interested in the Straits Settlements waited upon There is at last a prospect of a suitable building being erected at the Camp
Lord Granville on Tuesday to represent the dissatisfaction of the colonists with at Aldershot for theatrical and other amusements. A concert, under the
the administration of Sir Henry Ord, the present governor. Amongst the patronage ofthe lieutenant-general and officers of the division, will be given
deputation were Mr. J. B. Smith, M.P., Mr. E. M. Richards, M.P., Colonel early this month, the proceeds of which are intended to form the nucleus of a
Gray, M.P., Mr. J. D. Nicol, M.P., Major Waterhouse, M.P. , Mr. Horsman, fund for this purpose ; and this, it is understood, will be supplemented by a
late M.P. for Stroud, Mr. W. Napier, Mr. James Guthrie, Mr. W. Paterson, Government grant of £200.
Mr. S. Gilfillan, Mr. P. F. Tidman, &c. Lord Granville, in reply to the various
It is stated that Rear-Admiral Astley Cooper Key, C.B., now Director of
questions addressed to him, said that, with regard to the financial question, Naval Ordnance, will succeed Rear-Admiral Wellesley as superintendent of the
he did not admit the accuracy of all the statements made in the memorial dockyard at Portsmouth, on the appointment of the latter to the command in
which had been presented to him. As, however, some of the estimates the West Indies and North America.
have been suspended, and information has been asked of Sir Henry Ord
on other points, Lord Granville thought it would be better to postpone The command of the new frigate Inconstant will, it is said, be offered to
for a time any discussion on this point. The attention of the depart- Captain Aplin, late of H.M.S. Gladiator.
ment was earnestly directed to all possible economies. The first estimate The hired transport ship Diomede has arrived in the Thames with the
for the governor's house had been unanimously sanctioned by the council. officers and crew of her Majesty's late sloop Rattler, which was lost on the
In answer to a suggestion that the final cost would be £60,000, Lord coast of Japan in the month of October last.
Granville stated that not one-half of that sum had been sanctioned from
home. He stated that the power of removing judges subject to an appeal was,
under imperial legislation, common to all the colonies. He hoped that any LAW AND POLICE.
fears entertained by the natives in the Straits of the consequent servility of the
judge would after a little experience pass away. The official members of The case of Saurin v. Star was before the Court of Queen's Bench again on
council were, he said, bound to vote with the Government on Government Friday, the 30th ult. Mr. Mellish, Q.C. , who appeared for the defendants, said
measures in the same manner as in the mother country, but practically this that since the trial the case had become further complicated by Miss Saurin
compulsion was only known to have been exercised by Sir H. Ord in one having filed a bill in Chancery, in which, after declaring that the verdict of the
instance, and on many occasions he had been supported by the unofficial jury proved conclusively that she had been improperly dismissed from the con-
members against some of the official. The deputation having suggested no vent at Hull, she prays that the property of the convent may be ascertained
[ 233 ]
 34 PALL MALL BUDGET. [MAY 7, 1869.

and realized, and the proceeds divided between her and the other persons they were bound to respect. All that he could do on the present application
entitled thereto. This rendered it necessary that he should move to reduce the was to direct the registrar to draw up an order restraining the directors from
damages absolutely to £200, as she could not have back the £ 300 and applying the sum of £ 150,000 to any purpose till a further order was made on
also claim a right to a share of the convent property. He also moved to the subject, and to direct this application to be referred to the Court of Appeal.
enter a verdict for the defendants on the third and fourth counts, which
Vice- Chancellor James had before him on Thursday the case of the United
charged them with false imprisonment, conspiring to procure the expul- States of America v. McRae, in which the Government of the United
sion of Miss Saurin by making false charges against her to the bishop, and States called upon Mr. Colin J. McRae, who during the American civil war
libel ; and, the learned counsel added, he was obliged to move for a new
was the agent in England of the Confederate Government, to deliver up
trial, because the damages were not apportioned between the third and fourth large quantities of goods and money, which it was said had been sent
counts. The Lord Chief Justice said he regretted that by an oversight damages to him by the Confederate Government, and were in his possession on the
had not been found separately on those counts, but no doubt the parties would conclusion of the war. Counsel for Mr. McRae said that the suit was
agree to divide them. Mr. Mellish said he was also instructed to move for a
founded on the hallucination that large sums of money were in the hands
new trial on the ground that the verdict was against the evidence, but this of the Confederate agents in this country at the time of the dissolution
point, after some discussion, he did not press. He was only anxious that it
of the Confederate Government, whereas every line of the correspondence
should not be said in the Court of Chancery that they admitted the correctness between that Government and its agents breathed the utmost desperation as
of the verdict. A rule nisi was granted. to means. Mr. McRae was sent to this country simply to carry on negotiations
The writ of error in the case of Mdme. Rachel came on for argument in for a loan of £ 3,000,000 to the Confederate Government, and to see that interest
the Court of Queen's Bench on Saturday. The questions raised were as to the was paid to the contractors of the loan. The Vice - Chancellor said that with
constitution of the court before which the case was tried. The Act under reference to the main question in the suit, namely, whether any money or goods
which the Criminal Court was constituted made it imperative that two judges of the plaintiffs in their own right, as distinguished from the right of successor
should preside at the trials and determine them. Three questions arose. The to the Confederate Government, had ever reached the hands of the defendant,
first and principal one was, whether the same two judges should not sit through- there was not a tittle of evidence. The plaintiff's case, therefore, wholly failed ,
out a trial, no matter how many days it lasted, or whether one could change and the bill must be dismissed with costs.
each day ; secondly, whether the Act authorized different courts to be held, or
In the Court of Divorce on Saturday a decree nisi for dissolution of the
whether it constituted only the establishment of one court ; and, thirdly, marriage was granted in the cause of Brown v. Brown, in which the husband,
whether the office ofjudge of the Sheriffs' Court, held by Mr. Kerr, who tried Colonel David Brown , of the Indian Army, was the petitioner. He married
Mdme. Rachel, was not abolished by the Acts that had been passed in reference
the respondent in India in July, 1861 , and they had two children. Unhappy
to sheriffs' courts. Mr. Kerr sat throughout the three days' trial, but the other differences having arisen between them in consequence of the respondent's levity
judge and aldermen changed each day. After a long argument the court took of conduct, Mrs. Brown left her home and came to England in February, 1865.
time to consider its judgment on the main point- the constitution ofthe court ; Colonel Brown returned in February, 1868 ; the cohabitation was resumed, and
but with regard to the second and third points -- the division of courts and the continued until the following August, when they finally separated. A few
jurisdiction of Mr. Commissioner Kerr-they had no doubt, and gave judgment weeks afterwards the petitioner made a discovery which led to his repu-
for the Crown.
diating the deed of separation, and instituting proceedings for a divorce.
On Thursday the relations between Mdme. Rachel and her late attorney, There was no defence.
Mr. Haynes, were before the Court of Queen's Bench . Master Manley Smith , The Countess d'Alteyrac applied to Mr. Commissioner Holroyd at the Court
to whom the accounts between the parties had been referred for investigation , of Bankruptcy on Friday, the 30th ult., for an order for her release from the
read his report, which declared the charges made by Mdme. Rachel against custody of a sheriff's officer. The total debts are £ 5,174. The application was
Mr. Haynes to be wholly unfounded, and that the matters in dispute between
them afforded no ground for the summary interference of the court. The Lord opposed on behalf of the detaining creditors. The bankrupt, in examination ,
stated that she was entitled under the award of Mr. Vernon Harcourt to £ 100
Chief Justice therefore ordered the rule obtained on behalf of Mdme. Rachel a month from Lord Willoughby d'Eresby, £ 5,000 down, and £ 1,000 a year for
calling upon Mr. Haynes to answer affidavits which charged him with defrauding rent. Hitherto she had only received about £500. Most of her debts hud been
her of large sums of money, and with conspiring to procure her conviction at contracted since the award. She had no intention of leaving the country. The
the Old Bailey in order to shield himself, to be discharged with costs. Commissioner ordered the release asked for.
In the Court for the Consideration of Crown Cases Reserved, on Saturday, In the Court of Bankruptcy on Monday, before Mr. Registrar Murray, a first
judgment was given in the case of Mrs. Lumley, who was tried for bigamy sitting took place in the bankruptcy of James Grimshaw, the jockey. The
at the Central Criminal Court, when the judge told the jury that, in the petitioning creditor is Mr. Edmund Potter, of Pontypool, Monmouthshire, the
absence of proof to the contrary, the law assumed that the husband was alive at owner of racehorses, whose debt is £ 214 for money lent and money paid on
the time of the bigamous marriage. A question was reserved upon this ruling, account. The debts are about £ 1,200. Mr. Potter was chosen trade assignee.
which the court has now decided was erroneous. Mr. Justice Lush, who
delivered judgment, said that the court unanimously held that in an indictment for A failure of unusual magnitude came before the Court on Wednesday.
bigamy it is incumbent on the prosecutor to prove that the husband or wife, as The bankrupt was George Melbourn, a merchant, of 117, Leadenhall-
the case may be, was alive at the date of the second marriage. The conviction street, and of Batavia, trading in partnership with W. Lichtenberg and R. P.
was therefore quashed . Tolson, and residing in one of the large mansions recently erected in
Holland Park. The liabilities are said to be not less than £ 700,000. All at
In the Court of Queen's Bench on Monday Sir J. Karslake applied on behalf present known of the assets is that the bankrupt has furniture which cost him
of Mr. H. G. Gordon , one of the directors of Overend, Gurney, and Co. , that £7,000. Lichtenberg has absconded, and Tolson denies that he is a partner.
the trial of that case might be fixed for the sittings after Trinity term in July A first sitting was held before Mr. Registrar Spring Rice. Mr. J. Blow and
next. Sir J. Karslake said he believed that the other defendants concurred in Mr. R. Hunt, merchants, were chosen assignees.
the application, and desired that the trial should not go over until after Michael-
mas term in December next, as they had no wish to prolong their anxiety. The hearing of the charge against the directors of the Merchants' Company
After some discussion the court postponed its decision until the prosecutor had (Limited) was resumed on Friday, the 30th ult., at the Mansion House. After
been communicated with. The trial, it was stated, is to take place in the City. some further evidence had been given , the Lord Mayor said he had to look at
the case with reference to the strict letter of the law, and although the pro-
Sir Robert Phillimore, the Dean of Arches, delivered judgment on Friday' spectus issued by the directors might be morally false, it was not false in that
the 30th ult., in the case of Sheppard v. the Rev. W. J. Bennett, vicar of Frome sense which brought its concoctors within the letter of the law. Although
in which an application had been made to the court to accept " letters of to persons who felt themselves wronged by having been deceived by the
request " from the Bishop of Bath and Wells, under the Church Discipline Act. prospectus a legal remedy appeared to be denied so far as criminal prosecution
It had been urged , he said, that these letters of request were in reality letters of was concerned, they were yet in his opinion perfectly justified in instituting this
command, and that the Dean of Arches had no option but to accept them . prosecution and bringing to light the facts connected with Lane, Hankey, and Co. ,
Under the law which prevailed before the passing of the Church Discipline Act out of which the Merchants' Company arose. He thought, under all the circum-
the Court of Arches had power to refuse letters of request unless it was satisfied stances, this was not a case to send before the jury, and the summons would be
of their necessity, and he did not see anything in the Church Discipline Act dismissed. Mr. Stuart Lane has written a letter to the Times protesting
which took away that discretion. These letters of request were tendered to against these remarks of the Lord Mayor. Mr. Lane points out that the state-
him in connection with some of the most awful mysteries of our religion , and ments of the prosecution were that only £4,000 capital was placed in the
surely these were matters with which a bishop was peculiarly qualified to deal. firm when it commenced business ; that the firm was insolvent when
He must decline to accept them until some good reason was shown. it sold its goodwill ; and that it possessed itself, for its own purposes,
Vice-Chancellor Malins formally sanctioned on Friday, the 30th ult. , an of all the capital of the Merchants' Company. Mr. Lane contends that
arrangement for a voluntary winding-up of the Credit Foncier and Mobilier of not one of these statements has been borne out, even by the witnesses
England, subject to the supervision of the court, with Mr. Francis Mowatt, the for the prosecution . It was shown that £ 25,000 was placed originally as
chairman of the new company, and Mr. G. A. Cape as liquidators, capital in the firm, and that subsequent additions, independently of profits,
were made to it to the extent of £46,900. Not a tittle of evidence was
On Wednesday Vice- Chancellor Stuart had before him an application on attempted to show the alleged insolvency of the firm in 1865 , and it was
the part of the debenture holders of the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway proved by the official liquidator that the members of the firm paid in as
Company to restrain the directors from applying the sum of £ 150,000 revenue of calls on shares far more than was ever advanced in cash by the company to
the company to any purpose, and to compel them to pay it into court. The the firm . Thus the case broke down on the evidence of the prosecution itself;
Vice-Chancellor, in giving judgment, spoke of the parliamentary proceedings but if the case had gone on Mr. Lane says that it would have been proved from
in this case, by which, he said, the course of justice before that court, which an investigation made by first- class accountants, that after providing for all
was the proper tribunal, was entirely obstructed. It was now sought to induce losses there still remained £ 119,074 as the net earnings of the firm, including
Parliament to withdraw the whole litigation in that court, which was now interest credited on capital and on special and family loans of money employed
approaching its termination, and to have all the questions which were in in the business.
course of decision submitted to arbitrators. That was naturally desired by
those creditors and shareholders who had failed to substantiate their claims On Friday, at the Middlesex sessions, two nighthouse-keepers appealed
to priority before the chief clerk, and who now hoped to obtain something by against convictions by magistrates, and, as the cases were not supported by the
going before an arbitrator. These were vain hopes. The most wise and able commissioners of police, the convictions were quashed. Sir W. Bodkin took
arbitrator had not the facilities possessed by the court for discovering the truth, occasion to remark upon the recent comments of Mr. Knox at Marlborough-
and he would be embarrassed by the ingenious arguments of able practitioners. street. He pointed out that each case must stand upon its merits, and that in
Moreover, an arbitrator would be irresponsible. His (the Vice- Chancellor's) the charge before the sessions some months ago, upon which Mr. Knox founded
impression was that the Government had the power, and ought to interfere to his observations, the evidence was manifestly insufficient to sustain the indict-
ment. The Middlesex Bench was equally anxious with Mr. Knox to terminate
prevent these parliamentary contests upon questions which were pending before
the proper tribunal. As to thepresent application it was proper that the directors the Haymarket or any other nuisance, but they did not forget that they sat as a
should be warned of their position. They were appointed under the Act of 1867 court of law, to administer justice between subject and subject on sufficient and
unmistakable testimony.
for a purpose which had totally failed , and it remained to be shown for what
purpose, useful or beneficial to the creditors or the shareholders, they were now In the second court, on the same day, before the Common Serjeant, Henry
permitted to govern the affairs of this company in the way that they affected to Thierry pleaded guilty to a charge of forgery. It appeared that some years back
do. Any bill promoted by the directors for the purpose of obtaining the he had been in the service of the Hon. Robert Bourke, M.P., but was convicted
sanction of Parliament to the admission of claims or the withdrawal of oppo- in May, 1867, of embezzlement . In March last he called upon Mr. Hall, a wine
sition to such claims would be a breach of their duty to the honest merchant in South Audley-street, and, representing himself as Mr. Bourke's
shareholders whom they represented , and to the honest creditors whose rights butler, induced Mr. Hall to cash a cheque for £4, purporting to be signed by
[ 234 ]
 MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 35

Mr. Bourke. In a similar way the prisoner cashed forged cheques for £4 125. The next Swiss Federal Shooting Festival is to be held at Zug from the 11th
and £5 12s. in the names of Mr. Bourke and the Earl of Gainsborough at the to the 21st of July next, and the committee have sent to Lord Elcho, as chair-
shops of tradesmen in the same neighbourhood. The prisoner, in answer to man of the National Rifle Association , a cordial invitation to English marks-
the usual question, said that since the expiration of his former sentence he had men to attend the gathering and " participate in the festivities and honours of
tried to get an honest living, but in vain, finding that a prisoner's real sentence the occasion."
did not commence until his release from prison. Having no home and no Two shipwrecks are reported. The Liverpool ship Spray was totally lost
food he became acquainted with a foreigner, who induced him to enter into a on Saturday, near St. John's, Newfoundland. All on board perished. On the
system of obtaining paltry sums, only sufficient to enable them to live and previous day the steamer Lady Flora, bound from Hull for London , in ballast,
obtain shelter at night, by means of forged cheques. The sums were not large, went ashore on the North Beach, Great Yarmouth. The crew were saved.
and he urged that on the favourable consideration of the court, although he
knew the crime remained the same. The Common Serjeant sentenced the Mr. W. L. Sclater, of Haddington House, near Odiham, was returning from
prisoner to two years' hard labour, telling him that it was usual to inflict a Odiham to his residence on horseback, when his horse shied at a roller, and
sentence of penal servitude for a second offence. threw him with great violence to the ground. Three of his ribs were broken,
and he sustained other injuries, but he is progressing favourably.
Malcolm Tester, described as a bill broker, was tried at the Central Criminal
Court on Tuesday for embezzling various sums of money belonging to Messrs. An extraordinary and fatal accident happened last week at Retford, Notts,
Higgins, Eagle, and Co., lace warehousemen, of Cannon- street. Tester had to Mr. Henry Hutchinson, a veterinary surgeon. He was playing with two of
been in their employ as chief clerk and cashier until the beginning of 1868, his children, and having a dog's tooth in his hand he put it in his mouth, and,
when he commenced business on his own account as a bill discounter. A without thinking what he was about, allowed it to slip down his throat. At the
subsequent examination of the books which he had kept led, it was alleged, to time he thought very little of the occurrence, but finding that the tooth had not
the discovery of deficiencies to the amount of several hundred pounds. The been altogether swallowed, and that it was beginning to pain him, he sought
prisoner's defence was that the errors were made unintentionally, and that he the advice of a surgeon, who did all he could to reach it, but without success.
had not appropriated any of the money to his own purposes. A number of The pain becoming more severe, Dr. Barber, from Sheffield, was sent for, to
gentlemen were called, who gave Tester a high character for uprightness and open the windpipe ; but before he arrived, Mr. Hutchinson was dead.
integrity ; and the jury returned a verdict of not guilty. On the following A shocking accident occurred on the Great Western Railway a few nights
day he was convicted on another indictment, and sentenced to two years'
ago. Two guards of a goods train, named Walsh and Deacon, brought their
imprisonment.
train into Didcot station as usual, and about nine o'clock left the station
At the same court, on Wednesday, Frank Pye, the tailor's apprentice who together to walk along the line, as was their usual custom, to Appleford, where
committed a murderous assault upon his master and mistress while they were they both lived. Shortly afterwards the body of Walsh was found about a
in bed, was convicted of unlawful wounding, but recommended to mercy on quarter of a mile from the station, frightfully mutilated, in the six-foot way,
account of his extreme youth and previous good character. Sentence was close to the up rails, with his head towards Didcot, and Deacon lying close
postponed. Frances Alice Whimper, a nursemaid, was convicted of setting fire by between the rails of the down line, with his head towards Oxford . Deacon
to her master's house in Spitalfields, and sentenced to ten years' penal ser- was alive, though unconscious, but died a few minutes after he was brought to
vitude. Her fellow servant, Toohey, whose confession led to the discovery the station. The men were old servants of the company, and of sober habits.
of the crime, was acquitted. Henry White, a clerk in the London and County
Bank, was sentenced to fifteen months' imprisonment for stealing a £5 note. Early on Saturday morning a fire broke out at the Duke of Northumber-
land's mansion at Albury Park, near Guildford. It was, however, discovered
On Thursday the six persons who were charged with getting up and carrying
before it had gained much hold, and was soon put out. Only a few hours after-
on a sporting lottery called " the Deptford Spec," pleaded guilty, and were
ordered to enter into their own recognizances for £ 100 each to appear if wards-about midnight on Saturday-the house watchman while going his
called upon. The sum of £ 1,400, which was found in their possession, it rounds heard a peculiar crackling noise, and on searching for its cause dis-
was ultimately arranged should be distributed among the local charities. covered that a bedroom filled with costly furniture was on fire. He immediately
Isaac Chamberlain, an herbalist at Hertford, Caroline Judd, and Anne gave an alarm, and the building being for the most part fireproof, the fire was
Hutchinson, were tried for forging a transfer of upwards of £ 2,000 Bank stock soon put out. This second fire occurred in a different part of the building from
that where the other fire took place, and this circumstance, coupled with the
standing in the name of Mary Anne Chandler, and acquitted. Sydney Thomas
Webb, aged twenty-two, was convicted of forging and uttering a cheque for fact of a fire having occurred not very long ago at Northumberland House,
£ 387 10s. on Messrs. Barnett, Hoare, and Co. , and sentenced to ten years' and another at Alnwick Castle, has caused unpleasant suspicions.
penal servitude. By a fire at the cotton mills of Messrs. James Leigh and Sons, Firgrove,
Mr. Preston, the Birkenhead stipendiary magistrate, has passed a sentence near Rochdale, on Wednesday, damage was done to the extent of £ 10,000 or
of six weeks' imprisonment with hard labour upon a tripe and potted meat £ 12,000. About 150 workpeople, who were on full time at this mill, are thrown
dealer named Purdy, upon whose premises the police recently discovered a out of employment.
quantity of beef which was in an almost putrid state. Another female acrobat had a narrow escape on Tuesday night. A woman
calling herself " the female Blondin " was crossing a rope sixty feet high at a
At the circuit court of justiciary at Dumfries on Wednesday a woman named circus at Bolton, when she missed her footing, but in falling she grasped the
Agnes Morgan was charged with the wilful murder of her child. The woman
had taken her child when it was about a fortnight old to a peat moss in the rope with her hands, and was afterwards caught by the crowd below. She
escaped with little injury.
parish of Glen Luce, Wigtownshire, and there forced mud into its mouth,
wrapped a piece of cloth round its face, and buried it in a hole. A few months An extraordinary story is told of the behaviour of a Scotchman at Preston
ago she revealed what she had done, and the body was discovered at a place on Tuesday. He left Falkirk at an early hour, under an impression that he had
which she pointed out. The prisoner pleaded culpable homicide, and this either done something wrong or that his relatives fancied he had . He travelled
plea having been accepted by the Advocate-depute, Lord Deas sentenced the south, drank something at Carlisle which, it is stated, did not agree with him, and
prisoner to fifteen years' penal servitude, remarking that if the first indictment between Lancaster and Garstang stripped himself in the train, threw out all
had been insisted upon he must have sentenced her to death. his clothes, and landed at Preston shortly before four perfectly naked. The
station-master provided him with temporary clothing, and he was afterwards
taken to private lodgings. He threw out along with his clothes his watch and
MISCELLANEOUS NEWS. guard, and at Oxenholme he gave the guard thirty-one half- sovereigns. His
friends have since arrived from Scotland and taken charge of him.
The Great Western Railway Company recently completed the conversion of
the whole of the northern division of its extensive system to the narrow gauge.
During the past month the goods traffic increased to the extent of £ 12,000 as ART, LITERATURE, AND THE THEATRES.
compared with April, 1868 - a result which is supposed to be materially
attributable to the uniformity of gauge. The large number of pictures excluded from the Royal Academy Exhibition
this year, a considerable number having been actually accepted, and only
The Fenian Amnesty Committee in Dublin announce that they have sent finally omitted on the ground of want of space, has induced a committee of
£ 510 to Australia, to give £ 15 each to the thirty-four political prisoners released amateurs and artists to form a select supplementary exhibition in Bond-street.
there. Mr. Moy Thomas will act as secretary. The Academy have fitted up a refresh-
The London letter carriers have been provided with a new uniform . For ment room on their own premises on the ground floor. It has been made to
the open tunic hitherto worn, a button- up tunic with a stand-up collar, and resemble a marquee striped red and white, and decorated with crimson drapery.
the district initials, instead of the letters " G.P.O. ," has been substituted. A The rooms lately occupied in the National Gallery by the Royal Academy
handsome leather waist-belt has been added to the uniform. have been given up to the former, and are now hung with pictures.
The final report of the Clerkenwell Explosion Relief Fund was presented A choice collection of high class modern pictures, the property of a well-
to a meeting of the general committee last week. It states that the con- known amateur, deceased, was disposed of last week at the rooms of Messrs.
tributions to the fund amounted to £ 10,073 14s. 2d. Of this sum £9,040 6s. Christie, Manson, and Woods. Among the more valuable pictures were the
was expended in relief of the sufferers by the explosion , and £832 10s. 4d. in subjoined :-E. Frère, 1859 : " The Prayer," cabinet size, 190 guineas. Same
advertising, printing, and other expenses, leaving a balance in hand of artist : " The Cradle," cabinet size, 160 guineas . F. D. Hardy, 1867 : Baby's
200 17s. 10d. for further relief that may be required by some of the sufferers. Birthday," 305 guineas. T. Sydney Cooper, R.A. , 1867 : A landscape, the
The disposal of this sum has been left in the hands of a special committee. " Canterbury Meadows, with Cattle," 136 guineas. T. Faed, R.A.: " The Lady
of Chalot," a cabinet picture, 190 guineas. J. C. Horsley, R.A. : Burning the
Mr. James Sanderson, in a letter to the Times, says that the present aspect Books," scene from Don Quixote ; exhibited in the Royal Academy, 410 guineas.
of the corn crops is promising. The temporary check given to wheat during
the cold month of March had a favourable tendency, as it strengthened the W. Orchardson, A.R.A.: " The Story of a Life." An aged lady relating her
story to her grandchildren. Exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1866 ; 350
roots of the plants, and gave stamina to the succulent stems. The cold nights
of last week have adversely affected wheat on cold retentive subsoils, and guineas. J. Pettie, A.R.A., 1866 : " The Arrest for Witchcraft ;" exhibited at
on such land it has assumed a blanched and somewhat stunted appearance. the Royal Academy, 360 guineas. Clarkson Stanfield, R.A. , 1859 : " Tenby
Bay," 340 guineas. J. C. Horsley, R.A. , 1866 : " Going to a Party," 160 guineas.
vigorothis
With
us.
exception, however, wheat is everywhere forward, well planted, and
T. Faed, R.A. , 1865 : " The Last of the Clan," 750 guineas. E. W. Cooke,
R.A.: The Goodwin Sands ; a lifeboat going to the rescue of the crew of a
The Hampshire Advertiser says that the governorship of Winchester stranded vessel near the floating light ; exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1857 ;
county prison is vacant, and that there are 103 candidates. The position of from the collection of the late Sir Culling Eardley, 575 guineas. The whole
the aspirants to the honour ranges from that of a major-general to that of realized £7,750.
governor of a union workhouse. The appointment is worth about £450, and
Professor Morley has completed the second set of his " Tables of English
the election takes place at the next Midsummer sessions. Literature." This set reaches from 1400 to 1625 A.D., and shows the whole of
It is stated that on the 1st of June the Atlantic Telegraph Company will the noteworthy literary productions of each year in its horizontal lines, while its
successive vertical lines give every author and all his works.
reduce their tariff from £375. 6d. for ten words, and 6s. 9d. for each additional
word, to £ 2 for ten words (charging for address and signature), and 4s. for The catalogue of the printed books in the Lambeth Palace library is being
each additional word. At the same time a reduction will be made for news- arranged for publication."
paper press messages, and all political and general news will be conveyed
from either side of the Atlantic at half rates. This will practically reduce press One of the London evening papers, the Express, appeared for the last time
messages from 6s. 9d. to 25. per word. on Friday night.
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 36 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7 , 1869.

Mr. Dyce still lies in a precarious state, his malady resisting the skill and Friday Morning.
care of his physicians. He has deputed Mr. Furnivall to carry out the
re-edition of Skelton's works that he had determined on making. Postscript.
""
Mr. Edward Viles proposes to print separately " The Historie of Macbeth AUSTRIA.
in the first edition of Holinshed's Chronicle, which Shakspeare has followed
The Vienna New Free Press of yesterday publishes a letter from the editor
closely in his " Macbeth," and sell it for a shilling, with the parallel passages
of the Austrian Military Magazine in explanation of the recent publication of
from Shakspeare, and other notes.
a despatch of Count Bismarck, sent in cypher, from Nicolsburg to the
A new journal, called the Rappel, has appeared in Paris under the Prussian Ambassador in Paris on the 20th of June, 1866. The letter states
patronage of Victor Hugo. One of his sons, M. Charles Hugo, will take part that the document was not made public by order of Count Beust, but by the
in its management on the spot, and his brother, Francis Victor Hugo, will be a Commander-in- Chief of the army, to whom a copy, taken from the original
contributor. Rochefort, Paul Meurice, Auguste Vacquerie, Lavertujon, and telegram during the transmission through the Austrian lines, had been forwarded.
Feyrnet are on the staff. The New Free Press asserts that the subscription of the whole of the capital
An English inventor has built some houses on a novel principle at New required for the construction of the intended railway network in Turkey is
Hampton. The houses, says the Scientific American, are of a cheap order, certain. The seat of the company is to be at Vienna.
designed for labourers. He compresses straw into slabs, soaks them in a
TURKEY.
solution of flint to render them fireproof, coats the two sides with a kind of
cement or concrete ; and of these slabs the cottages are built. By ingenious We learn from Constantinople that the Cretan chiefs sentenced to fifteen
contrivance the quantity of joiners' work is much reduced, and the chimney is years' imprisonment were released on Wednesday. The Levant Herald states
so constructed as to secure warmth with the smallest consumption of fuel, and that while the Prince and Princess of Wales were in the Turkish capital the
at the same time to heat a drying closet. The cost of a single cottage of this prisoners managed to send a petition to the Princess, asking her to intercede
description is £85. for them with the Sultan. Although the Prince declined to interfere, the
Grand Vizier gave effect to what he knew to be the private wish of the Princess,
Mrs. Stirling has been reading at St. James's Hall portions of " A Mid-
and the pardon of the offenders was the result.
summer Night's Dream," with an accompaniment of Mendelssohn's music,
performed under the direction of Mr. Kingsbury.
It is proposed to perpetuate the memory of the late Mr. Charles Lucas, and A telegram from Dublin states that on Wednesday at Skeen, county Sligo,
the services he rendered to the Royal Academy of Music, in his various offices a tenant farmer named John Ross was charged with being in possession of
of principal, conductor, professor of composition and violoncello, by instituting Fenian documents of an extraordinary description, containing an entirely new
a prize of a gold medal, to be given annually to the best student in composition version of the Fenian oath, also a Fenian catechism. The prisoner was remanded
at the institution. to Sligo gaol, bail being refused. A man named Ferris, who was arrested
Sir Michael Costa's Naaman was given in Boston by the Handel and at Cork on Wednesday night, on suspicion of being concerned in a robbery of
Haydn Society for one of their Easter oratorios, the other being " St. Paul." arms on Sunday, was surrounded by a crowd in the street and effected his
escape in the confusion, breaking, it is said, the handcuffs. At Belfast, on
M. Vieuxtemps, who is now in England, has just completed an opera in Wednesday night, an extensive robbery of firearms occurred, supposed to be by
three acts.
Fenians. A large gunmaker's establishment was broken into, and £ 100 worth
M. Lemmens has resigned his position as professor at the Conservatoire of of breechloaders and revolvers stolen. Five arrests have been made on
Brussels. suspicion.
The new grand Vienna Opera House has been tested in the presence of the The Daily News states that the Mayor of Cork is about to become a candi-
Emperor and various connoisseurs, both for vocal and instrumental music, and date for the representation of Youghal, and it is believed that he has a good
its capabilities are very highly spoken of. prospect of success. His first appearance in the House of Commons, however,
will probably be on Tuesday next, when he is expected to come to the bar.
COMMERCE AND FINANCE. Mr. Horsman addressed the electors of Liskeard last night at great length on
At the weekly meeting of the Bank of England directors on Thursday the the Irish Church and education . He declared that if the English Church was
rate of discount was raised from 4 per cent., at which it was fixed on the 1st to be safe its dignitaries must renounce all connection with the Irish Establish-
of April, to 4% . The Funds had previously been dull, and upon this announce- ment. He was in favour of compulsory education, supported by rate and supple-
ment a further decline took place. Consols, which closed on Friday, the 30th mented by grants from the State. It must be unsectarian, all children being
ult., at 93 % to 93 % for money and 93 % to 934 for the 1st of June, closed taught secular education together. He said he was in favour of the ballot, as
yesterday at 92 % to 93 for money and 93 % to 93 % for the 1st of June. the less of two evils. He could not support the Permissive Bill. He would
Reduced and New Three per Cents. were at 91 % to 91 % ; Indian Ten- give support to the Government. A resolution was passed declaring Mr.
and-a- Half per Cents., 211 to 213 ; Indian Five per Cents. , 1144 to Horsman to be a fit and proper candidate for Liskeard. He announced his
11434 ; Indian Four per Cents. , 100 % to 100% ; India Bonds, 5s. to 10s. prem.; intention of going to the poll. Mr. Grenfell will address the electors to-night.
Indian Debentures, 103 to 104 ; Bank Stock, 240 to 242 ; Exchequer Bills, par Sir John Lubbock is also expected.
to 55. prem. In the Foreign Stock Market the principal incident has been a
species of panic as regards Spanish securities. On Friday, last week, the last A public breakfast was given yesterday morning at the Cannon- street Hotel
price was 29 to 29 % , and on Monday the range was between 29 and 27 % , a to Mr. Miall, M.P. , to congratulate him on his obtaining a seat in Parliament.
variation equal to between 5 and 6 per cent. on the money value of the stock. Mr. Henry Richard, M.P., presided , and amongst the speakers were Mr. Evan
They have since partially recovered, and yesterday the closing price was 28½ Richards, M.P., Mr. Maguire, M.P. , Mr. Duncan McLaren, M.P. , Mr. Illing-
worth, M.P., and others.
to 284. Mexican fell 12 per cent. yesterday, owing to the unfavourable
character of a report published by the bondholders' committee. The Railway Amongst those who joined in a discussion held on Wednesday evening at
Market has been generally depressed, and all descriptions are lower since the the Society of Arts, on a paper read by Colonel Maude " On Establishing
announcement of the rise in the rate of discount. In the general discount Settlements in our Colonies," was Sir George Grey, late Governor- General
market good three months' bills are now at 4½ per cent. The stock of bullion of New Zealand . He said it must be admitted that great poverty existed in
in the Bank of England is £ 16,582,086. England, but it had been suggested that the remedy was to be found in colonial
The following dividends have been announced or declared :--- The London emigration. Yet the nation seemed to grudge the outlay necessary. Let them
and South African Bank, 5s. per share, in addition to the interim payment of 55. assist the poor to emigrate to the colonies, and there could be no doubt that on
per share in November last ; the Vancouver Coal Company ( Limited), 10 per those succeeding they would willingly refund the outlay. The colonists viewed
cent. for the half-year, making 20 per cent. for the year ; Scottish Australian their poor in a very different light from what those at home did. He had
Mining Company (Limited), 8 per cent. per annum ; Trust and Agency for eight years watched that class of persons termed " paupers," a name which
Company of Australasia (Limited) , 3s. per share, making with the interim dividend was most unworthy, and unknown beyond England, and was enabled to
a distribution of 20 per cent. for the year ; the Vauxhall Bridge Company, 175. give his experience of them. He would give them an instance. Happening to
per share. be passing at night, during the month of March, the gates of Buckingham
Palace, he observed ten wretched creatures huddled together, with heads
The London, Chatham, and Dover Committee sat on Friday, the 30th ult., bent down upon their knees. On making inquiries he ascertained it was there
till long after the usual hour, and concluded their labours by passing the bill they intended staying for the night. Now this latter circumstance would have
with ample powers to the arbitrators, Lord Salisbury and Lord Cairns, to settle been impracticable in Australia or New Zealand . The colonists would have
every question connected with the various claims upon the company. taken all to their homes ; they would have fed, lodged, and provided for them.
The directors of the North British Railway Company have issued a state- It was a sad fact that such a state of things existed in England. It seemed a
ment to their shareholders with regard to the Joint Purse Agreement with terrible thing that there was no great English statesman found who could be
the Caledonian Company. They charge the Caledonian Company with not able to move a hand in the matter. They should be careful when assisting
having fairly carried it out, and with having combined with the London and emigrants to the colonies not to class them as paupers ; the appellation would
North Western Company to injure the North British. As the Caledonian hold to them and to their children through a generation. In conclusion, he
Company have declared the agreement to be illegal, and " while declining trusted that in the system of colonial emigration England would act in a
to be bound by its provisions have appropriated to themselves its manner worthy of herself and of the human race.
principal benefits," the directors of the North British advise their share-
holders to adhere to it no longer, but to take such steps as counsel As an example of the " rigours of an English spring," the British Medical
may advise to recover from the Caledonian Company the " just proportion of Journal mentions that among the patients now in the new children's ward of
the joint traffic receipts falling to the North British Company for the year to the University College Hospital is one who is suffering from frost- bite, producing
31st of January, 1869." To this the Board of the Caledonian Railway Company mortification of the finger, and another who is suffering from sunstroke while
reply that the termination of the agreement is not the act of the Caledonian playing in the sun on one of the hot days last week.
Board, but that the North British directors are alone responsible for it. At the Central Criminal Court yesterday Frank Pye, the youth who was
convicted on Wednesday of unlawfully wounding his master, Mr. James Nichols,
CLERICAL APPOINTMENTS . was sentenced to six months' hard labour. Lawrence, the man who was con-
The following preferments and appointments have been made :- The Rev. Daniel Pring Alford, M.A., victed of pirating engravings of which the copyright belonged to Mr. Henry
incumbent ofthe Scilly Islands, to the vicarage of St. Paul's, Tavistock, on the nomination ofthe Duke Graves, was ordered to be imprisoned for twelve months.
of Somerset the Rev. W. G. Bullock , M. A. , curate of Masborough, Rotherham, to the incumbency
of St. Mark's, Dalmahoy, N. B. , on the nomination of the Earl of Morton ; the Rev. Henry Parker In the action raised by the North British Railway for interdicting the
Cookesley, M.A. , minister of Wimborne Minster, Dorset, to the rectory of Thwaite, St. George,
near Stonham , on the nomination of Mr. J. Sheppard ; the Rev. Henry Edmund Tilsley Cruso, M.A. , Caledonian Company paying its dividend until it provided for £50,000, which
curate of Brasted, to the vicarage of Bramford, near Ipswich, on the nomination of the Dean and the North British Company claimed under the joint purse agreement, Lord
Chapter of Canterbury ; the Rev. S. G. Davis, M.A., to the rectory of St. Lawrence, Exeter, on the Benholm yesterday refused to grant an interdict.
nomination of the Lord Chancellor ; the Rev. W. R. Fremantle, M. A., rector of Middle Claydon, to an
honorary canonry in Christ Church Cathedral ; the Rev. James Clarke Harkness, M.A., to the rectory of
Atherstone-upon- Stour, on the nomination of the Rev. Thomas Cox ; the Rev. H. G. Henderson, M.A. ,
to the vicarage of Holy Trinity Church, Shoreditch ; the Rev. Gibbes Jordan, M. A. , curate of East ADVERTISEMENTS.
Woodhay, to the rectory of Edwin Loach and Tedstone Wafer, Herefordshire, near Bromyard; the BREAKFAST. EPPS'S COCOA ·- Grateful
Rev. T. R. Matthews, B.A., curate of North Coates, near Great Grimsby, to the rectory of that HAVRE EXHIBITION, October, 1868, a PRIZE
parish, onthe nomination of the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster ; the Rev. Edward Payne, M.A. , MEDAL was awarded to TOOTH'S LIEBIG'S and comforting. Prepared solelyby James Epps and
Vicar of Swalcliffe to an honorary canonry in Christ Church Cathedral : the Rev. C. B. Rowland, EXTRACT of MEAT, sold everywhere in hand- Co., Homœopathic Chemists, 170, Piccadilly ; 112,
M.A., late curate of Martley, Worcestershire, to the rectory of Hubberston, Pembrokeshire, on the some white jars, fitted with patent stoppers.- Great Russell-st.; and 48, Threadneedle-st.; and
nomination of the Lord Chancellor ; the Rev. Edward Whitehead, M. A. , to the vicarage of Denham, near W. J. COLEMAN and Co. , Sole Consignees, 13, sold by the trade only in tip lined labelled packets.
Wickham Market, on the nomination of Sir Edward Kerrison, Bart. St. Mary-at- Hill, London.
[ 236 ]
 MAY 7, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET.
37

THE GAZETTE . Becher, J. Black, H. G. Robison, J. E. Westropp, J. A. M. Macdonald. To be Majors- Capts.

C. A. Loch, A. A. Des Voeux, J. C. Hobson, M. R. Bruce, F. T. Cornewall, C. L. R. Glasfurd.
CIVIL. To be Captains- Lieut W. L. Hallett, G. F. Birdwood, M. Tweedie, T. Truman, E. H. T. Tyndall,
DOWNING-STREET, April 29 -The Queen has been pleased to appoint Mr D. P. Trench to be Col. J. Jopp, C. F. James, A M Shewell, A. C. Hunter. J. S. Iredell , G. A. Jacob, G. H. Reinecker,
lector-General for the island of Jamaica ; and Mr. Richard Gillard to be Collector of Customs for the F. J. S. Adam, W. H. Wilson, H. N. Reeves, W. J. Berthon, W. F. F. Waller, V.C.
port of Kingston in that island. Her Majesty has also been pleased to appoint Mr. Robert Graham Bombay Army - General List of Infantry Officers -Lieut. F. F. Comyn to be Capt. The following
to be Collector of Customs, Principal Comptroller of H. M.'s Customs and Navigation Laws, and officers will rank from the dates specified :-Infantry. Lieut. -Col W. C Stileman from March 6,
Registrar of Shipping for the colony of the Cape of Good Hope ; Mr. H. M. H. Orpen to be Sub- 1868 ; Lieut. -Col. H. Y. Beale from March 14, 1868 ; Capt. A. W. Godson, 12th N, I. , from March 14,
Collector and Surveyor of Customs and Comptroller of H. M.'s Customs and Navigation Laws at 1868.
Capetown ; and Mr. C. W. Pearson to be Sub- Collector and Comptroller of H. M.'s Customs and Her Medical Officers. -To be Surgs.: Assist. -Surgs. T. Miller, M. D.; J. Lalor, A. B.; R. Byromjee, M.D.
Navigation Laws at Port Alfred, in the aforesaid colony. Majesty has been pleased to accept the resignation of his commission by the undermentioner officer-
Capt. C. M. Smith, Madras S.C.
WHITEHALL, May 1. -The Queen has been pleased to appoint Major- General E. Frome to be Lieut.- Note. The surname of the Surgeon mentioned in the London Gazette of Dec. 31, 1867, should be
Governor of the Island of Guernsey, in the room of Major-General C. Rochfort-Scott, whose period Busteed, and not Bursteed, as therein stated. The names of the undermentioned officers should
ofservice has expired. have been- W. Loch, and not W. Lock ; A. B. Clare, not A. Clare ; W. Cave, not W. Cane ;
WHITEHALL, May 3. -The Queen has been pleased to appoint C. A. Cobbe, Esq., to be one ofthe R. B. Lockwood, not R. Lockwood ; T. A. Tharp, not T. A. Sharp, as stated in the London Gazette of
Inspectors under the " Act to render more effectual the Police in Counties and Boroughs in England April 13, 1869.
and Wales," in the room of Colonel W. Cartwright, resigned. Bombay Staff Corps.-Admission. -To be Lieut. Lieut. M. D. V. T. Grant, 33rd Regt. Note.-The
WHITEHALL, May 4. -The Queen has been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great admission ofthis officer (now a Captain) should have been previously notified.
Seal granting the dignity of a Knight of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland unto James NAVAL.
Martin, Esq., late First Minister and Attorney General in the Colony of New South Wales, and unto
Robert Officer, Esq. , Speaker of the House ofAssembly of the Colony of Tasmania. ADMIRALTY, April 29.-Dr. Patrick Digan has this day been promoted to the rank of Staff-Surg. in Her
MILITARY. Majesty's Fleet, with seniority of April 25, 1869.
WAR OFFICE, April 30 -Brevet. -To be Aides-de-Camp to the Queen, with the rank of Col. in the
Army. Capt. and Lieut. Col. G. L. Goodlake, Coldstream Guards ; Lieut. -Col. E. Tomkinson, half- NAVAL APPOINTMENTS.
pay, late Cavalry Depot ; and Lieut. -Col. C. T. Bourchier, half-pay, late Rifle Brigade.
WAR OFFICE, May 4-1st Life Guards. - To be Capts. : Lieut. C. Needham by pur., vice Staff Commander-W. H. Sharp, to the Liverpool. Commander- Samuel Long, to the Liverpool,
J. H. De La P , Marquis of Waterford, who retires ; Lieut. C. Thorold by pur., vice Sir A. W. commissioned for gunnery duties. Lieutenants-C. N. Hoare to be flag-lieutenant to Vice Admiral
Peyton, Bart., who retires. To be Lieuts.: Cornet and Sub-Lieut. J. A. , Earl of Caledon by pur. , Sir Alexander Milne, K. C.B., on the Mediterranean station ; H. F. Crohan, R. H. C. Lawson, Burgess
vice Needham ; Cornet and Sub-Lieut. E. M. Dansey by pur.. vice Thorold. Watson, W. H. Henderson, W. A. D. Acland, to the Liverpool, and U. C. Singleton to the Black Prince.
7th Dragoon Guards.Staff Assist. - Surg, N. A. Williamson, M.D. , to be Assist. -Surg. , vice R, Hall, Sub- Lieutenants H. M. C. Festing and E. S. Poe to the Bristol, as supernumeraries. Paymasters--
M.D., who exch. R. W. Warwick, Clarence Aylen (assistant), and G. W. E. Mackay (assistant), to the Liverpool.
1st Dragoons.--Cornet R. M. S. Maunsell to be Lieut. by pur. , vice J. T. Winnington, who retires. Surgeon Dr. Alexander Mitchell , to the Duncan, for temporary service. ChiefEngineer- Owen Jones,
5th Lancers. Ens. E. V. P. Monteith, from 67th Foot, to be Cornet, vice Harvey, prom. to the Liverpool. Engineers- William Walker, John Lanksbury, and Charles Boddington, to the
12th Lancers. Lieut. A. D. Ker to be Capt. by pur. , vice E. A. Pole, who retires ; Cornet J. R. Malone Liverpool. First-class Assistant Engineer-John Wright, to the Liverpool.
to be Lieut. by pur., vice Ker.
13th Hussars. -Lieut. C. C. Higgins to be Capt. by pur., vice J. B. Clay, who retires ; Cornet T. E. Rivis
to be Lieut by pur., vice Higgins.
Royal Artillery. -Lieut. - Col. and Brev. Col. W. H. Cox to be Col. , vice R. F. Mountain, who retires on INDIA CIVIL SERVICE.
full pay; Lieut. -Col, and Brev. Col. G. Shaw, from Supernumerary List, to be Lieut. Col. , vice Cox. The following are the successful candidates at the recent open competition for the Civil Service
Royal Engineers. -Lieut. Col. and Brev. Col. Sir H. St. G. Ord, C.B. , on Seconded List, has been
permitted to retire on full-pay ; Capt. and Brev. Major H. W. Gulliver (late Bengal) to be Lieut.- of India, provided they pass a medical examination, to be held in London in the course of the ensuing
week :-
Col. , vice C. D. Newmarch, decd.: Second Capt. A. M. Lang (late Bengal) to be Capt., vice Brev.
Major Gulliver ; Lieut. H. F. Blair (late Bengal) to be Second Capt. , vice Lang. Pierce De Lacey Henry Johnstone, 2,188 marks ; Vincent Arthur Smith, 1,802 ; Romesh Chunder Dutt,
Coldstream Guards. -The Hon. M. Stapleton to be Ens. and Lieut. by pur. , vice Lord G. F. Hamilton, 1,737 ; Charles Lewis Tupper, 1,729 ; John Hooper, 1,727 : James Richard Baillie, 1,709 ; James Robert
who retires. Maconachie, 1,702 ; Henry Crossley Irwin, 1,656 ; Edward Piercy Henderson, 1,596 ; John Crommelin
Scots Fusilier Guards.-Ens, and Lieut. J. Y. Buller to be Lieut. and Capt. without pur. , vice S. J. Ram, Brown, 1,521 ; Donald Daniel M'Iver Campbell, 1,511 ; Stephen Jacob, 1,504 ; Edward Brittain Steedman,
decd.; A Broadwood, gent. , to be Ens. and Lieut. by pur., vice Buller. 1.466; Bihari Lal Gupta, 1,446 ; Charles William Whish, 1, 390 ; Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, 1,387 ;
2nd Foot. Capt. W. J. Holt, from 29th Foot, to be Capt. , vice E. G. St. John, who exch. Hubert Frederick Bartlett, 1,372 : Charles James Connell, 1,342 ; Herbert George Pearse ; 1,319 ; Francis
9th Foot.-L. G. Brooke, gent., to be Ens. by pur. , vice H. L. Banister, who retires. Berry Mulock, 1,306 ; Julius Wood Muir, 1,297 ; Ernest Bruce Alexander, 1,283 ; Francis Charles
12th Foot-Lieut. J. K. Dooner to be Capt. by pur.. vice F. A. Fitzgerald, who retires ; Ens. J. M. Anderson, 1,243 ; Henry Clissold Williams, 1,236 ; Henry Charles Thorp Robinson, 1,225 ; Stanley Ismay,
Williamson to be Lieut. by pur. , vice Dooner; E. R. J. Warner, gent., to be Ens. by pur. , vice 1,221 : William Crooke, 1,216 ; Robert Hope Pilcher, 1,208 ; Archibald Christie, 1,196 ; Henry Louis
Williamson. St. Barbe, 1, 195 ; Arthur Clifford Tute, 1, 182 ; James Thomson, 1, 181 : Thomas William Holderness, 1,177 ;
19th Foot.-Ens. A. W. H. Hornsby to be Lieut. without pur , vice Bredin, a Probationer for Indian Hillersden Woodward, 1,153 ; Joseph Brown, 1,149 ; William Henry Maffett Gun, 1,142 ; Andrew
StaffCorps ; Ens. G. E. Langford to be Lieut. without pur. , vice Hornsby, whose prom, without pur. Henderson Leith Fraser, 1,129 ; Surendra Nath Banerjea, 1,125 ; Sripad Babaji Thakur, 1,123 ; William
on March 2 , 1869, has been cancelled ; Eps. H. M. Stapleton, from 99th Foot, to be Ens. , vice Ovens Clark, 1,119 ; Arthur Frederick Cox, 1,119 ; Gabriel Stokes, 1,119 ; Henry Gillon, 1,116 ; John
Langford. Pollen, 1.113 : Malcolm Peter Gasper, 1,110 ; John Thomas Halliday, 1,109 ; Arthur Upton Fanshawe,
23rd Foot.- Paymaster and Hon. Capt. A. Rundle, from 58th Foot, to be Paymaster, vice Hon. Major 1,106 ; Earnest Montagu Money, 1, 104 ; John William Harris, 1,098 ; Thomas Graham We'r Dymock,
T. N. Young, who exch. 1,091.
25th Foot - Capt. S. J. Lowe has been permitted to retire from the service by the sale of his commission.
26th Foot -Lieut. H. C. Sharp to be Capt. by pur. , vice T. W. Lawson, who retires ; Ens. W. Higgens SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE .
to be Lieut, by pur., vice Sharp ; H. C. Lamb, gent., to be Ens. by pur. , vice Higgens.
28th Foot - Capt. J. G. Turner to be Major by pur. , vice P. Philpot, who retires ; Lieut. J. H. Evans to ARRIVALS .
be Capt. by pur., vice Turner ; Ens. C. L. H. Deering to be Lieut. by pur. , vice Evans.
29th Foot.- Capt. E. G. St. John, from 2nd Foot, to be Capt. , vice W. J. Holt, who exch. At Liverpool. -April 28 : Panama, from Valparaiso.--April 29 : Hipparchus, from River Plate.-
51st Foot. -Capt. D. V. Stuart has been permitted to retire from the service by the sale of his commission. May 1 : Biafra, from Africa ; Venetian, from Alexandria ; Elsabia and Java, from New York ; Peiho,
58th Foot -Paymaster and Hon. Major T. N. Young, from 23rd Foot, to be Paymaster, vice Hon. Capt. from the Brazils.--May 3 : Memphis, Memnon, and Thebes, from Alexandria ; Tauquai, from Buenos
A. Rundle, who exch. Ayres Australasian, Etna, France, and Nebraska, from New York ; Theresina, from Paraiba ; Fusilier,
67th Foot. -Ensign J. Atkinson to be Lieut. by pur. , vice T. Davidson, who retires ; E. V. P. Monteith, from Buenos Ayres.-- May 4 : Cato, from Bahia ; La Laz, from Havannah ; Minna, from Alexandria,
gent. , to be Ens. by pur., vice Atkinson. At Gravesend. -April 28 : Devonport, from San Francisco.--April 29 : Prince Alfred, from Bahia ;
69th Foot. -Capt. H. S. Turner to be Major by pur., vice F. G. Blood, who retires ; Lieut. F. H. Dyke Morning Star, from Alexandria.- -May 1 : Ayton, from Jamaica ; Glen Osmond, from Adelaide.
to be Capt. by pur., vice Turner ; Ens. A. P. Wodehouse to be Lieut. by pur., vice Dyke. May 3 Arica, from Bangkok. May 4 : Diomed, from Shanghai ; Point, from Jamaica ; Vikingen,
79th Foot. Capt. C. H. Miers, from R. Canadian Rifles, to be Capt. , vice C. E. M'Murdo, who exch. from St. Thomas ; Heaton, from Havannah.--May 5 : Star of Persia and Centurion, from Calcutta ;
84th Foot.- Major F. Hardy to be Lieut. Col. by pur., vice Brevet Col. T. Lightfoot, C B , who retires Eden, from Jamaica ; Wind's Eye, from Barbadoes ; Red Rover and Donald Mackay, from Melbourne ;
on half-pay; Capt. H. L. Brownrigg to be Major by pur. , vice Hardy ; Lieut. E. P. R. Hamilton to Ann Duthie and Nourmahal, from Sydney ; St. Vincent, from Adelaide ; Alfred Hanley, from Brisbane ;
be Capt. by pur. , vice Brownrigg ; Ens. G. H. Cobbold to be Lieut. by pur. , vice Hamilton ; G. C. N. Reemah, from Foo- chow : Jessie Greg, from Bahia ; Winchester, from Trinidad ; John Wilson, fromi
James, gent. , to be Ens. by pur. , vice Cobbold. Portland ; Luigi E. Rondani, from Callao.
94th Foot. -Ens. L. G. Brooke, from 9th Foot, to be Ens. , vice Monckton, transf. to 37th Foot. At Bristol. - May 1 : Bolivar, from Huelza ; Nebo, from Havannah ; Comet, from Bahia.
Royal Canadian Rifle Regt. -Capt. C. E. M'Murdo, from 79th Foot, to be Capt. , vice C. H. Miers, Off Deal. May 5 : Colonial Empire, from Sydney.
who exch
African Commissariat Department..- H. Wyatt, gent. , to be Assist. Commissary. DEPARTURES.
Military Store Department. Dep. Assist. Supt. of Stores D. Jeffreys, from half-pay, to be Dep. Assist. From Liverpool. -April 28 : Ottawa, for Montreal ; Koh-i-noor, for Montevideo ; Jessie Gilbert, for
Supt. of Stores, vice W. W. Holworthy, decd. Montreal: Atacama, for Valparaiso, -- April 29 : Austrian, for Quebec.--April 30 : Melbourne, for
Medical Department. - Surg. E. H. Roberts, from R. Art., to be Staff Surg.; Assist. -Surg. R. Hall, Philadelphia ; Nina, for Santander.- - May 1 : Berhampore and Timour, for Calcutta ; Cuba, for New
M.D., from 7th Dragoon Guards, to be StaffAssist. -Surg., vice N. A. Williamson, M.D. , who exch. York Maspesia, for Melbourne : Alex. Marshall, for New York ; Atlantic, for Alexandria. May 2:
Brevet. - Lieut. -Col. and Brev. Col. Sir H. St. G. Ord, C. B. , on the Retired Full-pay List of R. Eng. ,
to be Major-Gen. , the rank being honorary only ; Col. R. F. Mountain, on Retired Full- pay List of Egyptian,
Gloucester,
for Alexandria ; Lathley Rich, for Boston ; Fire Queen, for New Orleans ; Palace, for
U.S.; Eheu and Narciss, for Barbadoes ; Pedro Plaudolit, for Manila ; Minerva, for Gaboon.
R. Art. , to be Major- Gen., the rank being honorary only ; Paymaster and Hon. Major W. Brumell, -May 3: Donati, for the Brazils ; Patrick Henry and Azaline, for Quebec.--- May 4 : Aleppo and
25th Foot, who retires on half-pay, to have temporary rank of Lieut. - Col.; Paymaster H. C. Ryder, Moses Day, for New York ; Samaria, for Boston ; European, for Quebec ; Alexandria, for St. John's,
20th Foot, to have honorary rank of Capt.
The undermentioned officers, having completed the qualifying service with the rank of Lieut. -Col. , to be and Zarah, for :Halifax
Newfoundland Waterloo, for Bombay : Langrigg, for Montevideo ; Recia, for Lima.--May 5 : Cadette
; England and Colorado, for New York ; Christine, for Rio Janeiro ; Advice and
Cols. , under provisions of Royal warrant of Feb. 3, 1866 -H . K. Burne, Bengal Staff Corps ; G. T. Ida, for Quebec.
Field, R. Art. , Insp . of Studies and Second Commandant at R. Mil. Acad.; F. H. Synge, 43rd Foot. -April 28 : Ornan, for Alexandria ; Spheroid, for Dominica. -April 29 : Ocean
The following promotions to take place in succession to Brev. Col. S. N. Lowder, R. Mar. Lt. Inf. , prom. From Gravesend.
Major-Gen. on March 24, 1869 -Major E. B. Thorp, 89th Foot, to be Lieut. -Col.; Captain A. Chief, for Shanghai : Kosciusko, for Melbourne ; Isabella Ridley, for Hong Kong ; Queen of the
Sievwright, R.A. , to be Major. Clippers, for Bathurst ; Martlet, for the Cape. - May 1 : Balkamah, for Bombay ; Helen, for Jamaica ;
The following promotions to take place in succession to Major-Gen. J. R. Brunker, who died on March 24, Ballarat, for Auckland ; Invincible, for Hong Kong. - May 4 : Warwick Castle, for Calcutta ; Napoleon
1869 : -Brev. Col J. Douglas, C. B. , from Lieut. - Colonel, half-pay Depot Battalion, to be Major- Third, for Melbourne ; Lobelia, for Madras.
General. To be Lieut. - Cols. - Capt. and Brevet Major E. Palmer, half pay R. Art.; Majors F. D. VESSELS SPOKEN WITH.
Middleton, half-pay, late 29th Foot ; E. A. Hardy, 21st Hussars ; K. R. Maitland, 79th Foot ;
W. H. Kerr, Depot Batt.; Capt. and Brev. Major C. E. Johns, Mil. Train ; Major H. P. Vance, The Mary Tatham, Bangkok for Falmouth, April 10, 20 N. , 39 W.; the Commandeur, Newcastle
38th Foot ; Capt. and Brev. Major C. F. Young, R. Art. Capt. and Brev. Major H. Foster, 95th for Rio Janeiro, April 2, 22 S.; the Inverugie, Newport for Capetown, April 14, 8 N , 28 W.; the
Foot; Majors C. Darby, 86th Foot ; A. J. Nixon, Rifle Brigade ; Hon. C. J. Addington, 38th Foot; Shalimar, Cardiff for Japan, April 18, 21 N, 25 W.: the C-lestial Empire, London for Bombay, March
H. H. Stevenson, half-pay Unatt.; J. H. Wade, half-pay, late 53rd Foot ; R. C. Stewart, half-pay, 22, 11 N., 25 W. , the Vanguard, Shields for Singapore, April 2, 6 S. , 27 W.; the Tagal, Jamaica for
late 2nd Foot; W. D. S. Dickins, 31st Foot ; H. R. L. Newdigate, Rifle Brigade ; Capt. and Brev. Falmouth, April 26. 42 N. , 45 W.; the Camperdown, Calcutta for Dundee, April 30 ; the Byron,
Majors H. L. Talbot, R. Art.; Hon. L. W. Milles, half-pay, late Rifle Brigade : W. Tedlie, 60th Manilla for London, April 30, 49 N., 15 W.; the Glamorgan, Pisagua for Liverpool, April 23, 45 N.,
Foot ; W. H. Goodenough, R. Art.; G. Clerk, Rifle Brigade ; Major W. M. S. Bolton, 106th Foot ; 22 W.; the Ferndale, Colombo for London, May 2, 49 N. , 12 W.; the Kenilworth, California for
Capt. and Brev. Major C. P. Lane, 21st Hussars : Major the Hon. I. De V. T. W. Fiennes, 9th Liverpool, March 21 , 26 S., 27 W.; the Ernestine, Melbourne for London, March 22, 25 S. , 26 W .; the
Lancers ; Capt. and Brev. Major P. A. Brown, Mil. Train. To be Major-Capt. G. S. Burnard, Ayr, London for Natal, March 28, 10 S. , 29 W.; the Procymatia, London for Brisbane, March 28.
5th Dragoon Guards.
INDIA OFFICE, May 3. -The Queen has been pleased to approve of the undermentioned promotions and LIST OF PASSENGERS.
alterations of rank amongst the officers of the Staff Corps and of her Majesty's Indian Military
Forces, made by the Governments in India :-
BREVET. - To be Colonels - Lieut.-Cols. J. Hennessy, Bengal Inf.; G B. Reddie, Bengal Inf.; J. Bar- The following persons have engaged passages by the Peninsular and Oriental Company's
rett, Bengal Inf : R. J. Hawthorne, Bengal Cav.; S. F. Macmullen, Bengal Cav.: R. C. Tytler, steamers during May :-
Bengal Inf. S. B. Faddy, Bengal Inf.; J. W. Carter. Bengal Inf.; G. Caulfield, Bengal Inf. To
be Lieut. -Col. -Major C. D. W. S. Grant, late 50th Madras N.I. To be Majors- Capts. W. G. May 8.
Grove, 32nd Madras N.I.; S. W. Lennox, 23rd Madras N I. To be Captains -Lieuts. J. M'Mullin, SOUTHAMPTON TO GIBRALTAR- Mrs. Lambert. SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMEAY Mr. D. Newnham
Madras S C.; E. A. Campbell, 11th Madras N.I.; H. S. Daniell, 3rd Bombay L.C.; J. D. Clark, SOUTHAMPTON TO MALTA- Mrs. Hall, Mr. Shewen, Smith, Mr. and Mrs. A. Colville, Mr. J. Winton,
late 8th Madras L.C.; H. G. De L. Groves, late 7th Madras LC.; H. B. Edwards, late and Mr. Terry, Mr. Lushington, Mr. Fitzroy, Mr. H. Paget.
Bombay Europeans ; C. Grant, 2nd Bombay L.C. SOUTHAMPTON TO ALEXANDRIA- Mr. Howard. MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY - Mr. and Mrs. Terry,
SUBSTANTIVE PROMOTIONS . - Bengal Staff Corps. To be Lieut. - Col. -Majors C. Andrews (Brev. MARSEILLES TO ADEN- Mr. W. C. Lorraine. Mr. A. C. Watt, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Havelock.
Lieut. Col.) , H. C. Anderson, R. A. Napier, C. Reav. To be Major- Capt. R. O. H. Forbes.
To be Captains- Lieuts, C. R. Cock, F. Hammond, J. B. Brander. May 15.
Bengal Army - Infantry.-Lieut. Col. ( Brev. Col. ) H. W. Matthews to be Col. , Major ( Brev. Lieut- SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY-Mr. and Mrs. Wood, SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA - Mr. J. Hennell,
Col. ) J. C. Dickson, from late 33rd N.I. , to be Lieut. -Col. , in succ. to Haldane, decd. Mr. H. G. Scott, Mr. C. Nixon, Mr. W. C. Lieut.-Col. and Mrs. Morgan, Mrs. Ross, Cap-
Madras StaffCorps.-To be Lieut.-Cols. -Majors L. W. Buck, A. B. Marsack, J. C.West, C. S. Elliott, Floyd, Mrs. Floyd, Mr. E. T. Sealey, Mr. H. T. tain and Mrs. Weston, Mr. Murray Robertson.
W. Graves, H. H. Firth, G. J. S. Tireman, J. Davidson, J. S. Martyr, De Symons Barrow, J. R. Maneco, Major G. D. Eales. MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA- Dr. Loch, Mr. C. F.
Boswall , G. T. Hilliard. To be Majors - Capts. A. M. Davies, R. A. Clementson, T. Dver, J. P. MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Mrs. Col. Loch, Captain Lazarus.
Pedler, E. A. Mottet, F. J. Millar, W. H. L. Fuller, R. C. Lavie, B. H. W. Magrath, F. C. Taylor, and Mrs. Henchy. SUEZ TO CALCUTTA - Lieut. Green, R.E., Mr.
F. T. Pollock, R. W. Mesham, S. New, E. Cave, J. D. L. Campbell. To be Captains - Lieut. SOUTHAMPTON TO GALLE-Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Lagan Home.
J. B. Leggett, E H. Thomas, J. Macdougall, C. Hayter, L. B. Bance, G. C. Bird, W. N. Wrough Jenkins, Miss Vane, Mr. and Mrs. G. Vane and SOUTHAMPTON TO PENANG- Mr. G. Clemen.
ton, G. P. Worster, C. C. Hewetson, L. W. Halsted, E. W. Shaw, R. G. Jenkins, F. P. H. Bird, infant, Miss E. Iron, Major-Gen. and Mrs. Renny, SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG Mr. George
T. O. Underwood, J. A. Richmond, G. S. Keith, J. Colquhoun , C. L. Highmoor, J. B. Taylor, Captain Chichester, Mr. Corfe. Collingwood, Mr. G. A. K. Honey.
Porteous, J. T. M'Goun, R. D. Thorpe, A. Godfrey, C. J. O. Chambers, S. É R. Butler, MARSEILLES TO GALLE- Sir Hercules Robinson, MARSEILLES TO HONG KONG - Mr. H. C Heywood.
M.A.
C. Furlong . Lady Robinson, two children, and two Misses SOUTHAMPTON TO YOKOHAMA- Mr. F. L. Pallard.
Madras Army -Infantry. - Major (Brev. Lieut. - Col . ) A. H. Gordon, from late 52nd N.I. , to be Lieut.- Robinson, Mr. and Mrs. W. Sabonadiere and SUEZ TO YOKOHAMA- Dr. Oris, Signor Velini,
Col. in succ. to Dobbie, decd.: Major ( Brev. Lieut. -Col. ) C. D. W. S. Grant, from late 50th N.I. ,to two children. SOUTHAMPTON TO SYDNEY -Mr. Jessop.
be Lieut. Col. , in succ. to Jones, retired. The undermentioned officers will rank as follows :- SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Mr. S. Short. MARSEILLES TO SYDNEY- Mr. C. J. Muller.
Lieut. Col. A. L. Rishton, Inf., from March 6, 1868 : Lieut. -Col. C. J. Fullerton, Inf. , from April 20, MARSEILLES TO MADRAS - Col. Rowlandson, Mr. MARSEILLES TO MELBOURNE -Mr. Rutherford.
1868 : Lieut.-Col. L. Christie, 1868,. from April 22, 1868 ; Major W. Ramsay and Capt. J. C.
April 22, Inf. J. W. Mascrop, Miss Lily Joseph.
Berkeley , roth N.J.H., from
Medical Officers. -To be Surgeons -Major : Surgs. J. R. Theobald , G. F. Trimnell. To be Surgeon : May 29.
Assist.-Surg. T. G. Howell. SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Capt. F. D. Chat- MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA-Lt.-Col. J. E. Fraser.
Bombay Staff Corps - To be Lieut. -Cols. -Majors J. T. Annesley , W. R. Lambert , J. F. Lester, H. N. terton. SUEZ TO CALCUTTA- Mr. and Mrs. J. Janssen.
Miller, E. Waddington, ( Brev. Lieut. Col. ) A. B. Little, (Brev. Lieut. - Col. ) E. A. H. Bacon, A. SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Mr. A. R. Hen- MARSEILLES TO SHANGHAI-Mr. Brodie.
nell, Mr. Jackson . MARSEILLES TO YOKOHAMA- Mr. Andreis.
[ 237 ]
 38 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 7, 1869.

CURRIE- HUNT-At Edinburgh, Mr. W. Currie, of Linthill, N. B., to CAYLEY, Edith M., infant daughter of Rev. R. A. , at York, May 2.
BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. Mary Margaret, daughter of the late Mr. W. Hunt, W.S., Edin- CHACE, Mr.Lieut.
CHILDERS, R , atW.
Cowper-road,
H., R. N., South Hornsey,
on board H.M.S.aged 71, April
Black 30.off
Prince,
burgh, April 29.
BIRTHS. DANYELL-TASSINARI-At Florence, Mr. A. J. Danyell, late Captain Greenock, aged 32, April 29.
SONS. 31st Regt. , to Alice I. , daughter of Cavaliere Tassinari, of Florence, CLARKE, Mr. J., J.P., at Macclesfield, aged 71, April 14.
April CLARKE, Ellen J., daughter of Rev. W. H., M.A., Incumbent of
ARBUTHNOT, wife of Major W. W. , late 18th Hussars, at Venice, FABRIS -19.
FITZGERALD -At St. George's, Hanover - square, Mr. F. Christ Church, Skipton, at York-gate, Regent's Park, aged 28,
April 25. Fabris, of Maida Vale, to Charlotte, daughter of the late Mr. S. J. April 28.
BOUTCHER, Mrs. W. , at Blenheim-crescent, May 4. Fitzgerald, of Regent's Park, April 30. COCKERELL, Mr. J., at Brighton, aged 83, April 28.
BRADBURNE, Mrs. F. A. , at Brickworth Park, near Salisbury, April 30. FERGUSSON- DUNMORE - At Edinburgh, Maj. A. Fergusson, Bombay COLLINS, Charles, son of thelate Mr. E. , of Trutham, Cornwall, at
BRERETON, wife of Lieut. C. W., Adj. Royal Art., Pegu Division, at Staff Corps, to Agnes E. , daughter of Col. W. K. Dunmore, late his estancia, near Fray Bentos, in South America, March 18.
Rangoon, March 16. Bengal Army, April 28. COOPER, Mr. F. H., C.B., Bengal C.S. , son of the late Rev. A.
BURTON, Mrs. J., at Gresford, Denbighshire, April 28. FLOYD- DUNNING-At Pimlico, Walter C. L., son of the late Major- Cooper, Incumbent of St. Mark's, North Audley-street, at Trent,
CHESSHIRE, wife of Rev. J. S. , Hampton Lucy, Warwickshire, May 3. General Sir H. Floyd, Bart., to Elizabeth J., daughter of the late near Sherborne, aged 42, April 22.
Cook, wife of Major E. A. , at Berkeley-square, May 4. Mr. R. Dunning, of Winkleigh, Devon, May 4. COSLETT, Francis E., son of the late Mr. C. J., Sutton, co. Dublin,
EYTON, Mrs. A. , at Plas Llanerchymor, Holywell, April 29. GERARD PORTER-At Cheltenham, Mr. F. Gerard, late Capt. 23rd at Hyères, France, April 25.
FISHER, wife of Rev. H. C., at Sustead, Norfolk, May 3. Royal Welsh Fusiliers, to Catherine, daughter of the late Mr. C. CRABB, Mr. H., at Brunswick-terrace, Exmouth, aged 66, April 27.
GAMBLE, wife of Colonel, C. B. , at Hyde Park-gate, April 29. Porter, of Tewkesbury, April 29. CREWE, Maria, relict of the late Mr. W., of Shelley House, Essex,
GOUIN, wife of Rev. A. , Brighton, April 30. GIBBES-SWINHOE-At Lee, Heneage, son of Rev. H. Gibbes, to at Dartmouth-park, Forest-hill, aged 84, April 30.
GRANT, wife of Capt. P.C. S. , at Croydon, April 16. Jessie E., daughter of the late Mr. J. B. Swinhoe, of Calcutta, DARBY, Mary, wife of Kev. C. , at Thomastown, Ireland, April 29.
GRINDLAY, Mrs. W., at Tichborne-street, April 29. April 28. DAVENEY, Mr. H., at Blofield, Norfolk, aged 76, April 30.
HATHAWAY, Mrs. P., at Willesden, May 3. GOLDSMITH-D'ARCY- At Rockhampton, Queensland, Edward, son DE HAVILLAND, Louisa, wife of Lieut.-Col. , R. Art. , at Southsea,
HILL, Mrs. J. D., at Terlings, near Harlow, April 30. of Mr. J. Goldsmith, of Hambledon, Hants, to Anastasia, daughter May 4.
HUGHES, wife of Major T. E., R.A. , at Rawul Pindee, March 31. ofMr. W. F. D'Arcy, of Rockhampton, Feb. 2. DEVONSHIRE, Mr. , at Holford-square, aged 77, April 29.
HULL, Mrs. W. W. , at Belper, Derbyshire, April 27. HARPER- WADE -At Blackheath Hill, John W. Harper to Mary DREW, Selina J. , daughter of the late Mr. and Mrs. G. , of Great
HUTCHINSON, wife of Dr. J. A. C., Bengal Medical Service, at East- Agnes, eldest daughter of Mr. G. R. Wade, Greenwich, May 1. Percy- street, at Hornsey-rise, aged 17, April 29.
bourne, April 30. HEASLOP -RICHARDS- At Ryde, Capt. C. P. Heaslop, R. Mar. Art. , DUNGLISON, Mr. R., M. D. , at Philadelphia, aged 71, April 1.
IRVING, MIS. Joseph, at Dalreoch, Dumbarton, April 29. to Lucy, daughter of the late Rev. R. G. Richards, Vicar of Ham- EDMONDS, Mary I. C., infant daughter of Mr. W. B. , of the Royal
JEFFERISS, Mrs. H., at Leadenhall, May 1. bledon, Hants, April 29. Horse Art., at Bangalore, March 28,
KING, Mrs. W. H. , at Churchill Court, near Kidderminster, April 28. HEWETT HUNTER-At Byculla, Lieut.-Colonel W. S. Hewett, FINNEY, Agnes, wife of Mr. J., of Alexandria, at Southampton,
KING, Mrs. W. M. , at Taunton, April 27. Assist -Adjt. -General, Mhow Division of the Army, to Elizabeth aged 25, April 29.
LAMOTTE, wife of Rev. F. L., at Denmark- terrace, Brighton, April 29. M. , daughter of Mr. W. F. Hunter, April 6. FORDHAM, Cyrus, son of the late Mr. G., of Odsey House, Cambs. ,
LEET, wife of Dr. C. H., R. Eng., at Guildford, April 30. HOLLINS-DAVIES-GRIFFITH -At Caer Rhun, Daintry, son of Mr. at St. Albans, aged 39, April 26.
LIDDERDALE, Mrs. W. , Cambridge-square, Hyde Park, April 30. M. D. Hollins, of Whitmore Hall, Staffordshire, and of Bodsgallen, GANGE, Mr. J. , at Dover, aged 80, April 27.
MACLURE, wife of Rev. E. C., at Burnley, April 30 (a son and daughter). Carnarvonshire, to Caroline L. , daughter of Mr. H. Davies-Griffith, GARRATT, Mrs. F. , at Great Lindford, aged 70, April 22.
MEDLICOTT, wife of Rev. W. E , at Buriton, Hants, May 2. of Caer Rhun, Carnarvonshire, April 28. GIPPS, Mr. G., at Howletts, Kent, aged 85, April 26.
METZLER, Mrs. G. T., at Priory-road, Kilburn, May 2. HUBBACK - LOCKHART-At Lanark, N. B., Mr. J. Hubback, of Liver- GRANT, Albina C. , wife of Mr. G. F. , late Captain 62nd Regiment,
MULLENS, Mrs. J. A., at Broome Hall, Teddington, May 4. pool, to Georgina, widow of Capt. A. E. Lockhart, R. Eng., April 27. at Dublin, March 26.
OLIVIER, wife of Rev. H., at Frensham, Surrey, April 30. HUNTER-- STANIEY-At Armagh, Major C. F. Hunter, 72nd High- GREEN, Rev. T. F. , Rector of Graveley, Herts, aged 73, May 3.
PASSMORE, Mrs. R. A. , at Westbourne Park, Bayswater, April 27. landers) , to Anna M., daughter of Mr. J. Stanley, of Abbey Park, GRIFFITHS, Mr. W. V.. ofCroydon and Abchurch-chambers, April 29.
PICKARD, wife of Rev. W. J., Appleford, Abingdon, April 26, and the Pavilion, Armagh, April 29. HARDING, Mr. J. J., M. R.C.S., L.S.A. , at Princess-terrace, Regent's
PIFFARD, Mrs. A., at Dax, Département des Landes, France, April 20. JAMES- FRASER-At Marylebone, Capt. C. D. James, 36th Regt. , to Park, aged 41, April 26.
POWER, Mrs. H., May 2. Sophia C. , daughter of Mr. J. Fraser, of Park-crescent, Regent's HARRIS, Mr. J. , at Cockermouth, aged 85, April 24.
RAPHAEL, Mrs. H. L., at Portland-place, April 29. Park, May 4. HARRISON, Mr. T. R. , of St. Martin's-lane, at Russell-square, aged 70,
SMYTH, wife of Major-Gen. H., C. B., at Sidmouth, May 2. KENNEDY-HEADON- At All Saints', Norfolk-square, Mr. E. April 29.
SPRING RICE, Hon. Mrs. C. , at Eccleston-square, May 4. Kennedy, of Fleet-street, to Susan, daughter of Mr. T. Headon, HASTINGS, Mr. T., late of Longham, aged 76, at Gressenhall,
STAPLES, wife of Majer T., Bengal S. C. , at Dublin, May 2. late of Parkham, Devon, May 4. April 30.
STEVENSON, wife of Mr. L. R. , late 3rd King's Own Hussars, at KENNEDY- SCOTT-At Mhow, Captain G. H. Kennedy, 3rd Bombay HART, Mr. J. , at Torrington-square, aged 29, April 30.
Birkenhead, April 30. N.I., to Ellen G., daughter of Lieut.-Col. J. G. Scott, Bombay HAWKSHAW, Lucy, relict of the late Colonel E., at Cheltenham, aged
TAYLOR, Mrs. W. S., at Castle Taylor, co. Galway, April 25. Inf. , April 3. 80, April 27.
WADGE, Mrs. J. L., at Neuwied-on-the- Rhine, April 29 (prematurely, LEACH- INCE -At Upper Chelsea, Brevet Major E. Leach, goth Regt. HERING, Mr. F. , at Argyll-street, aged 69, May 2.
stillborn). to Frances E., daughter of Mr. W. H. Ince, of Thurloe-square HILLS, Anna, widow of the late Mr. J., of the Inner Temple, at
WINGFIELD, wife of Capt. A., at Cound Villa, Salop, April 26. April 29. Carshalton, aged 72, May 3.
WRANGHAM, Mrs. W., at Neswick, April 27. LE MOTTER ALVES - At Jersey, Lieut. O. F. Le Mottee, R.A. , HILLYER, Mary L. , daughter of the Rev. G. W., at Cold Harbor,
DAUGHTERS. to Emily M., daughter of Colonel Alves, H. E. I. C.S., April 28. Surrey, aged 7 years, April 29.
LIGHTFOOT- PICKERING- At Portman-square, Mr. F. L. Lightfoot, HOLDWAY, Mr. F., of Mount-street, and Oldfield-terrace, aged 44.
ANDERSON, Mrs. A. G. , at Belsize Park, May 3. of The Brand, Salop, to Jane A., daughter of the late Mr. W. B. April 17.
ANNESLEY, wife of Mr. F. C., H. M.'s 28th Regt., at Newport, Isle of Pickering, May 4. HOPLEY, Mr. E. W. J., at South Bank, Regent's Park, aged 53,
Wight, April 20. LUCKMAN OVERTON - At St. George's, Hanover-square, Mr. S. April 30.
APPLEFORD, Mrs. J. , at Ringwood, April 27. Luckman, of Queens' College, Cambridge, and East Sheen, to HUTCHINSON, Maria E., wife of the Rev. C. H., at Westdean, near
ARBUTHNOT, wife of Rev. R. K. , at Kimpton, Herts, May 1. Matilda, daughter of the late Mr. T. Overton, of London, May 1. Chichester, aged 36, May 1.
BAILLIE, Mrs. H., at Buckereli Lodge, April 25. MASSEY - PEIRSON-At Framlingham, Mr. T. Massey, of Oxford, to JACKSON, Emily M. , daughter ofthe late Capt. R. H. S. , at Boulogne-
BALDING, Mrs. C. C. , at Shefford, Beds, April 23. Emma J. , daughter of the late Mr. J. Peirson, of Framlingham , sur-Mer, aged 22, April 28.
BATCHELER, Mrs. C., at Derby, April 21. April 28. KYD, Colonel H. Mcl , late of the 1st Madras European Regt. , at
BROWN, wife of Rev. D. , at St. Leonard's-on- Sea, May 2. OWEN-ANDERTON-At Wrexham, Mr. M. Owen, of Tan-y-girt, Surbiton, aged 81, May 3.
CASTELLAIN, Mrs. C., at Oak Lodge, Prince's Park, Liverpool, May 3- Denbighshire, to Katharine R. , daughter of Mr. P. Anderton, of KEMPSON, Frances A. , wife of Mr. E. F. Kempson, of Launceston,
CHAPMAN, Mrs. E. H. , at Eaton-place, April 30. Ashfield, Wrexham , May 4. at Torquay, aged 26, May 2.
COCKERELL, Mrs. J., at Lansdowne-place, Brighton, April 28. POLLOCK-HOLLINS- At Edgbaston, Robert, son of Mr. R. Pollock, LAHEE, Mr. J. , at Ovington-square, aged 87, April 29.
CRAIGIE, wife of Major, of Glendoick, Perthshire, at Ashton-terrace, Birmingham, to Eliza S. , daughter of Mr. C. Hollins, Edgbaston, LB GALL, William McC. , only son of the late Mr. J., of St. Vincent,
Glasgow, April 24. April 28. W.I. , at Mentone, aged 18, May 1.
DALLEY, Mrs. J. L., at Woodbury, Addiscombe, May 5. PUCKLE- BARNARD- At Piccadilly, Mr. W. Puckle, Captain Isle of LIGERTWOOD, Emma, wife of Mr. S. T., M.D. , late 8th Hussars,
DE MONTMORENCY, wife of Capt. H. J., at Castle Morres, co. Kil- Wight Artillery Militia, to Caroline G. , daughter of the late Rev. C. at the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, May 2.
kenny, April 30. Barnard, of Bigby, Lincolnshire, April 29. LIND, Mr. H. , at Henley- on-Thames, aged 47, April 28.
DUFF, Mrs. T., at Gwynne House, Woodford- bridge, May 5. RAVER- DASHWOOD- At Pimlico, Mr. W. C. Rayer,of Holcombe LINLEY, Mr. G., of the Savings Bank, General Post Office, at
FERARD, Mrs. B. A., at Napier, New Zealand, Dec. 31. Court, Devon, to Charlotte, daughter of Admiral Dashwood, Peckham-rye, aged 33, Aprillate
28. Mr. A., of Shabden Park, Surrey,
Fox, Mrs. E. F. , at Kensington-place, Brislington, April 27. April 22. LITTLE, Agnes, widow ofthe
GODFREY, wife of Capt. C. J., Madras S. C. , at Cannanore, March 30. ROBERTSON- GRANT--At Pimlico, Dalrymple K., son of Mr. J. S. at Park-square, aged 86, May 1.
HANSEN, MIS. J. C., at Sandown Park, Wavertree, April 28. Robertson, War Office, to Anna C. , daughter of the late Mr. P. LORAINE, Mr. R. G., of Wallington, at Sidmouth, aged 76, April 27.
HARDMAN, wife of Rev. C. L., Vicar, at the Vicarage, Embsay, Grant, Madras Civil Service, April 29. LowE, Edward R. , son of Capt. A. H., of Wandsworth, on board the
near Skipton, April 30. ROBINSON SOMERVILLE-At Hinton , Hants, Rev. T. B. B. Robinson, Biafra s.s., at Lagos, aged 22, April 7.
HARRISON, Mrs. D., at Staveley, Westmorland, April 29. B. A., Incumbent of Hinton, to Emily C., daughter of the late MALLOCK, Mr. T. , Commander R.N. , at Hill, Cottage, near Axmin-
HEADLAM, Mrs. M., at Whorlton Grange, near Darlington, May 4. Kenelm, 17th Baron Somerville, April 29. ster, aged 69, April 30.
HEWETT, Mrs. A. F., at Calcutta, April 5. Ross - ROBINSON -- At the Cathedral, Fred. B. , son of Mr. M. Ross, MANTON, Mary A. , relict of the late Mr. G. H., at Duchess-street,
HEYWOOD, wife of Mr. J , Royal Engineers ( Bengal), at Bath, May 2. JP., Smedley, to Mary, daughter of the late Mr. G. F. Robinson,
HOBKIRK, wife of Rev. J. H. C. , at Northampton, April 26. of Didsbury, April 29. MAYSMOR, Mr. H. aged
Portland-place, 76, May
L., M.D. , at Cliftonville, aged 36, May 2.
HUME, Mrs. A., at Greenlaw House, N. B., April 29. SHUM-STOREY SHAWE At Hesket, Mr. G. H. Shum-Storey, of MENDHAM, Rev. J. , at Clophill, Beds, aged 68, April 23.
JONES, wife of Mr. S. , M. B. , at Southwark, April 29. Arcot Hall, Northumberland, to Gertrude I., daughter of the Hon. MILES, Charles, son of Mr. J., M. D. , of Eastbourne, formerly of the
JONES, Mrs. W. B., at Chelmsford, April 30. Mrs. Shawe, of Southwaite-hill, Cumberland, April 27. Charterhouse, at Craven-road, Hyde Park, April 19.
KENT,
LEWIS, wife
wife ofof Mr.
Mr. A.F., ,Solicitor,
L. R.C. P.at
, atNorwich, May 1.
Upper Gloucester-place, Dorset- SIMPSON-WALL -At Stockwell, Rev. J. Simpson, of Fulbourne, MONEY, Rev. F., Rector of Offham, Kent, at Southsea, aged 74,
Cambs. , to Rose, daughter of the late Mr. T. Wall, of Brixton, April 26.
square, April 29. April 29. MORRES, Margaret A., infant daughter of the Rev. R. E., Rector of
MANSER, Mrs. W. , of Penryn, Cornwall, May 2. SKINNER FOSTER At Cambridge, Mr. R. W. Skinner, M.A. , Clare Chedington, at Wokingham, April 27.
MATCHAM, Mrs. W. E. , at Newhouse, Wilts, May 2. College, Cambridge, to Annie V. S. , daughter ofthe late Mr. H. S. NAPIER, Ralph M., fourth son of Mr. J. M. Napier, of York-road,
MINET, wife of Mr. W., of the Bombay and Baroda Railway, at Foster, ofCambridge, April 29. aged 6 months, April 30.
Sydenham, April 28. SMITH RONALDSON-At Spanish Town, Jamaica, Mr. T. W. Smith, NEWILL, Mr. H. , of H M.'s Madras C.S. , on board the Delhi, near
MONSON, Hon. Mrs. T., at Kirby-under- Dale, April 29. of St Catherine, to Alice C. M. G., daughter of Mr. J. J. Ronald- Gibraltar, aged 49, April 25
MOSTYN, wife of Hon. and Rev. H. W. , at Buckworth Rectory, son, Jun. , of Clarendon, Jamaica, March 31. NEWSTEAD, Mr. W. H., Solicitor, at Ely-place, aged 60, May 3.
May 3 THOMPSON -DUNNE-At Clapham, Mr. T. H. Thompson, late O'BRIEN, Captain D. , formerly resident at Howrah, at Greenwich,
MOTT, Mrs. J. S. , at Avening, Gloucestershire, April a9. Capt. 78th Highlanders, to Alice, daughter of the late Rev. J. H. aged 75, April 30.
OSBORN, Mrs. G. H., at Northfield, Bromley, May 1. Dunne, Rector and Vicar O'HAGAN, Mr. H. , C.E., at Omoa, Honduras Railway, aged 50,
OWEN, wife of Mr. D. , late of Melbourne, Australia, at Ash Hall, TOLLEMACHE -HOPE-At St.ofGeorge's,
Rathregan and Dunshaughlin,
Hanover-square, May
Mr. L. 1.
A. A. March 7.
Glamorganshire, April 26. Tollemache to Louisa M. , daughter of Maj. - Gen. F. Hope, April 29. PERKINS, Mr. J., M.D. , at Brussels, aged 74, May 1.
ROBBS, wife of Mr. C. H. D., M.D. , at Grantham, May 1. WARD - MACONCHY- At Torquay, Capt, T. Le H. Ward, R.N., to PETCH, Mr. J., at Oxford-terrace, Hyde Park, aged 62, April 27.
ROBERTS, Mrs. M. H., at Alms Hoe Bury, near Hitchin, April 30. Helen M. , daughter of Mr. G. Maconchy, of Rathmore, co. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, John T. , son of the Rev. O. , at Bloxworth,
Ross, wife of Col. , C. B. , Rifle Brigade, at Dinapore, March 25. Longford, and Corrinagh, Torquay, April 29. aged 9 days, May 1.
SCARTH, wife of Rev. J. , at Cranborne, Windsor, May 1. WARREN - COMINS - At Witheridge, North Devon, Rev. F. K. PIERCE, Mr. W. E., formerly of Demerara, at Kingston, Jamaica,
SHARPE, wife of Rev. T. W., at Beddington, April 27. Warren, Rector of Exton, Somerset, to Anne N., daughter of aged 75, April 6.
STAVELEY, Lady, at Government House, Devonport, April 29. Mr. T. M. Comins, of Witheridge, April 27. PRATT, Mr. A. C. , Medical Student of King's College, London,
STEWART, Mrs. M. J. Shaw, at Calcutta, March 20. WATSON-WHITE- At Valparaiso, Stephen, son of Mr. S. Watson,
ST. JOHN, wife of Capt. F. C., Madras S. C. , at Bath, April 26. aged 21, April 29.
TARVER, Mrs. H. , at Eton College, May 1. Rock Ferry, Liverpool, to Dora, daughter of the late Mr. E. RAWLINS, Crozier L. , son ofthe late Rev. T. , of Dublin, at Montreux,
WALSH, Hon. Mrs. D., at Bath, April 28 (posthumous). White, of Wolverhampton, March 6. Switzerland, aged 24, March 29.
WELDON -WELDON-At Rathfarnham, Mr. W. J. Weldon, A.B. , ROGERSON, Mr. W., of Wamphray, at Gillesbie, Dumfriesshire, aged
MARRIAGES. M. B. , of Holborn-hill, Cumberland, to Mary J., daughter of 78, April 23.
Mr. R. Weldon Barrister, of Rathgar, Dublin, April 27. Ross, Kate C., daughter of Mr. R., deceased, formerly of Calcutta
ADARE-KERR-Viscount Adare, son ofthe Earl of Dunraven, to Miss WHEAT-COLLINS-At Bridgwater, Mr. S. Wheat, of Thorpe Tilney, and Rugby, at Belsize Park, Hampstead, aged 20, May 2.
Florence Kerr, daughter of Lord and Lady Charles Lennox Kerr, to Mary G. , daughter of the late Rev. J. Collins, Vicar of SANDYS, Helen S. , widow of the late Rev. C. , Chaplain H.E.I.C.S.,
April 29. St. John's, Bridgwater, May 1, Bombay, at Pau, aged 58, April 25.
BALLANCE POLLARD - At Taunton, Alfred C. , son of the late Mr. T. SCOTT, Mr. S. , of Sundridge Park, Bromley, Kent, and Caven-
Ballance, of Homerton, to Margaret L., daughter of Mr. S. K. DEATHS. dish-square, at Nice, April 29.
Pollard, of Taunton, April 28. ARBUTHNOT, Alice M., daughterof Mr. J. A., of Coworth Park, SMITH, Henry G. , of the Madras Civil Service, at Upper Norwood,
BALBINO- BRUNNING- At Paddington, Mr. E. Balbino, of Naples, to Berks, at Tipperary, aged 25, May 1. April 28.
Ellen, daughter of Mr. Brunning, Ipswich, April 28. ATKINSON, Janey J., wife of Lieut. S. E., Adj. 19th M.N.I., at SMITH, Mr. T., of Highgate, at Lancing, aged 52, April 28.
BARBENSON GIBBONS -At Alderney, Mr. N. P. L. Barbenson, advo- Kurnool, aged 18, April 3. SPARKES, Arthur E. L., son of Mr. T.,H.M.'s Military Store Staff,
cate, to Charlotte E. I. E. , daughter of Mr. D. Gibbons, Assistant- BAMFORD, Capt. H. F., late of H. M.'s 38th Bengal N.I., at Waltham, at Halifax, N. S., aged 5, April 16.
Superintendent of Stores, Military Store Staff, April 22. aged 37, May 1. SPENCER, Mr. J. , M. D. , at Regent's Park-terrace, aged 48, May 4
BLENCOWE FENWICK- At Cheltenham, Mr. J. A. Blencowe, of BARBER, Mr. H. W., of Prestwich, Manchester, at St. Leonard's-on- STRANGE , Mr. J. T. , formerly Professor of Mathematics at the late
Marston House, Northamptonshire, to Katharine A. C. F. , daughter Sea, aged 27, April 27. College of Civil Engineers, Putney, of Alfred-street, and Francis-
of Rev. J. E. A. Fenwick, Vicar of Needwood, April 29. BARKER, Mrs. T. , of Bramall Grange, Stockport, April 25. street, Bedford-square, aged 51, April 28.
BONNOR- GAWNE-At Ruthen, Isle of Man, Rev. R. D. Bonnor, BARRY, Major-Gen. P., Roval Eng., at Guernsey, aged 79, April 17. THUNDER, Mr. J. , of Dublin, at Bournemouth, April 30.
Rector of Newmarket, Flintshire, to Frances A. M., daughter of BATCHELER, Mrs. C., at Derby, aged 37, April 27. WALROND, Theodore John, son of the Rev. Main Swete A. , Vicar of
Mr. E. M. Gawne, Kentraugh, Isle of Man, April 29. BELL, Mary, wife of Mr. J., Mount Vernon, Douglas, Isle of Man, in St. Mary, Charterhouse, London, at Attleborough, Norfolk, aged
BOUCHER- DAGLISH- At South Kensington, Rev. A. F. Boucher, London, May 1. 5 months, April 21.
M.A., Vicar of Cheddleton and Rural Dean, to Anne, widow of BLACKBURN, Mary E., daughter of Mr. H., of Victoria-street, West- WANSEY, Mr. W., at Bognor, aged 85, April 27.
Mr. H. R. Daglish, May 4 minster, at Woburn, aged 19 months, May 1 WARREN, Mr. S. , at Hounslow, aged 77, May 2.
BURNSIDE - FISHER -At Kensington, Mr. J. Burnside, of Clapham, BLACKETT, Mrs. , widow of Mr. P. C. , Surgeon R.N., at Green-street, WATSON, Mr. W. M. , at Hornton-villas, Kensington, aged 57, April 26,
to Augusta J., daughter of Mr. W. Fisher, of Kensington, May 4. aged 67, May 2. WEAVER, Mary, daughter of the late Rev. T. , at Town Walls,
BURR- IGEL - At Calcutta, Mr. F. Burr, C.E., East Indian Railway, BLAIR, Caroline L. S. , widow of the late Mr. D., M.D., Surgeon- Shrewsbury, aged 67, May 1.
to Antonia, daughter of the late Col. W. Igel, of Coblence, 8th General British Guiana, at Ampthill-square, aged 46, May 2. WELCH, Herbert, late Commander of the ship Feronia, on board the
Brigade Rhenish Artillery, April 28. BLAKER, Anna K., widow of Mr. E., of Portslade, Sussex, aged 86, P. and O. Co.'s steamship Baroda, aged 33 ; also, on April 20, at
CLARK-KENNEDY-WELSH At Madras, Lieut. A. Clark-Kennedy, May 3 Birmingham, Gylby J. -sons of the late Mr. J. Welch, C.E., of
21st Regt. , to Mary J., daughter of Rev. W. Welsh, M.A. , Incum- BOLTON, Elizabeth, daughter of the late Mr. J , of Leicester, at Sid- Merlin's-grove, Carmarthenshire, aged 27.
bent of Christ Church, March 9. mouth, aged 77. WIGHTWICK, Sarah G., wife of the Rev. J. B., Vicar of Newton
COBBETT PULFORD-At Guildford, Arthur R., son of Mr. A. BROGDEN, Mr. J. , late of Galtee Castle, co. Tipperary, at Holme Reigny, Cumberland, April 28.
Cobbett, of Weybridge, to Mary, daughter of Mr. H. Pulford, or Island, aged 60, May 1. WILDE, Francis, son of the late Mr. G. , of Liverpool, April 21.
Stoke, Guildford, April 28. BROOKS, Mr. T. C. , of Lower Norwood, at St. Leonard's-on-Sea, WILLIAMS, Mr. E., at Morden College, Blackheath, aged 93, April 28.
COCK- PARKIN-At Devonport, Mr. F. H. Cock, of Truro, to Caro- aged 32, April 28. WILLSON, Mr. W. T. , at Gloucester- crescent, Regent's Park, aged 47,
line, daughter of the late Mr. H. Parkin, R.N. , M.D. , F.R.C.S. , BROWNE. Mabel B. , daughter of Major C. F., Deputy Judge Advo- May 3..
Insp.-Gen. of Hospitals and Fleets, April 29. cate-General, Bengal Army, at Cliftonville, Brighton, April 28. WRAY, Alice E., daughter of the late Rev. W. H., of Leven, York-
COLEMAN- BELOE- At Clifton, Mr. M. R. Coleman, late Lieut. Innis- BULLER, Sir A. W., M.P.,at Half Moon-street, aged 6o, April 30. shire, aged 8, April 24.
killing Dragoons, to Loufe,daughter ofthe late Mr. W. C. P. Beloe, BUTLER, Ellen, wife of Major W. H. A. , 23rd N.I., at Trichoor, WYNN, Charlotte, daughter of the late Right Hon. C. W. W. , M.P. ,
ofWraxall, hear Bristol, April 29. Madras, March 26. at Arcachon, France, aged 62, April 26.
[ 238 ]
 MAY 14, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 3

whether one-half the things in Mr. SUMNER'S speech would ever

have been said if English diplomacy at Washington had taken a
THE PALL MALL BUDGET . more decided tone. Nothing is to be gained by a persistence in
this course. We have been accustomed for some time back to see
on the Continent a species of distrustful peace which at most is only
FRIDAY, MAY 14, 1869,
one degree better than open war. If we are not to drift into a similar
situation with the United States, it behoves Lord CLARENDON to use
very much firmer language to Mr. MOTLEY than has of late been
OUR RELATIONS WITH AMERICA. common in the mouth of an English Foreign Secretary. The whole
case is complete on both sides, and all that remains for the English
THE letter from Mr. GOLDWIN SMITH to the editor of the Government to say is something of this sort, " We have made such
Beehive seems to us to be an important piece of evidence as to and such admissions, and we are ready to make them again.
American feeling towards this country. If the revived hostility of If you, the United States, think these admissions afford
which he speaks had been immediately connected with any basis for negotiation, we will send a special envoy to
speeches or acts of Englishmen, Mr. SMITH might not be an Washington. But we will only do this on the understanding that
unbiassed witness. But in this case the exacerbation of feeling is the utmost limit of our concessions has already been reached .
attributed to the speech of Mr. SUMNER- a speech from much of If you reject this understanding, we will negotiate no more, and
which Mr. SMITH has dissented by anticipation. He would naturally we call upon you to withdraw charges which are incompatible
incline, therefore, to make as little as possible of an error committed with the continuance of friendly relations.
by his own clients. Whether or not he should state the conclusion to
which he has been led was not left to his choice. He had under-
taken to procure certain information respecting the prospects of PAUPERISM.
English emigration to the United States, and asthis had been collected
and prepared for publication in the Beehive it was necessary that IT is a misfortune of pauperism that public opinion as to its
he should state the motive which has led him to defer sending it treatment is almost always in extremes. Accident or investigation
home. Mr. SMITH'S testimony is to this effect : Mr. SUMNER'S leads to the discovery that the discipline in workhouses is unduly
speech has had a great effect in reviving American hostility to harsh, or that an exaggerated economy has made the condition of
England, and the continuance of friendly relations between the two the sick or the infirm one of great and avoidable misery. People
countries "appears at this moment " to be in some peril- how much are shocked at the foulness of a casual ward, and horrified to
Mr. SMITH does not say, but enough to make any organized find that every principle of sanitary science is violated by the
English emigration imprudent. Judging from his own knowledge arrangements in a workhouse infirmary. At once a strong
and observation, he does not expect a rupture, but at the same determination that these abuses must be suffered no longer finds
time he holds himself " prepared for a turn of affairs which expression in the press and in the Legislature. Eminent physicians
would oblige English residents to leave the country." are consulted as to the requisites for the proper treatment of the
regards the influence of Mr. SUMNER'S speech this account sick, and new buildings of various kinds are suggested and perhaps
tallies with all that we hear from other sources. Granting ordered . The tramp is to be subjected to the laws of health and
the facts to be as he states them, they could hardly have morality by a liberal application of soap and water, and by having
been put more effectively before an American public. For the a strict bridle put on his tongue. The sufferers from acute
first time the Government of England has been charged with inten- disease are to be cared for in such fashion as shall most
tionally injuring the United States during the war ; and this charge quickly restore them to health and self- supporting labour.
is made by a man who, though not a member of the Administra- The hopelessly infirm are to be carefully separated from the able-
tion, has been in communication with the Cabinet upon this point, bodied and provided with additional comforts. Just severity
and may be supposed to express the views not only of the Com- towards the idle, necessary but not unkind strictness towards
mittee of Foreign Relations, but of the President and the Secretary those unable to get work, a prudent liberality towards those
of State. We see no reason, therefore, to suppose that the case is whose maladies admit of being cured, disinterested kind-
at all overstated in Mr. GOLDWIN SMITH's letter. ness towards those not so happily situated these are the
If our estimate of the situation is correct, it is certainly principles on which the poor law is to be administered for
extremely serious. Irritation of this sort is always an element all time to come. And having read, talked, and written
of danger. It may smoulder on for a time, and at last die out, a great deal to this effect, the British public folds its arms
but it may also be fanned into sudden flame by some incident with a pleased consciousness that it has been handsomely
which can be neither foreseen nor controlled. The policy of the doing its duty. For a year or two nothing is heard of the subject
English Government for the last four years has been alternately to beyond an occasional intimation that the reforms insisted on by an
ignore American hostility and to attempt to conciliate it. It cannot enlightened philanthropy are being carefully carried out. By-and-by,
be said that either effort has been successful, and we are strongly however, a new discovery is made. Enlightened philanthropy turns
of opinion that the time for both has passed . Such charges as out to be a highly expensive motive power. The provision of a proper
those brought by Mr. SUMNER against us ought not to be passed amount of cubic space for each indoor pauper involves the erection
over. We are accused of having broken the law of nations in a most of new workhouses and the complete reconstruction of old ones ;
important particular, of having deliberately inflicted a terrible injury a proper dietary for the sick costs a good deal more than the
upon a friendly State, and of having repeatedly and knowingly ordinary workhouse fare ; drugs, if they are good , are rarely cheap ;
lied in order to evade a confession of guilt. These accusa- when paid nurses are substituted for the helpless or drunken old
tions are
not made in the heat of passion or under the paupers to whom the patients were formerly entrusted, the change is
smart of recent loss ; they are gathered up and repeated as evident in the infirmary bills as in the infirmary management; and
in a set speech delivered years afterwards, and by a cleanliness and proper discipline cannot be imposed even on tramps
politician who is no doubt perfectly familiar with the story. without paying for increased space and more careful superin-
The offence, therefore, lacks no aggravation that can be given tendence. In short, the proverbial alliance between cheapness and
to it by purpose and deliberation. If in private life a man nastiness is found to hold good even in poor-law administration.
sits quiet under such treatment as this, we know what to think Organization, intelligence, and scientific treatment are not to
of him, and if any other great Power than England were to be had for nothing. When this inconvenient fact becomes present to
show itself equally long-suffering we can pretty well guess what the rate-paying mind the new system is attacked with as much
would be said of it by English critics. Supposing, for example, vigour as the old, and not infrequently by the very same people.
that Prussia, after negotiating for five years with France as to There is an abundance of appropriate commonplaces lying ready
grievances arising out of alleged breaches of neutrality during the to their hand, and as they are not called upon to contradict in so
war of 1866, were now to sum up the matter in language similar to many words any statement they have formerly made they are
that used by Mr. SUMNER. If the French Government took no notice not troubled with any sense of inconsistency. The danger of
of such a declaration, its silence would be universally set down to encouraging improvidence and of making the condition of the
fear; nor would France have any right to complain of the inference. pauper more enjoyable than that of the man who supports himself
A great Power may pass over the petty insults of States weaker by honest industry, the hardship inflicted upon the struggling
than itself, but it cannot afford to lay aside its self-respect when deal- artisan by having to support paupers than whom he himself
ingwith its equals. We may bequite sure that the Americans will not is onlyone degree better off, the vast and sudden increase of the rates,
be slow to point this moral against England . Our foreign policy the evils of centralization and bureaucracy, the folly of spending
of late years has not been exactly of a kind to inspire other nations money on buildings which, if judiciously distributed in outdoor
with any very profound respect either for our strength or for our relief, might have rendered their erection unnecessary, the bad
courage. We have done our best to deceive ourselves and to character of many of the persons relieved, the difficulty of
mislead our neighbours into the belief that England will put drawing an intelligible line between criminal and unavoidable
up with any amount of contumely rather than incur the poverty- these are now the considerations most dwelt upon
material losses of a great war. That is a sort of lesson in Parliament and in the newspapers, and they are urged with a zeal
which always comes back, laden with anything but blessings, which possesses the additional recommendation of being decidedly
upon the heads of those who teach it. We greatly doubt beneficial to the pocket. The British public now plumes itself as
[ 243 ]
 4 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14, 1869.

much upon its philosophical superiority to mere sentiment as it did COUNT BEUST AND THE AUSTRIAN
on Monday upon its resolution to root out workhouse abuses, and if
GOVERNMENT.
it is sufficiently prompt in its action it may even succeed in nega-
tiving some of the very schemes which a little time back it had THE Austrian Government seems to have acquired a genius for
sanctioned with so much enthusiasm . indiscreet publication. The Red -book will not have been forgotten,
It is obvious that oscillations of this kind are fatal to the creation with its gratuitous insertion of despatches long out of date that
of any uniform and intelligible system of administering relief. could serve no earthly purpose beyond exciting afresh the anger
When the very principles on which such a system must rest are of Prussia by pointed and provoking allegations. That strange
debated afresh every two or three years, with a fair chance of publication has been followed by one yet more strange in the shape
arriving at a different result each time, it is impossible for the Poor of revelations relative to the great events of 1866, given in the new
Law Board to do more than check as well as it can the extravagant volume of the military history of the campaign issued by the
expenditure to which it is committed to-day or the equally Austrian War Office. To judge by the way in which the
extravagant parsimony which will be imposed on it to-morrow. volume is sown broadcast with indiscretions, it must be the pro-
At this moment we are on the very highest wave of an economical duction of a mind labouring under incontrollable peevishness. The
reaction. It has been found out that the cost of maintaining book seems written with the purpose of giving offence, right and
our paupers is considerably greater than it was a few years left. Spite alone seems to have dictated the insertion in this
back, and immediately there is a cry of alarm that pauperism volume of matter altogether foreign to the military theme which
is on the increase. People forget to inquire how the paupers were is its professed subject. Therefore we are not surprised to hear
maintained at the former period . If they would take the trouble that Count BEUST has protested against being supposed to have
to do this, and to compare the results obtained for the smaller prompted this objectionable publication. We well know that
sum with those now obtained for the larger sum, they would be official disclaimers must not be taken at the foot of the letter,
forced to call their fears by another name, and to confess that neither are we disposed to credit Count BEUST with lamb-like
they are speaking rather as householders than as moralists, and innocence of malice against Prussia and those who in his eyes
that the increase which really troubles them is the increase in may seem to have conduced to her success. On the contrary,
the cost of relief, not in the number relieved. They have, in it is easy to imagine that Count BEUST's strongest political
66
fact, themselves to thank. As Mr. GoSCHEN said, We feelings are of active dislike to the state of things created
" cannot expect the rates to be kept down at the same time that in Germany by the events of 1866, and probably of personal
" we are establishing a higher standard of treatment for the sick antipathies consequent thereon. But, spite of these most
poor. The country must make up its mind to spend natural sentiments, there has yet ever been a certain method
" a good deal of money in improving the condition of the in Count BEUST'S actions, while in this publication spite
" inmates of workhouses, or not to improve it to so high seems to have run wild, hitting out blindly on all sides, and even
" a standard as that to which the public has been looking." If striking those whom Count BEUST must specially desire to cherish.
you want money's worth, you must be prepared to put down the To run needles into BISMARCK is an intelligible though not very
money. Land costs as much to buy, houses cost as much to build, dignified occupation for an angry Austrian Premier ; but
whether the object of the outlay is philanthropic or commercial. what is perfectly unintelligible is that he should take pleasure
Charity covers a multitude of sins, but it will not pay a multitude in letting off squibs at the South German Governments,
of bills. We cannot pretend to view the economical fit under which, after all, possess the only possible force that can,
which the public is now labouring with any special favour. In the however feebly, stay the progress of a German amalgamation
first place, it is not calculated to promote the end at which it bringing the whole Fatherland under Prussian ascendency. Yet
points. Let us suppose that economy gets its own way and practi- this is actually done in the new volume of an official publication
cally reverses the proceedings of the last two or three years. No which in its wildly incendiary nature reminds one of SAMSON'S
doubt the poor rate will fall considerably in amount, and so foxes turned loose into the standing corn, with burning brands
far the object of the reformers will be answered. But the inevitable at their tails. But, this being so, the question forces itself
result will be to create, or rather to restore, a state of things which upon us, how comes it that a publication of this extraordinary
will ultimately excite a similar feeling to that which prevailed kind should be issued, not only without the sanction, but against
before the recent changes were determined on. There will the feelings of the Premier ? There is in this circumstance a
be another " Lancet Commission," a revived association for the revelation quite as startling as any in the contents of the volume,
improvement of the condition of the sick poor, a new and one for Count BEUST particularly unpleasant. We have
pressure put upon the Poor Law Board to exercise its existing here made public the proof of what has indeed been often
powers, or to ask for new ones, in the interest of the oppressed whispered, but as often denied with official solemnity, that
pauper. The suspended operations will be resumed , light and air, Count BEUST is not absolute master of the position in the
wholesome food, and proper nursing will again be demanded Imperial Councils, is not in the condition of a really powerful
for all the inmates of workhouses ; and the cost of providing Minister, but rather (to compare great personages with small
them will be so much the greater, because of the interval during ones) in that of a slack-rope dancer, who keeps himself from
which everything has stood still . Nor is this the only reason for falling only by incessant wariness and agility. As he is a politician""
setting little store by the apprehensions which are now fashion- remarkably quick in contriving what are vulgarly termed " dodges,'
able. Legislation is more needed to correct the extremes of ducking here, and vaulting there, he has been able to perform in a
selfishness than the extremes of sentimental benevolence. We do way which has dazzled spectators, especially such as were not
not say that the latter may not be as mischievous in its own sufficiently close to discern the painful strain to which the performer
sphere as the former, but its sphere is of far less extent. It is has been put in the process. Now we have reason to believe
intermittent and erratic in its operations, whereas selfishness is that the difficulties which have beset Count BEUST all along
constant and universal . It is very possible that if the suggestion have become aggravated of late. The dazzle of novelty that
made by one of the speakers on Monday was carried out, and the attended his appearance on the Austrian stage has faded, and
local poor rates were aided by a grant from the national exchequer, meanwhile he has failed to place himself on solid grounds of power.
it would be necessary to put a check upon undue expenditure. Nowhere has he found any compact body of support . The men
People do not much feel a burden that can be thrown on the who are his colleagues in the Ministry have not attained, as a whole,
Consolidated Fund, and even a board of guardians might be great weight in the country, while it seems that amongst them are
tempted to over- indulgence in the luxury of benevolence several, and these not the least distinguished, who are doubtful
if the excess made no appreciable difference in the amount friends of Count BEUST. As a Minister resting on public influence,
the parish had to pay. But in the absence of this conve- his position has long been insecure. What kept him up was a
nient means of shifting their own responsibilities to other certain impression in the public mind as to his diplomatic
people's shoulders, we cannot feel much anxiety about the dexterity, belief in him as above any such religious prejudices
alleged extravagance of of our poor- law system . The class as would make it difficult to deprive the priests of exceptional
against which all the charges of niggardliness and cruelty privileges, but, above all, the personal favour of the Emperor,
were brought with too much of truth in 1865 has neither changed so signally shown in his elevation. Imperial favour created Count
its character nor laid down its functions since that date. BEUST, and Imperial favour alone could have maintained him as
If it was truly said then that, in their anxiety to relieve the Minister, considering the circumstances of his origin and antece-
pockets of the ratepayers, the guardians mulcted the paupers of the dents. But how can it be supposed that this same favour still
food required to keep them in health, and of the nursing required exists, when it is stated by the Vienna Official Gazette, in an expla-
to restore them to health, we cannot see that the laying down of a nation officially given of the circumstances attending the publica-
more stringent rule as to the measure in which these necessaries shall tion of the volume which has excited so much controversy, that it
be provided need revolutionize the spirit in which the rule will be was issued by the War Office, the Premier being innocent of any
applied . Because a modicum of cubic space is insisted upon for previous knowledge of its revelations ? Now, to make the full
every inmate of a workhouse, or some regard to decency has to be import of this statement clear, it must be remembered that the
maintained in the internal economy of a sick ward, it does not Archduke ALBERT is at the head of the Austrian staff ; that there-
follow that any more money will be spent than is absolutely fore the most influential member of the Imperial family, next to
required to secure the minimum of conformity to an unwillingly the Emperor himself, stands acknowledged as having sanctioned
obeyed law. this wonderful compilation of his own authority, without caring to
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 MAY 14, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 5

take into his confidence the Minister supposed to be entrusted subject may be of great value. The thing which it most imports
with the policy of the empire. to do at this moment is to disabuse the American public of the
The sensation produced by the publication of part of a ciphered notion that England will, in the end, concede any demand the
despatch from Count BISMARCK to Count GOLTZ has led the press United States may choose to make rather than risk a war. This
to overlook the importance of other portions of this volume. That object can be achieved more effectually by a decisive exhibition
this despatch should excite special attention is quite natural, for of parliamentary unanimity on the subject than by any other
it is impossible to conceive a document more out of connection with means. Sir HENRY BULWER'S motion will supply the required
a purely military narrative. It is also very startling to be told that the opportunity, and we trust that no accident will prevent the
text of this curious document was deliberately garbled ; and certainly House from taking advantage of it. Of the bills introduced
the Austrian authorities have not uttered a word of objection against by private members none seem to have much chance of becoming
the authenticity of the text which has been given in Berlin - a cor- law this session. The second reading of the Trade Unions Bill
rected text which very materially modifies the sense of the despatch. stands for the 7th of July, which is almost equivalent to withdrawal.
Still, as the point of this publication was directly levelled at Prussia, The Ecclesiastical Titles Act Repeal Bill is less fortunate by a week,
the indiscretion, though great, might be intelligible. We can make and will no doubt have to stand over. The discovery that the
allowance for the resentment that does rankle in the bosom of future bishops of the Disestablished Church in Ireland are included
Austrian Imperialists against BISMARCK and the King of PRUSSIA. by anticipation in the existing prohibition will perhaps lead
But on what ground can any plausible excuse be given for the even Mr. NEWDEGATE to reconsider his opposition, and we may
insertion in this publication of such extraneous matter as the assume that next year the singular anachronism it is proposed to
details of the vain effort made at Nicolsburg to get Saxony rescind will vanish noiselessly from the statute book. If it should
excluded from the Northern Confederacy, and the allegation be found that the House of Commons has no time to apportion
against Bavaria of having besought Prussia to let her compensate the respective matrimonial status of a deceased wife's sister,
herself for cession to the latter of a small strip of territory by a deceased husband's brother, and a deceased wife's brother's
taking away from Austria the valley of the Inn ? The whole drift or sister's daughter, we do not think the delay will
of the publication of the circumstances attending the sharp rejec- be very widely felt. This proposal to relieve an imaginary
tion of the Saxon prayer can only be to expose Saxon humiliation, hardship by the infliction of a real one has been forced by a system
and the humiliation of the Saxony of that day is the humiliation of of interested advocacy into a position of such unreasonable pro-
Count BEUST. To suppose him, therefore, to have given to the minence in the Liberal creed that it was certain to secure a large
world these revelations is to credit him with a desire to pillory majority on its first introduction into the reformed House of
himself. On the other hand, the publication of the charge against Commons. Now that the new members have fulfilled their pledges
Bavaria is equally inexplicable from Count BEUST at this and aired their superiority to useful social restrictions, they will,
moment, for it can only serve to irritate and wound her perhaps, be content to relegate the subject to its native obscurity.
feelings, and thus estrange the one German Power which Count The proposed reference of the whole question of the preser-
BEUST can possibly hope to secure as an eventual ally against vation of game to a Select Committee may seem on the 23rd of
Prussia. But while it is unreasonable to suppose that an Austrian June a more tempting course than the detailed discussion of the
politician would indulge so blundering a sally, it is no secret that three Scottish Game Law Bills, which are set down for a second
in Austrian military circles furious ill-will has been entertained reading on that day, and the argument that the consideration of
against Bavaria on the score of her asserted military incompe- the Law of Hypothec Abolition Bill may be safely delayed until
tence, which it is there stated led to the disaster of Sadowa. When, the House of Lords' Committee has reported on the subject will
therefore, we find in a publication issued by the staff authorities perhaps meet with similar favour.
such gratuitous and deliberate utterances, of which the one is a slap Whatever time is gained by the abandonment of these or other
in the face to the Premier personally, and the second a snub to the measures introduced by private members may easily be utilized by
Premier politically, it is impossible not to perccive that he has the Government. It is probable that the Bankruptcy Bill will
here had put on him a great humiliation ; and we ask ourselves occupy less time than has been absorbed by some of its prede-
whether there may not be foundation in the report of the revival cessors, both from its comparative shortness and from the care
in Austria of those same military, ecclesiastical, and Court which has been taken to make it reflect the wishes of the
influences which have proved so disastrous heretofore. trading community. That the Lords will spare some time for
the discussion of it, even in the agony of an Irish Church
debate, can hardly be doubted. The subject is too interest-
AFTER WHITSUNTIDE. ing to the law lords who have dabbled with it profession-
ally or as amateurs to allow them to miss so pleasant an
THE course of the Irish Church Bill has not been such as to give occasion for criticising the provisions of a measure every
members of the Commons much work during the Whitsuntide clause of which recalls some past failure. The Habitual
recess. If they read the bill when it was first laid before them they Criminals Bill, which stands for the second reading in the Commons
need hardly trouble themselves to read it again when it is reprinted. on the 31st of May, will meet with harsher scrutiny there than any
What it was on the 1st of March that it will be substantially on the it had to encounter in the Lords. The Upper House is less
Ist of June. Their holiday will be no idle time, however, if open to the eccentric scruples of a misdirected humanitarianism,
they take the notices of motions into the country. The mere and more inclined to subordinate the comfort and freedom
enumeration of the business that lies before them will be enough of the criminal classes to the necessities of those uninte-
to bring a shadow of coming labour over the pleasures of present resting persons upon whom these classes prey. The reception the
rest. As regards all the ordinary subjects of legislation, the House bill meets with in the Commons will afford some evidence as to the
of Commons stands in much the same position that it usually occu- truth of the assertion so frequently hazarded that the prepon-
pies on the first day of the session. Of the measures promised in derance of the democratic element in the constituencies will tend to
the speech from the Throne none, except that dealing with the make legislative action on social questions more swift and decisive.
"ecclesiastical arrangements of Ireland," have yet gone into The experience of America does not seem to support this theory,
Committee, and there are other not less important questions and it will be interesting to observe whether, under the widely
which have still to run their whole career in the Lower House. different conditions of life in England, it will prove more correct. Mr.
It is to be hoped that country air will enable the Commons GOSCHEN may fairly ask some time for preparation, and a session
to resist that lassitude which naturally follows on the com- not quite so preoccupied, before he deals with the allied question
pletion of so great a work as the Irish Church Bill, and to of pauperism on a scale commensurate with its importance.
turn to the best account the time which remains to them. But the lesser and provisional reforms which he has already
will need some discrimination on the part of the Government proposed may be usefully adopted without further delay.
to determine what subjects can be profitably pressed on, and The peculiar grievances arising out of the abolition of the
some energy on the part of the House to give effect to the compound householder have an equally immediate claim to
selection of the Government. The arrangements for the conduct redress.
of business which the latter will have to make when Parliament The two Education Bills introduced by the Government are not
reassembles will virtually constitute a new programme for the very favourably situated as regards their chance of becoming law
session.
this year. The Endowed Schools Bill is undergoing examination
It will be convenient before reviewing the measures of which by a Select Committee, and as Mr. FORSTER is to move that
the Government has charge to see what notices of motion there are the Committee may be allowed to divide the bill into two, and to
standing in the names of private members that have a good claim report either of them separately, it may be supposed that he already
to public attention. By far the most important of these is foresees that it will prove impossible to deal with the whole sub-
Sir HENRY BULWER'S motion " to call attention to the recent ject in one session. In matters of this kind the real cause of delay
"
negotiations between the Government of this country and is not so much the opposition of enemies as the legitimate criticism
"that of the United States." It very often happens that of friends. Rigid educational Conservatism may be disposed of
diplomatic settlement of a long pending dispute is in no by a decisive division, but such suggestions as those of Mr.
way furthered by Parliamentary intervention. But the relations BRADLEY require the most careful consideration in the interest
between England and America seem to be in precisely that state of the bill itself. The Duke of ARGYLL'S Scottish Education
in which an unmistakable expression of national feeling on the Bill has, it is true, passed through Committee in the Lords, but
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with such alterations as the Government can scarcely accept. the South, and the political legislation which has been thought
The prospects of the University Tests Bill are somewhat better, necessary to secure and consolidate that conquest, have kept
though it may be doubted whether it is destined to pass the House men together who would otherwise have been divided by con-
of Lords this session . Its fate in this respect will perhaps siderations both of interest and sympathy. We are inclined to
be determined by that of the Irish Church Bill. If, in the exercise think that the break up of the Republican party, which the
of their discretion the Lords think it best to leave the latter election of General GRANT seems only to make more probable,
substantially intact, they will naturally be anxious to show will eventually raise very serious constitutional issues ; but in
their independence by rejecting a measure dealing with a kindred the interval which must elapse before public opinion is ripe
subject, but admitting of being burked with impunity. If the for such discussions there will be an ample opening for con-
establishment of the Irish Church has to be surrendered in 1869 troversies not properly political, which may accustom American
bereaved Conservatism may derive a brief consolation from making politicians to move with more freedom from customary party ties.
Anglicanism compulsory till 1870 in the governing bodies of Whatever may be the result of the struggle between protection and
Oxford and Cambridge. There will be some interest throughout free trade there will be some advantage in having a division
the remainder of the session in watching the relations between between American parties which is not determined by the anxiety
Mr. GLADSTONE and the disciplined majority which he has to carry or the determination to defeat some particular scheme of
wielded as one man. Is this unquestioning submission limited reconstruction. Even the interests of peace may be furthered by
to the Irish Church Bill, or does it extend to the whole policy the main subject of Congressional strife being no longer one imme-
of the Government ? The distinction is important in reference to diately arising out of the civil war. Whether the free-trade
future legislation, and the history of June and July will help us to movement will be really benefited by the adhesion of
answer the inquiry. Mr. LLOYD GARRISON and the anti-slavery party he represents
may be doubted . The Times' correspondent speaks of the
" perseverance and energy " which has characterized this school of
FREE TRADE IN THE UNITED STATES. agitators, and is apparently disposed to infer that the applica-
tion of these qualities to the cause of free trade will
RECENT circumstances have very much dwarfed the free-trade secure a similar triumph to that achieved in the cause
controversy in the United States. The war necessitated the impo- of negro emancipation . Of course perseverance and energy
sition of heavy customs duties as a means of raising revenue, and are admirable weapons in any contest, but the employment of them
so long as the protectionists had the substance they naturally cared by the Abolitionists was characterized by a peculiar exaggeration
little by what name it might be christened. The war has
for which the question of free trade in the United States hardly
had the further result of giving the manufacturing States affords any scope. In this country, it is true, the overthrow of
an uncontested preponderance in the Union. Forty years ago protection was accomplished by very similar methods, but in that
a tariff, framed on the principle of protection, brought the case the interests of a wealthy and dominant class were, or were
Union to the brink of dissolution ; but at that time the South supposed to be, directly attacked, and there was consequently
was a coequal Power with the North, and its determination room for a display on the part of the assailants of a species of
not to allow any interference with its freedom of trade was so moral enthusiasm which bore some resemblance to that manifested
unmistakable that the North retreated under the shadow of a com- by the anti-slavery agitators in America . There is a semi-biblical
promise. As things are now, the South has neither the same spirit to exaltation in such anti-protectionist speeches as those of Mr.
fight nor the same reason for fighting. Her characteristic industry is BRIGHT, which shows that the orator has about him something of
ruined, and the men who created it are exiled or penniless. A the prophet, and that the heat which glows within him is more than
time must come when the Western States will be as much the heat of argument. The very passion which he imports into the
interested in removing restrictions upon importation as the subject implies that it is more to him than a mere economical
South was formerly, but as yet they do not seem to have discussion. If the conditions of the contest were the same
found this out. The result of these converging tendencies has in America as they were in England, Mr. LLOYD GARRISON
been to give the protectionists their own way. Neither in nor out and his friends would be recruits of the utmost value. As
of Congress has there been any effective opposition to those almost it is, we are by no means sure that they will not damage rather
prohibitive duties by which the ports of the United States are than aid the cause they advocate. Vague declamations about human
barred to the commerce of Europe. A powerful class interest brotherhood and all-comprehensive industry are not likely to have
dominates the Legislature, and the injury inflicted by its policy much weight with artisans who hear that the abolition of protective
has not been of a kind to evoke a class opposition in return. duties on manufactured goods means the closing of American.
It is an additional illustration of the curious truth that the patience factories, or with a public which sees in that result the deprecia-
of the community is greater than the patience of any single section tion of American industry to fill the pockets of the foreigner.
of it. In this instance the popular commonplaces are on the side of
The meeting at Boston, of which an account was lately given in protection, and therefore lessons drawn from English examples
Times, may perhaps be taken as an indication of a change of cannot be applied without careful qualification. What is
feeling upon this point. The men who took part in it are not needed in the United States at this moment is to convince
the representatives of the producing as opposed to the manu- thoughtful men that the community as a whole suffers from
facturing interest in the United States-if they were so, indeed, the duties which enrich a part of it, and more than this that
there would be more reason to be sanguine about their success. the ultimate benefit to the nation from the naturalization of exotic
They represent nothing beyond the general public. The forms of labour will not be equivalent to the losses inflicted by the
chairman's indictment against the present tariffs is framed process by which they are forced into life. A demonstration of
throughout in the interest of the consumer. The New England he this kind demands a political economist in the first instance ; and
describes is a victim to manufacturing greed. She wants to buy when the proof is ripe for popular treatment, the orator, whose
coal and iron in the cheapest market, but the cheapest market is turn will then have come, must be content to be subordinate to the
in Nova Scotia, and the Pennsylvanians insist that the monopoly political economist. Mr. LLOYD GARRISON is hardly fitted to play
they have created in regard to both shall not be interfered with. It such a part as this.
is the same story with regard to wool and copper. Ohio and Michigan
make common cause to shut them out from the Union, and the
New Englander has to pay the costs of the exclusion. All AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS.
America suffers from the want of cheap railroads, and yet the chief INTENDING emigrants to the United States will do well to read the letter
cause to which the want is due is the compulsory employment of of Mr. Wilson, of the " Department of the Interior," dated April 12. He
native iron. To put an end to this state of things a " Reform describes the opportunities for emigrants which are offered in different parts
League " has been formed, and a " declaration of principles " of the country, and especially dwells on the importance of working men
adopted. The method on which the association proposes to forming settlements in companies or bands. The case ofthe Mormons proves
proceed is rational enough. It is to oppose all tariff legislation how much may be done by combined efforts. They began with 150 mem-
devised in the interest of particular trades, to preach a gradual bers, and now have a colony of over 100,000, " with a hundred flourishing
reduction of duty carefully proportioned to the elasticity of the towns and villages. " Mr. Wilson points to southern Idaho, north - eastern
revenue as shown by the amount of the surplus, and to restore the Oregon, and the south-eastern part of Washington territory, with the
customs duties to the destination originally assigned them by the southern portions of New Mexico and Arizona, as presenting fine fields for
all new comers. There are other tracts of country where a community of
Constitution- the payment of the debts, and the making provision
men willing to work could not fail to succeed. It is the principle
for the common defence and general welfare, of the United States.
of association in emigration which we desire specially to commend
Probably to wish the league success would only be to give its
adversaries a new weapon to be used against it. At least the to the unemployed in England. When neighbours agree to found
a new settlement in a foreign land, the loneliness which is so much dreaded
chairman mentions that whenever any one wishes to make free
by emigrants is gone. There is not so much risk of individual failure, for
trade particularly obnoxious he takes care to call it " British free the community is able to lend support and encouragement to each other.
trade."
One society of working men, to which we lately called attention, has
The revived attention to this question is also a symptom of that adopted this plan, and we expect to hear good accounts of it from time to
redistribution of political parties in the United States which has time. But Canada ought to be preferred to the United States by every
been impending since the close of the war. The military conquest of prudent man at a time like this.
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 MAY 14, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET.
7

THE LITERARY FUND IN ITS OLD AGE. stars and patrons of literature, of a few substantial publishers, and not of a
single writer with whom we were ourselves on terms of reading acquaintance
THE eightieth anniversary of the Royal Literary Fund was celebrated on except Mr. Anthony Trollope-to whom the imaginary character which we
Wednesday, the 5th of this month. The period of its duration comprises have ventured to draw will scarcely be deemed applicable. We are inno-
a whole section of the literary history of our country. When it was cent, therefore, of all intention of personal satire. But we ask in all
established we had very nearly touched the zero of our intellectual seriousness, considering the way in which solemnities of this kind tend
thermometer. The kingdom possessed one true poet only-Burns - and to foster the merest mediocrities, and are habitually avoided, except
one poetical respectability- Cowper. The muse of history had taken a under a kind of compulsion , by men of higher stamp, is it
holiday after inspiring Gibbon's last volume. There was not a writer of not time to reform a declining usage altogether? We say nothing
fiction fit for anything better than to fill the shelves of the most vapid of the charitable purpose supposed to be promoted by these enter-
circulating library. Some Scotchmen, destined to a certain eminence, tainments. It is a constantly recurring question whether more harm than
were cultivating metaphysics on a little oatmeal ; but as yet they were good is not done by fostering unsuccessful authorship through regular
unknown to fame. Such was the age of William Pitt ; and when that eleemosynary support. Into that question we do not enter, and are
Minister is accused, by Macaulay and others, of neglecting to cultivate perfectly willing, for our present purposes, to take the more genial view,
literary genius one cannot but suggest the question, Where was he to find it ? and rejoice in the succour thus afforded, sometimes perhaps to suffering
A whole cycle of time seems to separate us from that date, which is genius, often, at all events, to unmerited misfortune. But cannot we have
nevertheless within the distance of man's protracted life. Byron, Scott, the good, whatever it may be, without the useless and tiresome accessories ?
Coleridge, Wordsworth, Lamb, Shelley, Hallam, Macaulay, Thackeray, all Would it be impossible for patrons, and for successful and generous writers,
these and many more stars have risen, shone, and vanished from earthly to combine together to do in a sober and undemonstrative way what they
presence, though remaining fixed luminaries in our constellation of national now do with so much flourish of cracked trumpets, and such a luxury of
literature ; without mentioning any of those who still remain among us, secretaries and auditors and culinary extravagance ? We cannot honestly
and whom we only omit because we are not writing for the purpose wish the venerable institution more than a few additional anniversaries,
of passing compliments on our living contemporaries. And all this to enable it by due preparation " to entertain its fate, and die with
time the Literary Fund celebrations have taken place year after decency."
year in placid succession, as completely disconnected from the history
of literary progress as the periodical festivities of Freemasons or City
STEFANOS XENOS AND OVEREND, GURNEY,
corporations. There has been the same reiteration of solemn truisms by
AND CO.
the dignitary in the chair ; the same graceful self-abnegation of politicians
and lawyers in face of the dignity of collected authorship ; the same We have been kept waiting some time for Mr. Xenos's promised revela-
*
smartnesses and stereotyped pleasantries, the same internecine jealousies of tions, but we are free to confess they are worth the waiting for. To
the smaller sort of writers, covered by the same universal passing round of plagiarize a well -known criticism on the confessions of a celebrated actress,
the butter boat. All this demonstration does literature no good ; we may say we do not know which to admire the most, his memory or his
and its better professors know it well ; and they only attend from candour. With reason he prides himself in his preface on the rare
mixed feelings of good - nature and charity, and the various minor strength and tenacity of the former, which enables him, as every page
motives which induce men to pay with more or less of grumbling this in the book shows, to reproduce with minute fidelity conversations
kind of blackmail to society. But for inferior sons of the pen the oppor- that passed when he was most excited, even to chronicle after the
tunity is a serious one. Then they " expand and burgeon," as Charles lapse of years the very inflection of tone and turn of gesture that
Lamb expresses it. In the eyes of the assembled guests all members of pointed each stormy dialogue. It is but just to add that Mr. Xenos
the great literary craft are for the moment equals, and Bavius can return assures us that, like Captain Grose, he had a habit of "taking notes," and
thanks in the name of the poets of England quite as decorously as Virgil. had those who wronged and oppressed him been aware of this, and that he
The effect of all which is to engender a strong distaste for these empty meant to " print them," possibly he might have had less of painfully sensa-
mutual laudations and outbursts of meagre enthusiasm in the minds of tional matter for his great work. Mr. Xenos brings to his task a mind
those who are penetrated with the severe and unacceptable truth that, in deeply imbued with the literature of his country. Graphic, lucid, and
the matter of authorship, no quality short of high merit really deserves any eloquent as Thucydides, his descriptions of the panic of London remind
encouragement at all. one of his great prototype's treatment of the plague of Athens. We trace
The good-natured world-for in this respect it really is so -cannot be in his pages the tragic power of an Eschylus, the bitter humour of an
brought to acquiesce in this doctrine ; and yet it is this alone through Aristophanes. He dashes in his portraits in outline with a bold vigorous
which (in a literary point of view) we can be saved. How many men we touch, admirable so far as it goes, although as they are worked out they show
have all of us known in various walks of life who have performed its duties themselves barely in harmony with the original conception, and in the
not only respectably, but successfully-who are looked up to, admired, finished picture the rose tints of the original sketch often bury themselves.
quoted as authorities, named with that kind of bated emphasis which in shadow. Apart from the two or three demons who brought Overends
we are wont to use when speaking of a distinguished personage- and Mr. Xenos to perdition, most of the gentlemen who figure here, and
and yet who are simply fools, and we know it all the while. We whose paths in trade mingled with his own, might show the lines in which
know that they have not an original thought or sentiment -that, they are presented to the reader as certificates of moral character anywhere
in the proper sense of the word, they do not think at all. They have, from Boston to Clapham. Their subsequent conduct is an impressive
at the best, a certain trained readiness or plagiarism, working up thoughts moral lesson demonstrating how very frail are the best of us, and how the
supplied by others in an unintelligent way. One cannot but feel that their straightest walk in life may be blurred by habitual backsliding. The
success- and we have said that they often do succeed to a certain extent- narrative sparkles in a wealth of illustration drawn from the mythology of
is owing to the incapacity of half the world to distinguish reality old Hellas, which, though it unquestionably adds to its charm, yet to our
from appearance, and the good - nature of the other half towards minds has the disadvantage of giving an air of unreality to prosaic
well-meaning helplessness. Fools of this order we meet with in transactions, and a tinge of fable to sober fact. Then there is an
many different walks and capacities. There are many of them
old proverb about the consequences of touching pitch, and when a man
in Parliament, as members and reporters know to their cost ; they lives and moves and does his daily duty in such an atmosphere of rascality
abound in official life ; they attain to high places in the Church as Mr. Xenos describes, he must lay his account on having his own motives,
and the army, less frequently in law and medicine, because in those occupa- sometimes even his actions, misconstrued. We may give Mr. Xenos's nar-
tions people, as a rule, can only get on by their wits ; but literary glory is rative the high praise of saying that in some of its very best bits it reminds
on the whole that which they most ambition and most readily achieve. us of nothing so strongly as the incomparable memoirs of Barry Lyndon.
Which of us has not known specimens of this class of authorship, men Mr. Xenos's work is in the main the biography ofthe Greek and Oriental
whom he perhaps likes and respects, whom, at all events, he cannot bear Steam Navigation Company, a child of his own, unfortunately adopted
to affront by speaking the truth to them or of them, but whom in his soul later by the great house of Overends, and stifled in the cruel and
he knows to be like Ezekiel's army of dry bones ? The sinews and the unnatural embrace of its adoptive parent. The interest centres, of
flesh came up upon them, and the flesh covers them from above, but there course, in the scenes in the interior of the corner house," and the
is no breath in them ? They are so plausible, so thankful for encourage- mode of doing business- as Mr. Xenos describes it—which was laying the
ment, and they often work so hard and so honestly, that we can hardly foundation of the prosperity the investing public were to buy so dear. But
bear even to confess to ourselves that the net result is nothing, that they do it is the story of the Greek and Oriental Company itself that is best worth
but reproduce the thoughts of others, carefully collected, without in the the reading as a contribution to the literature of the crisis, and an illustration
slightest degree understanding them ? Their works cumber our bookshelves, of the facilities of credit proffered by our commercial system to speculative
for the authors are always making presents ofthem. They are " favourably adventure. We almost sigh to think what chances we missed in the times
noticed " in half the periodicals of the day ; and yet we never consult one when, in the words of Thackeray's spirited lyric on the tattered capitalists
of them for an idea, for we know the writer to be totally destitute of ideas ; of the Haymarket, " never a beggar need now despair, and every rogue
never for reasonings, for he cannot reason, though he can sometimes seem has a chance." Connection was useful, no doubt, but unlimited
to do so ; never for a fact, for we know him to be incapable of appre- confidence- in yourself-was the essential. Mr. Mark Tapley never
ciating the evidence of a fact, and only able to repeat, without weighing, thought to see the day when he should be a Co. , as he said
the statements of others. Now it is this race of men whom, notwith-
in the pride of coming to that honour, but Mr. Xenos did much
standing all the solicitations of mercy, a true sense of public advantage more he became the Co. without the senior partner. In person he
would devote to extermination. And it is precisely these who constitute was the Greek and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Mr. Xenos, he
the great pillars and supporters of Literary Funds and similar institutions. tells us, had an excellent connection among the Greek houses, and we
Such things seem devised especially for their honour and comfort. know that Greeks abroad stick together with a unanimity which we should
Incapable of standing alone, they are held up and supported by the be glad to see imitated by their brethren at home. He decided that a
mere pressure ofthe miscellaneous crowd of which they form a portion, so steam service to the Levant must be a great success. But as he justly
that they cannot very well fall down. observed, such a scheme demanded money, and Mr. Xenos had none.
We shall scarcely be suspected of intending any allusion to individual
guests at the late Literary Fund dinner. The list of them which we * " Depredations ; or, Overend, Gurney, and Co. and the Greek and Oriental Steam
perused, perhaps very imperfect, contained the names of several political Navigation Company. By Stefanos Xenos. (London. 1869. )
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 8 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14, 1869.

Fortunately he found a compatriot, Mr. George Lascardi, who, although, as his knack of recollecting conversations, in this instance Mr. Xenos's
he afterwards assures us, was no capitalist, yet had the credit Mr. Xenos memory proved so treacherous that next morning he had forgotten all
desired, or at least belonged to a firm that possessed it. This firm's name about his offer. However, Mr. Edwards remembered it, and like a
Mr. Lascardi accordingly signed away, as it afterwards appeared without thorough man of business wrote for the vessel's papers immediately after
their knowledge or consent, with a free-handed generosity beyond all praise. breakfast, and after much hesitation Mr. Xenos sent them to him. And
There were profits to be made, as is the case in most trades in good times, Iwith this characteristic anecdote we conclude. But we have merely
but then an elementary knowledge of the business you embark in is generally skimmed the book, and scarcely stirred the cream ; and if it does not bear
considered an advantage, and this knowledge neither Mr. Xenos nor Mr. a crop of actions of damages, a very pretty picture it is of City morals.
Lascardi had. The steamers were carrying large cargoes and making large We should have felt deeper sympathy for the author were it not that,
losses. Some enterprising brokers, looking at the business and not the after several years of gambling, with its necessary excitement, he seems
balance-sheets, offered to sell the flourishing concern a few steamers on to us, on his own showing, to be left with very much his original
credit. So Mr. Xenos bought on long credit, tendering in payment the capital.
bills of the Greek and Oriental Company- i.e. his own. Not unnaturally,
the vendors asked another name, and again Mr. Lascardi came to the
THE PACIFIC RAILROAD.
rescue. Thus it appears in those happy times it was possible to buy a
merchant fleet on a simple promise to pay for it, the collateral security THE great drama of history develops itself for the most part slowly and
being the chances of your working it at a large profit. At the imperceptibly. Changes of the most important kind are brought about by
outset, one of the largest steamers was shipwrecked , yet its insurances and such a continuous process that the historian cannot determine where they
freight for a single month left a gain of £ 16,000 . Mr. Xenos was unlucky began, nor mark the stages they have reached. One state of the world
enough to lose a good many of his boats ; but then the insurance companies melts into another like the pictures in a dissolving view. Yet every now.
seem to have consented to insure them at a fancy price, instead of their and then some conspicuous event serves as the signal, if not as the
marketable value as regulated upon trade and the demand. Had all gone cause, of a critical change in the condition of the world. We
smoothly Mr. Xenos would have cleared off his acceptances out of his resemble travellers who have gradually climbed a ridge from which new
profits, and his unmortgaged fleet would have steamed the Oriental waters horizons suddenly expand before them. Decisive battles and political
with the pick of their carrying trade. For Mr. Xenos was a political power, revolutions have generally served as the milestones by which pro-
and his patriotic countrymen stood by him to a man, even taxing them- gress has been measured ; but a few great industrial victories
selves 5s. per ton for the privilege of shipping with him. He was
have a certain artistic unity and completeness which entitle them to be
proprietor of a journal as potent in the East as the Times in the West, whose placed in the same category. We shall, it is probable, never again witness
double mission was to work the lever that was to overturn the throne of an event so pregnant with enormous consequences as the discovery of
Otho, and the crane that was to fill the holds of the Greek and Oriental America, or as some two or three of the great inventions which have
packets. His fortune seemed made, but there is many a slip between the altered the face of the world. Yet some of the engineering successes of
cup and the lip. He was unlucky in his agencies, and in the turn taken the present day may be remembered in future as indicating changes of
by unforeseen circumstances. For a man so intelligent, Mr. Xenos had greater importance to the world than the Abyssinian expedition, or even
singularly bad luck ; indeed, all through his book he figures as the victim . the disestablishment of the Irish Church. Such, for example, was the
of his patrons, his equals, and his subordinates. He was driven to successful construction of the Atlantic telegraph, the completion of the
" finance " his company. Among others, Mr. Albert Grant né Gottheimer Suez Canal, and the piercing of the Alps at Mont Cenis. Similar, or even
had a pluck at him in passing, and at last he was introduced in an evil hour greater, triumphs may be won in future ; but they cannot have
to Overend and Gurney. that air of novelty and originality which is necessary to strike the
Of the partners of that establishment Mr. Xenos gives us the imagination forcibly. When Mont Blanc was first climbed all future
pictures physical and moral. Mr. Henry Edmund Gurney was of " a feats of the same kind, even to the ascent of the Matterhorn,
high moral and intellectual cast." Mr. Birkbeck " possessed
possessed great
great had, as it were, the freshness taken out of them. Few things,
talent, prudence, and high morality. " Notwithstanding this talent, so far as we can see, remain to be done in Europe which will affect the
however, Mr. Xenos acquits him and Mr. Edmund Gurney of knavery in imagination so forcibly as those we have mentioned, unless the future
condemning them for simple folly. As for Mr. David Ward Chapman, tunnel between England and France should be reckoned amongst them.
although not denouncing him in so many words in introducing him, The completion, however, of the Pacific Railroad is certainly an event of
Mr. Xenos, before he is done, gives us pretty plainly to understand what the same order. It has not, indeed, in any high degree the interest which
he thinks of him. If we are to rely on Mr. Xenos's account of his attaches to the conquest of great difficulties by new developments of skill
transactions with Overends, we should say the usurers who advertise in and energy. The engineering problem was not apparently very com-
the penny papers are relatively moderate and conscientious men. If the plicated, and over the greatest part of the distance little more was
peril of an investment is to be measured by its profits, it may be guessed wanted than to lay down rails on the ground as fast as steam could
what were the character of Overends'. For £ 80,000 for six months, the bring them to the front. The savage tribes who were startled by the
house demanded £40,000 and interest at 10 per cent. But it was scream of the steam-engine may serve to point a paragraph, and the shop-
apparently a mere tentative bid, and a few thousands up or down windows of New York were lately adorned with a highly sensational picture
but the question of a moment's caprice or a minute's talk. Mr. Xenos of wild Indians lying in wait with scalping knives for an approaching train,
got his money at last for £ 30,000 and interest at 5 per cent. , which, after
after removing
removing a few of
a few of the
the rails.
rails. But the Indian has fallen since the
if the loan was a legitimate one at all, was a fair return upon capital. days of Cooper ; he has too strong an aroma of whisky to be a very
With such a commencement it is the less astonishing that after some years romantic figure ; and his opposition does not seem to have been very con-
of dealing with it the " house at the corner " sent in to Mr. Xenos its siderable. He was not more formidable to shareholders than the British
little bill, amounting to £383,039 8s. 2d. " The twopence be demmed," landlord to their predecessors in enterprise, and will not long be very
he might have said with Mr. Mantilini. Nor is it so surprising, after interesting to anybody except General Grant's Quakers. Even the
what we have heard , that the house ultimately agreed to wipe it all off, and Rocky Mountains were as little hostile to railways as could be
give Mr. Xenos £2,500 into the bargain, in consideration of the absolute expected from mountains of their distinguished geographical position,
transfer to them of the hopelessly insolvent steam company. and, in short, the obstacles to be surmounted were opponents
As may be presumed, those years of indebtedness were passed by scarcely worthy of Yankee energy. But whatever may be the short-
Mr. Xenos very much in hot water. Many a soul-stirring interview he comings of the enterprise on the score of intrinsic difficulty, they are
had with the partners of Overends, who, however, as he assures us, were too amply atoned by the real significance of its success. It is hard to
autocratic to listen to reason, or prolong beyond minutes interviews decisive exaggerate the consequences of all kinds which are brought palpably
of hundreds of thousands of pounds. His troubles nearly brought him to before us by this linking together of the two extremes of the United
the tomb. As he tells us, his whole time was spent in a struggle against States. It is an outward and visible symbol of the growth of a Power
exorbitant pretensions, and very naturally too ; so we think his ejaculation which, whatever view we may take of its merits, will be one of the pre-
to Mr. Chapman must be viewed rather as a flower of rhetoric than as dominant elements of the future world. It is the fulfilment of dreams
literal assertion :-" Thank your stars you had to do with Stephanos which within the life of many men still surviving seemed as wild and
Xenos, who never took care of himself, but was fool enough to look visionary as those of a madman. The extension of the Union from the
always to your interests." It would have been unfair to have bestowed Atlantic to the Pacific becomes for the first time a distinct reality, and unless
a mere incidental notice on Mr. Xenos's reminiscences of Mr. Edwards. its inhabitants yield to a foolish ambition for expansion in a lateral as well as
These are uniformly painful from first to last. At their first interview, a longitudinal direction, they will have plenty to do for generations to come
when Mr. Xenos went to him as to the Gurneys' delegate, he saw an in filling up the vast outlines of their empire. A hundred years ago the
elderly gentleman come growling and cursing and gnashing his teeth out of United States still consisted of a few straggling colonies along the Atlantic
Mr. Edwards's den- that den over which might have been inscribed, " Nulla seaboard, with little political connection, and separated by many weeks of
vestigia retrorsum." But he declined to accept the omen and decided to difficult travelling. At the beginning of this century the acquisition of
improve the acquaintance. It was Mr. Edwards, he tells us, who worked Louisiana caused many dark forebodings. As to Louisiana, said an orator
the screw and insisted on handsome douceurs from the victim for the in Congress in 1803, " this new, immense, unbounded world, if it should
painful duties he discharged in so airy a manner. Mr. Xenos tells the ever be incorporated into the Union, which I have no idea can
story of that famous yacht- likely to live in history with the Ark, the Argo, be done but by altering the Constitution, I believe it will be
the Victory, and the fighting Téméraire. One day he dined with the official the greatest curse that can befall us." Our citizens, he added,
assignee at the Garrick, and we must remark on a little trait in Mr. " will be removed to the immense distance of two or three thousand
Edwards's character which Mr. Xenos chronicles and wonders at, but miles from the capital of the Union , where they will scarcely ever feel the
which seems to us in perfect harmony with that gentleman's consistent rays of the general Government ; their affections will become alienated
thoughtfulness about self, so apparent in all his published dealings. from us ; " and , in short, a premature secession will ensue. These appre-
" I can't give you champagne or red wine," said the host, 66 as hensions were not unnatural, and but for railroads might have been already
the doctors have ordered me to take nothing but hock. " In verified. Even to the present day California was an appendage holding
course of conversation Mr. Edwards asked his guest to lend him his on by a very precarious link. Its rapid development might tend towards
yacht, and under the genial influence of the hock Mr. Xenos said independence. Mr. Dana, who contested General Butler's seat the
cordially, " All right. You can have her altogether." Notwithstanding other day, visited it some thirty years ago, and describes the site of
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San Francisco in " Two Years before the Mast " as a place where THE FRENCH ACADEMY.
he and his companions were employed in its only branch of com-
merce, the export of raw hides. The strange and heterogeneous (FROM A PARISIAN. ) May 5.
population produced by the gold discoveries might have been expected By your leave, I will postpone any remarks I have to make on political
to adhere very slightly to the Federal Government. In fact, they candidates, their addresses and their voters, and will call your attention to
took a comparatively small part in the late contest ; they would never the threefold election which took place the other day at the French
substitute greenbacks for gold ; and they only sent a few volunteers to the Academy. My letters would scarcely be a faithful reflex of French
Northern army. Now they will be bound to the East by the ties of society if I passed it completely under silence. Even in the midst of a
continual intercourse ; San Francisco will be nearer to New York than political crisis, the Academy has managed to keep its hold on public
Boston was to Philadelphia in the early days of the Union ; and "the attention .
rays ofthe general Government," to say nothing of its taxes, will be felt The Académie Française is one of the many anomalies of French
with all desirable distinctness. society. There it is, a self-elected aristocracy in the republic of letters, a
The Constitution of the United States is, we know, a very important State religion -endowed and established-in literature, a nucleus of oppo-
document, and our planet has been supposed by Mr. Artemus Ward and sition pensioned and recognized by the Government. Notwithstanding the
other philosophers to revolve in subjection to its provisions ; but the power antagonism which it has shown towards the Second Empire, there is no
which it exerted towards fusing different States into one is very trifling doubt that it owes chiefly its power, and such influence as it possesses over
in comparison with that of which the opening of the Pacific Railroad is the the public mind, to its official character. It is a lamentable fact that the
latest manifestation. It is in many ways a matter of great importance to French public looks to the State for guidance in all things, and requires
decide how far the rival interpretations put upon it by the advocates of official approval-the mark of the State mint- to believe in the value of
State rights or their opponents are justifiable in the eyes of lawyers, but any article whatsoever. When Robespierre proclaimed that the
legal considerations have at best a subordinate part, it may be much "French people acknowledged the existence of a Supreme Being "
too subordinate, in determining the development of nations. Railroads you may rest assured that those Frenchmen who believed in God
and steamboats produce their effect in spite of the most admirably devised were made much more comfortable, and strengthened in their faith
precautions and safeguards that have ever been put upon paper. The instincts by the official recognition. The circumstance that the Institute of
which lead the Northern population to pride themselves on being Americans, France holds its sittings in a public building ; that its members
rather than on belonging to any particular State, are the real causes of receive a stipend- such as it is-from the State ; that they wear uniforms ;
the preservation of the Union ; and, in spite of superficial appearances that they are guarded by soldiers ; that the drums beat as they pass in a
which led such observers as Tocqueville to predict the decay of the central body into their hall, contributes far more to its importance in the eyes of
power, they underwent a gradual development which, in the end, enabled the vulgar than the individual merits or labours of its members.
the North to hold together and to crush the separative tendencies of a On the French Academy especially-which, as you know, is only one
minority. Amongst the physical conditions favourable to that development of the five classes, or academies, which compose the Institute - the State
none are so conspicuous as the improvement of means of communication, patronage sheds peculiar honour. From its origin, the ruler of France for
which has led to the constant shuffling together and complicated inter- the time being has been considered as its Protector ; every newly elected
mingling of the people of the North. The peculiarities which go to formthe member is presented to him solemnly, and, in fact, only takes his seat after
American type of character are much more distinct than those which this ceremony. I am afraid that were the tie which binds it to the State
differentiate it with the New England, or Western or Pacific species ; so long severed, were it disendowed and disestablished, it would find its
as this is the case, the centripetal tendencies must be exceedingly powerful, lustre greatly diminished, even though it included the greatest writers
even if they do not finally overpower the centrifugal. In speculating as and thinkers of France ; even though it were to make room for
to the ultimate future of the continent, the energy which binds together Renan, Michelet, Taine, Littré, and others of almost equal note, who
the different States by a constantly growing network of communication are at present jealously excluded by clerical influences. The Academy,
is amongst the most important elements of the problem ; and the con- though it hates the Emperor, knows this well ; it has no wish for real
struction of the Pacific railroad marks for the present its culminating point. freedom, as your literary and scientific societies understand it, and it care-
The influence of the achievement is not, indeed, limited even to this. fully keeps up those traditions and ceremonies which mark its connection
It has a cosmopolitan as well as a national significance. China, as well as with the State. The speech of the newly elected member is still presented
California, is brought nearer to New York. We lately pointed out the to the Sovereign in the gilt cover which was considered as a necessary
influence which might be produced by the railroad upon the future of the mark of respect in the days of Louis XIV. It is only within a very few
negro and of the Southern States. The greatest reservoir of cheap labour in years that any new member, on taking his place, has ventured to omit the ""
the world has been effectually tapped. The wilderness across which traditional compliment to Cardinal Richelieu, " our illustrious founder ; '
Mormon emigrants and Californian gold-diggers travelled painfullyand in fear and, except when personal animosity stands in the way-as, indeed, it
for their scalps has been practically annulled. No one can calculate frequently does nowadays - a tribute of praise is still regularly paid to the
what might be the effect upon America if any large proportion of the reigning monarch in every speech.
three hundred million inhabitants of the Celestial Empire seriously But there is a mysterious and indestructible bond between intellectual
took it into their heads to turn their attention towards a new strength and the love of liberty which fatally throws all learned bodies into
field of labour. The deep gulf which has been fixed between them and a opposition whenever freedom of speech and writing is denied. Napoleon I.,
country in which they might be profitably employed has been bridged when he reorganized the Institute, included the French Academy in his plan
across, and the extent to which they may make use of the facilities offered of reconstruction, and gave it the place of honour as the first of the five
is a matter in which speculation is impossible. The world, in short, has academies. Why should he have feared the courtly institution ? But even
become palpably smaller. Once we seemed to occupy a small point he found it rebellious. When in 1811 Chateaubriand was elected in the room
of light in the midst of an indefinite region of mists and darkness. of Marie-Joseph Chénier, the speech he prepared for his reception was such
Now the obscurity has been finally dispelled, and we are beginning that he was not allowed to deliver it. " Our predecessors," he said, " the
to feel as though we had been suddenly transplanted to some heirs of a long series of peaceful years, could give themselves up to purely
ridiculous little planet, in which there was scarcely elbow room. We academical discussions ; but we, the unfortunate survivors of an immense
have taken in another link or two of that girdle round the world which shipwreck, are not fitted for those calm pleasures. . . What ! After a
once seemed so vast and now is almost uncomfortably small. In a poetical revolution which in the space of a few years has accumulated the events
point of view, the change is decidedly for the worse. Those great of ages, can a writer be expected to spend a frivolous life in discussing
wildernesses where geographers put elephants instead of towns are becoming grammatical quibbles, in drawing up rules of taste, or framing19 literary
too narrow to afford a hiding-place even for Mr. Brigham Young ; and judgments ? It would be treating us with strange contempt.' The
we should be more likely to find in them a repetition of the Fifth Avenue ruler of France could not of course suffer this, and his wrath fell
hotel than a herd of buffaloes or a noble savage. They are still, it is true, upon Fontanes, the grand master of the university :-" Depuis quand,
large enough to give ample scope for American energy before they will be Monsieur, l'Institut se permet-il de devenir une assemblée politique ? Qu'il
thoroughly brought into subjection to mankind ; but the present fringe of fasse des vers, qu'il censure des fautes de langue ; mais qu'il ne sorte pas
mystery which surrounded the ancient world has hopelessly disappeared in du domaine des Muses, ou je saurais l'y faire rentrer. " In the present day
favour ofthe commonplace. Eldorado, and the land of the men with tails, Napoleon III. could scarcely hope to effect what Napoleon 1. attempted
and the dog-headed men, and even the Amazons, have been improved off in vain, and confine the Academy in those literary playgrounds where the
the face ofthe world. Whether, on the whole, we are the better for it in a ancient nurslings of the Muse were content to disport themselves in less
social point of view is another question, which will be decided a good deal troubled times.
by the character of the people who are to occupy the vacant spaces. During the Restoration and the reign of Louis Philippe, when the
And this reminds us of one unpleasant reflection. A short time ago tribune and the press were free, the French Academy sank into compara-
we might have taken unmixed pleasure in every new development of the tive insignificance. Since then it has regained its popularity from the mere
energy of our cousins, and congratulated them without a tinge of bitter- fact that for many years it was the only place where men could speak freely.
ness upon the improvements which they had effected in their estate. Now, Whatever may have been his wish at different times, Napoleon III. could
alas ! that is not quite possible. If they are only to wax big and strong in scarcely dare to lift his hand against the Institute. It would have been
order to shift half their national debt upon our shoulders, or to walk off revealing too plainly the antagonism between his government and the intel-
with a large part of our possessions, it is scarcely possible for human nature lect of France.
to greet their successes as cheerfully as we could wish. All America is In the present day a reception at the French Academy is one of the
more closely connected than ever. In a commercial point of view that is most fashionable amusements of Parisian society. It is to the honour
a very satisfactory result. But, if all America is going to revenge its of French society that a pleasure so exclusively intellectual should be
fancied wrongs upon us, we could wish that they had put it off a little so highly prized ; it proves, no doubt, " sweetness and light," and any
longer. As it is we can only hope that they will make a calculation of the stranger who witnessed one of these academical tournaments would
comparative expenses of a war with England and a Pacific railroad, and find his good opinion of a Parisian audience confirmed bythe wayin which
of the benefits to themselves and mankind likely to result from the two each happy thought, every grace of style, or the most subtle allusion, is
modes of expenditure, and decide by the most strictly commercial con- detected and appreciated. No art is held in higher honour with us
siderations what course of conduct is indicated by the conclusions at which than l'art de bien dire, and nowhere is that art practised in greater
they arrive, perfection than at the French Academy, But I am inclined to
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 ΙΟ PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14, 1869.

think that, as far as public opinion is concerned, these sham fights When an Academician dies, the Academy generally allows a few months
are not salutary. It may be very delightful for the speakers to to elapse before it assembles to elect a successor. The candidates, of
let fly innuendoes and epigrams against the Government from behind course, make the most of that interval, and all kinds of influences are
the rampart of academical impunity ; it may be equally pleasant to the brought to bear on the voters. The first step taken by a candidate is to
audience to applaud, without danger and yet with a vague sense of send a copy of his complete works to each Academician ; the second is to
courageous opposition, the delicate treasonable eloquence of the best pay a round of visits, calling on every one of those whose colleague
orators of France ; but, as a man who eats a cake often spoils his appetite he aspires to become, and asking them in person for their votes.
for dinner, so I fear these little oratorical indulgences damp the healthy This is the more singular, as the votes are supposed to be strictly secret,
craving for more practical opposition. It is not good thus to gain victories and by the rules of the Academy no member ought to promise his suffrage.
without fighting, or to have a pretext for thinking oneself brave without In reality, the votes are always known, and often published, and the whole
having run some danger. Many a Liberal, when he has passed his morning affair is settled beforehand within the precincts of the Academy, although
at the Institute and applauded some speaker of the " old parties," is con- the public and the candidates are generally kept in suspense till the day
vinced that he has performed a political act, and that he deserves well of of the election. In a self-elected assembly, when one fraction gets the
his country.
upper hand there is every chance that it will keep its predominance a long
The situation which the French Academy holds in public esteem is very while, for it can recruit its majority by its own votes. At present M.
singular. It is a literary religion of the State, as I have said, but there are Guizot, with his allies of the clerical party headed by Bishop Dupanloup,
innumerable dissenters from it. Indeed, as a rule, one may say that every- reigns supreme, and may be said to be the Warwick of the Academy. Still
body who has no chance of becoming a priest is an unbeliever. Literary there are personal likings-and especially dislikings - old promises, and past
men, especially, laugh at it in the heyday of youth and talent ; but there services that interfere now and then with party discipline, and prevent the
comes a time of life when almost every Frenchman with a few volumes of doctrinaires having it all their own way. There are men of letters, like
his own, and a few friends in the Academy to vote for him, turns a longing Sainte Beuve, who insist on a literary choice now and then ; there is a
look towards the assembly he has so often ridiculed. All the romantic band under M. Thiers which has its own protégés, and there are
school of 1830 took the Academy for its butt, whilst in its turn the Academy men with imperialist proclivities ; so the seats, when there are several
anathematized the literary reformers ; but, one by one, these have recanted, vacancies, as at the last election, are shared out rather unequally, in
and taken their seats on the green benches . secret conclave. A deal of intrigue, fuss, and, if rumour speaks truth,
It is a great thing to be one of forty supposed to be intellectually the deception goes on behind the scenes, the Academicians fancying all
best men of France, and to take out, as it were, an official patent to that the time that the eyes of the whole world are fixed upon them.
effect which no man may disregard ; to have one's literary value, so to There is no doubt that Paris think a great deal more about the thing
speak, embroidered on one's coat in the green palms of the academical than it deserves.
uniform , and to be an actor in ceremonies where the rest of the world- When a new member is elected he knows what is expected of him.
even ofthe great world-are merely spectators. No people enjoy this last He knows that at some future day, to be fixed by the Academy, there will
pleasure so thoroughly as we do. We are, theoretically, fond of equality, be a grand sitting, when he will take his place for the first time. He will
no doubt ; but, as one of our satirists truly said , we like some to be more then have to deliver a speech in laudation of his predecessor. Not only
equal than the rest. will he be expected to extol the life and works of the deceased whose
The Academy is one of the five academies which, together, form the seat he has been elected to fill, but he must also do his best to insert a well-
body known as the Institute of France, but it differs from the other classes turned compliment for each of those colleagues who have voted for him.
of the Institute in one respect. Whereas the sister academies of " Science," In return, he will hear his own writings and talents commented on in an
" Beaux Arts," " Sciences Morales et Politiques," and " Inscriptions et equally elaborate discourse from the President, speaking in the name ofthe
Belles-Lettres " are divided into sections, to each of which a separate Academy. He will have to sit unmoved, with every eye turned towards
portion of work— such as it is-is confided, the Académie Française remains him, while the most extravagant praise is heaped upon him. Such is
one and indivisible. Its forty members-critics, historians, novelists, poets, generally his fate ; but sometimes the monotony of this eulogistic enter-
orators, and nobodies- are all supposed to work together. The fact is they tainment is relieved by the ill-nature of the President, and in that case
have nothing to do, and they do it. There exists, it is true, a " Diction- the unfortunate récipiendaire (as we call him here) may well envy those
naire de l'Académie," the collective production of that illustrious body-- who have only to endure the pangs of outraged modesty.
a very good work in its way, which has been unduly criticised- but the The Academy elects a new president, or director, as he is called, every
last edition of it, if I mistake not, was published in 1835, and as it is three months, but the director who presides at the reception of a new
confined to words in present use it has become insufficient. Words which member is always the one who happened to be in office when the deceased
might fairly be classed under the head of neologisms five-and-thirty years Academician whose eulogy is to be pronounced died. For instance,
ago are now freely used by the most scrupulous of Academicians. There M. Emile Augier was director when Lamartine died the other day, and, in
is also a stupendous work in hand, on which the Academy is supposed to consequence, he will have to welcome Lainartine's successor, whoever he
be perpetually engaged-the " Dictionnaire Historique," the object of may be. Now if the director happens to be ill-disposed towards the new
which, as the title indicates, is to trace back into the remotest past every Academician, he may make himself not a little disagreeable in his speech.
word of the language, and to relate its vicissitudes and variations, illus- He may " damn with faint praise," or something worse. He may
trating them by numerous examples. The idea originated with Charles twine the laurel with the thorn, and turn the crowning of the
Nodier, and a first part, comprising 368 pages, was published in 1858. victor into a very painful operation. Literary hands are often strangely
You will understand how very small that instalment was when I add that skilful in wreathing such garlands. I have seen more than once
the dictionary, if completed on the same scale, would extend over 76,000 the cup of welcome filled to the very brim with " sugared arsenic," to
pages, or eighty thick volumes. A grand work certainly with but one borrow Chamfort's expression, and tendered with the most smiling graces
drawback ; it does not exist. of language. It is a painful sight to witness, but the victim has no
While the Academy-or, to speak more correctly, the commission to redress ; the director speaks last. The worst is that the terrible speech
which it has entrusted that portion of its work- is dawdling over the had been communicated to him beforehand, and that probably when he
" Dictionnaire Historique," one single man, unsupported by State read it he thought it pleasant enough ; but the emphasis, the accent, the
patronage, unaided by colleagues, but unfettered by tradition and cold smile, the studied pauses, the perfidious gesture, which gave it its full
academical etiquette, has successfully completed the best dictionary that meaning when delivered- how could he divine all that ? However,
exists perhaps in any language. Before the close of this year the last through the triumphal arch, or under the caudine forks, he has passed
number of M. Littré's admirable " Dictionnaire de la Langue Française " into the Academy, and that comforts him to a degree. Until the day
will have been published. It is at once an etymological, historical, and comes when his funeral oration is pronounced by his successor, he has
grammatical dictionary, dealing exclusively with the living language, and nothing more to fear from his colleagues.
taking no note of dead and buried words. It consists of four good- There is nothing spontaneous in these academical orations ; they are
sized quarto volumes ; a very small undertaking, doubtless, as com- studied compositions, and men have been known to retire into solitude for
pared with the gigantic projects of the Academy, but then, as I weeks together to elaborate them. They are then submitted to the com-
have said before, it has this great advantage, it is accomplished ! mission, whose approval must be obtained before they can be delivered in
M. Littré's work is the bitterest satire that has ever been published public. When the work is complete it is generally perfection- academical
against the Academy. I wish I could dwell on its very great merits, but perfection. The speeches are often masterpieces of style, but what lifeless
I must not have to write a third letter. I must be content to add one masterpieces ! They give a very good idea of the kind of influence which
crowning trait the man who has achieved this wonderful labour, a philo- the Academy has exercised over the literature and language of this
logist without compare, was a few years ago rejected as a member by country. While it has polished and refined, it has enfeebled and
the Academy-a body especially instituted, be it remembered, for the impoverished them. Its object has ever been to substitute pliancy
study and faithful guardianship of the language- because his religious for originality, subtility for vigour, and an artificial elegance of style
opinions were denounced as heterodox, and something worse, by Bishop for the native graces. The boldness, the simplicity, the variety which
Dupanloup. were the characteristics of old French would have been utterly eradicated
It would be difficult to find a precise wording for the duties of the by this time if the rule of uniformity which the Academy seeks to enforce
Academy. I have said that its mission is to honour and to guard the did not meet with numerous rebels. A really powerful Academy- and ours
French language, and that is perhaps the best definition I can give. Its with its prizes, its competitions, and its patronage, has great influence-
members should be men who have added lustre to the language or is in fact centralization applied to literature, and is fatal to individual
literature of France. It has, therefore, been rightly ruled that a man need genius. It is worse than that : it is literary orthodoxy established by the
not be an author to be qualified, and that great orators like Berryer or State, excommunicating as heretics all who do not subscribe to its articles.
Lacordaire are fitting members. The Academy has, indeed, generally gone Could it succeed in finally extirpating heresy, the life in death which reigns
somewhat beyond this, and has sought to represent the alliance of what is at the Academy would extend to all France. In art and in literature, as
termed " le monde, la politique, et les lettres." Thus politicians and mere truly as in matters of faith, to prevent stagnation and corruption, oportet
men of rank have been elected . The seats occupied by the latter used in hæreses esse. I perceive, too late, that I have not said a word about
former days to be styled " fauteuils à chapeaux "-seats with hats on them the recently elected Academicians ; nevertheless, I must bring this letter to
-indicating that they were held and not filled. a close.

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 MAY 14, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET.
II

LIGHTHOUSES, BUOYS, AND is necessary on the part of the half-educated master of a coasting craft,
BEACONS.
first to decypher, and next to understand, an elaborate system differing
A DISCUSSION arose in the House of Commons last week about the widely from that of the port he left yesterday, and as widely from that of
lighthouses, buoys, and beacons which guard the shores of these islands. the port he will visit on the morrow. Eleven years ago Admiral Lord
Mr. Headlam moved a resolution to the effect that it was unworthy Clarence Paget made the following observations in the House of
of a great nation to impose upon foreign vessels visiting our shores Commons, and his remarks are as applicable now as they were on the
payment for the lights which guide them to their destination. The day he spoke :-
broad national question raised by the terms of Mr. Headlam's motion was The following were some of the signals displayed at different ports :-At Shoreham,
only slightly touched upon in his speech ; and the members who followed which was a bar harbour, a red flag was hoisted when there was eleven feet of water in the
on his side argued on even narrower grounds than he. It is evident that harbour, and a blue and white pennant at high water ; at the neighbouring port of New-
the light dues were regarded by the commercial members who took part in haven, when there was from eight to ten feet of water at the entrance one black ball was
the debate mainly as a grievance affecting British shipping ; that their displayed, and when it was high water two black balls ; at Dover a red flag with a black
desire was to place the expenses of maintaining lights and beacons on the ball indicated that the water was fromseven to ten feet, and a red flag alone that it was from
Consolidated Fund, instead of allowing them to be collected from the vesselsten to thirteen. Going to the north, at Sunderland a red flag halfmast high showed when
arriving on our coast ; in other words, to impose directly upon the British there was eight feet of water on the bar ; at Scarborough a white ball was displayed when
taxpayer a burden which, as all admitted, he did, in fact, pay ultimately there was ten feet of water in the new harbour ; at Blakeney a blue flag meant nine fect
water. Suffice it to say that every harbour of this country was lighted, and its
and indirectly. Arguments were adduced in favour of the change
proposed that were by no means without weight. It was abundantly system of signals established, upon a footing entirely distinct from and independent of its
neighbours.
proved that foreign nations offered the advantage of their coast lights
to all the world free of charge, and kept up their several lighthouse It may be said with truth that no nation but the English would
establishments out of their annual general budgets. This universal tolerate anything so absurd. It ought surely to be sufficient to state
consensus of nations was appealed to as a reason why England such an anomaly in order to ensure its immediate reform. It is,
should do the like. England, it was said, ought to be foremost among indeed, strange that in the nineteenth century 170 authorities should
maritime nations, and should not by niggardly restrictions drive away be charged with the duty of performing, each as seems good in its
from her shores the smallest portion of that shipping trade on which own eyes, and each on a different plan, a duty which from its very
her wealth and grandeur depend. In vain Mr. Bright declared that nature can only be useful if performed on a simple, uniform, and easily
only an infinitesimal share of the impost fell upon the foreigners, intelligible system, and which must be a source of constant danger if not
and that the incidence of the tax was mainly on our own coasting so performed.
trade ; the argument carried little weight with men who, as Mr. Bright It may be well asked how such a state of chaos has been allowed to
himself broadly insinuated, cared only for the grievance inflicted on arise, and whether any efficient remedy can be proposed. The answer to
the foreigner so far as it afforded an argument for the abolition of a the first question may be given in five words-- close corporations and vested
disagreeable tax. In vain Mr. Lowe proved, in his accustomed vein of rights ; the answer to the second is equally short-amalgamation of
sarcasm, that although all taxes were in their nature hateful, this par- authorities and direct responsibility. We before mentioned that three
ticular tax, which fell upon those only for whose benefit it was imposed, great corporations exercise the control over the English, Scotch, and Irish
was less hateful than almost any other that could be named. The lights respectively ; or to speak more correctly, over such general lights
better Mr. Lowe's argument and the closer his reasoning, the less could as are not administered by some independent local authority. The first
he expect to convince Mr. Headlam's Newcastle constituents, who disliked and most important of the governing bodies is the Trinity House, a
the light dues as affecting their own pockets, and regarded with very corporation which dates back to the time of Henry VII., when it existed
moderate interest the national hobby horse which their champion used as as an association for piloting ships. In the succeeding reign it was incor-
his cheval de bataille. porated by a royal charter. In the time of the Stuarts the corporation
Another branch of the subject was, however, brought forward in the underwent some vicissitudes of fortune ; but in the main the position
course of the debate which is of more importance than the mere incidence in which it was left by Charles II. still continues. The light dues, which
oflight dues, the value, namely, of the lights themselves, and the efficiency form the principal source of the revenues of the corporation, are
of the body by whom the English lighthouse system is administered. On collected under patents granted by the Crown, by whose authority
this point we propose to offer some observations. Never was a more tolls were levied from passing ships. As trade increased these tolls became
curious illustration than this of the curious habit which prevails in England of enormous value ; but the Trinity House were not the only persons to
of allowing great national institutions to grow up haphazard. A service whom they were granted. Even so late as the reign of George III. ,
of imperial importance has been permitted in this instance, as in too many private individuals were sometimes rewarded for political services by the
others, to fall into the hands of an irresponsible corporation , which, present of a lighthouse and its revenues. In 1836 an Act was passed
presuming on our exaggerated respect for vested rights, has induced us to authorizing the corporation of the Trinity House to borrow money
submit to inconveniences which would be grotesque if it were not for the for the purpose of purchasing lighthouses belonging to private indi
tragical consequences which they so often involve. In France, in the viduals, which were thenceforth, together with all other public light-
United States, in Sweden, Norway, Spain, Denmark, Russia, Holland, houses and sea marks on the English coast, placed under the
Belgium , Austria, the management of lights and beacons is under the control of that ancient corporation. The hundred and seventy local
direct and efficient control of the State ; uniformity of authority prevails, conservancy boards and other authorities which still maintain inde-
and a high degree of efficiency at a moderate cost follows as a necessary pendent lights are thus nominally under the supervision of the Trinity
consequence from simplicity of system and directness of control. In House, though that body does not in practice interfere
with their
France the lighthouse service is under a special commission, called the administration. The same Act, 6 and 7 William IV. cap. 79, invested
"Commission des Phares," which is directly responsible to the Minister the control and management of the lights on the coast of Scotland in the
of Public Works. This commission consists of naval officers, marine Commissioners of Northern Lights, and in Ireland in the hands of the
engineers, hydrographers, and other gentlemen distinguished for their Ballast Board of Dublin. Each of these three corporations is either
attainments in professions all of which have to do with branches of science self elective, or consists entirely of ex officio members. The Trinity
connected with coast illumination. The Directeur-Général des Phares is House is of the former character - it is self elective ; the greater
an engineer, and from his central office in Paris emanate the orders which part of its members are retired merchant captains, and it contains no
regulate not only the daily service of existing lighthouses and the con- admixture of the scientific element which other nations consider so
struction of new ones, but every detail, even to the calculation of angles essential a part of a lighthouse board. It therefore presents the curious
for prisms and curves for lenses. The lights of all the other nations anomaly of an irresponsible corporation entrusted by the Legislature with
enumerated above are governed upon a similar, and, in most instances, the monopoly of the public lighthouses of the State. It exercises many
upon an identical plan. other functions besides that of governing the lighthouses, a duty which is
In direct contrast with this simple and efficient machinery is the English in fact delegated to one of several committees into which the elder brethren
system. Three general and about 170 local authorities are charged with are divided. In Scotland, as we said, a similar control is exercised by the
the maintenance of lights and buoys on the coast of the United Kingdom. Commissioners of Northern Lights, a body who were first incorporated
Taking the whole system, lights, buoys, and beacons together, it is by Act of Parliament in the reign of George III. They consist of two
not too much to say that of this vast number no two agree as law officers of the Crown, the sheriffs of certain maritime counties, the
to the system on which they proceed. The signal which means provosts of certain royal burghs, and the provost of Greenock. In
danger in one harbour means safety in a port half-a-dozen miles away. Ireland the Ballast Board of Dublin bears sway. It is composed mainly
The depth of water on harbour bars is indicated in more than one hundred of members of the Port of Dublin Corporation. Independent of these
various ways by as many independent authorities, and the signal of no public and general authorities are the local corporations and conservancy
harbour can be understood except by reference to the special code of boards to which we have already referred. Two things are evident
signals laid down at length for that particular port in a book of sailing to the most cursory observer -that the lighthouse administration of
directions. Far different is the continental system. On entering any Great Britain
is not in the hands most likely to wield it with
harbour of France or Holland, the mariner so steers his vessel as to keep efficiency, and that separate and independent jurisdiction is likely
a line of red buoys on his right hand and a corresponding line of black to prove incompatible with economy, with safety, or with efficiency.
buoys on his left. It is therefore possible for a person unacquainted with It is fair to say that theoretically the Board of Trade has of late
the particular harbour he desires to visit to find his way in safety. In the years been invested with some degree of authority, but the fact that
United Kingdom, the English authorities pursue one plan ; the Irish a the Board of Trade consents to work through so many independent
diametrically opposite one ; the Scotch one which differs from both the instruments, and that, in fact, no uniform system is enforced, suffi-
others, while the Admiralty system is officially described as " various," and ciently proves that the authority of the Board of Trade is more nominal
the local authorities have each a pet system of their own. So, likewise, than effective. The subject is one of such vast importance that we shall
with regard to tide signals. On a mast at the entrance of a French make no apology for recurring to the subject, for the purpose of show-
harbour there is exhibited to the approaching vessel a few drums or balls, ing what the authority vested in the Boardof Trade really is, to what
arranged on a system which may be learned once for all in five minutes, extent it is exercised, and the manner in which an easy and efficient
and which show within a few inches the depth of water at that moment on remedy may be applied to the anomalous state of things which we have
the bar. No book of sailing directions is required ; no elaborate attempt described.
[ 251 ]
 12 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14, 1869.

A BAD NIGHT'S WORK. excepts the existing teachers), and the board may suspend or remove them
on proof of misconduct or inefficiency. The schools are to be supported
MONDAY night's debate in the House of Lords may be expected to produce by a rate not exceeding threepence in the pound, divided between landlords
rather a violent echo in the North. The people of Scotland are not and tenants, and levied not on the old but on the present value of
at all likely to submit tamely to an almost contemptuous refusal of their property ; and by a Privy Council grant, which is not to exceed
deliberate desires on a matter in which they take so deep an interest. A one-third the amount raised by rate for the purpose of school
discussion in Committee is always rather confusing, especially as reported buildings, and not exceed the total amount raised locally for annual
in the newspapers, and the changes which the Lords have made in the purposes out of all sources, including rates, subscriptions, endowments,
Scottish Education Bill will be best explained by a brief statement of its and school fees. There is provision for inspection, which is directed to be
objects as originally framed. non-sectarian, and it is ordered that the Privy Council Code, according to
The Bill is only an adaptation to present times of principles which which assistance is to be given, shall be framed so that " the standard of
were enacted at the era of the Reformation. In 1696 these principles education which now exists in the parish schools shall not be lowered,” and
were defined and enforced by a new statute, which directed that there that new schools shall be brought up to that standard. Finally, a conscience
should be a school in every parish, supported by a rate laid half on owners clause is to be imposed on every school, but there is no direction as to
and half on occupiers of land, out of which a salary should be provided there being any religious instruction . That matter is left entirely to the
to the schoolmaster, not less than £5 115., nor more than £11 25.- discretion of the local school committee.
being 100 and 200 merks respectively. The management was placed in This measure has now been for some months under the consideration
the hands of the parish minister and of the " heritors," i.e. landowners of of the public in Scotland, and it has met with the general approbation of
the parish, subject to a power of visitation by the Presbytery, a Church all the great representative bodies. The town councils for the most part
court composed equally of clergy and laity. These arrangements proved have approved ; so have also some farmers' clubs, among which even a
thoroughly efficient ; they provided an excellent and, indeed, high-class voice or two have been heard calling for the enforcement of compulsory
elementary education, in which children of every rank participated on equal education. Two classes of persons alone have been found to object.
terms. The salary and other charges were then, and still are, levied on The one consists of wealthy county magnates, who of course are
what is called the " valued rent," i.e. according to a valuation made in the unable to see the call for any fresh rates on land, even though
time of Cromwell, and which of course includes only a part of the present imposed equally upon their tenants ; the other consists of the clerical
real property of the country. In 1803 the salaries were increased and the bodies, who groan over the probable absorption of denominational
managers were restricted to the class of landowners having above " 100 schools and the exclusion of the express mention of religion as
scots of valued rent," a sum only equal to £ 8 6s. 8d. sterling, but which from a branch of instruction. But it is to be remarked that some
the increased value of property since the " valuation " was made may be of the leading dissenting communions expressly approve the bill
taken as roughly representing an average rental at the present day of on this very ground. And the clerical objectors on the whole receive
100 sterling. This point deserves notice, because some of the questions small countenance from the people, who, though as a rule deeply reli-
which now divide opinion in Scotland turn upon it. In 1861 the school- gious, are for that very reason indisposed to commit religious instruction
master's salary was fixed at a minimum of £35 and maximum of £70 , solely to the schoolmaster. Their feeling is that religion will still, as now,
besides school fees and a free house and garden . At the same time the be taught under direction of the school committee wherever there
condition that the teachers must be members of the Established Church be any local agreement upon the propriety of its being so
was abolished. The Presbytery still examine the schools annually, but taught ; but that where there cannot it will be better left
the superintendence of the teachers in other respects rests with the heritors, to the parents and clergymen of each denomination than made a
or with the stipendiary magistrates, in case of any charge of immorality. necessary branch of instruction to be communicated by a man who,
These parish schools had never, however, been used as engines of prosely- however good a teacher of other things, may not be the one whom they
tism. Even in the anti-Popery times of 1829 and 1832 the Church of would especially select to teach divine truth. On this, then, clerical
Scotland formally directed the teachers " not to press upon the Roman agitation has totally failed to elicit any response from the people, and
Catholic children any instruction to which their parents or their priest might there would certainly have been no change in the bill, unless enforced
object as interfering with the principles of their own religion." An equally by English bigotry. As regards the absorption of the denominational
liberal conscience clause was of course conceded to Protestants of other schools the bill exercises no compulsion beyond the provision that no Privy
denominations than the Established Church. The results are seen in the Council grant shall henceforth be made to them. It is so plain that
fact that in 1866 in the parish schools there were 1,243 Roman Catholic after a really national system is provided and maintained by the public
scholars, 521 Episcopalian, 14,486 Free Church, and above 9,000 children of there remains no reason for encouraging sectarian efforts that one is startled
other dissenting denominations, against a total of only 47,161 Church of to find even the House of Lords affirming such a principle. It is certain,
Scotland children. The same admixture appears as strikingly in the however, that very few Scottish members of the House of Commons will
schools set up to supplement the parochial system by the Church itself support the proposal to pay double in this way. The amendments
and by the several dissenting denominations. Even the purely Roman which were carried last night by a large majority of peers are rendered more
Catholic schools have only 5.229 scholars of their own faith, while they significant by the declarations by which they were accompanied that no
have 30 of the Church of Scotland. The purely Episcopalian schools national system will be sanctioned by that House. Nor will the argument of
have only 1,929 Episcopalian children, but they include 1,907 the Archbishop of Canterbury escape indignant notice in the North.
children belonging to the Church of Scotland, 170 Roman Catholics, Although himself a Scot, he holds that his countrymen cannot be permitted
and no less than 1,500 of other denominations, thus providing to have what they so earnestly and unanimously desire for fear of the effects
instruction for twice as many scholars of alien denomination as of their of the example south of the Tweed.
own. It is obvious, then, that even the additions to the parish school Another question arises as to the adoption of existing parish
system which the wants of the country and religious zeal have called for schools. Those who are now rated for the support of such schools
have not affected the practical liberality of the basis on which educa- according to the Cromwellian valuation would obtain a consider-
tion rests ; and that whatever the sectarian fervour of the Scottish able relief if they were to transfer, as the bill enables them to do
people, they, at least, all agree in keeping it out of the management of at their option, the parish schools to a school committee, and thus
their schools. allow them to be supported by rates levied on all property now liable
The existence of denominational schools at all, however, is evidence to be rated. On the other hand, they would then have to resign the
that the parochial system had become insufficient for the needs of the control which, as already explained, is vested in the wealthier members
country. The population had, in fact, outgrown the parish limits, and of this "valued rent " body. It so happens that most of such members
besides the denominational schools, a great number of side parish schools, either belong to the Established Churches of Scotland or of England, and
subscription schools, and private schools were set up on no definite their esprit de corps has been hitherto strong enough to prevent the Act of
system to supply the want. Butall were still inadequate. Although in 1861 , which opened up the office of schoolmaster to Dissenters, from
most ofthe rural districts in Scotland it is very rare to find any man or coming into practical operation. Hence arise a variety of conflicting
woman who cannot read and write, the case is otherwise where population emotions. The stout Churchmen fear that the " valued rent heritors " will
has become crowded together in towns or by the attraction of yield to the temptation of throwing their special burden on the general
fishing or mining pursuits. A Royal Commission reported two years rates, and thus severing the last connection between the Established
ago in favour of the adoption of a national system, and the Govern- Church and education. The ardent educationists fear lest the desire
ment bill is substantially founded on its recommendations. It pro- to maintain that connection should lead the heritors to refuse to
vides a board, to sit in Edinburgh, to consist of a paid chairman throw the parish schools into the national system. The stern economists
and secretary, and of members elected by the teachers, the universi- and the Dissenters are indignant that an option should be allowed by which
ties, and the Royal burghs of Scotland. The board is to ascertain one of the existing " burdens on land " should be allowed to be waived.
the educational requirements of each parish or district, and to determine On the whole it may probably be predicted that, like the Irish tithe, this
how many schools are needed. By agreement with the managers peculiar burden will form the means by which opposition is conciliated, and
of any existing subscription or denominational schools it may " adopt " that practically there will, ere many years elapse , be but one uniform system
these and convert them into " national schools." If it deems that of education in Scotland, based on principles of local rating and local
further schools are needed it may convoke a " school committee," management, aided by a uniform State grant, from which any reference to
to be elected by the ratepayers of the parish- the Duke of Argyll now pro- denominationalism has wholly disappeared.
poses that one-half of the committee should be elected by the owners, the Such were the proposals and prospects on which the Lords have,
other half by the occupiers of land in the parish—and unless two-thirds of despite the remonstrances of some of their order, laid their absolute
the school committee object the board may establish the new national veto. They have carried amendments declaring that the denominational
schools it thinks required. Even such an objection, however, is only to be system shall survive, and be still aided by State grants. All the evidence
effectual in stopping proceedings for a year, after the lapse of which time that in matters of education the Scottish people were not denominational
the board may compel the erection of the new schools if it still considers has been thrown away upon them. The practical result will be to
them necessary. On the school being provided the school committee is give premiums to sectarian exertion, and to introduce and per-
to elect a teacher, and to pay him a minimum salary of £ 35 a year, and petuate confusion. Each bigoted ecclesiastical party will struggle to
arrangements may be made for procuring teachers of special branches. retain in its own hands the schools it already has, and to set up as
The teachers are to pass a university examination (another amendment many new ones as possible, relying upon the receipt of State support.
[ asa ]
 MAY 14, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 13

The general board will be prohibited from allowing or acquiring new of Rhenish Prussia- tolerable as being cosas d'Alemania, or at worst far
national schools, because it will be obliged to take count of the existence from being as objectionable to you as their British congeners. Moreover,
of denominational schools which may be established. The wilder members if you think it worth while to shun them, you have merely to have your
of each Church will be able to force the more liberal into measures of country mapped out beforehand, dotting in black for avoidance the points
rivalry and hostility with their neighbours of every other communion. The occupied by the wirthauser whose reputation for beer and sausages has
people will be excluded from control of education, and " Church Courts " will given them provincial celebrity. Away from Drachenfels and Heisterbach,
have the management of State contributions. This is what the Lords are, as and you may even wander untroubled among the maze of paths among
far as in them lies, determined to force upon a people who are, with all the seven hills. You quaff the beakers of maitrank, a pleasant
their religious fervour and readiness to split into sections on nice doctrinal drink, appropriate as being native, harmless, and even appetizing.
disputes, still so far enlightened as to be earnestly desirous to keep such If you are anything of a fisher, you may whip the streams with fair
questions out of their schools. And the Lords take this line avowedly because hopes of heavy bags of little ones, and safe from all intrusion, save,
they fear that if undenominational education were conceded in Scotland it perchance, occasionally that of some menacing peasant, jealous of
would next be demanded in England. We must take them at their word. the grass you step on, and from whom you may ransom your-
It will be the business of all true Liberals in England to help the self at the price of a pot of beer. The air is fresh and invigorating ;
cause of national education in Scotland, that Scottish example and aid distance is no object whatever ; you sever yourself from your portmanteau,
may help them in obtaining the same result afterwards for England. and sling on a German bag, far more convenient than a knapsack. You
convert yourself into a flying column of one, utterly unfettered in its move-
ments by previously planned strategy or heavy baggage. The woods are
SPRING ON THE RHINE. tuneful with the song that a month or two later is hushed in the heat. If
you are an artist, you catch the ever-changing hues of early spring, as
IN the first fresh days of spring, when even Leicester-square smiles warmly tree after tree comes bursting into leaf, instead of being cloyed with the
in the smoke-veiled sunshine, one marvels why all human beings not tied dull uniformity of summer foliage ; you have the peeps and glances
by their avocations to town do not pay at least a flying visit to the that each bud helps to fill as it swells and breaks ; you get the
country. Those who sigh for the unattainable see at every turn some- outline of spire, tower, quaint gable, and crumbling wall, broken
thing to remind them of what they pine for. The very plovers' eggs but not marred by the half-clothed foliage. As for your creature
in the poulterer's windows are eloquent of their native heath, the ruddy comforts, in that respect you are infinitely better off than later in
brown checkered with velvet green, where the brooklets go mur- the year. You have the hotels to yourself or nearly so, and although their
muring by rather heard than seen. The silver-scaled salmon on the staffs are still on a peace establishment, they are getting ready for the
fishmonger's slab recalls the highland pool, where the stream breaks coming campaign, and hail you with a deferential cordiality as a harbinger
away from the black rocks to sweep sharp under the hanging alders, of summer, the first fruits of the season's plunder. The landlord, receiving
or else that stretch of wave and ripple on the broader bosom of you himself, condescends to your bag and dust-covered boots, and in his
Tweed or Shannon, where from the depths belowthe monster shot up to the geniality does not suggest for your quarters anything higher than the
gaudy lure. The first vision, too, of the foreign " Bradshaw " for May- a third floor in his empty house. In summer, had you even arrived at
multum in parvo more comprehensive than accurate- is suggestive as the him at all through the mob of couriers, laquais de place, servants,
cuckoo's note. It flashes to the brain a series of dissolving views taken at and loungers from the city overacting their aristocratic far niente
random anywhere over Europe, between the Boompjes at Rotterdam and after their eleven months of conscious money grubbing, he would have
the Skelessi by the Bosphorus-the long piers of Calais and the Mole of sentenced you peremptorily to an attic on the five-pair back. The waiters,
Messina. There are impulses that the schooling of nature and experience who, few as they are, feel their idleness sit heavy on them, exert themselves
correct at once, and others that mature reflection tells you it would have to convey your wishes faithfully to the cook, who for his part sets himself
been simple wisdom to yield to. The enthusiast, tempted by salmon- to your little repast as to a labour of love. At that time of year the expe-
spawned associations to start for the North or West- not being a rienced traveller, who is not particular to half-a-florin, and has arrived with
born angler, but simply a piscatory amateur of the beautiful- would such an appetite as he has rarely honestly come by, will merely send the
probably repent his precipitation in biting winds surcharged with chef a hint or two to indicate his tastes, and then leave him carte blanche to
rain and sleet, and in a streaming mackintosh. But, supposing him develop the hints into a programme. The salon is all before you where
a rational being, the traveller would be a phenomenon who should to choose, and you have your table placed in the bay window that looks
repent his having anticipated the herd of his fellows, and advanced his across the little street on to the river. Compromising between
visit to the Continent by three or four months on the accustomed time. epicurism and conscientious moderation, you have a flask of good second-
Most of our countrymen consecrate to travel summer, autumn, or winter, class wine, Hochheimer, or Liebfraumilch. Holding up to the light your
but earnestly shun the spring. See how those who have passed a winter, glass, Mousseline in ruby streaked with white, you dreamily compare the
dreary as far as the weather goes, under the dull Roman sky, fly before tints the fragrant fluid borrows from it with the glow that the setting sun
Spring's first advances, and in patriotic love for those dear home friends, casts upon the opposite ruin and the grey-green stream below. Whatever
the familiars of their youth, insist on accompanying in their retreat to your habits may be at home, it is ten to one that after your long day's
the North the bitter blasts and dripping fogs. As soon as the earliest march in the open air your second cigar drops half smoked from your
violets of the Campagna unfold to softening breezes and warmer lights, lips to fall hissing in your coffee cup ; you wake up to find that
as soon as the hard shades on the Alban hills melt into Claude-like slumber following on work has left you barely equal to the effort of
haze, then Rome empties itself as by enchantment from the Porta del ringing for a candle ; and next morning by 5 A.M. at latest, the light
Popolo to the Piazza di Spagna. Nor do the parting visitors who jostle on streaming into your bed drives you out of it, if you are wise, to begin
each other's heels take their flight to the south. They do not go to revel in again da capo.
the season on the Piano di Sorrento or in the Concha d'Oro, to get a People who go to spend happy days at Rosherville would find Eden a
glimpse of Italy as Italy, for its natives, like their own lizards, only warm very much over-rated place, and we are glad to know that the class of
into picturesque life in summer heat. No, they start off the other way, tourists who have appropriated the German river would as soon think of
lying heaped at night on the decks of the Messageries boats, and scrambling finding their way thither as to Spitzbergen in May. The professional
by day for short commons at a hurried succession of table- d'hôtes. Before caterers who have studied their tastes have made the countries they visit
the railway companies gave them fresh facilities for escape, every vehicle and a sort of Greenwich fair, with a scale of charges that vouches for the
every animal in the Sienna and Perugia roads was as much in request as selectness of the visitors by imposing a high property qualification. When
those in London on a Derby day, and by frantic effort and much suffering these visitors can spare the time, they prefer to exchange the rail for the
they managed to clear the Alps and traverse the Swiss valleys, just as the gayer and more gregarious steamer, where they can contemplate each other
scenery was stripping off the rude magnificence of its winter dress, and and the castled crags they glide by through a steam of cookery and among
shivering half naked while waiting its spring attire. the popping of ginger beer and seltzer water corks. The crowd and the
There are few things in Europe that may not be seen to the best brass band make the act of travelling nearly as enjoyable as a trip to
advantage in the season when they are visited the least, and there is a Gravesend. The day has no charms unless the pleasures of hope point to
great deal that a man of average sensibility must see then if he care to the inevitable table d'hôte, where they may dress for or against each other,
see it at all. The Rhine, for example, over-praised and over-portrayed as it in velveteens and gorgeous scarves, tumbled muslins, tasselled boots
may have been ; there is no more enjoyable bit of scenery than the stretch false jewels, and borrowed hair ; youths and maidens exhibiting the pertness
of river between the Siebengebirge and the Rheingau. Romance and and chatter of the magpie, the scream and plumage of the jay. Fancy
superstition dispute to history each shattered ruin that hangs over its the man who dreams of refined enjoyment, and aspires to commune
every bend, and inspired genius, German, French, English, has vied in with art and nature, in companies such as these ! You can no more
blending fact and legend, until the pilgrim must resign himself to receive expect him to be in a frame of mind to enjoy either than a Christian flung
all he hears with an equal faith. Their founders, those vulgar to the lions to admire the proportions of the Flavian Amphitheatre, or
a
robbers that the free cities and the kaisers made short work with traveller fallen among Calabrian thieves to revel in the beauties of the
at last, loom chivalrously picturesque through the mists of centuries. Apennines. Of course he abuses the rabble rout who caricature romance,
The side valleys that not one tourist in a hundred has heard of, and and is apt to forswear for ever the nature they make so hideous. But what
not one in a thousand explored, have their nooks of woodland, their we wish to point out is that he may use instead of abusing, and find
medieval cottages, their crumbling castle shells built by the unlucky owners unbounded good in what seemed unmitigated evil. Certainly, you would
of lands that had no water privilege nor right of river pillage, their ivied not care to seek your intimates among the rough pioneers of Western
abbey ruins that may vie with Heisterbach, their village churches of archi- American civilization, but they clear your road of grizzly bears and Red
tecture curious nearly as Schwartz Rheindorf. There are trout streams mining Indians, and spread the tables in the wilderness, where you find the means
terraced vineyards, flowing through the streets of old- world hamlets and past of sustaining nature. The Rhine tourist proper leaves his river to you for
the doors of hostelries that have to all appearance changed nothing without the very best month in the year, and places at your disposal, moreover, the
or within since the days of the Reformation. The Rhine has been cosmo- very excellent inns which his capital has established and endows. While
polized to vulgarity, but, little as one would guess it, it runs through Germany shocked and irritated by contact, you cannot help letting dislike now
still. Go thither in May, and anywhere beyond sound of the pension pianos and then merge itself in disgust, but in his absence softer thoughts
of Rolandseck and Königswinter, you may have the noble river very much to may steal upon you, and you may pay him with gratitude if not
with
yourself. What cockneys you meet are Teuton -the Müllers and Schmidts regard.
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 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14, 1869.
14

nearly anticipates the modern wideawake ! Beneath the portrait, in

A BACON FOR THE SPANIARDS. ink, in a pale clear handwriting, two centuries old, I find the fol-
lowing :-"Auctor damnatus in indice Hisp." The title-page is carefully
(FROM AN ENGLISHMAN IN SPAIN.) May Day. marked by the same hand. " Auctoris damnati " stands over the first line,
As everything in this country is unlike what a traveller sees anywhere else, and, under " Operum," " mihi cum expurgatione permissorum. " Bacon having
so in the matter of libraries he is certain never to find a good one, but he been described by the editor (his faithful chaplain , to whomwe owe the interest-
may find one that is curious and valuable . Libraries of useful and popular ing sketch of his life) as honoratissimo auctore,the pen has been drawn through
literature, in our English sense, do not exist. Even the Tauchnitz classics, that word. At the bottom of the title-page we see who this editor of
which are scattered over the Levant, and may be bought in its little Bacon's editor was. He was a canon of Lerida, who " vidit et correxit "
If you the volume, " ex commissione Sancti Officii Inquisit. contra hæreticam
volcanic islands, are not to be had in large Spanish cities.
want the Spanish classics themselves, excepting the commonest reprints pravitatem , An. 1643."
of the text of Don Quixote, you must send for them to Madrid. Now, we are all familiar, no doubt, with the general fact that the
And you are lucky anywhere else if you can purchase (the option is not Inquisition, in Spain as elsewhere, excluded books, burned books, defaced
given you of hiring) the best-known modern French novels, or the books, and the rest of it. But not all of us have actually held in our
English novels of the collections of Galignani and Leipsic. But, mean- hands a volume that has-in its own person, so to speak- passed through
while, you may very possibly discover in a provincial town a so-called the hands of the Inquisition. I certainly never did so myself till the occa-
public library, in which, to be sure, De Tocqueville is not to be sion of which I am speaking ; and I must say that the experience wonder-
had, and an odd volume of Washington Irving is handed to fully deepened my interest in the historical fact aforesaid, and brought
anybody inquiring for English books, but which contains a rich old
most freshly and clearly home to me the significance of the process.
collection of Fathers, Schoolmen, and Theology, relieved by sixteenth and Here was Bacon in the condition in which an Inquisitor thought
seventeenth century editions of the ancients, and made piquant by such him fit for the perusal of a Spaniard- most likely a Churchman-in the
curiosities as the Bacon of which I am about to give an account. Libraries
seventeenth century ; just five years after this Latin version of some of his
of this kind have been formed out of the ruins of convents. They are the chief works came out, and just seventeen years after his death. It was
spoils of a time when, though bigoted and ignorant , the Spanish Church
Bacon in the only form in which he was allowed to Spaniards ; just as he
was rich ; and when some of her prelates, at all events, true to her passed, like a letter out of quarantine-out of the spiritual quarantine of
stately monarchical and aristocratic traditions, threw an air of dignity even the Inquisition - fumigated, slit, &c. , according to their regulations. Such
over bigotry and ignorance. They bought the costly classics which they
a book, I thought, could not but illustrate the principles of the holy office ;
could not edit, and the speculative philosophers whom they could not
and a note or two on its condition might amuse the mighty Verulam's
refute ; and in the case of these last, mutilated their volumes, or annotated
admirers. Here, then, they are-
them, with a serene imbecility of piety and patronage, the tone of which
In the dedication to Prince Charles, afterwards Charles the Second,
excites calm and tranquil comic enjoyment, rather than hatred and revolt,
Rawley the editor speaks of his " avi et patris " as " duorum benignis-
in our changed times. ""
simorum syderum.' These last words have the pen through them. He
The library in which I lately came across a Bacon which had been
describes Charles as " utriusque gentis, et ecclesiastica, et laicæ, supremus
submitted to the process in question occupies a position characteristically moderator." Both words in italics are condemned-to imply, of course,
picturesque. In a large old Mediterranean town, and in an old part of it, that the King could have no ecclesiastical jurisdiction, or that the Church
reached by small, high, winding streets of the primitive Spanish construc- of England did not deserve the name of a Church.
tion, now going out of fashion, there is a building which was once a
monastery of the order of St. John. It has been secularized for years back, The first of Bacon's pieces in the volume is the well-known " History
is in the hands of the municipality, and ought to be-if such ideas ever of Henry the Seventh," in a Latin dress. The Inquisitor going through it,
were carried out in Spain- a school, a public library, and a museum . It is pen in hand, has effaced Bacon's praise of Henry for reducing the privileges
so far a library that the books of various suppressed convents have got of the clergy. He next, when Bacon talks of some year as " fatalis ,"
stowage there ; and as you pass into the open court from which the stair smears the adjective, and puts " memorabilis " in the margin. Coming to
leading to the books is reached you see some signs that a museum has Bacon's account of Henry's attempt to induce Pope Julius to canonize
been, at least, contemplated. The corridor round the court (the centre of Henry the Sixth, he expunges the passages in which the Pope's supposed
desire to get more money than the King was willing to give
which is occupied by some florid modern sham-Pagan statuary, in a
tumble-down condition, but relieved from vulgarity by scrambling ivy is mentioned. Finally, when the historian says that Henry died " statu
and by orange trees) is full of real undoubted remains, Roman and animæ beatissimo," our canon puts in the margin " ut pie creditur." The
mediæval. There are some stones with inscriptions of Trajan's time, theory of his editing is clear- that anything the heretic said about a pontiff
to the favoured and opulent libertus of one of Trajan's friends. There was false as a matter of course and without the need of refutation , and
are other stones, to the memory of husbands and wives who went to that only by assuming this a Spanish reader became entitled to read history
at all.
their rest in the city- a Roman colony in those days- near eighteen
hundred years ago. And looking up, where the oranges are hanging, The " History of Henry the Seventh " is followed by the Essays,
the visitor sees, through windows open to let in the hot southern air, translated under the title of " Sermones Fideles. " The first and second
long rows of the parchment-clad tomes of the library, which I suppose are untouched, but the third, " De Unitate Ecclesiæ," is severely handled.
him to have come to see The Inquisitor begins by noting in the margin, " Hæc a sectariis non
The library is dispersed over different rooms, in which an attempt has petenda, " in order to put the philosopher out of court altogether, and two
been made to divide the books according to subjects. One whole saloon whole pages are torn from the essay bodily. Passing on to the fifteenth,
is devoted to mystics- the favourite reading in the religious houses of " De Seditione," I observe the passage on Henry the Third of France
women. History and belles lettres are supposed to be represented, and as cancelled, and the two succeeding ones, on " Atheism " and " Supersti-
tion," are all scored and slashed with merciless quill. The renowned
far as Spain herself is concerned, are probably represented pretty well. In
classics, I noticed no modern editions of any country, but a fair supply opening of each, " I had rather believe all the fables," and " It
of venerable tomes from the old presses of Venice and Paris. The com- were better to have no opinion of God at all than such an opinion
mentaries of Paulus Manutius on Cicero were there ; and the " Thesaurus " as is unworthy of Him," might have pleaded for mercy at the hands
of one who, whatever the miserable details of his faith, must at least have
of Stephen, and the " Thesaurus " of Grævius. The collection is said to be
set out by believing in the Deity. But he was too consistent. The
strongest, however, so far as the classical authors are concerned , in the
Roman writers born in Spain. With a nationality of characteristic tenacity heretic, in his eyes, had no right to say anything of God at all ; and he
did his best to put out the fire which he saw on his neighbour's altar to the
(but which, in the present reduced and decrepid condition of their country,
has all the meanness and weakness of mere provincialism), the Spaniards Supreme.
cherish the Latin writers of old Spain with more zeal than the higher Latin The fate of essay nineteenth on Empires is characteristic. The reference
writers of Italy. I was amused to see a modern Spanish "literary man " to the superstition and melancholy of Charles V. is spared ; but what Bacon
talking, the other day, of " los obras de los españoles que tanto illustraron says of prelates is punctually excised. In " Usury," what Bacon calls the
el siglo de Augusto ; " for what can be more certain than that neither "commodities of usury " (commoda fenoris) are suppressed ; and in " Of
Lucan, nor Martial, nor Quintilian, nor Seneca, nor Silius Italicus (if any- Youth and Age " his quotation from and comment on " a certain Rabbin."
body thinks it worth while to claim him !) belonged to the Augustan age ? So, again, in " Praise " and " Judicature " the allusions to cardinals
But even Spanish Roman writers are not the strong point of this library. and to the Church of Rome are made away with. But more note-
It is strong in Fathers and Doctors, with (of course) a vast heap of worthy than these is a vigorous note which the old canon has put, in
legendary rubbish, absurd as the " Metamorphoses " of Ovid, but wholly his clearest handwriting, on the essay " Of Vicissitude of Things. " The
without his grace and taste and wit. philosopher is talking of " a new sect," and its chance of spreading.
The rooms are very quiet as I move from shelf to shelf, past the long The translator renders him " Secta nova licet pullulet," &c.; and the
rows of white or yellow parchment, still the favourite binding of the Inquisitor writes opposite these words the following, which, out of
Spanish encuadernador. The readers are mostly young fellows, employed gratitude to him for the interest that I have found in his labours, I will
on modern compilations ; and the grave old folios slumber on the shelves, put (as he mgiht have desired) into capitals : -" CAVENDUM OMNINO NE
PULLULET. "
as the old monks and priests who first brought them across the Pyrences
slumber in their graves. The civil young attendant in the chief reading- Regarding the " De Augmentis," all that I have in my jottings is, that
room, clad in a black gown and cap, does not scem overworked ; and his seven pages are cut out in a lump towards the end.
colleague in the next room-a queer little gentleman, not much bigger The most deeply significant fact about this volume I have reserved
than an Elzevir himself, and very polite to the estranjero-is smoking a for the conclusion ; and, indeed, it is not rightly appreciated until one
cigarette. I pause, attracted by a familiar English name, and take down a has examined the book as a whole. Every paragraph defaced by the
volume. It is an edition of Bacon's civil and moral works, in Latin, of ink of the old Inquisitor can now be read. And why ? His critical
the year 1638. ink has failed with time ; and the good printer's ink of London is
Opening my countryman, the first thing, of course, that seizes legible right through it. How symbolic ! How pregnant with meaning !
my eye is his portrait. How well we all know that shrewd and How satisfactory ! Bacon has fared in the world's history, like Bacon's
sagacious face, with the keen hazel eye, that a contemporary compares book, and has triumphed over his enemy even in his enemy's own
to the eye of a viper, glancing at you under the rim of a hat which land.
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 MAY 14, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 15

service, but they would be willing to fill places where their experience of
THE ROYAL NAVAL RESERVE. sea life in the merchant service would be valuable ; and they would certainly
THE sudden call upon the officers and men of the Royal Naval Reserve be infinitely better than bounty men collected in a hurry. As to the second
by the Admiralty is naturally exciting a good deal of attention. The time suggestion, that out of the 16,000 men in the naval reserve but few would
has been curiously chosen, and is only remarkable for the fact that it respond, there is no reason for supposing that such would be the case. Con-
would have been difficult for the Admiralty to have made a worse selection. sidering how steadily the Reserve has adhered to its duties hitherto, we have
no reason to doubt its good faith if its services were suddenly required .
Whitsuntide happens to be about the busiest time in the whole year for
merchant seamen, and it is surprising that as many as 1,600 men have At the present moment it would be the greatest folly to abolish such a
responded to the call. It may be doubted whether the test which the body as the Royal Naval Reserve, unless we were prepared to supply
Admiralty is now applying to the naval reserve will have much real its place by something more costly and effective. But it seems that no
importance, will teach anything about it which is not already known, or force could serve the purpose of a temporary reserve better than a body
throw any fresh light on the requirements of a naval reserve . Still, it of men belonging to our merchant navy and retained by a small fee and
will, no doubt, give some of the officers of the reserve a pleasant nominal duties to the service of the Crown should the emergency of
war arise. The maintenance of a connection between the merchant and
cruise, and the men an insight into life on board men-of-war at sea. Now,
what sort of a naval reserve do we want ? and how does the reserve the Royal Navy is very important, and this connection is strengthened
which we now possess supply this want ? The absolute necessity of materially by the Royal Naval Reserve,
good reserves has been pressed upon the Government unceasingly during
the last twenty years. But until the Royal Naval Reserve was
established in 1859 upon the principles laid down by the Manning THE POLICE.
Commission, we had neither permanent nor temporary reserves of any
It is curious, and certainly unfortunate, that a subject of so much personal
importance. What was wanted then was a permanent force of men,
importance to everybody as the condition of the police should engage
efficient and trained, to supply ships with crews immediately on commission. attention only in a fitful, superficial way. A periodical panic sets in
So difficult had it been before 1859 to accomplish this that large frigates regularly with the early nightfall of October and November. There is a great
were kept weeks, and even months, in commission before they could
proceed to sea for want of proper crews. This defect led to the establish- outcry about the dangers of the streets, and much furious correspondence
in the papers, but the alarm soon subsides as spring returns. The hot fits
ment of large reserves of men and of training ships for boys at the various
are, perhaps, not so mischievous as the cold fits which follow. A timely
ports. At present a force of 33,000 men forms the permanent reserve
for the navy. Of this number the guard ships and other vessels on home warning of danger, however inarticulate or accidental, deserves to be
gratefully acknowledged. One of the most familiar incidents of Roman
stations absorb 5,000 ; the coastguard, 9,000 ; supernumeraries, including history would be usefully repeated if the cackle of the vestries roused the
boys under training, about 13,000 ; and there are about 6,000 marines
kept on shore. For a permanent reserve, then, this is a large citizens of London to a due sense of the dangers which threaten their
security. The evil is that the absurd complaints and still more
body of men in time of peace ; and, as 30,000 men would supply fairly preposterous proposals which are made from time to time are apt to
all the ships which are employed on active service, it would be difficult
create a prejudice in favour of the existing police system and lead people
to provide all our sailors with service afloat. It may be possible, there- to imagine that there is no real cause for uneasiness. Even a sound
fore, to reduce this force considerably ; for, though it is of the utmost
conclusion is sometimes imperilled by the statement of reasons by which it
value in training boys to seamanship, and men to the use of the guns, it
is sustained. It is one thing to assert in general terms the existence of a
includes a large number of men of no special use, and requiring no special
disorder and another thing to supply a serviceable diagnosis of it upon
training. It is of the highest importance that such a reserve, if useful at
which a prescription may be safely based. It is impossible to form a just
all, should be able to supply ships as they are commissioned with fair com-
plements of trained men and gunners. This it should do in time of peace ; conclusion as to the deficiencies of the police system and the best means
of meeting them without in the first instance having a clear idea of what
and in time of war it should be capable of furnishing all the real fighting
that system is.
ships we can muster with good, highly trained fighting men. Now, let
us suppose war to have broken out, would it be possible to Referring to the " general regulations, instructions, and orders for the
government and guidance of the Metropolitan Police Force," we find the
produce or to use for actual fighting purposes more than 150 ships at a
following paragraph on the very first page :-" It should be under-
time, including all our ironclads ? Supposing every ironclad we possess to
stood at the outset that the principal object to be attained is the
be in commission , as well as every other vessel fit for real fighting, it prevention of crime." This is not only set forth thus emphatically
is probable that we should not want and could not collect so many as
as the great aim of the police, to which all their energies are to be
150. But, assuming this number to be correct, the permanent reserve of directed, but it is practically enforced as a test of their efficiency.
33,000 men ought, if it is worth anything, to be capable of supplying
"The police," it is added, " should endeavour to distinguish them-
them all with good fighting men and properly trained seamen and
selves by such vigilance and activity as may render it extremely
artisans. There ought to be no necessity to call upon outsiders at
difficult for any one to commit a crime within that portion of the town
all to man our fighting ships in time of war, and it is almost certain
under their charge. When in any division offences are frequently com-
that, unless we had men thoroughly trained and skilled in the
mitted, there must be reason to suspect that the police is not in that
difficult gunnery exercise now adopted, to man our ironclads and
fighting ships with on an emergency , it would be almost better division properly conducted. The absence of crime will be considered the
not to man or commission them at all. To return, then, to our first best proof of the complete efficiency of the police. " This general principle
is further elucidated in the detailed instructions which follow. The super-
question, what sort of a naval reserve do we want ? we reply that we want intendent, for example, is thus admonished :-
one of two kinds- partly permanent, to supply all our ships, immediately
In watching the conduct of loose and disorderly persons, and of all persons whose
on being commissioned, with gunners and trained sailors ; and partly behaviour is such as to excite just suspicion, he is to keep in mind that the prevention of
elastic--that is to say, composed of men not required except on such a crime, the great object of all exertions of police, will generally be best attained by making
special emergency as a war, and capable of supplying the defects caused it evident to the persons that they are known and strictly watched, and that certain
by the absorption of the permanent reserve into active service. In dis- detection will follow any attempt to commit a crime.
cussing the necessity and requirements of a naval reserve critics have To reduce this principle to practice, a system of beats has been contrived.
almost ignored the fact that in the navy, as in the army, many duties are of Each police division is subdivided into sections, each section into beats.
a purely civil and unmilitary character. Somebody must undertake them, To each beat a policeman is allotted, who is expected to patrol it within a
but they are of such a nature as to require but little special training or given time. " He can see every part of his beat in the time allotted ; and
ability. In every vessel are wanted men who are simply accustomed to this he will be expected," say the regulations, "to do regularly, so that any
the ways of a ship and to living at sea. For instance, stokers, domestics, person requiring assistance, by remaining on the same spot for that
and ordinary seamen form a large portion of our naval forces. Now these length of time, may meet a constable." Over each section there
are the very positions in which men would be required who might be is a sergeant, whose duty is to see that the constables are duly
employed temporarily during war. Again, a great many ships are employed circulating in the appointed order. As a check the constable is sometimes
in quiet, one might say peaceful, duties, as, for instance, coastguard vessels, required to make certain chalk marks on doors, shutters, or walls at
troop ships, and surveying ships. But every one of these ships possesses preconcerted spots to show that he has gone his round ; the sergeant
in time of peace a certain number of highly trained men who would be looks for these marks, rubs them out, and expects to find them replaced
required in the fighting force in time of war. Here, again, the temporary when next he repasses the same point. The inspector on patrol-duty also
reserve might come in usefully and do good service. But that men who traverses the division or subdivision, as the case may be, along some
are not trained from one year's end to the other in the navy could be main thoroughfare, at different points of which the sergeants are required to
efficiently employed on board an iron - clad man-of-war during an engage- be in waiting for him to show that they are on duty, and to deliver their
ment is very doubtful. reports. Then there are detectives in plain clothes moving about, and,
question, therefore, how does the naval reserve we finally, the superintendent himself is also required to visit the division at
To our second
possess supply what is wanted ? we reply that it does in a tolerable uncertain hours every day and night.
The theory of all this, it must be admitted, is unexceptionable. As an
manner ; that, though it may be modified, extended, and developed,
perhaps slightly, there is no ground for considering any part ofit useless ideal nothing could be more complete. Viewed in a practical light, how-
ever, it is not quite so satisfactory. The reasoning of the police
and not worth keeping. The Royal Naval Reserve has been abused in
some quarters as incompetent and as likely to turn out, in time of war, authorities who devised the present system seems to have been in
visionaryforce. It is asserted that the men cannot, in one month's drill, acquire this wise. If every citizen kept watch and ward on his own
a knowledge of gunnery and seamanship sufficient to make them good sailors; doorstep, the robbers would have no chance. Therefore let the police, in
and that it is doubtful whether, when called upon, they would respond undertaking the protection of the citizens, follow the same course and scare
away all depredators by the number of their sentinels. An obvious dis-
heartily or effectively. That they cannot be made good gunners and
crepancy is here observable between the resources at the command of the
sailors by merely a month's drill is true ; but, as we have already explained,
police and the comprehensive object at which they aim. A general who
we ought, with the present permanent reserves, to be able in time of war
should endeavour to man extended lines by detached skirmishers each half
to man all the fighting ships we could muster with first-rate gunners. There
a mile apart would soon find that he was practically surrendering his position
would be plenty of room then for the Royal Naval Reserve to do useful
to the enemy. In a similar way the security of a cage depends on the close-
and honourable work. Possibly many might not actually go into active
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 16 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14 , 1869.

ness of the bars ; and the savage tenants may as well be released at once as was complete. It happened to be the director of the Cluny Theatre who
placed in nominal confinement behind bars so wide apart as easily to unearthed the long missing MS. , and having read it he approved and
allow them to pass between. As far as it goes, the patrol system of the offered to produce it. It was a great success. It filled the little house,
police is excellent. No doubt it covers the area for which it is intended, which before was scarcely known beyond its immediate neighbourhood,
in one sense. The objection is that in order to do this the meshes of the night after night, was commanded at Court, and altogether made quite
net are stretched to an extent that renders it of comparatively little avail a sensation. And no wonder ; such a piece had not been seen on the
against the creatures to be caught. A little examination reveals the prac- French stage for many a year. Not that it is more witty than other plays,
tical deficiencies of a system which entrusts the watching of three millions or better written, or more forcible in plot and incident. It is remarkable
and a half of people, covering an area of 700 square miles, to 6,000 police- not so much for what it does as for what it does not contain. "Je
men, which, making the necessary deduction for the average sick list, and vous en fais bien mes excuses," says M. Cadol in his preface, “ mais ceci
the men told off on special duties at the palaces, museums, and other public est une pièce morale. " This is the secret. Here is actually a French play,
buildings, is the actual strength of the metropolitan police at the present and a highly successful one, without any villany in it ; no virgin betrayed,
moment. There is only one constable to every 566 inhabitants. To every no wife dishonoured, no scandalous intrigues, no anonymous offspring,
((
square mile there is an average, varying at different hours of the day, pas même une pauvre petite substitution d'enfants." Every complication
according to the reliefs, of from 1.5 to 6 constables. And this is the of adultery having been exhausted, M. Cadol fell back upon the domestic
population, be it remembered, of a city in which the extremes of virtues. His play is only a simple family story of a few plain, honest folk,
rich and poor meet face to face, to which misery, despair, and crime are in very good health, and neither clever nor wicked. The worst that can
drawn naturally from all parts of the country, partly by a desire for hiding be said of any of them is that they are inutiles. A thoughtless young
in the obscurity of the multitude, partly by the temptations of plunder. bachelor has muddled away his fortune without knowing it, his usual
Moreover, in speaking of a square mile of such a city, its full meaning remittances being furnished through his agent by a generous brother-
is hardly brought home to the mind until one reflects that London, in-law. To save him, a marriage with a rich heiress is proposed.
multiplying its inhabitants every year, expands in size to make room Ignorant of his necessities, the gay viveur refuses to surrender his
for them. " To patrol a square mile of London," says the author of independence, and when he learns his real position the plot is further
a recent pamphlet, who is supposed to speak with practical knowledge complicated by his having fallen in love with another heiress, his brother-
of the subject, " imports a far longer walk than from Charing-cross to in-law's ward, whom he feels that as a ruined man he cannot marry
Gravesend." In theory each constable is expected at night to traverse without exposing himself to unpleasant suspicions. Of course, in the end
the beat assigned to him on the average once every quarter of an everything comes right, but there is room for the exhibition of a great deal
hour. But sometimes, owing to a heavy sick list, the withdrawal of men of varied character in the development of the plot.
for special duty, or other reasons, a constable has to take more than As " Le Roman d'un Jeune Homme Pauvre "" was in last year's pro-
a single beat. In a recent police case it came out that one man had gramme, and has also been adapted to our own stage, we may assume it to
two beats and a half to " work," which would not take less than an hour be sufficiently well known. " Les Filles de Marbre " is a drama of a
and a half. The ordinary distribution of the force is as follows :- different stamp. It introduces us to very equivocal company, but only to
There are about 4,000 men on duty between 10 P.M. and 6 A.M.; 1,000 chastise vice and vindicate morality. It is, as it were, the counterpart of
from 6 A. M. to 7 P.M.; 2,000 from 7 P.M. to 10 P.M. Accordingly, there " La Dame aux Camelias." A young sculptor, full of enthusiasm and
are for thirteen hours every day only 1,000 policemen to look after the whole promise, on the threshold of a brilliant career, is accidentally thrown
700 square miles and immense population of the metropolitan district. into the society of the haute bicherie of Paris. He is fascinated by
According to the calculation in the pamphlet to which we have already Marco, a beautiful but heartless singer, plunges into the wild life around
referred, " the greatest number of men disposable for police duty is, on an her, and sacrifices art, peace of mind, and fortune for the sake of
average, between ten o'clock at night and six in the morning, six men to a cold, sordid creature of intrigue. The counsels of a good-hearted
every square mile ; between seven and ten at night, three men to every though sarcastic mentor and the purifying love of a young girl whom
square mile ; and between six in the morning and seven in the evening, 1.5 his mother has adopted alike fail to wean him from his madness,
to every square mile, giving two-thirds of a square mile to each man." It and he gets cured at last by proof of his idol's utter worthlessness
must be borne in mind that the recent addition of 1,000 men to the police only to die delirious and broken-hearted. Originally brought out at the
was, as regards active duty, only a nominal reinforcement, seeing that it was Vaudeville Theatre some fifteen years ago, " Les Filles de Marbre "
made for the express purpose of enabling the constables to have one day's enjoyed considerable success at the time, and has since kept its
rest a week. The improved health of the men due to this measure will, place as a popular stock piece on the French stage. It has also been
of course, indirectly strengthen the force ; but at the same time it leaves reproduced in more than one English version, but with little favour. For
the number of men available for regular service pretty much as before. this failure one reason may be found in the character of the hero. His
Whether the present establishment of the Metropolitan Police is sufficient surrender of himself to a worthless woman is too abject to command
for the numerous and severe duties imposed on it is a question which will much English sympathy. In the French his rhapsodies sound less
soon demand serious consideration. But in the meantime something might outrageous, and the sparkle of the dialogue, in which Desegenais, the
perhaps be done to turn the existing body of men to better account by a modern Diogenes, bears a prominent part, helps to lighten the dismal story.
revision of the system on which they are employed. Little reflection is re- Whatever may have been the original intention of the author,
quired to show that the too regular movement of constables along their beats Desegenais became, in the hands of Felix, who " created " the part,
is at least as much an assistance to the thieves as a protection to house- virtually the hero of the piece, and was fully recognized as such in a sequel
holders, for the latter have only to lie in wait and watch the policeman which M. Barrière composed, under the title of " Les Parisiens de la
go past, and then they know they are likely to have a clear coast to them- Decadence." Here he is a sort of cynical chorus, a sharp-tongued censor
selves for some half-hour or more to come, though subject, of course, morum, who seizes every occasion to expose the frivolities, false ambitions,
to interruptions from a detective happening to pass that way. and dishonesty of the age. The treatment of the subject is obviously
On the other hand, respectable citizens, not having paid the same conventional, but the play is written in a dashing style, and affords scope
vigilant attention to the movements of the constable, are altogether for clever acting.
at a loss to know in what direction to look for him when they As to the company now at St. James's, it is, as we have said, an agree-
require his aid. The station-houses are few and far between, and, able change from that of last year. M. Ravel is a comedian of undoubted
as a rule, situated in the most out-of-the-way and unlikely corners- power, though over-partial to gros sel and boisterous fun. Last season,
up an alley, or in an obscure back street. The patrol system should be however, we had certainly too much of him. However amusing in his own
supplemented by an increase in the number of station-houses. In addition proper line of parts, his experiments in sentimental drama were more
to the chief offices (for which more conspicuous positions might surely be curious than agreeable . Sudden visitors at a country house sometimes find
obtained), small subsidiary stations should be scattered over every district themselves regaled on varied preparations of the same meats. This was
within a moderate distance of each other, where people could report very much the sensation one derived from a series of plays in which M. Ravel
their grievances and apply for assistance. The whereabouts of the stations played all the principal parts, old men and young men, drolls, gallants, and
might be usefully indicated on the lamp-posts at the end of each street, the heroes of romance ; low comedy, light comedy, high comedy, and even tragi-
address being painted in black on the glass (so as to show by day or night comedy and melodrama. As yet no member of the present company has
equally), with an arrow pointing in the direction where it lies. Again, the been subjected to the same painful demands upon his versatility. None
regular traversing of the beats ought to be crossed more than at present by of them have any pretensions to histrionic talent of a very high order, but
the irregular circuits of other constables, both in uniform and plain clothes. there are at least four good actors in the number. Graduating at the
It is also worthy of consideration, should the new criminal bill pass, whether Théâtre Français, M. Brindeau afterwards passed to the Odéon, and is, as
the criminal districts of the metropolis should not be specially mapped out might be expected from such antecedents, an actor of an excellent school,
and handed over to the close supervision of a special body of police. earnest, careful, and intelligent. He takes the trouble not only to under-
stand his author, but to convey his meaning so that the audience may
understand it too. He never slurs over the words, trusting to gesture or
THE FRENCH PLAYS. intonation to supply the sense, but gives them out clearly and conscien-
tiously, adding, not substituting, such dramatic interpretation as he has to
IN respect both of plays and players the French performances at St. offer. The value of such a method in a piece like George Sand's " Marquis de
James's Theatre are, on the whole, decidedly superior to those of last Villemer," full of brilliant talk and subtle epigram, will readily be conceived
year. The works chosen for representation are of a more refined and You are thankful for the text at least, and the actor gives you that and generally
intellectual cast, and we are spared a repetition of the rather scanda- something more. Probably M. Brindeau's early practice in De Musset's
lous buffooneries of M. Ravel and his troupe. The most remarkable pieces helped to develop this quality. Easy and natural in manner, he has
of the pieces which have been produced is " Les Inutiles." It was also the rare gift of spontaneous unaffected gaiety. Next in order of merit
written four or five years ago, rejected by several managers, and lost we must place Mdme. Masson, who plays the old women. Her Marquise
by one. At least it was supposed to be lost. The author himself of the " old rock," in George Sand's play ; her octogénaire in " Le Roman
had given up all hope of ever reclaiming it, when only a few d'un Jeune Homme Pauvre," and her simple, homely mother in " Les
months back it was accidentally discovered amongst a mass of papers Filles de Marbre," slight as the parts are, embody three creations of
in a lumber-room. The recovery of the piece, however, would have the most delicate and finished kind. English actors and actresses
been of little advantage to the author if at the same time he had not who measure the importance of a part by the number of lines in it
also found a manager willing to put it on the stage. His good fortune will hardly understand the artistic spirit which devotes so much pains
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 MAY 14, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 17

to the personation of such comparatively insignificant characters. M. the other side of the room the arms and bust appear as round and well
Charles Lemaitre inherits little or none of his father's peculiar genius ; relieved as though the painter had marked their forms by gradations of
he is earnest and not wanting in vigour, but rather in the light and shade shadow in a cool colour. There is a want of force in the painting of the
of character. Mdlle. Léonide Leblanc supplies the ingénue whose presence head, which perhaps helps the luxurious fulness of effect in the body and
is supposed by one of the conventions of the French stage to act as a dis- dress. "The Gambler's Wife " is a little study of a woman with a
infectant and atone for any amount of naughtiness in the other persons of suffering and anxious expression of face standing in a room, the disorder
the drama. She plays in a simple, artless way, with grace and feeling. of which suggests the cause of her grief. Light, colour, and surfaces,
M. Daubray also deserves mention as an eccentric comedian with a good though rather slight in execution, show a feeling and capacity of the
deal of humour, and M. Andrieu, as a jeune premier who knows how to highest order for the craftsman's part of a painter's work, but the
deliver a mot. Mdme. Brindeau is a careful, intelligent actress, who is picture is not finished and not interesting, both of which defects
more at home as the matronly sister in " Les Inutiles " than the fascinating are probably due to the fact that it has been executed in a short
Aspasia of " Les Filles de Marbre. " time and with insufficient concentration. Taking Mr. Millais's work
as a whole, it is but too evident that he yields to the temptation of
satisfying a public which he can easily satisfy with the display of a brilliant
THE ROYAL ACADEMY EXHIBITION. facility. If the most highly gifted artists will not respect their own art, it
is certain that the mass of mankind, whose interest in it is at all times
(FIRST ARTICLE. ) so feeble, will not learn greater reverence. What might not Mr. Millais
THIS year's exhibition is noticeable for other merits besides the beauty of now accomplish for his own permanent fame, for the interests of art, so
the new galleries. First, the pictures are all visible without kneeling on imperilled by the best as well as the worst tendencies of these times, if he
the floor to see those below the line, or using an opera-glass to distinguish could be inspired with a contempt for the idle world which once contemned
those in the highest row. We have noticed two or three cases in which him, and work for the satisfaction of his own artistic conscience !
highly finished works have suffered by being placed too high, but, allowing Mr. Watts's works suggest, at least, no such reflections as this. The
for the imperfection which attaches to all arrangements, we think that the incompleteness which marks them here and there is rather that of a
Hanging Committee have done full justice to the interests of the artists poetical temperament that voluntarily stops short at the point where
whose works were committed to them ; and it must strike every one who expression might cease to be perfectly harmonious with conception. In
visits the gallery that Mr. Leighton and Mr. Watts have thought of them- the " Orpheus and Eurydice " of this year a motive of the highest beauty is
selves last, as their works are certainly displayed with less prominence than rendered in the true language of pictorial art-by means of all the associa-
an impartial tribunal would have awarded them. Secondly, whether tions which have gathered round doubtful light, subdued colour, passionate
they could be seen or not, it was wise in the Council not to gesture, special types of beauty, and satisfying harmonies of composition.
admit a larger number of pictures than before. Twelve hundred Where the light and darkness meet at the end of his mysterious path , the
works, fairly selected, will include everything of interest that is produced husband has turned to gain a moment's happiness from the sight of his
in this country during the year. Even in France, which possesses recovered wife. He sees her, but at that instant invisible hands drag her
many more artists, the number of pictures exhibited (about 4,000) is felt to swiftly downwards and backwards. In Mr. Watts's picture he stretches his
be preposterously large. Thirdly, and here our praise must be qualified, arms across and almost round her receding figure, but she, already pale again
the great plague of fashionable portraits is distinctly abated, and the under the returning power of death, glides swiftly back into the shadow.
general feeling of the public and of artists will assure the Council that The feeling of movement is given to the figure of Eurydice by the direction
every step in this direction is appreciated out of doors. The greatest of Orpheus's outstretched arms, the turn of his head and body, and the
offenders are not Academicians, any more than they are, in any true sense, lines of the drapery. " The Red Cross Knight and Una " is a large canvas,
artists, but dexterous manufacturers of portraits, whose handiwork is much the upper part of which is filled with a pale, cloudless sky of early morning
admired by the less instructed portion of " society " and its imitators. exceedingly beautiful in tone. In the figures the colour partakes of the
The supposed prescriptive claim of such a painter to a large space onthe walls same cool quality, but the arrangement, and at least the look, of the
is both derived and maintained from social influences, which are as unscru- drawing are open to question. The lady is rather huddled upon her
pulously used in this matter as when the public convenience requires a new donkey, and her white drapery has too much of the plover's egg
thoroughfare, or when a well-connected felon is weary of his prison. It con- quality in the white that Mr. Watts affects. The lighting of the
cerns the honour of their art that the members of the Royal Academy should gallery is probably too strong for this picture, which looks effaced and
rid themselves of this reproach. Their annual dinner is more an absurdity confused. A portrait of a young lady, half length, head seen in profile, is
than an offence, and if they could manage to let out on that occasion all admirable for the delicate relation of tones between the muslin dress,
the admiration of great people that they feel, and to deal with artists and fortified by a little black and gold, and clear pallor of the face. Mr. Watts
the affairs of art on different principles, no one would be so churlish as to has given a too important name, " The Return of the Dove to the Ark,"
deny them the gratification of feasting the House of Peers and the Bench to a simple and beautiful study of tone, representing three or four quiet,
of Bishops. This amiable weakness is all the more excusable because it glassy, dull green waves, hovered over by a dove.
is, for the most part, disinterested. The greatest buyers of pictures at the Mr. Leighton is represented by several important pictures. No living
present day are of a class which the Academy does not delight to honour artist accomplishes so much on the same scale of completeness. In
in this way, men whose guineas are scarcely purified from the taint of speaking of his works last year we contrasted a certain side of his art as
trade. It is only when their exhibition is impaired by it, and meritorious "the unreal " with the credible or realized ideal which has hitherto too
artists are prevented from coming before the public, that this sensitiveness seldom appeared in them. His pictures of this year show, without excep-
of the academic mind to aristocratic influence becomes a public injury. tion, that he is deserting the silken refinements and rosy fallacies of his
Turning to the pictures, we will notice first the most important figure former manner for a simpler and more natural treatment. He is most like
subjects. The best places are, necessarily, very often occupied by the his old self in the " Helios," where the sun-god, descending a pathway of
works of men who have outlived their reputation. The rapid change of clouds, is met at the surface of the sea by the island of roses surging from
views and practices in art during the last few years makes this class an the depths, and raising to his arms the nymph Rhodos, whose name
unduly large one, but it will not be necessary to indicate the painters, of it still bears. In this picture we should like to see the roses
whom we think this might justly be said, because the same end is much less red, the sea less green, the clouds and the opening heavens
more pleasantly accomplished by pointing out the works which we think less artificial, and the figure of the god more firmly or even rudely
admirable. Mr. Millais, as usual, leaves a more powerful impression on painted. But the attitude and action of the nymph as she stretches
the memory than any other of our artists. The portrait of a little girl, upwards to embrace her divine lover, and the painting of her figure, are
Miss Nina Lehmann, is an instance of his amazing vigour in its happiest very admirable. In another large work, Dædalus is seen tying on the
exercise. The child sits lost in a moment's day-dream on the edge of a green wings with which his son is to mount into the air. Here, again, there
porcelain garden-seat, touching the ground with one foot, from which the is too much mere luxurious brightness on everything, on the white
white satin shoe is dropping off. All the rest of her dress is white, but a marbles, the draperies, blue sea and mountains, and on the smooth
red camellia held loosely in one hand on the lap answers brilliantly to the skin of Icarus. But the modelling of his chest and limbs is very
brightness of the tree from which it has been plucked. The painting of beautiful, and the wings are designed with consummate power. That
the face, hands, and hair is consummate, and the sentiment of momentary which most injures the picture is the absurdity, in a mechanical
wilful inaction ready to break up at any impulse into eager activity can point of view, of the appliances for fastening the wings. Dædalus
never have been presented with greater vividness and beauty combined. is fumbling with a limp ribbon for this purpose, but the catastrophe would
Mr. Fowler, C. E. , is a very different subject, but in Mr. Millais's hands he still have been probable, though the wings were really attached to the
makes a hardly less fine picture. The head especially is quite astonishing adventurer. St. Jerome and his lion have generally been treated by artists
for its expression of intellectual and practical power, but the painting of in a purely conventional manner. Mr. Leighton, however, has brought
professional details looks- and no wonder- as if it had been a source of both figures into the region of realism. In a shallow pit or deserted
less enjoyment to the artist than the representation of the pretty things which quarry of the desert, where thistles grow to a man's height among the
fittingly set off the beauty of his other sitter. There will be little difference of boulders, a gaunt brown fanatic kneels before his rude cross, naked but
opinion about these two portraits. They have the triumphant ease which for an apron of hide, with hands raised, in a frenzy of supplication.
stamps the products of a perfect master of his craft ; but such ease is not On the level of the desert, above and behind him, the lion keeps
all that is wanted in ideal subjects, and in spite of it Mr. Millais's watch, seated and gazing towards the setting sun. The light is of a
" Vanessa " is not a success . The name injures the picture. We have sombre gold, and the solitude in which only these two wild figures live is
here a dark handsome girl reading a letter, without any marked emotion nobly imagined and realized. The surfaces have none of that inappropriate
expressed either by the face or the figure. The dress is a truly surprising smoothness which we have before regretted in this painter's work, and the
tour de force. A confusion of bright flowers covers a white silk robe of only discordant feature, as we think, is the sky, which is of an unwholesome
antique fashion. The effect is as though real flowers of the utmost brilliancy colour. Mr. Leighton is seldom happy in his skies. From the fervent
had been thrown like a veil over the figure. In the hands of any but a great atmosphere of the desert, the mother of ascetic saints, it is a great change
colourist the effect would be distressingly gaudy, but Mr. Millais here proves to pass within the cold and chaste enclosure of a Greek temple, where
that he is a great colourist, for this feast of gay tints leaves no satiety. A still Electra has brought funeral gifts to her mother's tomb. Her heavy black
greater difficulty was to preserve relief and modelling under this dazzling drapery and stately attitude of despair give a monumental character to the
surface, and here, too, Mr. Millais has wonderfully succeeded. Seen from work, which is in harmony with its motive,
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 18 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14, 1869.

OCCASIONAL NOTES. ment the right to interfere with the status of domestic slavery in the
Turkish dominions, or to demand the manumission of any slave who may
We are informed that within the past few days the Director-General of take refuge at a British consulate. " Nevertheless nearly 100 slaves have
the Army Medical Department has addressed a communication to the been liberated within the last two years on the application of British
various medical officers in charge of districts and invaliding depôts calling consuls, and Sir S. Baker is now organizing an expedition for the suppres-
for an official statement of any cases of " cupping " that have come under sion of kidnapping, under the direct authority of the Viceroy.
their notice. Ifthe Secretary of State is really anxious to get at the truth,
would it not be as well to call for independent testimony on the subject from
officers and men ? It is hardly to be expected that the medical officers who Colonel Cowell Stepney writes to inform us that he was the member
have lent themselves to this disgraceful practice will come forward to who, in reference to Mr. Bright's land policy, uttered the emphatic " No "
confess it. From what we hear answers are being concocted to the official generally supposed to come from the Premier himself. The gallant member
interrogatories of a vague evasive kind, intended to mislead. for Carmarthen was sitting immediately behind the Treasury bench, and of
course it was difficult to tell the exact quarter from which a single exclama-
tion of that kind came. Mr. Hardy himself, against whom the exclama-
There is a passage in the report of the Society for Promoting Christianity tion was made, supposed it to have been uttered by the Premier. By
among the Jews which seems to require the attention of the Foreign Office. itself the incident is trivial enough, but in the interest of historical
" Mr. Fladd," we are informed, " is prepared to return to Abyssinia when accuracy we willingly publish the explanation. It is of no conse-
the country is sufficiently settled to permit him to do so with safety.' quence whether Mr. Gladstone did or did not cry " No," as long as
When this report was read at Exeter Hall the Rev. H. A. Stern, another of 66
he did not mean Yes," and on that point Lord Granville's assurances
the Abyssinian captives, supported a resolution to the effect that will probably be accepted as satisfactory.
"the meeting rejoices to hear of the probability of the resumption of
the society's efforts among the Falaghas in Abyssinia. " The British tax-
payer, still smarting from the Abyssinian twopence, can hardly be expected The current number of the " Proceedings of the Royal Artillery
to join in the rejoicing. It was, in a great measure, the foolhardy violence Institution " contains an interesting account of a trial which lately took
of Mr. Stern's book which enraged Theodore against the English, and led place at Woolwich of the Chassepot rifle, in comparison with the Henry-
to the imprisonment of the men for whose release we have had to pay Martini. As regards accuracy, it appears that the Chassepot was greatly
something like a million per head. Of course, if the society is inferior to the English arm. The worst target made withthe Henry-
determined to send out missionaries there is no law to restrain it, Martini at 500 yards was 1.62 feet, the best with the Chassepot was 2.38 feet.
but the Government would be fully justified in making a distinct The best target with the Henry-Martini showed a still higher degree of
public declaration that the missionaries are proceeding at their own accuracy
accuracy- viz. 0.96 feet. The trajectory of the Henry-Martini was flatter
risk, and that this country will not hold itself responsible in any way for than that of the Chassepot-viz. 8 feet 2. inches against 10 feet. In
anything that may happen to them. And it might be necessary to take simplicity of manipulation the English rifle was superior, and it is far less
care that the same should be notified in Abyssinia. fatiguing to use. In firing for rapidity the Chassepot gave twenty rounds
in 1 min. 42 sec. , the Henry-Martini twenty rounds in 48 sec. , or more than
twice the rapidity. The Chassepot ammunition is lighter than that of the
It is the danger of such questions as the opening up of Hamilton-place Henry- Martini rifle, in consequence mainly of the bullet of the former
that they lead the minds of profane people to other audacious ideas ; but it weighing 380 grains only against 480 grains. The lightness of the
is impossible at times not to feel how convenient it would be for Londoners Chassepot ammunition appears to be the only point in its favour ; and
if many other places were opened up. Suppose, for instance, that Consti- against this may be set the following advantages on the side of the
tution hill was thrown open to the public generally, and that everybody had English rifle :-Increased strength and safety of ammunition, greater
the privilege of the entrée. Except that the world would probably come accuracy, longer range, flatter trajectory, higher penetrative power, greater
to an end at once, it must be confessed that this would shorten the safety, strength and simplicity of construction, increased rapidity of fire.
distance from Hyde Park- corner to Parliament- street considerably, and it
would besides have the advantage of doing no possible harm to any-
body. Then, but for the profanity of the idea, suppose there A curious incident has come to light in connection with the insur-
was a carriage drive from Spring-gardens to Storey's-gate even, rection in Cuba. It has always been suspected that the rebellion
if we may be permitted to mention sacred subjects, across the was fed from Washington, and that the exaggerated accounts of its
parade at the back of the Horse Guards, how much it would progress were manufactured in that city of false rumours for special
relieve the crowded traffic of Charing-cross, Whitehall, and Parliament- use in Congress. We are now told that in December, 1867 , several
street ; but unfortunately there we have the end of the world, once Cubans met Generals Garfield and Butler, Senators Morton and
more, as an unavoidable consequence. Again, suppose we opened Nye, and other Congressmen, by appointment. The Cubans explained
Hyde Park to a better class of cab at a somewhat higher scale of that a revolutionary society existed in the island, and that with
fares, and went so far as to allow the lower middle class to take their proper support from the leading public men in America a blow would
children out for an airing. We allow immorality in smart carriages, and it be struck for freedom at the first favourable opportunity. The
seems hard to forbid morality in shabby ones. Perhaps it would be hardly revolution in Spain seemed to afford the occasion, and the Cuban
fair. As the world is now constituted, we can only afford to look at the insurgents began their work. General Butler promised his assistance in
outer carriage, the inner carriage does not always bear too close an Congress to any project designed for the furtherance of the rebellion.
inspection. It might be uncharitable to turn a mob of coarse propriety on "Nearly all the other gentlemen made like declarations, in a strain of
to the park, and hurt the feelings of the lambs who have gone astray in fervid eloquence." A little earlier in the day one or other of these legis-
miniature broughams. lators had doubtless been declaiming against England in Congress for
"sympathizing " with the South. But then, they would argue, Americans
The records of the consular departments for the past year might satisfy are more free than other nations, and consequently may speak when the
Mr. Wendell Phillips himself that the African slave trade is at its last gasp. rest of the world must sit silent.
Everywhere it is carried on under difficulties. The watch which England
has kept over the coast is not the only obstacle in the way of the traders.
The great reason why slaves are not still sold in large numbers is It is to be regretted that our habitual criminals do not occasionally
that so very few persons are ready to buy them. The emanci- study the Blue-books ; it is a harmless occupation, and they might some-
pation of slaves in the United States had its effect in all parts times pick up a few hints which would be useful to themselves and us.
of the world. The Cubans soon perceived that they must make We particularly recommend to their notice a Blue-book entitled, " Some
other arrangements for the cultivation of their plantations than those further Correspondence respecting the Discipline and Management of
on which they have hitherto depended. Mr. Crawford wrote from Havana Prisons in her Majesty's Colonial Possessions." They will there find
last autumn, " I believe that we may consider the abominable traffic "what to eat, drink, and avoid." Some prisons are perfectly horrid, but
in human beings between Africa and this island as nearly, if not there is a most snug little prison at Tortola well worth the attention ofthe
entirely, extinct." The slave population of the island is now about unscrupulous. It is impossible to read the account given of it without
350,000, and the rate of mortality is 22 per cent. But, when a longing to leave this weary world and become an inmate of that penal
the negroes are gone-and to that conclusion Mr. Crawford looks retreat. We may also add that the neighbourhood offers peculiar advan-
forward- how are the tobacco, coffee, and sugar to be raised ? European tages to the criminal class, as the proprietors find it is of no use prosecuting
or American immigration is discouraged, so that even if white labour could offenders, who would rather be in gaol than out of it. Inspector of Prisons
compete with black there is no temptation held out for immigrants. " " The A. C. Hill Smith, after describing the scanty food and clothing of
law," writes Mr. Crawford, " obliges them to abjure their religion, forswear the negro, which seem to consist of no food or clothes at all, states
their nationality, and to submit to endless annoyances." The local govern- that if he has the luck to become a prisoner he gets 1½ lb. of
ment endeavours to ignore the law, but nevertheless it may be put in force best wheaten bread daily, 2 oz. sugar, 1 lb. fresh meat or fresh
at any moment. In Brazil as in Cuba slavery has probably received its fish in proportion, vegetables, soup, pot-herbs, &c., clean clothes to wear,
death blow. When sales take place a healthy male fetches about £ 162 10s., and, when sick, medical assistance. For hard labour he cleans the streets,
and a female £ 108 6s. 8d. A creole male, " with profession," is worth an occupation which amuses him, and when turned out of prison " suffers
L216 135. 4d. A creole female brings only £86 135. 4d. These are the no moral degradation, is gladly received by his friends on former terms,
prices in Bahia. In the provinces of Pará and Amazonas a negro male and laughs heartily at the punishment he has endured. " Why does not
is worth £89, and a female £71 . A man who has a knowledge of some Lord Shaftesbury, or some other philanthropist, for once benefit both the
trade will sell for 107 to 144. Children from five to fourteen years criminal and non-criminal classes in this country by assisting some
are worth £35 to £62 . But last year the consul wrote from Pará to the of the Whitechapel roughs to emigrate to the Virgin Islands, and participate
effect that there had been no renewal of the African slave trade, and that in the comforts of the gaol at Tortola ? If some plan of this kind were
the manumission of slaves took place constantly. In Egypt we have no carried out, we should look with great interest for the next accounts ofthe
power to interfere. Consul Reade, at Cairo, did his utmost last year to effect state of the colony. It is, perhaps, only fair to add that the Duke of
the liberation of slaves, but it was necessary to inform him from the Foreign Buckingham, when at the Colonial Office, writes to Governor Hill saying
Office that no treaty or other engagements " gave her Majesty's Govern- that he is in communication with Mr. Secretary Hardy with the view of
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ascertaining the cost of a tread-wheel on a small scale ; but there is nothing that they have recovered, or will recover, not only their health, but
to show that the Home Secretary had any article of the description on exemplary damages for the injuries they have received, and to our regret
hand at the time which he was ready to part with on reasonable terms, so for their sufferings is added a pang that such damages cannot be extracted
that we may fairly presume the prison at Tortola escaped being marred by from the individual pockets of the directors, whose duty it was to lay down
this ugly feature. and enforce full and proper rules to secure the safety of their passengers.
The death of the lady, however, was an injury which no money from
The following is one of the bitterest paragraphs from the new journal, shareholders or directors can ever remedy. We do not say that killing a
Le Rappel, which, by the way, is not new after all, but only a revival by passenger is to be compared as to guilt or importance with the ruin of a
almost the same managers and in the same spirit of L'Evénement, which speculator, but still somebody was killed by somebody's negligence, and
enjoyed a brief but brilliant existence from 1848 to 1851- although it is bad taste to suggest violent measures, we wish something
Dimanche Frédégonde célébre son vingt- deuxième printemps, en son castel, à Saint could be done to put a stop to violent deaths.
Cloud. Il y a soixante invités. Une mise décente ne sera pas de rigueur, c'est égal,
seulement vingt deux ans, c'est bien inattendu.
It is perhaps significant of the economical tendencies of the day that
It is unnecessary for us to explain who is alluded to under the name of an attempt is being made at the Mincing-lane tea auctions to dispense.
Frédégonde. with brokers and sell the teas direct to the wholesale purchaser. The
number of firms and individuals following the vocation of tea-broker in
By the death of Mr. Thomas Coventry, Nice has lost an eccentric but London is sixty-four, and, although some of them are likewise colonial
real benefactor. Watering-places are not usually remarkable for the exactness brokers, the introduction of the thin edge of the wedge must cause no
with which their clocks keep time ; the railway and post-office are gene- small anxiety amongst this class. Whether the system so long adopted be
rally in a permanent state of mutual contradiction, while the hotels ring broken in upon now or at some future day, it is evident that the growing
the five o'clock bell without the slightest reference to the position of the keenness of competition in all trades must lead in time to considerable
sun whenever the cook has his table-d'hôte dinner ready. This state of modifications in the commission system.
things had been long prevalent at Nice, when Mr. Coventry, being a man
of punctual habits, undertook at his own expense the task of regulating the
time. Onthe roof of the Hotel Chauvin, where he has just died after a resi- The official documents in reference to the prospects of dockyard
dence of twenty years, he erected a mast and globe, similar to those oppo- artisans and others who emigrate to Canada show that the anticipations we
site the Charing- cross Hotel, and on the ramparts of the old castle a expressed are justified by the facts. There is not that large demand for
cannon on the model of the one in the Palais Royal ; the simultaneous fall mechanics which ought to exist before an indiscriminate deportation
of the globe and discharge of the gun announcing the hour of noon. of our unemployed takes place. The Governor-General of Canada
At last "l'ordre règnait à Nice. " When the report of the cannon was has distinctly warned the home Government against raising " undue
heard the townspeople were wont to exclaim, " Voilà Coventry qui expectations " with regard to the facilities which can be afforded to
éternue ! " emigrants. A grant of land is of no use at all to a man who cannot sell
it and has no means of bringing it under cultivation. The artisan
It is evident to every one in America that President Grant has not cannot lay down his tools and turn himself at once into a successful farmer.
succeeded in his campaign against the " politicians." He began very In New Brunswick land may, indeed, be had almost for nothing ; fifty
bravely with a cabinet of amateurs, and proposed " to fight it out on acres may be had for ten days' labour on the roads. The agricultural poor,
that line," but, as on a former occasion, circumstances have com- with sons able to work, would find this an advantageous opening. But to
pelled him to go upon a very different line. The corrupt poli- the town-bred artisan fifty acres of land would too often prove a " white
ticians are by no means shut out from preferment. One of the most elephant." He would be very much puzzled to get his living off them.
notorious of them, Mr. Ashley, is made Governor of Montana. The The Government of the province of Toronto have sent a special commis-
wirepullers are stronger than the Government. The Times of New York sioner over to England for the purpose of giving working men all the
reviews the recent diplomatic appointments. In Russia, the substitution of information they need.
Governor Curtin for Cassius M. Clay is admitted to be an improvement.
But Mr. Washburne at Paris is merely an example of Grant's attachment The Indian Civil Service examinations have, on the whole, been
to his personal friends. Our contemporary would have preferred Mr. considered to work well, but it is not the less true that time has
Charles Francis Adams for England ; but Mr. Adams is no longer shown that many who obtained a high number of marks at the
Radical enough to suit the age. He was set aside from the first examinations have disappointed the hopes of the more moderate
as ineligible for any appointment. "6 The fact that such men can
supporters of open competition. It was not perhaps to be wondered at
be thus set aside by party influences, no matter how much the that as soon as the tone of the examination papers had been fixed and
country may need or the people desire their services cannot be deemed caught by the public a host of crammers would spring up, each of whom
otherwise than a misfortune by all who look with jealousy upon everything would advertise his method as the shortest cut to success. The examiners,
that detracts from the prestige of republican institutions. " So writes the therefore, after due consultation with the India Office, have of late adopted
New York Times. It is well an English journal has not said as much, or we the practice of deducting 125 marks from the total number obtained by
should have been told that Americans had received another deadly insult. the candidate in each cram subject. In some respects the plan is a
good one, and will doubtless exclude some ineligible candidates, fluent with
superficial knowledge, but it seems to us to carry with it many practical
There has been much said and written lately about the negligence of disadvantages. It is well known that there is now established in London
directors of public companies, and it is a curious thing to observe how a plan of studies, approved by the Indian Council and Civil Service
deeply we sympathize with shareholders who, having elected a board, Commissioners, destined especially to prepare candidates by a long and
are immediately pillaged by the objects of their choice. But if
careful course for these examinations. If, then, the deduction of marks
we are quite ready to hang or transport negligent directors who injure for cram be made from all alike, as doubtless it is, the innocent have to
the property of our fellow-creatures, how quietly we take the negligence sufferwith the guilty, and the system approved by the authorities loses much of
which injures their limbs or destroys their lives. Railway directors, if its value. But that it is on the whole successful, and should encourage its
they neglect their duty, not only damage the property of their share- promoter to continue in the path he has marked out, may be gathered from
holders, but also damage and destroy the lives of the public generally. the fact that one fifth of the successful candidates at this year's examination
In addition, therefore, to the punishment they deserve for the wrongs were prepared upon his system.
of the shareholders, they deserve extra punishment for the wrongs
of the public. Nor are the damages which the shareholders have
to pay when an accident occurs sufficient to meet the exigencies of We have no particular sympathy, as we hardly need say, with any of
the case.
When the rules which govern the management of the traffic the parties concerned in the nauseous case of Mdme. Rachel. But the
on any line are insufficient to ensure the security which the passengers reports ofthe proceedings in the Queen's Bench on Thursday week suggest
have a right to expect, or if their observance is not enforced, every one or two considerations of some importance to the legal profession at all
person travelling by such railway incurs a risk of being killed, for events, if not to the general public. Mdme. Rachel had charged Mr.
which the directors of the company are morally, and should be legally, Haynes, who at one time acted as her attorney, with two very grave
responsible. From Colonel Hutchinson's report on the accident at the offences- namely, with defrauding her of considerable sums of money,
Acton Junction on the 18th of January last, it appears that there was a and with conspiring to procure her conviction at the Old Bailey,
thick fog, but it does not appear that fog signals were used, and he states in order to shield himself from the consequences . Her story was
that the rules ofthe North London Railway Company are not in his opinion that within a period of five years Mr. Haynes had received from her
sufficiently full as regards the conduct of drivers in case of fogs. Now, no less an amount than between £20,000 and £30,000, of which he
considering that the North London Railway is for some months in the year had rendered no account ; and she further states that in one year the
almost obliterated by fog, we should have thought that the rules which profits of her own business were from £ 10,000 to £15,000. It
govern its traffic would be particularly full and explicit on the very point to appeared upon inquiry that there was not a tittle of evidence to support
which Colonel Hutchinson adverts. Unfortunately such is not the case, a single one of these statements, and a good deal of evidence in contra-
and an accident occurred-not a great one, but still an accident, for it diction. Mdme. Rachel has been able to drag Mr. Haynes through all
injured several people, and killed one lady. With regard to the other this dirt, and to put him to considerable expense without the shadow
accidents on the Metropolitan Railway in the same month, on which of an excuse and in gratification of a vindictive feeling. Now we readily
Colonel Hutchinson also reports, he attributes them to the departure from allow that attorneys, generally speaking, can take care of themselves ; and
the absolute block system which has taken place on that line, and calls that the best way for them to avoid such unpleasant occurrences is to keep
attention to the grave responsibility which the directors incur by their clear of such dubious clients. But still there must of necessity be different
present system of working. Unfortunately for the public, the responsibility grades of practice in the profession, and a perfectly honourable man
in question is of a moral, and not a legal nature, and as the may find himself entangled with a very disreputable case. Apparently,
consciences of railway directors are elastic organs , there is but the practice of disappointed litigants turning round upon their attorneys
little hope of Colonel Hutchinson's remonstrance producing a good and petitioning to have them suspended or struck off the rolls is on the
result. As to the several people who have been injured, we trust increase. Of course the injured party has his right of action, but that is
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often, for many reasons, of little value to him. Or, where he sees a a committee, who report to a Commission, who report to the Queen, who
reasonable chance of success, he may indict for perjury ; but, in many communicates the document to the Secretary for War, whose chief business
cases, he will dislike the trouble, the expense, and the raking up of mud in the affair is to do what he can to keep Parliament from looking into
involved in even this mode of procedure. the case . It cannot be presumed, however, that her Majesty is aware of
the things which are done under the august shelter of her name.
Napoleon worship is no longer the national religion of France ; but
that the Government are by no means prepared to admit the fact may be It has now been officially decided that the term " Austria " shall not
concluded from a curious scene witnessed in Paris on the night of the be applied to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy as formerly, but only to
4th inst. On the anniversary of the 5th of May the railings round the that part of it which lies on this side of the Leitha, and is sometimes called
Colonne de la Place Vendôme are covered with wreaths of immortelles "Cisleithania." On the 4th inst. Herr Sturm moved in the Reichsrath at
bearing the words " Regrets," " Souvenirs," &c. , and supposed to have been Vienna that, as Hungary only recognizes its sovereign as " King of
suspended there by those faithful subjects who still cherish the memory of Hungary," the other part of his dominions should be called " the Empire
Napoleon the Great. On the night of the 4th inst. a heavy fourgon, of Austria." The Minister of the Interior having said that he had no
escorted by half a dozen men, drove up to the Colonne, and, on being objection to the motion, it was passed. Among those who voted against
opened, disgorged from its recesses a whole cartload of these touching it was Count Beust, who, however, did not give any reasons for his
tributes to the memory of the great departed, which were carefully arranged opposition.
by the attendants at the foot of the monument raised to commemorate his
victories. This has been the practice for years, but on the present occasion Mr. John Leighton has printed, for private circulation , some copies of
the number of wreaths was doubled, as an apparent proof of the gratitude a letter which he has addressed to the governing body of the Royal
felt by the old soldiers of the Empire for the bounty recently extended to Academy of Arts of London, urging them to improve their library,
them at the Emperor's suggestion. and make it thoroughly conducive to the purposes of art education.
Mr. Leighton suggests the appointment of a library committee "to
investigate the present state of the collection of books, to define its future
In consequence of the many complaints which have been made of the range, and to create a special library of art." He adds that the library
annoyance and obstruction caused by persons driving velocipedes on the should be made a place for students " to form their ideas on art subjects-
pavement, a general order has been issued to the metropolitan police not to confirm them ; " for the pupil to study in, not for the connoisseur to
calling attention to the 5 and 6 William IV. , cap. 50, sec. 72 , which makes while away an afternoon. The present library, though very deficient in
it unlawful to drive a carriage of any description on any footpath or cause- well-known works, and especially in foreign publications, in Mr. Leighton's
way. Let any person who may think that the Chief Commissioner of opinion will form a good nucleus for such a collection.
Police is looking up the law unnecessarily read an account given
in the Court Journal last week of a scene which took place on the road
between Todmorden and Bacup. A gentleman was observed descending We wonder what kind of people they can be who advise their friends,
a declivity at a terrific pace, to the extreme danger of pedestrians, on a widows, maiden ladies, clergymen, and the like, to spend their money upon
velocipede which had become utterly uncontrollable. He was uttering the the extraordinary advertisements which so frequently appear in the newspapers.
most heartrending shrieks of " Police," " Fire," " Stop me," until, for- In the Times, for instance, we find a widow asking whether any lady or
tunately perhaps for himself as well as others, both he and the vehicle rolled gentleman will lend her £ 200, without specifying any time for repayment,
in the mud. When will velocipedestrians learn that a large majority of the or even hinting at the existence of any security. The advertiser assures
inhabitants of this planet are quite satisfied with the ordinary means of the public that she " can give satisfactory proof that the money will be well
locomotion, and that walking, although a vulgar exercise, has the merit of spent," and the kindness will be appreciated. If there are benevolent
inflicting the least possible injury on our neighbours and ourselves ? people in the world who are attracted by appeals of this nature, why do
not all the hard-up people in town make known their necessities through
the columns of the Times instead of resorting to money-lenders? Adver-
The announcement that soldiers are to be permitted to purchase Govern- tising is expensive ; but it is cheaper than 200 per cent. It may be said
ment ammunition for shooting matches is, we believe, premature except that even the most apparently absurd advertisements must answer their
as far as Aldershot is concerned. At that station the permission has been purpose, or the inutility of them would have been long ago discovered and
accorded, and will no doubt be received with great satisfaction. This small the practice discontinued. It may be so, but it is certainly difficult to believe
concession is one which has already been advocated in these columns, on that the loan of a few hundred pounds is to be obtained at any time from
account of the advantage to the soldier which is likely to be derived utter strangers merely for the asking.
from his having an opportunity of occupying his leisure time at the butts,
and of the benefit to the service and the nation at large of the resulting
improvement in rifle-shooting. It is not necessary seriously to argue The University of Cambridge admits men to the B.A. degree on terms.
that a permission which has been accorded to one station should be made something like those on which we have animadverted in the case of the
general, because we assume that there is no intention of withholding from Oxford Theological statute ; but there is a difference. Cambridge extracts
other stations the privilege now accorded to the Aldershot division . But from the men who choose the theological line as much secular work as it
it may be worth while to inquire whether the price of the ammunition got out of them before, only it screws it out in six terms instead of
might not fairly be somewhat reduced . We believe that a penny a round nine. One consequence is that the idle pollman's life is a burden to him,
is now charged for the Government Boxer cartridge, a rate which more than as, indeed, it ought to To give the degree of Bachelor in
covers the cost of production and transport. To the soldier with his slender Arts for theological attainments is an absurdity, and the university
pay, cartridges at a penny apiece are luxuries not to be too freely indulged . was careful in making changes a year or two ago to retain the old
in. Surely, in view of the fact that the nation gains as much as the requirements for an Arts degree, superposing a year's reading and a
individual soldier, perhaps more, by the encouragement of rifle-shooting, it stiff examination in law or theology, or one of three other special
is not unreasonable to suggest that at least one half of the expense should branches of study. Thus the Arts degree is given to pollmen for
be borne by the public, the cartridges being charged to the soldiers, at say a examinations in Arts, but is not given till a further examination has been
halfpenny apiece, or 4s. per 100. And while on this subject we may ask passed ; and the work formerly spread over nine terms is now compressed
why no advantage is taken of the fact that the service cartridge is capable into six. What this work is for the ordinary B.A. degree, i.e. for men who
of being refilled and fired several times ? Refilled cases might be issued do not compete for any honours, seems to be so little known that it is
at a very greatly reduced rate, and would be quite as serviceable for worth while to state it. It consists of a Greek play and some prose
practice as new cartridges. work in Greek, a portion of a Latin poet (eg. two books of the " Eneid ")
and a Latin prose work (eg. the " Jugurthine War "), a special paper in
We hope Mr. Locke King will not allow himself to be baffled in Latin and Greek accidence, a Gospel and the Acts in Greek, Paley's
the arduous endeavour to obtain a plain answer to a plain question in Evidences, arithmetic, three or four books of Euclid, algebra to the
regard to the Royal Victoria Patriotic Asylum. The desperate official end of progressions and proportion statics as far as they can be treated
efforts which are now being made to hush up the scandals of that insti- without trigonometry, and all the ordinary propositions of hydrostatics.
tution are in themselves convincing proof of its discreditable condition . There are also English essays and optional papers in Latin prose.
If everything were right there would be no reason for withholding the In addition, candidates must have passed the examination of some
information asked for. Mr. Cardwell acknowledged that £300 had been professor in that professor's special branch of study, such as law,
embezzled by a clerk, but the significance of that fact as a proof of lax chemistry, botany. It is after all this that the theological examination
administration is greatly increased by the more important circumstance comes, which is now one of the five special examinations required before
which he concealed, that other defalcations have been detected in the the degree of B.A. is conferred on men who have passed the Arts
case of one of the superior officials and condoned by restitution. The examinations. It consists in the present year of the Gospel of St. John, the
Secretary of State also ignores the flagrant fact that the expenditure of First Epistle to the Corinthians, and the Second of Peter in the original
the asylum has nearly doubled , while the number of children maintained Greek, the Books of Kings, and the three first Minor Prophets critically treated,
in it is continually being reduced. The cost of each child per head, the history of the Church of England from its foundation to A.D. 1688,
officially reckoned, has risen from £ 19 115. 11d. in 1860 to £31 4s. 9d. and (optional) a Hebrew book. The doctrinal element does not enter into
in 1867. It is probably more now. Another test of the expenditure is still this examination. The unfortunate candidates are unfairly handicapped,
more conclusive. Besides supporting the Royal Victoria Patriotic as compared with other candidates for ordinary degrees, by being required
Asylum, the Commissioners pay for the admission of a certain number of to pass in some one paper of one of the other four final examinations.
children into other institutions. In most of these the charge, we believe, There still remains the so-called voluntary theological, a cruel misnomer,
varies from £ 15 to 17 a year for each child ; in no case does it exceed since the bishops have ruined the character of the examination by making
£21. The obvious conclusion is that it would be well to shut up the it a necessary pass examination for candidates for orders. This consists of
asylum at Wandsworth, and board out the children. We do not say that the Gospels and Acts in Greek, with selected Epistles, Old Testament
Mr. Cardwell is to blame for this. The source of all the mischief may be history, critically treated, Thirty-nine Articles, history and rationale of
traced to the want of official responsibility. The resident officials practically the Prayer Book, history of the Reformation , general Church history of
manage matters to suit themselves. They are supposed to be controlled by the first three centuries, and (optional) a Hebrew book. There are,
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 MAY 14 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 21

of course, several additional subjects for honours- Septuagint, Epistles, -No Faces slapped - Nobody spanked- No Bloodshed -- Wounded
Fathers, and standard divines. Oxford men escape the whole Honour readily healed." It appears that Senators Sumner, Sherman, and
of this, and in its place have only to attend divinity professors ' Pool, after negotiations which occupied nearly four hours, adjusted the
lectures, which Cambridge must also do. The secular part of all difference ; Senator Sprague explained that the term " puppy dog " was
this examination work is by no means idleness for men not competent not intended for Senator Abbott, who accepted the apology, and it is
to go in for honours ; indeed, it is more than the university can comfortably comforting to read that at 11.30 P.M., April 26, " Abbott is jolly, ditto
get out of its undergraduates, considering the disgraceful state of ignorance Sprague."
in which boys are turned out from private tuition and from public schools.
The theological part of it, as compared with Oxford, seems enormous. The excitement produced in Paris by the approaching elections has
considerably interfered with the receipts of the theatres, exhibitions, and
picture sales. The best pictures of this year's Salon have found purchasers
It has already been mentioned that the Prussian Government has but slowly. Daubigny's " Paysage " fetched 15,000 francs ; Chintreuil's
adopted the questionable course of arresting Herr Mende, a parliamentary entitled " L'Espace," 9,000 francs ; " La Fontaine," an exquisite work by
deputy, in consequence of the prominent part taken by him at the Fromentin, was bought for 12,000 francs by a dealer ; the Market-place
workmen's meeting at Gladbach, in Rhenish Prussia, which led to a serious (" Le Marché "), by Pille, for 4,200 francs ; and an interior by M. Tavernier
collision between the troops and the people. His arrest has now been for 2,000 francs. M. Courbet's friends say that he has refused 20,000 francs
followed up by that of the well-known Countess von Hatzfeld, one of the for his hunting piece, " Halloh ! " At the sale of the Marquis du Lau's
most influential leaders of the Socialist party in Germany, and believed to collection the majority of the best pictures were purchased by an American
be in close correspondence with the most advanced advocates of that gentleman, Mr. Lawrence. The largest sum realized was 48,500 francs for
school. She is the widow of Count von Hatzfeld, formerly ambassador at a picture by Eugene Delacroix, entitled " Les Convulsionnaires de Tanger."
Paris. She is, however, better known to the world as the friend of A picture by Fromentin, " Diffa," realized 8,900 francs ; and a hunting
Ferdinand Lassalle, the chief promoter of the Socialist movement in piece (" La Messe de St. Hubert ") by Isabez, 6,500 francs.
Germany, whose sudden death in Switzerland under very romantic circum-
stances made considerable noise at the time.
The cause of free trade in America has gained no little strength by the
conversion of the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, who, after preaching against
The expression " goddem," as signifying an Englishman, is of most it for many years, is now quite as energetic in denouncing protection .
respectable antiquity. Beaumarchais makes " Figaro " declare that it is But for some time to come Mr. Beecher will have plenty of controversies
the groundwork of the English language, on which, the essential basis thrust upon him. The protectionists will die hard. A well-known corre-
being once given, a great variety of phrases may be composed. But this spondent of a New York paper declares that " this nation will never
66
view was peculiar to Beaumarchais. Goddem," or rather " un goddem," submit to free trade, or anything like it." High tariffs on importations are
in the French of the people, signifies, and has signified for at least four intended to pay the expenses of the government, direct taxation for this
centuries and a half, simply an Englishman. It was so used by Joan of purpose being out of the question in the United States. Yet the people
Arc, in whose honour a great religious commemoration is now being held do submit to direct taxation on no very moderate scale. The writer says :
at Orleans. In one of the discourses pronounced, the fact was recalled " There is no such thing as free trade. Free trade in England is the veriest
that before going into battle at the gates of Orleans the Maid was offered humbug that was ever attempted to be imposed on intelligent men." We
some lunch, which she declined, saying, " Keep it, I will come and eat it took the duty off corn because we could not grow enough for our own use, but
presently with a goddem." "Gardez le, je viendrai le manger tantôt avec we keep it on tobacco which we cannot grow at all. He does not explain
un goddem. " There is a touch of fastness in this reply, which is novel but to his readers how small a proportion of our revenue is now derived from
not wholly disagreeable in the mouth of the charming young heroine and duties on importations. Another writer, Mr. Oliver, who holds an official
saint who the Bishop of Orleans now proposes should be officially position in Massachusetts, remarks in a report recently presented to the
canonized. Senate of his State, " If it be a desirable thing to reduce wages here to the
European standard, it is only necessary to open the floodgates of free
Mr. Motley, the new Minister to England, delivered an address recently trade, and deluge the country with the products of the pauper labourers of
before the New York Historical Society on "Historic Progress and Europe, and the thing will be accomplished, pauperizing and degrading
American Democracy." The admirers of Mr. Motley's works will be our operatives in less than a dozen years." The new Free Trade League
disappointed in this production . In style it too closely resembles a Fourth will have harder work before it than Mr. Cobden had to face.
of July oration to be worthy of a distinguished author. Speaking of the
increase of wealth among his countrymen, Mr. Motley says, " If Midas
has bathed in our Pactolus, and Croesus encrusted himself all over There is a song well known to London mendicants, the chorus of which
in its golden waters, we know, too, that its perennial streams have consists ofthe following plaintive words :- " The Marquis of Townshend
fertilized the broadest prairies and the lowest depths of humanity." won't let us alone. " This melody, which has hitherto been confined to
Mr. Motley condemns the tone of English society towards America the beggar's boudoir, will doubtless become a favourite in metropolitan
during the recent war, but bestows a warm eulogium upon Mr. Bright. drawing-rooms. The far-seeing among us have long since prophesied that
Lord Townshend would not remain content with the work of protecting
The object of the war was to decide " whether the great law of history .
was a truth or a lie, whether the human race has been steadily, although injured females and apprehending small children, but would one day
extend his sphere of benevolence to humanity at large. That day has
slowly, progressing, or whether we have been fatally drifting back to chaos. "
The author traces the progress of democracy in various European arrived, and the yearning we have all had for a strong Government
nations, and speaks of our Reform Bill as having accomplished a approaches realization. If only half of the eleven bills which that active peer
" vast revolution," destined to place us " side by side," in full friendship has placed before the House of Lords became law, a mighty revolution would
and in generous rivalry of freedom and the arts of peace with this sweep over our land greater than any which has gone before, and we have
Republic -both children of the ancient German mother." "After all," he survived a great many. His lordship's legislation embraces every conceivable
adds, " the English Household Suffrage Bill is the fruit of the Appomatox subject, from steam rollers to dead bodies. In fact, so far from the House
apple tree." He thinks that England is still a landed aristocracy. of Lords being open to the charge of doing nothing, if it did all that Lord
" Twenty million of men live in England, 30,000 men own England. The Townshend proposes it would leave nothing more to be done, and both
pyramid stands on its apex." Mr. Motley, in conclusion, calls upon his Houses of Parliament might retire from business with the satisfaction of
countrymen to honour labour, and dwells upon the greatness of the future feeling that they had at last finished the weary work of legislation. Unfortu-
which lies before them. nately, however, the four first bills on the list have been withdrawn in
consequence of the opposition of the Government and the indifference of
the Peers. An orderly, well-conducted world, presided over by Lord
The Stock Exchange may take comfort from reading the New York Townshend, does not seem to be so attractive as his lordship imagines.
Herald of the 28th ult. , in which they will see that America has internal
dissensions which appear to occupy at present much of her attention. A
great part of that journal is taken up, not with the Alabama claims, but While the Government are in their present economical mood, it
with details of what is called the " Sprague Excitement," arising from a is to be hoped that Chelsea Hospital will not escape attention. On
scene in the Senate House at Washington, and a very interesting and this establishment it is proposed to expend £27,770 during the current
instructive narrative it is. Senator Sprague, who is familiarly called "little year, not an exorbitant sum if it were really devoted to relieving sick
Rhody," made use of the expression " puppy dog," which Senator Abbott and disabled pensioners. But when we come to examine the details
took to himself, and, according to the New York Herald, threatened in of the proposed expenditure, we find that Chelsea Hospital is in a
private life to wallup little Rhody from the Capitol to George Town minor degree a counterpart of its sister institution at Greenwich, a home
Height." It is not, therefore, to be wondered at that, when Senator for a large staff of officers, with no apparent duties, in return for which
Abbott came to the Senate House with these bloodthirsty intentions, they receive extra allowances and pleasant quarters near London , with no
Senator Sprague took an early opportunity of leaving it : this made Senator rent to pay. The case ofthe pensioners is a simple one. In consequence of
Abbott more angry than ever, and he expressed his intention of having the large accommodation allowed to the officials only 538 men can be received.
satisfaction outside the Senate. And here we must express our deep regret These, in addition to board, lodging, and clothing, get an allowance of 125. a
that Senator Nye thought fit to add fuel to the fire by shouting out, " Spank week, though upon what ground it is difficult to understand. The account
little Spraguey ; spank him and send him to bed." The New York then stands thus -Pay of 538 in-pensioners, £ 1,625 15s. 5d.; provisions,
Herald states that this incident led to a great sensation in Wash- clothing, fuel, and light, £15,615 ; expenses of trusses, artificial legs, &c. ,
ington ; some had it that Senator Abbott had cowhided Senator £400 ; total, £ 17,640 15s. 5d. - showing the average cost of maintenance
Sprague ; others that he had pulled his nose, boxed his ears, and of each pensioner to be less than £32 10s. per head. In addition to this
otherwise heaped indignities upon him. On the other hand, Sprague's we must not forget that there are certain charges of management which
admirers circulated stories precisely the reverse, giving all the prowess must of necessity be incurred -for inspection, medical attendance, nursing,
to " little Rhody," and annihilating Abbott, " the rotund and muscular, as and all contingent expenses- but these, estimated at the very liberal
did David the gigantic Goliath." It is therefore with intense relief that at figures sent down by the War Office, need not exceed £ 4,000 a year,
the end of four closely printed columns devoted to minute details of the which, added to the previous charge, would raise the cost of each
affair, we read the following ." The Abbott-Sprague Imbroglio adjusted in-pensioner to about £40 per annum. Between this and the amount which
 22 PALL MALL BUDGET.
[ MAY 14 , 1869.

each in-pensioner actually costs the country is a very large margin indeed. one means towards this end we have proposed the utilization of those half-
The arguments which were held to be valid against Greenwich Hospital pay officers who are not physically disqualified. In an article on " The
appear equally applicable to that at Chelsea. The sale of the present Reorganization of our Military Forces," which lately appeared in these
building and site would realize a fund which, if properly administered , pages, we strongly insisted upon the necessity, first, of requiring all
would extend its advantages to a far larger body of disabled veterans than officers of the reserve force, like their men , to be " instructed by a previous
can possibly hope to enjoy them under the present system. service in the first battalion ; " secondly, of according the privilege of half-
pay, " except in the case of officers invalided in the course of their service,
or incapacitated by wounds or otherwise," only on condition of "the
An official memorandum has just been forwarded to Constantinople by acceptance of an obligation to military service in the reserve battalions."
the Servian Government demanding the cession to Servia of the Turkish
provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This unexpected demand is
explained by the official newspaper at Belgrade in a series of articles The following specimen of the election address of a French candidate
which very clearly define the present policy of the Servian regency is so different from anything of the kind which was issued even by the
as regards the Eastern question. Europe, says the paper in question, most " intellectual " of our candidates during last autumn that we publish
will never consent to the dissolution of Turkey ; but she has at the it as a model for future occasions. The author of it is a certain M. Tapon-
same time recognized the independence of Servia ; and, in order that Fougas, who is soliciting the suffrages of the electors of the circonscription
these two countries may freely develop themselves, it is absolutely of Roanne, in the department of Puy-de-Dôme. It is not stated whether
necessary that the Turkish provinces which are inhabited by Servians M. Tapon- Fougas enjoys the contidence of his préfet ; but it is evident
should be placed under the Servian Government. The annexation that with such a programme he should at least obtain the support of the
of these provinces to Servia, it adds, is necessary even to the security clergy.
of Turkey ; " for, if it does not take place, the Servians will raise the ELECTEURS DU PUY- DE -DOME
question ofthe independence of all the Slavonians, and proclaim war to the Nous sommes un Ecrivain !
death against Turkey.. .Such a war would bring all the Slavonians, Nous sommes un Poëte !
with Russia at their head, to the side of Servia, and its certain result Nous sommes un Moraliste!
would be the annihilation of the Turkish empire." Par le temps qui court, ils sont rares ceux qui ont le courage de se dévouer et de se
mettre en travers de ce torrent de mensonge et de cupidité qui emporte le monde dans sa
course fiévreuse et effrénée vers un MATERIALISME UNIVERSEL et DEGRA-
The first article by Henri Rochefort in the Rappel contains a violent DANT!
attack on the members of the Left in the Chamber, " I will take the most Voilà quel a été notre rôle, -rôle sublime comme celui de tous les grands lutteurs, -
distinguished men in the last Chamber," he says, " and ask France, Have
rôle qui, un jour peut-être, fera de tous nos livres, de toutes nos œuvres, un des monu-
they ever done anything but propose an amendment, speak in defence of ments de la gloire littéraire, politique et morale de notre Auvergne !
it, see it defeated, and then sit down ? This sort of thing has been going Justice ! Morale ! Progrès! Vérité!
on for fifteen years. . Well, then, as these antics have had no Telle fut toujours notre chère, notre unique devise inspiratrice !
other effect than to maintain us in the state of torpor in which we now *
find ourselves, has not the time arrived for these mild peace-loving deputies Rappelez-vous que, pendant vingt ans, Lamartine n'a cessé d'être l'élu de Mâcon, et
to give up their places to men who would show less goodwill in que la GLOIRE de l'ELU fait aussi la GLOIRE de l'ELECTEUR devant les géné.
sitting down ? It pains me to see old men use the name which fortune rations à venir !
has given them, or which they have earned by their own exertions, for the Que risquez-vous donc en nommant un poëte moraliste ?-RIEN !
purpose of passing their political dotage in the Chamber, where not a single. En ne le nommant pas ?—BEAUCOUP~ PEUT-ETRE.
talent should remain unemployed. After the senators of the Empire come
the senators ofthe Opposition. Why M. Carnot ? Wherefore M. Garnier-
Pagès ? Are we to save the country, or is it merely a question of honouring THE LORDS' DEBATE ON MR. BRIGHT.
white hairs ?" The article concludes by recommending the electors to
reject all the Liberal deputies of the late Chamber except M. Pelletan, and Ir the fact were well kept in mind that we have to deal with Irish dis-
to elect M. Gustave Flourens and other energetic men in their place. content as well as Irish grievances, the importance of such discussions as
took place in the House of Lords last Friday would be better understood .
It seems fair enough to plead for dealing with one question at a time-the
The abstract of the statutes relating to public schools in Massachusetts Church now, the land in due season ; and so it is, if we confine
is worth studying by English politicians who take an interest in the our attention to Irish wrongs. But if we also take thought, as we certainly
practical work of education. Some of the chief regulations may be briefly should, for the other matter of Irish discontent, then we shall find it
described. Every town is compelled to keep a school or schools open at impossible to neglect circumstances which happen now to encourage
least six months in each year. If there are 500 families or householders existing agitation , or which seem likely to increase discontent in future
in the town, it must also maintain a high school. The town
when the land question does come on for discussion. Regarded from that
refusing to raise the necessary money for the support of schools point of view, it seems to us that Lord Salisbury's procedure in the
" shall forfeit a sum of not less than 500 nor more than 1,000 dollars, to be House of Lords was more than justified. The question was not
paid into the treasury of the country." A school committee is to be chosen whether the Government should at once declare how they meant to
at the town meeting annually by written ballots, and teachers in the schools deal with the Irish land difficulty, but whether the Government as a whole
must have a certificate from this committee, who also have power to require concurred in a general line of policy avowed or intimated by one of its
the daily reading of some portion of the Bible. If any scholar is not
most powerful members. Had Mr. Bright kept silence as to his views,
furnished by his parents with the requisite books, they may be supplied at Lord Salisbury would have had nothing at all to say ; but since the President
the expense of the town, but the cost of these books is added to the next
of the Board of Trade had declared himself in a way which, in Ireland at
annual tax on the parents, unless they can claim exemption on the any rate, must certainly give rise to distinct if erroneous expectations, it
ground of poverty. When land for a school site has been fixed
was quite proper that some one should ask with authority how far Mr.
upon by the school committee, and the owner refuses to sell it, or
Bright represented the mind of the Cabinet -quite reasonable that we
demands a price deemed by the select men to be unreasonable, should know whether the Government as a whole was content to allow Mr.
the committee may take the lot and " appraise the damages to the owner Bright's speech to work its natural effect in Ireland unchecked. As the result
of such land in the manner provided for laying out highways, and of Lord Salisbury's questioning we learn that Mr. Bright has made a
appraising damages sustained thereby." The owner may, if he feels sort of apology ; he admitted to Lord Granville that he had made the
aggrieved, have the matter of his complaint tried by a jury upon application mistake of not prefacing what he had to say by stating that If I were left to
to the county commissioners , and if he gains a verdict the extra damages
myself I should say so and so." This, so far, is a satisfactory explanation.
and charges are to be borne by the town. One person is chosen each year
The rest of Lord Granville's reply consisted of a statement of belief
by the town to keep the schoolhouse in good order at the expense of the
district. The compulsory arrangements for the attendance of children at that Mr. Bright abides by the suggestion he made two years ago,
that he may be expected to urge it upon his colleagues, but that he may
the schools we described very recently.
also be expected to listen candidly to any other plan his colleagues.
may like better. It is as well to know all this, under the circum-
Sir John Burgoyne, in an interesting letter upon " Our Defensive stances ; but it would have been far better if Mr. Bright's views as a Minister
Forces," which recently appeared in the Times, complains that " all had been reserved for discussion in the Cabinet at the proper time, and the
the propositions hitherto advanced have in view only the improvement of tendency of what Lord Granville himself says of them is itself likely to do
the private soldier of the reserve ; whereas what is of far more importance what we most deprecate -to encourage agitation in Ireland, to lead to hopes
is a reserve of good officers and non-commissioned officers." Sir John which, if unfulfilled, may make the discontented more discontent. But Lord
Burgoyne apparently loses sight of the fact that the principal schemes for Granville not only explained Mr. Bright, he apologized for him. His
army reorganization include the cadre formation as an essential element. lordship said that for a quarter of a century Mr. Bright had exercised
The cadre formation means the maintenance, in thoroughly working order, immense influence on the public opinion of the country ; adding that
of the commissioned and non-commissioned ranks of a sufficient number " During all that time he has been accustomed to utter his
of battalions, while the privates on full pay are reduced to the smallest thoughts and opinions freely, without the sense of any official restraint ;
number which is consistent with military efficiency. On the outbreak of a and is he to be reproached for having, within the first two or three months
war the first reserve would of course furnish the men to complete the cadre of his taking office, forgotten some of those official rules which we find
battalions to a war strength. Thus, therefore, complete provision is made convenient for the conduct of business ? " Well, we do not say
for the supply of good officers and non-commissioned officers for that he is to be reproached for doing anything worse than an unintended
part of the army which would form our chief fighting force. As regards mischief ; but the mischief of such forgetfulness by such a man, in such
the second reserve, which would be a force of the nature of the militia, only times, and on such momentous affairs as that in question, might
recruited wholly or in great part by men who had previously been easily be very great indeed. And the lesson of the discussion is that
thoroughly trained by a short term of service on the full pay list, and who while he sits in the Cabinet Mr. Bright should not forget that he is
had passed through the intermediate first reserve, we have urged a Cabinet Minister : a most important lesson considering his thirty years of
the necessity of providing thoroughly trained officers for this force ; and as agitation, and the kind and the weight of influence he has gained thereby.
[ 262 ]
 MAY 14, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 23

of the Arab, many of these societies and charities rapidly disappear.

THE MAYOR OF CORK. And why ? Because their balance-sheets inspire no confidence. The
MR. O'SULLIVAN has shown that an Irishman's bark is occasionally worse public are beginning to feel that there are enormous abuses con-
than his bite. He had it in his power to cause the Government, and still nected with the " working expenses," the mere machinery, of these
more, perhaps, the House of Commons, considerable embarrassment. charities, which imperatively call for removal. Too much is spent
The arguments against the O'Sullivan Disability Bill were sufficiently patent. upon secretaries, travelling secretaries, clerks, servants, plate glass,
It was supported by equivocal precedent ; it might conceivably be twisted dinners, anniversaries, &c. To the officials of those numerous charities
hereafter into an excuse for similar legislation under different circumstances ; and societies which all this month and a portion of next will hold
it seemed to set at nought the ordinary safeguards of individual freedom by their annual meetings the advice cannot be too pointedly given that their
punishing a man by statute because he could not be convicted by a jury. expenses need to be curtailed and their balance-sheets simplified. A table
It was impossible for Liberal members not to feel the force of these objec of charities which a few months since covered two and a half or three
tions. They are identical in many respects with those that have always whole pages of the Times must have disclosed to the public how large a
ranked among the most approved commonplaces of Whig oratory. Thus portion of the funds they voluntarily subscribe for charitable objects is
the bill put the whole party in a position which it could hardly occupy with- spent in salaries and expenses. In the balance-sheet of a society
66
out some irritation, and with Mr. Disraeli as leader of the Opposition the for building Ragged Churches " we have ourselves seen that in
sore was sure to come in for a good deal of Conservative probing. The the process of giving away £301 the expenses amounted to £ 105,
one argument in favour of the bill was the fact that it was imperative or no less than 3434 per cent. In the case of a society for converting
on the Government to do something, and that there was nothing Jews to Christianity the balance-sheet for 1867-8 showed that the " home "
else that could be done so safely. It was an evil no doubt, but it was or " office " expenses amounted to no less than 284 per cent. of the
also a necessary evil and a less evil than any other course which it was open income, and this was quite exclusive of the expenses of the " missionaries,"
to the Government to take. Mr. O'Sullivan might have been left to run the out-door staff, whose duty it was to go among the Jews to do the
his eccentric career to the close, but at this moment Ireland is not a ostensible work of the society. Then, again, there are societies which
country in which it could answer to have law and order set at defiance by are huge publishing concerns, making profits by their sales of
the elected chief magistrate of an important city for another six months. books, but which never condescend to show these profits in their
He might have been prosecuted for treasonable language, but it is at balance-sheets, or tell us on what principle the dead stock of publica-
least doubtful whether his speech, mischievous and seditious as it was in tions on hand is valued as cash. It is obvious that if a fictitiously
the mouth of an official person, would have satisfied the legal definition of large estimate is put upon stock on hand, any misappropriation of funds,
that offence, and to institute proceedings when there is not the remotest any falling short in the cash receipts can be disguised. When an indepen-
chance of obtaining a verdict is not a good way of vindicating the law. dent stock-taker, however, is called in, the truth must soon be discovered.
There was more plausibility in the proposal that his offence should Societies will never to any great extent be incorporated until public con-
be made the occasion of a general measure giving the Crown power fidence is restored, and until the abuses which render them more
to remove mayors from office upon proof of gross misconduct, or, " ephemeral " than they would otherwise be are removed. We cannot
according to Mr. O'Reilly's suggestion, upon an address from both wonder that Lord Romilly has been asked to propose amendments which
Houses of Parliament. The fault of this mode of meeting the case will alter the character of his bill, which, however, no doubt in some
lay in the possibility that it might have induced all the municipal corpora- respects deserves support from both Houses.
tions of Ireland to make common cause with the Mayor of Cork.
Looking at the matter all round, therefore, the Government must be credited
with having done the best they could. Mr. O'Sullivan's resignation makes it ACTS AND MOTIVES.
unnecessary to carry the matter farther, and gives Parliament time to consider
whether it is not advisable to subject elected magistrates to some sort of " DOES law, so analyzed, coerce you much ?" asks Bishop Blougram of
control on the part of the Government. It is not easy, however, to deter- Mr. Gigadibs, after relating the process by which " French moralists "
mine how this end is to be secured. It seems to be involved in the idea derive the sentiment of modesty by association of ideas from the personal
of such an office that no authority external to the electors shall danger attending unconcealed love-making in primitive times. Leaving
be empowered to create, any more than to fill, a vacancy. Perhaps the particular case in question on one side, we believe that the bishop's
the judicial functions might admit of being distinguished from the appeal indicates a state of mind to which the movement of thought
executive, and the Lord Chancellor might suspend a mayor from the has brought many persons at the present day. Mr. Lecky's view
exercise of the former without affecting his hold upon the latter. If of morals is a recent and illustrious example. The point just indicated
this distinction should prove impracticable, and if the question has conse- will bear separating from the other controversial aspects of his
revival of intuitive ethics. It is, for instance, quite distinct from
quently to be let alone, we may perhaps be allowed to console ourselves
with the reflection that the great freaks of nature are after all but of rare the question whether moral laws which pretend to no more authority than
occurrence, and that there can hardly arise more than one Mr. O'Sullivan that which attaches to a true induction are immediately binding in moments
in the course of the same generation . of temptation on unprepared or uncultivated natures. The difficulty
started by Blougram amounts to this :-Does a rule of conduct cease to
oblige us in proportion as we come to understand the history of its growth ?
or, in other words, Is the element of mystery a necessary ingredient in an
SOCIETIES RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE. efficient moral obligation ? Consistently with this, Mr. Lecky, while
AMONG Roman Catholics the month of May is peculiarly regarded as " the admitting that " it is undoubtedly conceivable that by an association
month of Mary," and held in her special honour ; among Protestants it is of ideas men might acquire a feeling that would cause that which
the season for the great anniversary meetings in London of the religious would naturally be painful to them to be pleasurable, and that
and charitable societies. The metropolis has few sights to offer more which would naturally be pleasurable to be painful," asks, “ But
remarkable than the long trailing gregarious bands who are seen this month why should they respect this feeling ?" (" History of European
Morals," vol. i. p. 65 ). He has answered his own question before
wending their course along the Strand to that wonderful focus, Exeter
Hall. One is reminded of Charles Lamb's allusion to those " gentle he asked it. The required taste being there, no after-speculation
Quakeresses who come up to the Whitsun conferences, whitening on its origin can diminish its power any more than the enjoyment of
the easterly grapes is destroyed to a healthy palate by the knowledge that the roots of
,, streets of the metropolis, from all parts of the United the vine on which they grew were fed by manure, or than the amusement
Kingdom . A striking appropriateness there was in Lord Romilly's
motion, therefore, the other night for the second reading of his " Incor- of playing at cards will be spoiled to those who heard from Mr. Tylor at
poration Bill " for religious, educational, and charitable societies, although the Royal Institution the other night that it took its rise in superstitions
he cannot be congratulated on his success. His object is to obviate now extinct. Whatever may be the history of the preference in question ,
the necessity and expense of investing the property of a charity in all suppose it, as Mr. Lecky here does, to exist, and you need go no further
the trustees and of reconveying it to new trustees, and also the incon- for an explanation of its compelling power. It has become, no matter
venience of the execution of leases by absent trustees. He would, there- how, a force sufficient in the cases contemplated to produce the results
fore, enable charities to become, with the sanction of the Charity Commis- required, and it is a mere matter of curiosity to consider further whether
sioners, " corporations," and thus to have the use of a common seal under the agent who is moved by it can or cannot give any further account of
it than that he is conscious of its existence.
which they might execute leases, &c. At first sight the plan seems
unobjectionable, and in the object of the bill generally the Lord Chan- There is, no doubt, an appearance of greater cogency in the motives
cellor concurred , though he expressed his opinion that it would be expedient which determine an uncultivated man, or still more an animal, than in
those which check or impel a more fully conscious intelligence. Appre-
to adopt that part of it only which enabled the trustees, but not the socie-
hension or desire, excited by objects immediately present, or supposed to
ties, to be incorporated. Lord Cairns was, however, much more forcible
in his remarks . It seemed to him, he said, " one of the most gigantic bills be so, are grossly and obviously sufficient causes for the determination
which is observed. With increasing intelligence the relation between the
ever brought before the House." The fact is, there is a clause in the
bill which strikes in the most incisive manner at the law of mortmain. act and the motive appears less obvious, until we arrive at the condition
Again (and Lord Cairns pointed this out), the bill would " enable every supposed by Mr. Lecky, in which a man is fully conscious of the nature of
reading society, book or blanket club, or collection of persons assembled the operation by which his acts are determined. But self-consciousness
for any purpose whatever," to obtain a certificate of incorporation and use has brought with it greater sensitiveness , so that now in this developed
a common seal. stage of the mind, smaller motives operate with a force equal to that of
It was urged-although we do not see overwhelming
force in this objection that a charter of incorporation, being a prerogative greater motives in an earlier condition. The refined body, it was noticed
of the Crown, ought not to be transferred to the Charity Commissioners. by Cowper, shows a similar sensibility—
A kick which scarce would move a horse
But there was one expressive phrase applied by the Lord Chancellor to
societies and charities which deserves notice, because in it he summed up May kill a sound divine.
his objection to the proposed plan of their incorporation. " Many of So a little weight at one end of a steelyard will balance a great one at the
them," said his lordship , 66 are very ephemeral." It is to this " ephemeral "
other. Slight increments and distant possibilities of advantage produce
character of societies that we would direct one or two remarks. Like the effects in cultivated human nature which nothing less than a present
gourd of Jonah the prophet, like the almost momentarily struck tent hangman or imminent perdition could accomplish in its brute condition.
[ 263 ]
 24 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14, 1869.

Sunday week will probably be well up in the betting for the French Derby;
FOREIGN AFFAIRS. he beat Count de Lagrange's Nelson, who was favourite, and three other
horses. The next race, the Prix de l'Empereur, 10,000 francs, fell to
(FROM OUR PARIS CORRESPONDENCE. )
M. Delatre, whose horse Cerdagne beat seven competitors, Tael and
THE Emperor's speech and electioneering reports supply almost exclu-
Spirite, the favourite, being amongst the number.
sively the talk of Paris for this week. The Imperial declaration has, on
the whole, created a favourable impression, in consequence of the mode-
ration of the terms employed. Chartres, as we are reminded, was the first (FROM OUR ROMAN CORRESPONDENCE. )
town which the President of the Republic honoured with an official visit. THE universal jubilee, so long talked of, is fixed to begin on the 1st of June.
The Emperor recalled this incident, adding that it was at Chartres that he The Giornale di Roma publishes the letters apostolic appointing its
first appealed to the honest men of various parties to sacrifice their diffe- celebration and enjoining its observance by the Catholic world. The
rences to the public weal. A good many persons declined, and hence success of the Pope's own jubilee continues to afford him great satis-
the coup d'état. His Majesty makes a second appeal at Chartres, followed faction, and he has ordered that all who wrote to him on the occasion
by an ominous allusion to the revival of subversive passions which even shall receive a letter of acknowledgment. The acts of grace on the occa-
threaten universal suffrage. sion include the pardon of all the deserters from the Pontifical army, who,
The electioneering news of Paris may be said to consist of the following on being released from prison, were sent off to their respective countries at
items :-The defeat of M. Devinck and the return of M. Thiers are almost a the cost of the resident foreign committee. In the distribution of gifts the
certainty. M. Henri Rochefort has issued his address, in which he states Capuchins received the tun of wine sent to the Pope from Monterotonda ;
that, as the Government refused to accord the liberty of the press, he took an old woman who sells salad at the corner ofthe Piazza Scosciacavalli, and
it ; that he is ready to speak in the Chamber as he writes in La Lanterne; who always cheers vehemently when the Pope passes, was joyfully sur-
and that he considers a crisis necessary to clear the atmosphere. prised by the present of an enormous cake ; and a cobbler living by the
He signs himself, " A Radical Candidate." M. Emile Ollivier's re-elec- church of Santa Maria in Transpontina has for the like good conduct been
tion for Paris is still exceedingly doubtful. - The bishops of Montpellier rewarded with the pâté transmitted to the Holy Father from Strasburg.
and Bayonne have issued electoral circulars. The first-named prelate From the tone of the apostolic letters for the universal jubilee,
remarks that, whilst serious complaints are made about dignitaries of there is reason to believe that the Court of Rome will adhere to
the Church meddling with elections, their aid is constantly demanded ; the date provisionally fixed for the opening of the Council- namely,
he exhorts his flocks to vote against the official candidates of the December 8. A few days ago the Holy Father said to a very
Herault, two of whom are Protestants, whilst the third is an " inde- distinguished prelate (not an Italian) that with the aid of the united
pendent Catholic." The Bishop of Bayonne, on the contrary, supports force of Catholicity he hoped to achieve a definite triumph over Italian
the official candidates, especially M. Chesnelong, whose chief recommenda- unity, but that the object could only be accomplished by showing
tion to the prelate in question appears to be that " he is in the enjoyment that the most perfect union reigned among Catholics as represented
of flourishing health and eminent qualities." by their bishops. I may remark here that several Roman prelates are
There has been a rumour in town that the Government had to be sent on extraordinary missions to certain bishops to secure this
determined on prosecuting the new-born Rappel, and that arrests would harmony and obtain their support in the council for the objects contem-
be made in connection with the posting of Red Republican placards. plated by the Court of Rome. In the consistory of June the Pope will
It appears, however, that the Minister of the Interior has committed promulgate the final instructions for the bishops attending the council.
neither of these faults, and intends to avoid all useless irritation in the There have been several gatherings of the Neapolitan family in council
capital. The Marquis de Lavalette has left Paris for his country residence, at the Farnese Palace in presence of Cardinal Antonelli. The object was
Cavalerie, where he intends to remain, if Europe will only allow him, for to confer on the seizure of their personal property by the Italian Govern-
the next three weeks. ment, and it was decided that all the princes and princesses should
The Emperor reviewed a large body of cavalry and artillery on Friday immediately institute processes at Florence.
afternoon last on the plain facing the Marquis of Hertford's house, Bagatelle. A central Catholic committee has been formed here. It is composed of
Contrary to expectation , no manoeuvring was attempted, and the programme English, French, Germans, Hollanders, and Spaniards, and its special
printed by several papers of new artillery tactics suggested bythe Emperor, object is to organize a more extensive collection of the Peter-penny.
and to be carried into practice by General Camu, fell through. At a little The Vatican is much excited at the intention ofthe Italian Government to
after three o'clock the Emperor, accompanied by the Prince of Wales, form a camp at Colle Fioriti, in the Apennines, a project which is regarded
Prince Louis Victor of Austria, the Prince Imperial, Marshals Canrobert as a consequence of the recent speech of the Marquis de Lavalette in the
and Niel, and a brilliant staff, rode along the lines and was very well French Senate, and is supposed to indicate the determination of France to
received by the troops. After the inspection the various regiments retired abandon the cause of the temporal power. Some very high dignitaries
in close column, then, wheeling round, deployed and executed have urged the Pope to make this a pretext for breaking with France, and
consecutive charges, the Chasseurs of the Empress leading the throwing himself under the protection of Prussia. Whether Prussia would
way, followed by the Guides. When all the cavalry had charged up to the go the length of affording material support to the temporal power is very
position occupied by the Emperor, the artillery formed into five lines, doubtful ; but, for a Protestant monarchy, she is coquetting desperately
which galloped alternately to the front, unlimbered, and fired. After the with the Pontiff.
charges the regiments reoccupied their previous positions, and finally The King of Prussia, after a long interview with the Duke de Ratisbon,
trotted past in close column. The whole affair did not last more than two who presented him on returning to Berlin with a reply to his autograph .
hours. The afternoon held up in a most wonderful manner, and the crowd letter to the Pope, ordered Baron d'Arnim to inform Cardinal Antonelli
was not excessive, in consequence of many persons having imagined that that the Prussian Government would not object to the Holy See establishing
the review would take place at Longchamps. The Prince of Wales wore recruiting offices for its army in the Catholic towns of the kingdom. The
a hussar uniform. King will even permit the enlistment of the soldiers of the Landwehr
The Prince and Princess of Wales on Sunday last visited Versailles and without any special authorization. This concession will be very service-
dined at the Trianon , Marie Antoinette's favourite retreat, and now under able to the Pope, who is likely to be in great need of soldiers,
the peculiar care of the Empress. Her Majesty, having to accompany the more than 2,000 Zouaves having, from sheer disgust with the service,
Emperor to Chartres, was unable to do the honours to her royal guests on intimated their intention of returning to their homes at the end of
the occasion, but persuaded them to prolong their stay in Paris, in order to this year, when their term of enrolment expires. The ranks of the legion
be present at the last of the Monday dances at the Tuileries. Their Royal have recently been so thinned by this cause, that for some days past a
Highnesses quitted Paris next evening. rumour has circulated that it was being disbanded ; but for this statement
A Dutchman writes to the Minister of Fine Arts that he has hunted there is no foundation . Desertions have entirely ceased . Should the
in vain through the Louvre for some pictures by Vanspandonck and De Italian Cabinet persist in forming a camp at Colle Fioriti, a camp of
Vandael, some time ago purchased by the French Government, and which the Pontifical army will be established between Mentana and Monte-
he came to Paris to copy. He now hears that one of the paintings he rotondo.
is in quest of is hung up in the bath-room at Fontainebleau, where it must There is some question of establishing a nunciature or apostolic dele-
feel quite at home. Count de Nieuwerkerke says that the other pictures gation at Constantinople, and I am even told that a Genoese prelate has
are in store. actually been despatched to the Mahometan Court. The measure has long
At the seventh and last Paris Spring meeting on Sunday the attend- been desired by the Sultan, and supported by Prussia, which hopes that
ance, on account of the showery weather, was not so good as on some the presence in Constantinople of a representative of the Court of Rome
of the previous days, and the Imperial box was empty. The first race will deprive France of the protectorate of the Oriental Christians.
produced sixteen starters, and great anxiety was felt for the safety of the A want of accord as to the council exists between Cardinal Antonelli
smallest of jockeys, Storr, when his horse bolted with him during his pre- and the Marquis de Banneville. The Cardinal now declares that those
liminary gallop. Tyr first carried away about a hundred yards of rope, Catholic Powers which desire the admission of representatives must first
and then made off in the direction of St. Cloud, but, stopped by an arti- make an application for this privilege. The French Ambassador, on the
ficial stream, he turned and dashed into a pine-tree wood. From this both contrary, contends that the presence of their representatives is a right,
horse and jockey finally emerged in safety and got to the post. The needing no authorization from the Court of Rome. Prussia is said to be
first attempt at a start failed, and Tyr again bolted, and this time jumped intriguing to raise difficulties, in order to exclude both France and Austria ;
the ropes and made for the rails surrounding the course, but, not liking the but, for the moment, the Vatican is more concerned about a pamphlet on
look of them, he pulled up and was coming back quietly, when a French the Council, published at Paris by Dentu, which, being considered as
gentleman advanced with his hat in his hand, as if about to put it over the inspired by the Italian Premier, has produced a painful impression. Within
runaway, who got restive again, but was finally persuaded to start. the last few days several of the German dignitaries engaged in preparing
Tyr ran third, and but for his escapades would doubtless have questions for the Council have taken their departure. There are rumours
won the race. The lad Storr, who had stuck to his horse that the different congregations were disturbed by violent dissensions ; but
with such skill and pluck, was cheered on returning to scale. official persons declare, on the contrary, that perfect harmony prevailed,
The race was won by M. Planner's Gilles de Retz, Colère second. and that all the questions have been brought to a point which renders
Rocambole II . was leading half way round, when he followed Tyr's further aid from theologians unnecessary. The bishops in partibus are
example, and bolted off the course. The second race, the Prix de Troca- about to publish a " History of the Councils " in Italian, by one of their
dero, 3,000 francs, was won easily by M. Lupin's Tael, who before next own body, which maintains their right to sit in the Council.
[ 264 ]
 MAY 14 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 25

verges into autumn ? Our second quotation shall be from the hymn
THEOCRITUS IN ENGLISH VERSE.*
to Aphrodite, in the famous fifteenth idyll, at the passage , beginning,
THE multiplication of translations from the classics among us at the τὶν δὲ χαριζομένα πολυώνυμε καὶ πολύνας :
present day amounts positively to a literary phenomenon. We hear O called by many names, at many a shrine !
classical studies continually depreciated from many quarters and for many For thy sweet sake doth Berenice's child
reasons, yet there surely never was a time when versions of the ancient (Herself a second Helen) deck with all
writers poured upon us half so thick as now. Taking the Homeric poems That's fair, Adonis. On his right are piled
alone, we believe it is safe to say (so far as a guess based upon no statistics Ripe apples fallen from the oak-tree tall ;
can be safe) that of that single classic as many English versions have within And silver caskets at his left support
the last twenty years been issued as were issued of all the classics Toy-gardens, Syrian scents enshrined in gold
together during the whole of the last century. And yet in the last And alabaster, cakes of every sort
century the cult of antiquity was at the moment of its fullest That in their ovens the pastrywomen mould,
ascendant. The beginning of the last century witnessed the apogee of the When with white meal they mix all flowers that bloom ,
hexameter. The Battle of the Books had exercised all the polite intellects Oil-cakes and honey-cakes. There stand pourtrayed
of Europe ; statesmen and men of letters, take which side they might in Each bird, each butterfly ; and in the gloom
that controversy, vied with one another in their profusion of saws and Of foliage, climbing high, and downward weighed
instances drawn from the Latin. All the talk of the town would By graceful blossoms, do the young doves play
be of Mr. Pope's translation of Homer, or of the rival version Like nightingales, and perch on every tree,
of the first Iliad by Mr. Tickell, or of Mr. Dobson's Latin rendering And flit, to try their wings, from spray to spray.
of the ethical writings of Mr. Pope, or of an epistle in the style This, we think, is good. Mr. Calverley gives the complete meaning
of Seneca by my Lord Bolingbroke, or of this or that ancient piece of his author with a good deal of conciseness in verses that are not
done into Rhymed Heroicks by a Person of Quality. Now-a-days, unmelodious, and that only exceed by two the number of their originals.
although the day of these things is long past, although many The reader by this time perceives that the book before us is a creditable
people of position, including the Chancellor of the Exchequer, piece of work, which, if he does not know Greek, or if he has forgotten
affect to make light of the classics altogether, and although few it, will suggest to him with reasonable liveliness the strains of the sweetest,
works of translation are able to create much public excitement, most sincere, and most perfect of all pastoral writers. A few minor blemishes
yet such works, as we have said, continue to be produced faster in the book we need hardly stop to point out. It contains some slips that seem
than ever. We have often wondered, and we have no doubt many to show that its author's scholarship is elegant rather than powerful, as where,
of our readers have done the same, what is the real significance for instance, he renders the words oтe Kрéα Tντlà Tаpein by the words
of this phenomenon. Is it that the numbers of the unlearned public "whensoe'er they lack their supper." Turbós means minute, small in size,
anxious to make a secondhand acquaintance with the antique master- not scanty, or small in quantity, and its transformation, in this false
pieces are on the increase ? or that the growing precision, sub- sense, into the predicate of the sentence is surely a blunder, and the
tlety, and accuracy of the highest class of scholarship make the application of the sentence to the Apkadikoi Taîdes a further blunder.
highest class of scholars discontented with the loose and conventional The clause is meant to apply to the god Pan, and the words simply ,,
character of many of the older translations ? Or is it rather that each mean, " at the times of the offering, or serving, of chopped meat,"
succeeding generation of scholars feels in its turn the fascination to that is, of sacrifice. Again, we are by no means sure that Mr.
the exercise of translation, and having applied itself diligently to the Calverley is right in changing, out of deference to modern manners, the
difficulties of the task, having spent much time in mastering, shirking, sex ofthe persons addressed in many of the love poems ; and we are quite
or compromising with them, as the case may be, is moved to lay before sure that he is wrong in toning down to nineteenth- century decorum such a
the public the product of its labours ? Probably all three of these causes poem as Id. xxvii. He should either have suppressed it altogether, or given
have their part in the result of which we speak. For ourselves, we must its real meaning. And one or two Idylls, besides the epigrams, which are
say that this result is a kind of literature which gives us little pleasure, and in all likelihood apocryphal, might, we think, with advantage have been
which, generally speaking, is likely to be of less value for the reader than omitted from the latter end of the volume.
for the producer. To translate is always a good exercise of verbal precision
and literary ingenuity ; to read a translation is generally chiefly good as an
exercise of patience. To persons acquainted with the original, the disap- “ A LONDON ROMANCE.” *
pointment caused by weakness, dilution , loss of point, of style, of melody,
generally prevails over the pleasure caused by an occasional stroke of THIS title is something of a misnomer, for " A London Romance " is not a
accuracy or felicity. romance at all, but a rather well-told realistic tale of London life. The
Accepting, however, books of translation as things inevitable, and scene is laid in a theatrical little colony down Stonywold-court, at the back
putting oneself in the position of those for whom alone they can be things of the great Sahara theatre, and the actors are found in the family of Mr.
desirable-those who have not access to the originals- the present Sam Whitaker, sceneshifter and carpenter. His wife is a spare woman with
volume must be allowed to be clearly praiseworthy of its kind. No a grievous cast of countenance ; she had troubles and made the most of
Greek work has a more subtle and distinctive flavour, a more them . This couple had but one child, and being very poor had thought it
evanescent grace of diction, of music, of local and provincial well to adopt two nephews in addition - William Bradshaw, known in the
feeling and colour, than these exquisite rural poems of the decadence ; court as "" "Billy the bold ; " and James Jarman, otherwise " Jimmie the
and all these things are just the gloss which a translator, no help moper.' Little Anne Whitaker was one of those slender graceful wistful-
for him, must needs brush away. The body and substance of the eyed children that not unfrequently develop into very fascinating girls, not
idylls are, however, Englished by Mr. Calverley (whose name is already too strong either in principle, intellect, or actual beauty, but verylovable, and
known to most of our readers by his previous attempts in the same kind) finding a good many men to think so. The boys were equally devoted to
with spirit and fluency, and with that kind of sustained fidelity which their cousin, only they showed it differently ; Bradshaw allowing her to
neither flags in occasional negligence nor strikes with momentary perform small services for him, while Jimmie willingly took her faults on
brilliancies. We quote his rendering of two of the loveliest descrip- his shoulders, bore the blame, and accepted the punishment- sorrowfully
tive passages of the master. The first is from the " Thalusia," after perhaps, but readily and bravely. Need we say after this that Miss Anne
the parting of Simichides and his friends from Lycidas. Simichides favoured Billy the bold more than poor Jimmie, described even then as a
narrates :-- careworn old chap aged ten years and a half" ? " Le véritable amour
We the while paie toujours pour le mauvais." Is it not always so ? Moreover, Jimmie
Bent us to Phrasydeme's, Eucritus and I, is a great adder-up of sums, and is altogether a better scholar than
And least, not last, Amyntas : there we lay Billy ; whence it occurred that both striving for a school prize Jimmie
Half-buried in a couch of fragrant reed gained it ; and being bitterly stricken by overhearing Anne regret
And fresh-cut vine leaves, who so glad as we ? his success, in order to console the weeping William, he runs away
A wealth of elm and poplar shook o'erhead ; from home in a paroxysm of misery, and bribes a little friend with a stray
Hard by, a sacred spring flowed gurgling on penny and an old magnet to give the prize book to little Anne, with a
From the nymph's grot, and in the sombre boughs message that "they would never see him again." It is the fashion to laugh
The sweet cicada chirped laboriously : at childhood's griefs, but they are often very big, and quite as much as we
Hid in the thick thorn-bushes far away can bear at the time. That night, lying out in the streets, the boy
The tree-frog's note was heard ; the crested lark chanced to discover a fire in a City warehouse, ran up all the way to
Sang with the goldfinch ; turtles made their moan, Bloomsbury-square to warn the owner of his misfortune, and was after-
And o'er the fountain hung the gilded bee. wards rewarded by being made a clerk in the counting-house of Mr.
All of rich summer smelt, of autumn all ; Hankershanks. This gentleman was a wealthy old miser, who lived in the
Pears at our feet, and apples at our side
top room of his large house, did his own cooking, preferred making money
Tumbled luxuriant ; branches on the ground
Sprawled, overweighed with damsons ; while we brushed to spending it, and to clerks, porters, and all who were engaged
in the business of his warehouse he was literally a kind of slave-
From the cask's head the crust of four long years. driver. However, whether from gratitude or otherwise, he took a
What the "least not last " of the third line above quoted means we fancy to young Jarman, and was, after his fashion, very kind to him.
cannot tell, nor whether " last " and "least " have been transposed by the James's industry and amiability procured him many friends, but he by
printer ; but in any case the words would be no translation of o kaλós. accident discovered one of his fellow-clerks in the act of trying to steal
For the rest, the version is smooth, graceful, and faithful ; but where is money from the safe, screened him from discovery, and the fellow, having a
the fire, the beauty, and we know not what divine fragrance that bad disposition, thenceforth became poor Jarman's enemy for life. Finally
makes the passage in the Greek the passage to come oftenest into one's Jarman, true to his self-sacrificing nature, undertakes to act as substitute
head among the indolence and happy heats of summer, when summer for another ofHankershanks' clerks, who, being despatched as correspondent

* " Theocritus translated into English Verse. " By C. S. Calverley, late Fellow * " A London Romance. " By C. H. Ross. (London : Tinsley Brothers.
of Christ's College, Cambridge. (Cambridge : Deighton, Bell, and Co. 1869. ) 1869.)
[ 265 ]
 26 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14, 1869 .

to a poisonous swampy place in the West Indies, was overwhelmed with repents, and begins to consider how he may get rid of his wife. " They
grief at parting with his betrothed. Anne bids Jarman farewell, without all made me out so much worse than I really was," he said to Tom
overpowering emotion, and so this lonely kind-hearted lad starts on Yolland in a complaining tone ; " I was forced into it." " I can under-
his unlucky voyage. He is attacked by fever, nearly dies, and stand that," said Yolland ; " she should never have been allowed to know
while thus disabled the ship is wrecked ; he is left on board, and all you were ill at all." " It's not fair to a man who's down on a sick bed.
that we then learn is that shortly afterwards the boat went to the bottom You see, the girl's been very loving and devoted, and all that sort of thing.
of the sea. I'm obliged to make her some sort of return. Of course I love now as I've
Meanwhile, William Bradshaw was prospering in Sam Whitaker's family. loved before a score of times--no more." Close on his observation followed
He had been taken under the care and guidance of the Rev. Mr. Wapshot a sort of sob or cry of pain from the room where the door stood ajar ;
Sheppard for the dissenting chapel in the parish of St. Starvers, and this a light step was heard , and Anne again fled , more heart-sick than she had
gentleman in discussing the future of his favourite urged on Whitaker a ever been before. So did Draper act up to his tawdry ideal to the last ; but
complete rupture with the Sahara Theatre and all its wicked belongings. his part was nearly played out, and Nemesis was at hand in the person of
" Let him earn his living in another way, anywhere, but let him not Jarman. To him, while wandering on the sea-shore like a distracted,
breathe the same air with these painted women." Sam did not see the maddened creature, Anne revealed the story, and Jimmie at once
point of this ; he had in hand a week's work at the new pantomime, administered justice according to his own notions in a way that was
and held his own ideas concerning the painted women. However, rather excessive and certainly irregular. He simply walked that night
he consented that Bradshaw should be taught the business of a into the sick man's chamber and substituted one bottle of medicine for
cabinetmaker, and William commenced his career, brisk, attentive, another -and lo ! in the morning the would-be Don Juan lies dead in
thoughtful, and tremendously in earnest. It had been predicted that he his bed. It would not be fair to give the dénouement of a plot which
would some day be a shining light among the chapel goers, that he would we have already perhaps sketched at too great length, but we have our last
have something to say himself at the proper season, and would say it glimpse of Anne on her return from abroad as a finished and much admired
loudly. He was no genius, he had no idea of the beautiful, and no more actress. She has inherited James's wealth, and is a queen and a well-
imagination than a turnip ; but he believed in himself, never knew when he dowered queen, among her old theatrical friends-that kindly Bohemian
was beaten, or understood when he had the worst of it in argument. He crew, " ces pauvres associés du rire et des larmes, si gais dans leur melan-
soon showed that he had a will of his own, believing that he was one of colie, si melancoliques dans leur gaieté ; " but though " she wear a bright
the elect or chosen few. He took the Whitaker family under his wing, face and a merry smile, she is alone in the world with the recollection of
set or tried to set them all straight, indicated the paths in which they the life that was gone for ever, and the remembrance of a love that lay for
should walk, said grace at meals, and instituted family prayer. Poor ever dead."
Annie was brought up with the idea that it was her happy and
honourable destiny to become William's wife, and was urged to weariness.
" TREE AND SERPENT WORSHIP." *
to " make herself worthy of him." Partly owing to natural refinement and
grace, and partly owing to her having used her opportunities, Anne had THIS splendid book is a monument of the liberality of the Government of
grown into an elegant dreamy-eyed girl, ready to glide gently and easily India and of the ingenuity and learning of its author, Mr. James Fergusson,
into a superior position if such should present itself. Speculations who was also its projector. It comprises an extensive series of photo-
prospered and Sam left his trade ; but again speculations failed, graphs and engravings of drawings from the stones of the Buddhist Topes
poor Sam died, and Mrs. Whitaker and her daughter were reduced to of Sanchi and Amravati, besides several photographic representations of
letting lodgings, and were occasionally relieved in a rather grudging the gateways and portions of the Rails and Topes, as reconstructed by
spirit by Bradshaw, now a full - fledged minister and the betrothed Mr. Fergusson piecing together the photographs of the individual stones.
husband of Anne. A mysterious foreign-looking man presents himself as a The illustrations are accompanied by commentaries, rich in historical and
lodger ; he pays like a lord, speaks little, never finds fault, and smokes critical notes. Mr. Fergusson seems to have pored over the stones till he
without cessation. Presently he is discovered to be Jimmie Jarman learned from them all they could tell, and was able to combine the
restored from the sea, and unchanged, excepting that he is now a story of each with that of every other into a full and luminous exposi-
wealthy man. He still cherished his old devotion to his cousin, and tion of the faith and ceremonial of the people of whose religion
discovering that she had no pleasure in the prospect of marrying this and art the Topes are the monuments. Tree and serpent worship
intolerable priggish minister, this guide, director, and general provi- being abundantly portrayed in the sculptures, an essay is devoted to
dence all combined, and that she pined for the amusements and little showing how far either cultus has prevailed elsewhere than in India, and
gaieties which make a young girl's life pleasant, he contrived in his old has underlain and influenced the existing faiths of mankind. This essay
unobtrusive way to achieve various improvements in that direction. Anne is extremely interesting, and to the majority we should imagine the matter
had a piano, and a gold watch which she wound up half a dozen times in of it will be entirely new. It is probable, however, that the learned.
the day. Mrs. Whitaker wore a silk gown, and the happy trio went to the minority will regard only that part of it that deals with Buddhism as of
opera, and even to the theatres. At this time William was away on a preach- special value, and as, taken in connection with the sculptures, constituting
ing excursion ; but on his return, and as soon as his offended nose sniffed the book a really important contribution to history. The Topes are, as it
Jarman's everlasting cigar smoke, his mind misgave him. Learning the extent were, illustrated Bibles of the Buddhists, from which we can gather what
of the depravity going on, he delivered his testimony until Anne fairly hated the phases of their religion were at two epochs occurring in the interval
the sight of him. But before this, at some private theatricals, which are very between the rock-inscriptions of Asoka-the only early written " docu-
well described, she had seen, so to speak, her fate in Harry Draper, who ments " we possess relating to Buddhism- and the " Lalita Vistara," or
played the character of Don Cæsar de Bazan- a handsome, dark- eyed, Life of Buddha. It must suffice to intimate this, and that nothing could
dashing young barrister, writing a little, acting a little, and swaggering a well be more curious than the manner in which serpent worship, which
good deal. The author has been very successful in sketching this nine- for a time had been repressed , is shown to have reasserted itself and
teenth-century production. Draper's aim was to be a compound of Don become a predominant feature in the Buddhist faith. Those who
Juan and Guy Livingstone, in both of whom he believed with a faith would understand the matter must study the book. All we here
which commonly only belongs to women. Don Juans, indeed, we have propose to do is to state, and briefly criticise, a few of the leading
known, but, like the rest of our stupid sex, we never yet beheld opinions strongly expressed by the author respecting the worship of the
a Guy Livingstone in the flesh. Showy, handsome almost to the Serpent and
and the
the worship of the Tree. These opinions relate to the
verge of beauty, he was yet clever, and not wholly a shallow pre- origin of the faiths, the mode of their diffusion, and the races of men
tender. " He lived fast, that is, as fast as he could, for it did not who embraced them .
particularly agree with him ; indeed it sometimes made him very ill ; " Mr. Fergusson conceives serpent worship to have originated in the per-
then he rallied again, and fought his way to the front with stronger ception of the remarkable nature of the animal, its power of abstinence
men, got jostled, baulked, knocked out of the ranks, and so on. But good from food, its strange and graceful mode of progression, the periodical casting
conscientious steady work was what he never did and never would do , and of its skin through which it was fabled to renew its youth, its longevity ;
he had, we regret to say, in spite of all the dumb-bells and foils and boxing and lastly the terrible poison-fang, or flash-like spring, and swift, death-
gloves which decorated his chambers, the shadow of the white feather in dealing embrace. Fear must have been the root of the religion as derived
him, hidden, or at least masked, by his vain speech and vaunting manner. from the perception of such attributes. Tree worship he conceives had a
A poor creature : but such as he was he became Anne's hero, in whom she different origin in the love and admiration trees are qualified to excite.
steadfastly believed to the day of his death. Anne is induced to take a " With all their poetry and all their usefulness we can hardly feel astonished
part in a small theatre under Draper's management, and promises wonder- that the primitive races of mankind should have considered trees as the
fully well ; but is dragged by main force off the stage by the enraged Brad- choicest gifts of the gods to men, and should have believed that their spirits
shaw, who, being unable to convict her of sin, at least in her own opinion, still delighted to dwell among their branches or spoke oracles through the
breaks off his engagement with her. Mrs. Whitaker dies. And we next find rustling of their leaves." Ofthe two faiths he assumes one to represent the
Anne in the seventh heaven with Draper- his wife, as she believes herself worship of animal the other of vegetable life, and it is as thus regarding them,
to be ; while Jarman is left to muse on the perversity of his fate that he we imagine, that he calls them " sister " religions. He makes no conjecture
should in his endeavours to please and amuse the girl he loved so well as to where tree worship originated. Serpent worship, he conceives, ori-
have destroyed his own hopes. ginated " in the mud of the lower Euphrates among a people of Turanian
But, true to his part, the would-be " wicked one," Draper, had con- origin, and spread thence as from a centre to every country or land ofthe
trived a mock, or at least irregular, marriage, and allows Anne to be informed Old World in which a Turanian people settled. " Working on this idea, he
of the fact by one of his friends. She leaves him instantly ; and after many devotes considerable space to discussions regarding the probable routes and
privations and weary rebuffs is discovered by Jarman, and enabled by him means by which the faith was conveyed from one point to another of the
again to appear as an actress, a line of life to which she was growing really world, as, for example, to the questions, how it was translated from the
attached. Draper is knocked down and a good deal mangled by a railway Old World to the New,what Turanian race carried it from India to Cambodia,
engine, and a telegram begging her to go to the dying man is placed in and how and from whence it found its way to Scandinavia and into Scotland?
her hands one evening. This causes an abrupt pause in the perform- In these inquiries the guiding principle always is that the only genuine
ance, for of course, woman like, she flies to the faithless one. Draper, ill
and cowed, but theatrical as ever, insists on an immediate marriage * " Tree and Serpent Worship. " ByJ. Fergusson, F.R.S. , Author of " A History
by special licence, which is duly carried out ; but, recovering, he of Architecture," &c. , India Museum. (London : W. H. Allen and Co. 1869. )
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 MAY 14, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 27

worshippers of the serpent, the only active promulgators of the cultus, were Semitic Egyptians, were serpent worshippers ; and so intimately was
Turanians. 66 Apparently no Semitic, or no people of Aryan race ever faith in the god as the life-preserving power fixed in the minds of
adopted it as a form of faith. It is true we find it in Judea, but almost the people that, speaking generally, in the Semitic languages the same
certainly it was there an outcrop from the older underlying strata of the word denoted life and serpent. Of Aryan races many had the worship-
population . We find it also in Greece and in Scandinavia among people the Medes and Persians, the Greeks and Romans, the Scandinavians and
whom we know principally as Aryan, but there, too, it is like the tares of a the Celts. The Scandinavians here and there continued it after their
previous crop springing up among the stems of a badly cultivated field of conversion to Christianity and down to the sixteenth century. The
wheat. The essence of serpent worship is as diametrically opposed to the Germans, it is true, had it not, but they worshipped trees, which was surely
spirit ofthe Veda, or ofthe Bible, as it is possible to conceive two faiths to be ; quite as disreputable. In short, when we look for the grounds of the opinion
and with varying degrees of dilution the spirit of these two works pervades, in we find all the evidence making against it, and Mr. Fergusson ever and
a greater or less extent, all the forms of the religions of the Aryan or anon framing hypotheses in apology and explanation of conduct on the part
Semitic races . On the other hand, any form of animal worship is of the superior races so dissonant to his view of them. Here their
perfectly consistent with the lower intellectual status of the Turanian blood was mixed with that of Turanians ; there a Turanian substratum in
races, and all history tells us that it is among them, and essentially the population infected with their superstitions the Aryan and Semitic
among them only, that serpent worship is really found to prevail." upper classes. In short, nothing seems left to support the view but the
What the essence of serpent worship was is not defined, but there is facts that some early Aryans had the Veda, and that the Hebrews had, or
probably a reference here to the human sacrifices which Mr. Fergusson had the spirit of, the Bible. And what is the support of these worth ?
inclines to think were a feature of the worship. The serpent religion The Bible is our witness that the Hebrews worshipped the serpent and the
he conceives to be the oldest in the world, whence it would appear to calf (the bull Apis), and the grove (Asherah), and Baal-Pheor, and pillars,
follow that the Turanians had a religious cultus earlier than the Aryan and other naughty things ; while the people who represent the possessors
and Semitic races. of the Vedas are now distributed into sects worshipping the Yoni or the
The value and interest of the book are fortunately independent of these Linga, or both, and the serpent or the bull along with them--the Yoni at
opinions, in which we think Mr. Fergusson will find few who will fully least representing a very ancient faith, with which probably the serpent
agree with him. Fear may have been the root of serpent worship, as of was anciently, as he now is, connected, in the same way that the bull
tiger and many other forms of animal worship. That is, the religion, when is with the Linga-puja, and that existed before the Vedas were framed.
it was nothing more or less than an instance of animal worship, may have been "How far the worship of the Linga is authorized by the Vedas,"
a religion of fear. The case for explanation is, however, very different from says Professor Wilson, " is doubtful, but that it is the main purport
this, the religion being everywhere a religion of love when it comes to our of several of the Puranas there can be no doubt." The ritual of
notice the serpent, the Agathodæmon, the healer- bringer of good health the Vedas, according to the same authority, was chiefly, if not wholly,
and fortune, the teacher of wisdom and oracle of future events. The addressed to the elements, and particularly to fire. As an object of
gliding motion, and the poison-fang or flash-like spring of the reptile are adoration, a serpent is surely as good as a flame or a Linga, and it has been
unrelated to this its character as a benignant, health-giving, wise god, and made quite as much of by the religious imagination. As the systems of
Mr. Fergusson has given no account of the processes by which the low- faith in which they figure as symbols are complex, so was that in
minded Turanians transmuted the animal into such a divinity, and which the serpent figured. For we know nothing of serpent worship
in ancient times in a form that can be called primitive. All the
arrived at an idea of a god which many will consider respectable, even in
comparison with the elemental religion of the Vedas. His account of the evidence proves that a vast amount of thinking and fancy and
origin of tree worship, again, presupposes in those who first fell into it a faith and metaphysics and imposture had been expended upon its
belief in a spirit world and in immaterial gods- a belief which can scarcely elaboration before the earliest date at which we know anything about
be called primitive ; and although trees might, apart from this belief, be it, quite as much as would suffice to elaborate a religion of the elements.
worshipped for their beauty and utility, yet, considering how many petty In all probability both religions, and others as well, were evolved out
shrubs, water and marsh plants have been objects of worship, we fail to see of the same processes, and were thus from the first conception of them
that the hypothesis meets the facts of the case. More than once, on finding affiliated in ways that cannot now be explained. In the sculptures
diminutive specimens of the vegetable kingdom, such as the Tulsi plant, on the Topes the elements, represented by the trisul, fire by itself, the
worshipped, Mr. Fergusson expresses surprise, as he well might, recalling tree or rather a variety of trees and vegetables, the divine serpent, Buddha,
his theory ofthe origin-"the spirits delighting to dwell among the branches, the wheel, and the horse come together as gods ; while frequently an object
or speaking oracles through the rustling of the leaves." Fear, founded on appears in the place of honour which we should hold to be the Linga, but
experience of their poisonous or medicinal properties, had probably as that Mr. Fergusson never calls it that. In this case the filiation was,
much to do in determining the selection of vegetable as of animal gods. no doubt, chiefly owing to the admixture of races and faiths. What we
One thing we may be sure of, neither cultus presented itself to primitive say is, we have no knowledge of the serpent standing alone anywhere as
men, in the first instance, under the highly generalized aspect of a worship the god, or otherwise than as affiliated with other gods in a complex
of a division of the organic kingdom, animal or vegetable. Mr. Fergusson system; and that while the serpent system, varied from race to race, was
has, with great ability and learning, traced tree and serpent worship all over here of a loftier and there of a lowlier type, forms of it occurred
the world, and shown in a masterly way their influence on other faiths still among all the families of men ; the Hebrews, certainly and the
existing, but we cannot credit him with having framed a good hypothesis Vedic races most probably, having it as well as other Semitics and
in explanation of either worship. Aryans.
That the worship of the serpent had one and not several centres of It is no part of our business as reviewers to suggest a theory of the
origin is an opinion which Mr. Fergusson holds, but not with extra- genesis of tree and serpent worship, but we cannot help thinking Mr.
ordinary tenacity. We suppose all the seven-headed and five-headed Fergusson has left the subject more obscure than he might have done. We
Nagas and their angelic orders must be referred to a single centre, as are all familiar with rude races that are still more primitive than the
being products of the imagination, and since it is extremely unlikely that advancing nations were at the dawn of history, and that are divided
the imagination would be similarly and in so odd a fashion exerted in into tribes, each with its own animal or vegetable god. If the advancing
filling the Pantheon in different districts. But that the religion arose nations were ever as rude, were ever as backward in knowledge and specu-
among Turanians, and with them spread over the world as they spread, lation as to the origin and support of the mysterious order of the world,
and not farther or otherwise, they being essentially the only serpent there were probably among them, as among modern savages, tribes whose
worshippers, is an opinion to which he clings with extreme tenacity, animal god the serpent was, and others who had vegetable gods. The serpent
and which we cannot adopt. It is, perhaps, the best defined, most would have at that stage nothing to distinguish it from any other
animal god
frequently repeated, and most fondly cherished idea in the book. In of a primitive tribe. In the progress of speculation the animal religion
stating it, Mr. Fergusson employs the word Turanian, not in its ethno probably was first transmuted from a terrestrial into a celestial one by trans-
logical signification as denoting a division of the races typically or sub- ferring adoration from the living specimens of the creature-that would still,
typically Mongol ; but rather as the philologists do, to denote, negatively, however, be religiously regarded-to its general idea, the divine serpent.
all races that are neither Aryan nor Semitic. It is unfortunate that when a The Heavenly Naga and the Lord of Tigers must equally in this way have
proposition of such breadth is announced there should be vagueness in any been arrived at by an imaginative generalization in either case from the
limb of it.
But the distinctions of race by physical characters being laid specimens of the animal. This stage of speculation being reached-an
aside, and the test of language alone retained, the proposition may order of heavenly beings being imagined-fancy would be set free to explain
mean anything or nothing. The only affirmative meaning in the word events by the actings of the gods in the past and present. The inter-
Turanian as thus employed is, that it denotes the races whose languages mixture of tribes by the operation of the laws peculiar to that stage of
are characterized by what is called agglutination. And in defining this life would spread over great districts the knowledge of all the tribal gods,
character the philologists tell us both the Aryan and Semitic languages and here and there, as the resolution of tribes into gentes of different original
Sanskrit and Hebrew, for instance -were originally formed on the stocks was definitely completed, polytheistic (tribal) systems would arise in
principle of agglutination, so that the distinction of the Turanians is that which various animal and vegetable gods would be combined, and in which
the development of their languages is more backward than the others, deified men and women also would have a place. Thereafter, the cast of
and that we can still, though not always, separate the words they glue such systems would change with the progress of speculative ideas and of
together in forming conjugations and declensions. In short, it is political and family organization.
implied in the definition of Turanians, as thus explained, that the Aryan In the progress of speculation the idea of the procreator seems to
and Semitic races were once Turanian ; and since the time when they were have been grasped first, the idea of the creator later. This is what might
50, equally with the invention of serpent worship, is prehistoric-at the be expected, for nothing could be more natural for the human mind than
dawn of history the serpent was a great god-the proposition that Turanians to assume the permanence of the material world. With the procreating
invented the worship may only mean that it originated among human power was combined the life-sustaining power, that gladdens and fructifies
beings. Beyond this, we altogether fail to see what the facts are which the earth, the Sun, that probably was a god long before being in this
have determined Mr. Fergusson's opinion that no Ayran or Semitic connection regarded. The Phallus and the Sun represented a more aspiring
people ever adopted the faith. The Hebrews worshipped the serpent speculative faith than the world had previously known. They would get
down to the time of Hezekiah, during at least 500 years, and the their place, the place of honour, in many of the polytheistic systems, but with
cultus reappeared among them long after that. The Semitic some, in which certain animals were, for which they had special affinities,
Phoenicians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Abyssinians, with the sub- they would more easily ally themselves, and in doing so lift the animal gods
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at once into a pre-eminence over the others. It must have been thus the evil, is a function." Dr. Alford believes that this singular
the serpent, the horse, and the bull came to the front, becoming benignant psychology is matter of faith, and rests it on a revelation made to St. Paul.
gods in the phallic connection with the Sun- gods in the closest alliance In speaking of the " Union of Christendom," he shows a generous feeling
with the life-giving and life-sustaining powers. Why the serpent should towards Dissenters and foreign Protestants, but slips into a foot-note the
have been preferred in this connection this is not the place to inquire. admission that he does not wish to have anything to say to Unitarians.
It may have been among serpent worshippers that the phallic worship His essay on " The Church of the Future " shows that he looks forward with
arose. The pre-existing faith would prolong itself into the new one, complacency to disestablishment in England, and expects as one of its
results a large accession of Dissenters to the Anglican Church. The
and as modified to suit its place therein the serpent god would, as
a rule, become the Agathodæmon. Of the connection there can be English of the essays is singularly lax and slipshod , considering Dr. Alford's
no doubt ; the worship of the Phallus and of the Sun, or of the one reputation as a scholar ; and he appears to us to fail entirely in appre-
or other, can be traced wherever serpent worship can, and Mr. hending the points really at issue between the various sections of religious
Fergusson may rest assured no hypothesis will explain away the fact teachers. His intentions are doubtless excellent, but such daubing with
that they were religions adopted by Aryan and Semitic races. Of the untempered mortar strengthens no tottering wall. While the Catholic
pre-eminence of certain trees and plants as objects of worship the same party are reviving the cultus of the Virgin, and the Evangelicals
account falls to be given. Those trees and plants whose peculiarities offering prizes for essays to prove the danger of Church music and painted
of fruit or leaf marked them for association with the life-powers -such as windows, and Mr. Voysey is weighing all the books of the Bible in the
the ficus religiosa and the lotus - got a precedence, and their cultus rude balances of the " Rationalismus Vulgaris," some more potent charms
spread with that of the life-faith. It is remarkable as regards the animal are needed to reduce them to harmony than elocutionary exercises and the
gods that were promoted in this connection to what an extent the Bull study of a certain editor's Greek Testament and the advice to abstain from
seems to have allied itself to the worship of the male idea as the more preaching on controverted doctrines. Thus you may call into being a
potent in generation, and the serpent to the female idea. The bull, Nandi, thinner, feebler, more utterly unreal Evangelical Alliance ; a real union of
has the first place in Sivaism along with the Linga ; the serpent the first in intelligences awaits the settlement, not the postponement, of fundamental
Jainaism and Vishnavism along with the Yoni. In Egypt we have the bull differences of principle.
(Apis and Mnevis), where, according to Plutarch, the male idea had the
first place ; while in Assyria and India we have again the serpent with the
female idea, if, as many think, we are to recognize the Asherah as a symbol " THE AGRICOLA AND GERMANIA OF TACITUS." *
of the Yoni.
We have spent our space upon a few points on which we differ from THE editors of this volume have already given to the world a translation of
the distinguished author. It would take three times the space to indicate the two pieces which it contains, and in our review of that work which
the points of agreement, and the grounds on which we can express to Mr. appeared some months ago we said all that it is necessary to say on the
Fergusson our great admiration of his magnificent book. difficulties of the author's style. The maps in this edition are the same as
the maps in the translation. The prefaces have been rewritten, but are not
substantially different. The text is mainly Orelli's, but Messrs. Church
" ESSAYS AND ADDRESSES, CHIEFLY ON CHURCH and Brodribb have imported into it many of the recent emendations
of Wex and Kritz, of which a list is given alongside of the rejected
SUBJECTS. " * readings. In this department of their subject they display considerable
WHEN we have said that Dean Alford recognizes the need of some judgment, and have produced a text superior we should think upon
reconciliation between the temper and principles of religious bodies and the whole to any one previously in use. We should add that these
the spirit of the time, we have given him all the praise to which this book gentlemen have proceeded on the principle of leaving no lacunæ,
entitles him. He belongs to the class of Evangelical teachers who have even where the emendations by which they are filled up are by no
become liberalized so far as to throw them out of sympathy with the means above suspicion. Their opinion is that by so doing they make
extreme dogmatists of all schools, and to imagine that by conceding with the book more useful for the hands of schoolboys, and in this decision
great éclat positions which their real antagonists do not care to attack, they we are on the whole disposed to coincide. It is, however, by their critical
can recover the traditional influence of theology on human life. In and explanatory notes that they must finally be judged ; and we shall
the first paper, on the " Special Education of the Clergy," it is pro- sum up accordingly, as briefly as possible, what seem to be the chief
posed with an air of complete conviction to meet the evils of the present characteristics of them.
estrangement between the laity and religious teachers, by strengthening To mention their faults first, these notes are occasionally too short to be
the theological faculty in the universities, by establishing a sort of perfectly useful to schoolboys. This defect may certainly be remedied by
apprenticeship with a parish clergyman as a preparation for orders, and using the translation along with them. But without it the student will
especially by communicating as an art the power of preaching. There is no sometimes be at a loss to understand how Messrs. Church and Brodribb
hint that Dr. Alford appreciates the real knot of the difficulty. It is would themselves construe a passage if called up in class, as well as the
conviction that is wanting in those moderate men from whom he would exact meaning which they attach to particular Latin words, and
like to recruit the clergy. When they have settled what they have to preach, the exact sense in which they themselves employ English ones. A
the machinery will find itself. The same argument is repeated in almost second fault, of which there are indeed but few examples, and which
identical terms in the second essay on " The Adaptation of Preaching to the is probably due to overhaste, is failure to recognize the full meaning
Present Times." "Ces vérités sont trop vraies." Where is the use of declaim- of the author through want of pondering with sufficient deliberation
ing against party spirit, unless you have some positive doctrine to assert which the radical meaning of his language. In support of these assertions we
will command the conviction of all parties? It is far more true than Dean may refer our readers to cap. vi. note 15, xvii. 3, xix. 11, and xxxviii. 8, of
Alford imagines that " our theology needs to touch anew the mother soil of the " Agricola, " and xix. 6, xxx. 3, of the " Germania." We must not be
the human heart ; " and preachers who express serious convictions, of what- understood to mean that we have any doubt of the correctness of these
ever shade, will feel that he has not understood the case of any one of the notes. All we say is that they want expansion. Perhaps it is questionable
sections into which they are divided when he exhorts them all to a whether secreti colles in xxxviii. 8 of the " Agricola " be properly translated
washy and timid uniformity. It is difficult to see why the metaphysical by "deserted hills." Is not the idea rather "the hills standing apart in their
dissertation which prefaces the paper on " The Christian Conscience loneliness," and would not " lonely " therefore be a better epithet than
was printed, unless it were to expose the weakness of the speculative " deserted" ? However, these are very trifling objections, and that these are
basis on which the writer's opinions rest. There are two wills, he says, all we can bring is a tribute to the excellence of the work more convincing
in every man. "We will one way, we act another way," and the will than direct praise.
which acts is essentially lower and less noble than the will which To the great bulk of the volume, however, direct praise is due ; and
protests. By going a step further we arrive at the case in which the higher that of a high order. The note upon the last sentence of the second
will gets its way, and this as the result of a conflict of influences acting chapter of the " Germany " is a model of what such notes ought to be,
upon " my practical will, the ruler of the acts which I do, and the non- hitting the meaning of the author with great acuteness and expressing
acts which I refuse to do." This practical will " emanates directly from, it with equal felicity. And of notes only one remove from this in point
and is the expression of, my personality." Another " step " brings us to of merit, the name is legion. Whatever light a perfect knowledge
the remark that the last mentioned of these mysterious agents " is the of classical antiquities, and as much knowledge of the topography and
result of thought, is the issue of determination." But thought and deter- ethnology of ancient Europe as modern research has yet attained,
mination are common, in some measure, to every kind of organized can throw upon this author, Messrs. Church and Brodribb have thrown
animal life. " The practical will may be as limited as in the oyster, or as upon him. The parallel passages which they quote in illustration of
i free as in the eagle ; but it is equally in obedience to it that conscious particular idioms, metaphors, or usages, evince considerable taste, as
animal action takes place." Philosophical students will be surprised well as extensive reading, and are one of the most interesting features
to learn that this practical will of which we have been hearing of the whole work.
is that which "the Greeks, in their wonderfully accurate language, On the whole, this edition of the " Agricola " and " Germania " may be
expressed by the term vxý," and which if we had designated by the pronounced to be complete. It is furnished throughout in the best and
same common term, we should have been spared " infinite misunder- neatest style, and is supplied with every modern convenience. Even
standing, infinite mischief." "Whole sermons, whole treatises," books to the very faults we have glanced at may be virtues in the sight of
prove the immortality of the soul, have been for the most part written others, as indicating rather a chaste severity than undue compression .
in vain for the want of this simple rectification of nomenclature. " There That is a question we must leave to the jury- in other words , the
is absolutely no reason for believing, if man is compounded only of body public. But whatever be the verdict on that particular point, there
and soul, that he continues to exist after this present life," for it is a can be no doubt at all of the substantial merit of the book in every
third agent in this obscure conflict of metaphysical entities which separates important article.
man from the brutes that perish. His spirit, of which conscience ,
"the source of the will that would do the good, that would not do "The Agricola and Germania of Tacitus." With revised text, English notes,
and maps. By Alfred J. Church, M.A. , Lincoln College, Oxford, and W. J. Brod-
* " Essays and Addresses, chiefly on Church Subjects. " By Henry Alford, D.D. , ribb, M.A. , late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. (London and Cambridge :
Dean of Canterbury. (London : Strahan and Co. 1869.) Macmillan and Co. 1869. )
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 MAY 14 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 29

£1,000,000 for the buildings. The style of the courts would be Gothic - probably
Parliamentary Review. Italian Gothic. He was, he said, already negotiating for the sale of the Carey-
street site at the price given for it. Sir R. Palmer gave notice that on the second
HOUSE OF LORDS. reading he should move the rejection of the bill. He protested against the idea
FRIDAY. - Lord Salisbury, in questioning the Government as to the sense in of sticking the courts down in a hole, for Howard-street was nothing better.
which Mr. Bright's recent declaration on the Irish land question was to be TUESDAY. - The expected appearance of the Mayor of Cork at the bar of
received, blamed the Ministry for their vacillation, invitation of pressure, and the House of Commons brought together a numerous audience of members and
intimations that they would be prepared to yield to increased agitation. spectators. The counsel for the Crown were in attendance in the lobby, wigged
Lord Granville, citing Sir E. May, declared that such a question was and gowned ready to be called before the House ; and the arrival of Mr.
irregular and inconvenient. It was certainly unfair to the Government. He O'Sullivan was looked for with eager curiosity. As soon as the clerk at the
acknowledged, however, that Mr. Bright had committed an indiscretion. He table had read the order of the day and the Attorney- General had intimated
would hardly have liked to say that of a colleague if Mr. Bright had not himself that counsel and witnesses were in waiting, Mr. Maguire rose to move that the
told him, " I made the mistake of not prefacing what I had to say by stating order be discharged. It was with a sense of evident relief rather than
that, if I were left to myself, I should say so and so." Mr. Bright's excuse disappointment that the House heard Mr. Maguire read the mayor's letter
was to be found in his habits as a popular speaker free from official restraint. announcing his resignation. It contained a solemn and emphatic repudiation
MONDAY.- In the House of Lords the Scottish Education Bill occupied a ofthe meaning which had been put upon the writer's speech. He declared
long sitting, which was not adjourned till past midnight. The Duke of that he would be the first to rush to the protection of human life if
Richmond opposed the bill on two grounds-the expense of the new system, he knew it to be endangered, that he looked to the regeneration of
his country through constitutional and remedial measures such as were
and its undenominational character, which he feared would lead to secu-
then passing through the House of Commons, and that in his belief
larism. Lord Cairns was also alarmed at the subversion of the principle
of denominational grants. On clause 20, as to " adopted schools," the battle of his country was to be fought in that House. He now resigned
the main controversy-that between national and sectarian education- solely in the interests of his country. The O'Donoghue assured the House that
was renewed. An amendment was passed by 68 to 23 providing that Mr. O'Sullivan was a man of his word, whose promises might be implicitly
an adopted school might withdraw from the national system, without pre- relied on. Mr. Maguire subsequently added his conviction that Mr. O'Sullivan
judice to its claim for a Privy Council grant. The Conservative peers also had no intention of either seeking or accepting re-election. Upon which
altered clause 68, so as to authorize Privy Council grants to all schools, whether Mr. Downing rather bitterly remarked that there was no fear of his being again
national or denominational, and a motion by Lord de Grey to omit the clause elected after the course he had that day taken. Under the circumstances, it
thus amended as contrary to the whole principle of the bill was defeated by was agreed on the proposal of Mr. Gladstone (who said he had no knowledge
59 to 28 votes. of Mr. O'Sullivan's letter till it was read out by Mr. Maguire) that the bill should
be postponed for a month, on the understanding that it should be dropped if
TUESDAY. -Some conversation took place on the want of a public inquiry Mr. O'Sullivan absolutely ceased to hold public office.
into cases of sudden death in Scotland. In answer to Mr. Eastwick, the Home Secretary said that the question of
THURSDAY. - On the report being brought up of amendments to the enabling the courts of judicature to deal generally with any misconduct on the
Government of India Act Amendment Bill, some discussion arose on a propo- part of a mayor required much consideration , and legislation upon it ought not
sition by Lord Salisbury, resisted by the Duke of Argyll and Lords Lyveden to be attempted under the influence of passing events.
and Halifax, to vest in the Crown the sole power of appointing to vacancies in At the evening sitting Mr. W. Fowler drew attention to the anomalous and
the Council. unequal state of the law in regard to succession duty on real property, and the
Lord Lawrence thought in the long run nomination by the Crown would exemption of certain kinds of property from probate duty. A historical review
work better than election as at present, well as, he admitted, the latter had of the subject, beginning with Roman law and feudal tenure, was brought down
hitherto worked. He also approved ten years as the term of membership. to the Act carried by Mr. Gladstone in 1853. To that Act he showed two
Lord Cairns was of opinion that the Secretary of State, who was responsible objections- first, that a tenant for life ought not to pay the same duty as an
for the Government of India, might properly be made responsible also for the owner in fee simple ; and second, that as a matter of common justice the owner
choice of members of the Council. of the fee in land ought to pay the same duty as the owner of a lease.
Lord Grey maintained that the authority of the Council depended much on The hon. gentleman having concluded by a resolution directing the attention
the opinion in India of its independence, and that this opinion would be weak- of the Government to the subject, the Chancellor of the Exchequer excused
ened by depriving the members of the Council of their power of electing part of himself from giving a definite answer to the appeal, as he had had no
notice of it.
their colleagues.
The Duke of Argyll stated that the Government were opposed to having this Mr. Knatchbull-Hugessen introduced a bill for the formation of county
financial boards. The object of the measure is to divide the business of quarter
additional patronage forced upon them, but would, though defeated, nevertheless
proceed with the bill. sessions into judicial and administrative. The first would be left to the magis-
On a division, Lord Salisbury's amendment was carried by 89 to 53. trates, and the second to a body consisting of the court of quarter sessions,
Lord Salisbury moved an amendment for the purpose of removing ambigui- with the infusion of a certain number of elected representatives. The boards
ties on the question already mooted in this House, whether the Secretary of of guardians would be the constituent body, and in the larger counties one
State is liable to be overruled by his Council in regard to grants or appro- member (up to four) would be elected for every £ 50,000 of rateable value, and
priations of Indian revenue. in Wales and in the smaller counties £ 25,000 would be the unit. This would
The Duke of Argyll, in reply, supported his former view, that the Secretary give a general average of about one elected to five ex officio members in the
financial boards.
of State is not subjected by the present Act to any general financial control by
the Council ; and he explained that the doubt had originated in discussions at Mr. M'Cullagh Torrens having pointed out the inconveniences which may
the Council while Lord Salisbury was himself Secretary of State. He showed result from the incompetency of the House of Commons to administer oaths to
that the proposed amendment would produce infinitely greater ambiguities and witnesses at its bar, moved for a Select Committee on the subject, which, after
difficulties than any construction of the existing provision was liable to. The some discussion, was agreed to.
amendment would, moreover, confer a dangerous discretion on the Secretary of WEDNESDAY.- The sitting was occupied mainly by the discussion on
State in financial matters. It would enable him to squander millions before
Sir W. Lawson's Permissive Prohibitory Liquor Bill. Admitting the difference
Parliament could interpose. of opinion which prevailed as to the machinery of the measure, he claimed the
Lord Salisbury, satisfied that he had in fact practically converted the Duke sympathy of the House for the object in view- a claim acknowledged by a
to his view ofthe existing law, was willing to withdraw the amendment, which, general cheer. Instead of the title which it bore the bill might justly be called
after some observations by Lord Cairns and the Duke of Argyll, he accord- a bill for the repression of pauperism and crime. What he wanted was to
ingly did. place the prohibition of the liquor trade on the same footing as other measures
Lord Russell appealed to the Government to counteract the mischief of relating to public health and sanitary improvements-that was, to leave it to
Mr. Bright's recent declarations on the Irish land question by a distinct and the majority of the inhabitants in each district to determine whether they would
emphatic statement of their views in order to discourage the dangerous hopes adopt the Act or not. Mr. Bazley seconded the motion, which was supported
excited among the Irish peasantry. Lord Granville repeated his assurance that by Mr. G. O. Morgan, Lord C. Hamilton, &c. Mr. Jacob Bright avowed
Mr. Bright did not speak for the Government. Lord Derby and the Duke of himself prepared for a more revolutionary measure than that before the House.
Abercorn attributed the disorder of Ireland to the inflammatory language of He approved the principle of absolutely empowering the inhabitants of each
Mr. Bright, which was quite as mischievous as that of Mr. O'Sullivan. district to fix the number of houses to be licensed.
The rejection of the bill was moved by Colonel Jervis. He objected on
principle to the establishment of little local Parliaments all over the country,
HOUSE OF COMMON S. each with power to pass laws overriding those of the Imperial Legislature.
FRIDAY. A morning sitting from two to seven o'clock sufficed to get the The consumption of intoxicating drinks was gradually decreasing, and what
Irish Church Bill passed through committee. On the reassembling of the was wanted was the regulation, not the suppression, of the trade. Mr. W. E.
House after dinner it was instantly " counted out." Forster held that if it was right that a prohibitory measure should be passed, it
should be done by the representatives of the people at large, and not left to the
MONDAY. The orders of the day were postponed in order to make way for discretion of varying local majorities. He doubted the possibility of a total
Mr. Corrance's motion on vagrancy, the Government having bargained to give suppression of such a traffic, but thought that greater restrictions might
him an evening in return for his allowing the Irish Church Bill to take pre- be imposed on the issue of licences, and that the ratepayers had a right to a
cedence of his notice. Mr. Corrance did not confine himself to vagrancy, but direct and decisive voice in the matter. Mr. Walter pointed out that to be
wandered over the whole subject of the poor laws. He recommended the logical the bill ought to go further, and suppress breweries and distilleries. The
establishment of regular district schools for poor children, separate from effect of absolute prohibition would be secret drinking in unlicensed houses.
the workhouse ; rates in aid of local superannuation funds and medical Could it be supposed for a moment that a third of the people of a great town
clubs ; and more stringent and uniform treatment for vagrants. The last- like Manchester or Liverpool would allow themselves to be debarred from
named class should be put under the direct supervision of the police Mr. drink merely at the will of the other two-thirds ?
A. Peel, Secretary to the Poor Law Board, replied for the Government. He Mr. Bruce said that in his opinion a reasonable and efficient measure
argued that the increase of pauperism was rather apparent than real. should include guarantees for public-houses being placed in respectable hands,
Indeed, it had rather decreased in proportion to population since the new poor- stringent regulations for their good conduct, powers of restriction in the hands
law system came into operation, while the amount actually given in relief had of some body on the numbers of these houses in proportion to the population.
been also reduced. He did not altogether stand up for the Union Chargeability He held out a hope that next year the Government would attempt to legislate
Act, but he denied that it had produced an increase of pauperism. That result on the subject.
was rather to be attributed to the depression of trade consequent on the com- After some further discussion, during which Sir W. Lawson was urged
mercial panic ; the rise in the price of wheat, which was 435. 6d. in 1866 and to withdraw his bill but declined, it was thrown out by 193 to 87 votes-
67s. 6d. now ; and the lavish and indiscriminate charity of large towns. majority 106.
Mr. Goschen endeavoured to show that the pauperism of the country THURSDAY. -The Irish Church Bill was reported without any material
was not so bad as supposed, and denounced as communism the suggestion that amendments. It will be read a third time on the 31st inst.
the Consolidated Fund should be drawn upon for poor-law purposes. In the
end Mr. Corrance withdrew his motion. In Committee of Ways and Means the Budget resolutions as to licences and
beer duty were passed with no alteration, except one proposed by the Chancellor
The introduction by Mr. Layard of a bill for erecting the courts of law onthe
of the Exchequer, raising the weight of the four-wheel pony carriages under the
Howard-street site led to a short, though rather sharp discussion. Mr. Layard
pledged himself to the sufficiency of the estimates- £600,000 for the land, and 155. duty from 3 cwt, to 4 cwt.
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 30 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14 , 1869.

he is powerless to change, and the law decreeing the sequestration of his

Summary of the Week's News . property will be immediately repealed. It is even stipulated in the financial
FOREIGN NEWS. convention that the capital shall be placed entirely under his own control
so soon as he shall have formally renounced his fruitless pretensions to
The coming elections in France appear to be exciting very great interest the throne of Hanover. In the meantime, not one farthing of King
throughout the country. The addresses of the members ofthe old majority are George's revenues goes to enrich the Prussian treasury. They have to
said to be almost as liberal in their tone, and to bid as high for popular favour, bear, of course, the costs of administration, and as a matter of justice
as those of the Opposition. Some are loud in their condemnation of distant those of whatever steps the Government may find it necessary to take for the
expeditions and of extravagant expenditure, and demand that the Legislative purpose of neutralizing the manoeuvres ofthe Hietzing agents and the misrepre-
Chamber shall henceforth take its proper station in the control of public affairs. sentations ofthe Hietzing press. Whatever remains over and above at the end
One of the candidates for Paris, who has held an important place among the of the year goes to swell the capital, and whether the balance is to be large or
constant supporters of Government, now declares himself the advocate of small depends solely on the demeanour of the ex-King himself."
elective municipal councils instead of the commission hitherto named by the
Executive. Another, who has always denounced systematic opposition to the The Austrian Parliament has been winding up the work of the session this
Government, tells the electors that, if they return him, he will require the week, and is to be closed by the Emperor in person on the 15th inst. At the
sitting ofthe Lower House onthe 7th the supplemental convention of the Anglo-
re-establishment of the jury in trials of the press and nomination of all municipal
authorities by the electors, while all agree in decrying 66 personal government." Austrian Commercial Treaty was rejected. The House thereupon authorized the
In a word, says the Paris correspondent of the Times, " there is a general Government to conclude a new treaty with Great Britain upon the basis of
chorus in favour of liberty, and whatever may come of it, for the next fortnight the tariff duties on cotton and woollen goods proposed by the Finance Com-
mittee. Herr von Plener, Minister of Commerce, coincided with the resolution
at least, every one will declare himself the friend of progress." The Siècle says
of the House, and expressed a hope that the question would receive a satisfac-
that the Government is growing alarmed, and is putting in movement all its tory solution. Count Beust has, it is stated, forwarded a circular to the
machinery on behalf of the official candidates. All officials are being urged to
throw their influence into the contest, and in one department a circular to this Austrian foreign representatives, stating positively that the Foreign Office had
effect has, it is said, been sent even to the gaolers. The Emperor no connection whatever with the recent publication of the Prussian despatch
himself has broken silence on the subject. He was present with the sent by Count Bismarck in 1866 to Count Goltz, the Prussian Ambassador in
Paris.
Empress on Sunday at the distribution of prizes at a horticultural
exhibition at Chartres, and in replying to a congratulatory address from Great preparations are being made at Lemberg to celebrate the three
the mayor, his Majesty referred to the fact that Chartres was the first town hundredth anniversary of the voluntary union of Poland and Lithuania, which
he visited after he was elected President of the Republic, and that it was there took place on the 11th of August, 1569, when the assembled delegates of the
he made his first appeal to " the spirit of conciliation." After seventeen two nations solemnly voted a declaration stating that they would thenceforward
years of peaceful prosperity, he was there again to speak in the same form one nation, uniting " as equals with equals, as freemen with freemen." A
language, but with greater authority and confidence than in 1848. " Once central committee has been formed at Lemberg, under the presidency of Dr.
66
more," the Emperor continued , I address myself to the honest men Smolka, for the purpose of investing the ceremony with due magnificence, and
of every party, inviting them to second the regular advance of my Govern- sub-committees are being formed in other parts of Galicia. Not only the
ment on the path of liberal progress which it has laid down, and to principal Poles in Galicia, but the leaders of the Ruthenian party, which has
oppose insuperable resistance to those subversive passions which appear hitherto shown a strong leaning towards Russia, have notified their intention
to revive only to threaten the unshaken fabric of universal suffrage. of taking part in the celebration. This new demonstration of Polish patriotism
In a few days the people will meet in their electoral comitia, and will, I have no has caused much indignation in the Russian press.
doubt, choose men worthy of that mission of civilization which we have to On Thursday, the 6th inst. , the Sultan paid his customary visit to the Porte,
accomplish. I count upon you, citizens of Chartres, because you are part of on occasion of the commencement of the Turkish year, and delivered a long
those eight millions of Frenchmen who have thrice accorded to me their speech, in which he referred to politics, finance, reforms in the administra-
suffrage, and because I know you are animated with ardent patriotism, and tion of public affairs, and the favourable settlement recently arrived at in
where genuine love of one's country reigns there the best guarantees for order, the Hellenic difficulty through the mediation of the Great Powers. Reviewing
progress, and liberty cannot fail to exist." The Official Journal ofthe French the wants of the country as regards inner administration, the Sultan
Empire has spoken of this speech as " a candid appeal to the good sense and
insisted upon strict economy in the public expenditure, the improvement
firmness of all honest people against subversive and revolutionary passions, of judicial procedure, the extension of railways, and held out the prospect
and at the same time a supreme guarantee of the liberal spirit which will that all classes of his subjects would equally participate in the benefits
continue to characterize the policy of the Government ; " but the Liberal expected from the new reforms. The speech is said to have produced
journals of Paris have used very different language regarding it. Some of them a most excellent impression, and it is stated that his Majesty intends to deliver
contend that at the moment when the elections are about to take place the a speech every year explaining his policy and views. At the same time the
Chief of the State ought to maintain the utmost reserve, and that it would have Grand Vizier will present to the Council of State a report on public affairs.
been more becoming had he said nothing at all on the subject. A report that the Turkish Government has refused to abolish the exemption
The Prince and Princess of Wales attended a grand review in the Bois de of Christians from military service because the Treasury cannot afford to lose
Boulogne on Friday, the 7th inst. the exemption tax is confirmed.
In Spain the debate on the draft of the new Constitution is still going on. From America the principal item of news is the completion of the Pacific
The principal incident reported by the telegraph this week is the rejection of a Railway, by which unbroken communication is established between the Atlantic
proposition of Señor Orense to abolish slavery in the Spanish colonies by an and Pacific shores of the American continent . The work was completed on
article in the Constitution. Señor Olozaga and Admiral Topete said that both Monday afternoon, and was celebrated by a solemn " Te Deum "" at Trinity
the Government and the nation wished for the abolition of slavery, but that it Church, New York.
must not be effected in a manner prejudicial to established interests. Rumours The present relations between England and the United States are still
that General Prim was about to attempt a coup d'état at Madrid have regarded with a good deal of anxiety. Mr. Goldwin Smith, who is in
been contradicted in the Cortes by the General himself, who said that America, takes a very serious view of the matter. Writing to the editor
the future would prove that his motto was " Honour and liberty." The of the Beehive on the subject of emigration from this country to America,
Epoca has published an article stating that the project of establishing a Mr. Smith says : " The information respecting the prospects of English
Regency has been abandoned, and adding that the claims of the Duke of emigration, which I was requested to procure, had been collected to the
Montpensier are gaining ground in the Cortes even among the Progressist party. best of my ability, and I was about to send it for publication in your
According to a special despatch published by the Herald, there is no longer columns but the speech of Mr. Sumner has had so great an effect in
any question of the establishment of a Directory, and no probability in the reviving American hostility to England, and the continuance of friendly relations
reports that Marshal Serrano will assume the Regency of the country, or that between the two countries appears at this moment to be in such peril, that I 、
Prim will head a new Ministry. The question respecting the cession of Gibraltar, fear the promoters and organizers of English emigration cannot for the present
of which Señor Orense gave notice some time since, was put in the Cortes on prudently turn their thoughts in this direction. Judging from what I know of
Saturday. The Foreign Minister answered that the Government were not the general temper of the American people, and from the language respecting
unmindful of the importance of the question ; but before entering upon Mr. Sumner's speech which I hear held in conversation, I should say there
negotiations for the cession of Gibraltar it was necessary that Spain should be would be no rupture ; but at the same time I hold myself prepared for a turn of
strongly constituted, and that her finances should be reorganized, so as to affairs which would oblige English residents to leave this country." The London
enable her to take her place as one of the Great European Powers. correspondent of the Indépendance Belge asserts that Lord Clarendon has just
The Italian Ministry is being reconstructed. On Friday, the 7th inst. , written to our Minister at Washington directing him to inform the American
General Menabrea informed the Chamber of Deputies that, in consequence of Government that the British Government would refer to arbitration all the
claims of citizens of both countries arising out of the civil war. The com-
the reconstitution of political parties in the Chamber, the Ministry had tendered
their resignation. The King, General Menabrea added, had entrusted him munication added that our Government could not go beyond that proposition.
There are reports that Mr. Motley is instructed to make demands in accordance
with the formation of a new Cabinet, but the present Ministers would retain
office ad interim. Some difficulty in the formation of a new Ministry has, with Mr. Sumner's speech, and to suggest as a simple mode of settlement the
it is stated, arisen from the claim of Signor Minghetti to hold the portfolio of cession of territory, meaning at least Canada ; but, on the other hand, the Star
Foreign Affairs, which is now in the hands of General Menabrea. In the states, with an air of authority, that, although much uneasiness has pervaded the
meantime the Parliament has adjourned until Saturday, with the understanding public mind as to the result of Mr. Sumner's speech on the relations ofthe two
that it was to meet earlier if the Ministry should be constituted. countries, no idea is entertained amongst those who are well informed that any
serious rupture will be occasioned by the questions at issue. They may give riseto
A telegram from Rome states that the promotions to the Cardinalate are difficult and protracted negotiations, or may stand over altogether for adjustment
postponed until September. The preparations for the Ecumenical Council in at some future time, but no worse results than these will follow. The Times,
December continue to absorb a good deal of interest. The steamer General too, has published a letter from Mr. Gould, an American, who speaks of Mr.
Abbatucci has foundered at sea, and a French intendant-general, the Pontifical Sumner as an impracticable theorist, and says the American people are neither
consul at Marseilles, sixteen French soldiers, and fifteen Papal recruits, on so impractical nor visionary as to really expect ever to make such claims as those
their way to Civita Vecchia, were drowned. set forth in Mr. Sumner's speech.
According to a Berne telegram, it has been officially announced that Advices from Paraguay to the 3rd of April state that the expeditionary
Mazzini, and those who have sought refuge in Swiss territory, in consequence forces had left Asuncion for the purpose of attacking Lopez, and cutting off
of the recent conspiracy discovered in Milan, are forbidden to reside in the his communication. Lopez was supposed to have 9,000 men and upwards of
cantons bordering on the Italian frontier. forty pieces of artillery in what was considered a strong position.
The North German Parliament have passed the " budget of expenditure "9
for the Confederation, have approved a postal convention with the Papal States, The news from India by the last mail was not of much importance . The
and have rejected for the third time a proposal made by Herr von Waldeck to Maharajah of Jeypore had received the thanks of the Secretary of State for
pay the members of Parliament. his efforts to reduce the ill effects of the late famine in Rajpootana, and two
guns have been added to the salute to which he is now entitled. The report of
It appears from an article in the North German Correspondent, published the Bombay Bank Commission had not been made public, but the Times of
by Asher and Co., that the property of the ex- King of Hanover is not India says it was reported that the Commissioners had not offered any opinion
absolutely confiscated :-" Let him," says the writer, " give guarantees for his in it as to whether the shareholders in the old bank should obtain compensa-
future good behaviour ; let him frankly acknowledge a state of things which tion from the State. Whilst censuring the Government directors, the Com-
[ 270 ]
 MAY 14, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 31

missioners ascribe the ruin of the bank mainly to the undue influence enjoyed would be removed when an opportunity offered for placing him in a military
by Premchund Roychund. European vagrancy was said to be still increasing instead of a civil position. The deaths are also announced of Sir Charles
in the city of Bombay. A telegram from Bombay announces that Sir Richard Wentworth Dilke, Bart. , who died at St. Petersburg on Monday in his fifty-
Temple left for England on Saturday last. ninth year ; of the Dowager Lady Henley, sister of the late Sir Robert Peel,
and mother of Lord Henley, M.P.; of the Rev. Dr. J. W. Massie, a Congrega-
From China it is announced that the European residents have memorialized tionalist minister of some note ; and of Dr. James Johnstone, honorary con-
Sir Rutherford Alcock to urge upon the Chinese Government their right to sulting physician to the Birmingham General Hospital.
reside in the interior. The English Minister replied that he is unable to press
such a subject upon the attention of the Government at Pekin. The vacancies in the representation of Youghal and Liskeard have been
filled up . At Youghal on Monday Mr. Guest, the Liberal candidate, was
Intelligence has reached St. Petersburg from Teheran that serious fighting returned, but by so small a majority that the Conservatives will probably
has occurred in the streets of that town between two religious sects (whether demand a scrutiny. The numbers were- Guest, 125 ; Green, 123. Mr.
between Christians and Moslems, or between rival sects of Mahometans, we are O'Sullivan, the Mayor of Cork, was not nominated, as it was reported he would
not told). However, the disturbance was suppressed by the intervention of the be. At Liskeard the candidates were both Liberals-- Mr. Horsman and Sir
military. Three hundred persons are said to have been killed or wounded, and Francis Lycett. Mr. Grenfell, who had addressed the electors, retired from the
500 taken into custody. The prisoners, it is added, have been severely punished contest. At the poll on Wednesday Mr. Horsman was returned by a majority
-bastinadoed probably.
of 83, the numbers being-Horsman, 368 ; Lycett, 285. The Conservatives in
The papers brought by the Cape mail state that diamonds of great value the borough supported Mr. Horsman.
still continue to be found at the Cape of Good Hope. About twenty had been The hearing of the Stafford election petition is not yet concluded.
discovered since the last mail left the colony. The mail brought one weighing
47% carats, worth £2,000 ; but the next_mail will bring another weighing At the annual general meeting of the Reform Club last week it was resolved
83% carats, worth, it is said, £30,000. The yield at the Natal gold-fields by a large majority to appoint a political committee, designed to watch over
continues to be very unsatisfactory. and advance the interests of the Liberal party. A good deal of dissatisfaction
exists in the club in consequence ofthe admission of anti- Liberal members, who
News has been received in London of the baptism of the Queen of Mada- have, it is said, used their connection with the club to discredit and oppose the
gascar, with some of her officers of State. The ceremony took place in one principles of the party.
of the churches of the London Missionary Society.
Lord Russell presided on Monday at the annual meeting of the British
and Foreign School Society. His lordship, in his speech, dwelt upon the
HOME NEWS. importance of national education as constituting the best security for free
The Queen returned to Windsor from Osborne on Saturday. On Monday, institutions and against external dangers, and hoped that, if not this year,
Hassan Pasha, the son of the Viceroy of Egypt, Musurus Pasha, the Turkish at least next year, that security would be obtained. He thought that
Ambassador, and Mdlle. Musurus, arrived at Windsor and dined with her any system of education should be accompanied by a course of religious
Majesty. On Tuesday the Queen went to London and held a Drawing-room at teaching, although at the same time it might be practicable for Government to
Buckingham Palace. There were upwards of 250 presentations. Her Majesty establish a system of secular education in places where the spiritual wants of
children would be looked after by their pastors and parents. His lordship
wore a black silk dress, with a train trimmed with crape and fringe, and a white
tulle cap, with a long veil, the cap ornamented with large diamonds, and sur- also spoke in favour of carrying out, under certain circumstances, the rating
mounted by a coronet of diamonds. Her Majesty also wore a necklace, brooch, principle. Lord Lyveden , who moved the adoption of the report, deprecated
and earrings of opals and diamonds, the Riband and the Star of the Order ofthe any compulsory system, on the ground that it would interfere with the voluntary
Garter, the Orders of Victoria and Albert and Louise of Prussia, and the Coburg principle, which had already effected so much good.
and Gotha Family Order. The Princess Louise wore a train ofrich blue crystalline Mr. F. A. Weld, late Prime Minister of New Zealand, who is going out
silk, trimmed with white tulle, and a petticoat of white tulle trimmed with blue to assume the governorship of Western Australia, was entertained at a banquet
satin and yellow roses. Head-dress -Feathers and veil, with roses and a diadem at the Freemasons' Tavern on Saturday evening by a large number of colonists
of rubies and diamonds. Diamond ornaments- Victoria and Albert Order, now in England, as well as personal friends. Lord Granville presided, and Mr.
Order of St. Isabel, and the Coburg and Gotha Family Order. The Princess Adderley, Lord Lyttelton , Mr. Monsell, the Hon. H. H. Clifford, Admiral
Beatrice wore an Isle of Wight lace dress over a pink silk slip, trimmed with Erskine, and other gentlemen took part in the proceedings. Lord Granville, in
pink silk riband ; a band of pink silk with apple blossom in the hair, and a proposing the toast of the evening, said that he thought Mr. Weld had under-
necklace composed of pearls, with a cross of diamonds and emeralds attached. gone a training fitted to make him a good governor, and remarked that his
On Wednesday morning the Prince and Princess of Wales arrived in appointment to that office would afford some encouragement to men in the
London, and accompanied the Queen on a visit paid by her Majesty to the highest positions in the colonies not to shrink from political duties, but to
Royal Academy. Prince Arthur and the Princesses Louise and Beatrice were discharge them in confidence that they would be appreciated in England. Tothe
also with her Majesty. The Queen was received by Sir Francis Grant and the toast of " The Australian Colonies," proposed by Mr. Monsell, Captain Mayne
Fellows of the Royal Academy, and Mr. Sydney Smirke, R.A. , the architect of responded for New South Wales, Sir George Grey for New Zealand, and Sir
the new buildings, was presented. In the afternoon the Columbian Minister, T. Gore Brown for Tasmania. Sir George Grey, in the course of his remarks,
the Spanish Minister, and Sir Henry Howard, British Minister at Munich, were mentioned, amongst other qualities which had excited his admiration, that
Mr. Weld went in early youth into a shepherd's hut, learnt the life of a squatter,
presented to the Queen at Buckingham Palace, and in the evening her Majesty
returned to Windsor. and preserved through every vicissitude the character of an English gentleman.
On Wednesday night a State concert was given at Buckingham Palace by The South Staffordshire Industrial and Fine Arts Exhibition at Wolver-
command of the Queen. Nearly 700 persons were invited. The Prince and hampton was opened on Tuesday by Lord Granville. Lord Lichfield, Lord
Princess of Wales, Princess Louise, Prince Arthur, the Duke of Cambridge, Wrottesley, the Bishop of Lichfield, and the county and borough members were
and the Prince and Princess of Teck, attended by their ladies and gentlemen also present. Lord Granville, speaking in reply to an address in which the
in waiting, entered the saloon at ten minutes past ten o'clock, when the concert objects of the exhibition were described, said that fifty years ago no thought
immediately commenced. The Nawab Nazim of Bengal, with his sons, the was given to the education of the operative ; and twenty-five years ago it
Prince Ali Kudr Bahadoor and the Prince Soliman Kudr Bahadoor, attended would have been thought unnecessary to educate him beyond the imme-
by Colonel F. P. Layard, and Hassan Pasha, the son of the Viceroy of Egypt, diate range of his calling. But now that we had rivals in other countries,
attended by Colonel Gamble, were present at the concert. The band and our industry, if it was to be successful in its competition with that of others,
chorus, which consisted of upwards of 160 performers, were selected from the must be educated industry ; and the education must extend not to men only,
but also to masters. Referring to the committee's acknowledgments of the
Royal Italian Opera, the Philharmonic and Sacred Harmonic Societies, and
her Majesty's private band. Mr. W. G. Cusins was the conductor, and the Queen's contributions, the noble earl spoke of her Majesty's unabated desire to
concert was under the direction of Mr. Anderson. promote that which was at once most dear to herself and to her late Consort-
the industrial and art education of her people.
The Prince and Princess Christian visited the Children's Hospital in Great
Ormond-street on Monday, and on the following day they visited University Mr. W. H. Smith, M.P., presided at the festival dinner in aid of the funds of
College Hospital, and, attended by Sir William Jenner and the officials of the the Charing- cross Hospital at Willis's Rooms on Wednesday. In proposing
hospital, went over the whole of the building. the toast of the evening the hon. gentleman spoke in opposition to the
opinion that it is the duty of the State to provide infirmaries and hospitals
Prince Arthur has rejoined the Royal Artillery at Woolwich, but will shortly for the poor. He believed, he said, that to the extent to which such
accompany the Court to Scotland. hospital accommodation was necessary, it would be better supplied by
The appointment of Sir T. B. Western to the Lord- Lieutenancy of Essex, voluntary efforts than it would be by any department of the State specially
vacant through the resignation of Lord Dacre, has been gazetted. constituted for the purpose ; and the creation of any such State department
would, he feared, be demoralizing and injurious to the State and to the
It is stated that as a part of the plan for the extension of the Order of people themselves. In urging the claims of the Charing-cross Hospital
St. Michael and St. George, the Earl of Derby, Earl Grey, Earl Russell, upon his audience, Mr. Smith stated that the expenditure for last year
and Viscount Monck will receive the G.C.M.G.; while Lord Lyttelton, Mr. F. amounted to £ 7,423, and all the income that could be relied upon was not
Peel, Mr. Adderley, the Under- Secretary for the Colonies in the late Administra- more than £3,000 per annum, including annual subscriptions. It was possible
tion, Sir F. Rogers, Bart., the permanent Under- Secretary, Mr. T. F. Elliot, to increase the accommodation of the hospital by adding to it certain buildings
the late Assistant- Secretary, and Mr. Henry Taylor (best known as the author adjoining it, but the present state of their funds did not admit of any such
of " Philip Van Artevelde ") will be made Knights Commanders. The distin- addition being made. What they required was £4,000 a year of additional
guished traveller, Count Strzelecki, will also be decorated with the G.C.M.G. subscriptions, and a sufficient amount of donations to enable them to acquire
The Owl states that Sir John Crampton, the British Minister at Madrid, the block of property which could be had immediately adjoining the hospital.
has sent in his resignation. The same publication says that the successor of Subscriptions amounting to more than £2,500 were announced during the
evening.
Mr. George Alexander Hamilton, the present Permanent Secretary to the
Treasury, who is to be appointed one of the Irish Church Commissioners, will The doings of the Mayor of Cork continued to occupy a large share of public
probably be Mr. Stansfeld, the member for Halifax, who now fills the post attention until the proceedings in Parliament on Tuesday last disclosed the fact
of Third Lord of the Treasury, and " gets up" the work for the Financial of his resignation of his office. It was stated a day or two previously that he
Secretary. had resigned, but the statement was subsequently contradicted, and until the
A meeting of Conservative Peers will be convened after the Whitsuntide House of Commons met on Tuesday, nothing certain was known of the matter.
On Sunday there was an immense mass meeting at Cork to support the mayor.
holidays to consider the course to be taken upon the second reading of the
Irish Church Bill in the House of Lords. The London correspondent of the The trades marched to the place of meeting accompanied by music and banners,
and resolutions were adopted condemning the proposed action of the Government
Scotsman says the Lords will read the bill by a large majority, but will make
as unconstitutional and an attempt to over-ride the free choice of the people ;
amendments in committee, especially on the clauses relating to the purchase of denouncing the magistrates, and endorsing the mayor's official acts. At an
glebe lands, with the view of leaving the Church more money.
adjourned special meeting ofthe Cork council on Saturday, it was decided to
General Sir Edward Wetherall, permanent Under- Secretary in Ireland, died employ counsel to oppose the Disability Bill, although the mayor absolutely
very suddenly in Dublin on Tuesday evening. His appointment to the office in declined to accept the services of counsel, and declared that he would
December last, made after the Conservative Government had resigned, but appear in person at the bar of the House of Commons. It is stated
before the Liberals came into power, was lately the subject of adverse comment that the proceedings ofthe council were very stormy," and that " much indig-
in the House of Commons, and Mr. C. Fortescue intimated that Sir Edward nation was expressed at the conduct of the mayor. Another gaol delivery
[ 271 ]
 32 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14, 1869.

was held by Mr. O'Sullivan at the bridewell on Saturday morning, and among we have taught the tongue of the undisciplined savage, scarcely knowing the
the seven prisoners liberated was one who had been taken into custody on a meaning of his utterance, to re-echo our oaths. Was it for this that this
charge of obstructing the police. On Sunday night he left Cork for London, kingdom of Great Britain was lifted to her unexampled eminence ? Was it to
and was loudly cheered by the crowd on his departure. His subsequent sub- be the bearer of death ; was it to be the disseminator of disease ; was it to
mission is said to have given great offence to that portion of his friends who be the carrier of oaths, that we have been made the first maritime people upon
have taken part in the recent " demonstrations," and he is denounced by the this earth ?"
Fenians as 66 a traitor to the cause ; " but at Dublin, we are told , general satis-
faction is felt at the result of Tuesday's proceedings in the House of Commons. A monument has just been erected in Eccleshall churchyard over the
The election of a new mayor will probably take place on Monday. grave of Bishop Lonsdale, by the members of his family. The late bishop was
Mr. O'Sullivan is stated to be ill in London, from " over anxiety and mental buried on the 24th of October, 1867, in spot, chosen by his friends, at the
excitement." It is estimated that the cost of proceedings connected with the north-eastern corner of the Eccleshall churchyard, near the iron wicket leading
Disability Bill will fall little short of £2,500. The Treasury bears the expense. into the castle grounds, and through which he was accustomed to pass on
his way to church. The monument is in the form of a memorial cross,
The arms which were stolen from a gunmaker's shop in Belfast last week belonging to an early period of church architecture.
have been discovered in the house of a man named Berry, a Protestant, who
The marriage banns of the Rev. Benjamin Speke, whose disappearance
with his son, is in custody. caused so much commotion a year ago, were published for " the third time of
The investigation at Phillipstown House with reference to the murder of asking " on Sunday last, at the little church of Corsham Side, near Chippenham.
Mr. Bradshaw has led to no arrests. The magistrates, however, are understood Mr. Speke is about to marry a Miss Fuller of that neighbourhood.
jo be in possession of special information not communicated to the public. It The Bishop of Manchester, assisted by Dr. Bayford, held an inquiry last
s noticeable that the people of the district are, in this case, most anxious for
week into certain allegations of drunkenness made against the Rev. L. H.
the discovery of the murderer. A strong force of extra police has been sent to
Mordacque, perpetual curate of Haslingden. The charges were all dismissed,
the localities of the recent murder in Tipperary. About forty men have been on the ground that the evidence for the defence, on the whole, outweighed the
thus distributed, at a cost of about £ 50 per annum each to the district. It is evidence on the other side ; but it was ruled that there had been a clear case
stated in a local paper that " one of the most popular landlords in the country, for inquiry, and that each party should pay their own costs.
a gentleman who never employed an agent on his extensive estates, is about
quitting his home to reside in England or on the Continent, in consequence of At a general meeting of the Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, held on
the unsettled state of society in Cork." Saturday last, Mr. Alfred Tennyson, was unanimously elected an honorary Fellow
of that society.
Archbishop Manning having been invited to attend the ceremonial of the
final entombment of the remains of Daniel O'Connell, in Glasnevin cemetery, The Rev. E. J. Beck, M.A. , of Clare College, has been appointed Lady
Dublin, has declined, from the pressure of his duties, assuring the committee, Margaret's Preacher at Cambridge for the ensuing year.
at the same time, of his " reverence for the memory of O'Connell, and his
The new chapel of St. John's College, Cambridge, was consecrated on
sympathy with Ireland." Several Roman Catholic bishops and judges have
Wednesday by the Bishop of Ely. The new chapel (which is by Mr. G. G.
intimated their intention of being present ; and the town council of Dublin
Scott) is of the Early Decorated period, and its plan is similar to that of the
have come to a resolution to attend, the Lord Mayor, aldermen , councillors, chapel at Merton College, Oxford , having a fine tower of 140 feet high to the
and officers wearing their robes and insignia.
parapet, surmounted by four pinnacles, each 23 feet high at the west end. The
Five hundred and fifty emigrants for America sailed from Queenstown last east end of the chapel forms a five-sided apse in which there are five splendid
week, and above three hundred who could not be accommodated in the steamers stained-glass windows, the gift of the Earl of Powis, High Steward of the
remained behind waiting for the next sailings. University. Several other stained-glass windows, the gifts of various persons,
A representative meeting of the master builders of the towns where strikes will hereafter be placed in the chapel. The cost has been nearly £60,000 .
are now pending was held at Manchester on Tuesday. It was unanimously The death is announced of Mr. G. F. Harris, one of the most distinguished
resolved to stand by the notice given, for payment by the hour and the masters of Harrow School. Mr. Harris graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge,
settlement of disputes by arbitration. A hope was expressed that the men in in 1835, and was placed third in the Classical Tripos, being just below Mr. E.
the bricklayers' trade will fall in with the views of the masters, and not go Howes, late M.P. for East Norfolk, and Mr. H. Goulburn . Having been in due
on strike, inasmuch as it was urged that the proposition of the masters in course elected Fellow of Trinity, he was soon afterwards invited by Dr. Words-
their case will really advance their wages by 4d. per week. Last Saturday the worth, the present Bishop of Lincoln, to accept an assistant mastership at
Manchester carpenters and joiners were paid by the hour, for the first time, Harrow, and he continued to discharge his duties at the school till December
in accordance with Mr. Rupert Kettle's decision at the recent arbitration. last, when failing health compelled him to retire. During the last five years he
At a meeting of the Free Labour Society on Monday a resolution was had held the post of lower master.
adopted, setting forth that the insufficiency of the support afforded by the
employers of labour and the upper classes of the country leave the committee THE ARMY AND NAVY.
no alternative but to bring their operations to a close, should they fail in
obtaining more cordial assistance. The committee, in appealing for help, say The Army and Navy Gazette states that Major- General Histed, C.B. , whose
that among the more than 2,000 artisans for whom employment has been command in Canada has been abolished, is very likely to be given the command
obtained, in only one instance have the wages accepted been less than those of a division in India at an early date.
previously given in the trade. The same journal says that Colonel Evelegh, C.B. , late barrackmaster at the
66
The number of deaths registered in London last week was 1,421 , being 7 less Curragh, is likely to be placed at the head of the new Army Service Corps,"
than the estimated number, and 133 more than were reported in the previous into which the Military Train is to be transformed.
week. The mean temperature of the week was 50. 5 deg. , or 0.7 deg. below the It is stated that the Duke of Cambridge, as honorary colonel of the 60th
average of the last 50 years. Between the highest day and the lowest night Royal Rifles, intends to recommend that a small black horsehair plume be
temperature there was a range of more than 34 degrees.
substituted on the chako of the officers and men of his regiment, in place ofthe
round black ball now in use. The Rifle Brigade and rifle regiments of militia
THE CHURCH AND THE UNIVERSITIES. will also wear the black plume. Moreover, the mounted officers of infantry are
to have a gold cord with acorn attached to their chakos, which will hook to a
The archdeaconry of Canterbury, has become vacant by the death of the loop, or pass round the neck, so as to prevent the chako being blown off in
Venerable J. Croft, M.A. This is the first valuable piece of preferment which windy weather, which is now so frequently the case, or what is worse, to prevent
has fallen to the gift of the present Archbishop. Annexed to it is a canonry an officer holding his chako on with his drawn sword. The rifle regiments
worth £ 1,000 a year. Archdeacon Croft was one of the oldest clergymen in are to have a black cord instead of gold.
England. He was educated at St. Peter's College, Cambridge, where he took
his B.A. degree in 1807. He had amongst his college contemporaries, Sir The Shannon, Captain J. Watson, arrived at Spithead on Wednesday from
Frederic Pollock, who was senior wrangler in the year before Mr. Croft came Calcutta, with 197 men belonging to different regiments, ten women and fourteen
out ; Mr. Bickersteth, afterwards Lord Langdale, Master of the Rolls, who was children, invalids. She also brought the following passengers : -Captain and
senior wrangler in the following year, Mr. Blomfield, afterwards Bishop of Mrs. Moore, 2nd Rifle Brigade ; Lieutenant Drummond, 2nd Rifle Brigade ;
London, being the third ; and Mr. Alderson , afterwards a Baron ofthe Exchequer, Lieutenant Sharp, 26th Regiment ; Mr. and Mrs. Hobbs ; Captain and Mrs.
who was senior wrangler in 1809. Williams, 9th Bengal Cavalry, and four children ; Lieutenant and Mrs. Lindsay,
9th Bengal Cavalry, and one child ; Mrs. Ternan, Mrs. Codrington and four
The Dean of Winchester (the Rev. Thomas Garnier) has resigned the children, Mr. Andrews and Miss Kid, Dr. Griffin (staff surgeon , in medical
Rectory of Bishopstoke, after holding it for a period of sixty-two years, in conse- charge) , Mrs. Sale, Mrs. Young, Mrs. Anderson, Mrs. Sykes, Mr. Smell, Miss
quence of his age and increasing infirmities. The Dean is in his ninety-fourth Deare, and Master Deare. The Shannon sailed from Calcutta January 25.
year,
The death is announced of Sir Henry Willoughby Rooke, C.B., K.C.H. , at
A meeting of deans convened by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York
the age of eighty-seven . He was the son of the late Colonel Rooke, of the Scots
was held at Lambeth Palace on Monday. Those present were Dr. Mansel, Fusilier Guards, and was educated at Eton. He served with distinction at
Dr. Stanley, Dr. Alford, Dr. Duncombe , Dr. Law, Dr. Hook,
1 Waterloo, after which battle he was made a C.B. He attained the rank of
Dr. Howson, Dr. Boyd, Dr. Bowers, Dr. Hamilton, Dr. Goodwin,
Dr. Saunders, and Dr. Close. Some discussion took place on the present major-general in the army in 1830.
position of the Church, and the desirability of certain reforms, and a committee At Devonport on Monday the whole of the forces available in the western
1 was appointed to meet at Lambeth Palace on Friday. district, including the militia of the county and local rifle volunteers, were
reviewed in the Devonport Park by Sir Charles Staveley, K.C.B., com-
The 215th anniversary Festival of the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy manding the district. There were between 4,000 and 5,000 troops present.
was celebrated on Wednesday at St. Paul's Cathedral, with a full choral service,
The Lord Mayor and sheriffs attended in state. Mr. Rowsell, of St. Margaret's, The Committee appointed in April last year to inquire into the construction,
Lothbury, preached the sermon. condition, and cost of the fortifications erected or in course of erection have
issued their report. The works reported on are those at Portsmouth (including
The Bishop of Oxford, in a sermon he preached at Norwich on Tuesday, on the Isle of Wight and Spithead) , Plymouth, Portland, Pembroke, Dover,
behalf of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, said that he could
hardly conceive a more miserable circumstance for the whole civilized world, Chatham and the Medway, and Cork. The Committee express an opinion
that the works have been constructed with a due regard to the conditions
and for the whole Christian Church, than that through the evil passions of men
necessary to secure their stability and permanency ; that the failures and
England and America should be driven into war. They were both the great mistakes have been much fewer and of less importance than might have been
witnesses for liberty and national freedom, and if they should be diverted from
anticipated ; and that in the costly changes which have been rendered
advancing these blessings66 throughout the world by a mutual hostility one to
the other, it would be one of those deep judgments of which we read in the necessary by the great advance in the power of rifled artillery, great skill has
been shown in adapting the original design of the works to the altered circum-
blackest pages of past history as having been allowed to overshadow humanity." stances ofthe times. The Committee state that £1,091,437 more than the loan
The signs of the time, he thought, ought to wake England up to a sense of
what is really her duty. Surely (said the Bishop) it must be the purpose for of £6,860,000 sanctioned by Parliament in 1862 will be required, and the total
amount required to complete the works will be £ 2,832,599.
which Great Britain has been made so great that we should be the pioneers of
Christian faith, and how do we discharge that duty ? We know that we have The Royal Commissioners on Military Education paid an official visit to
spread our vice, we know that we have disseminated our diseases, we know that Woolwich Academy a day or two since, inspecting the cadets at their studies,
[ 272 ]
 MAY 14, 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET.
33

drill, riding classes, &c., and examining carefully the whole establishment. which he might run of an unusual or unnecessary danger. Probably the
They also visited the Artillery Repository and the Royal Artillery Institution , jury would think there was nothing unreasonable in the plaintiff's going on
and inquired into the various arrangements for voluntary instruction, as well as board to see his cabin the day before sailing, nor, on the other hand, was it
those for the regimental training of the young artillery officers, and for the unreasonable on that day that the hatchway should be open. There was also for
special " advanced class " under Major Young, R.A., and Captain C. Brack- them to decide the question whether the plaintiff exercised the prudent caution
enbury, R.A. which was expected of every one, in order, to use a common expression, to take
care that he does not come to grief. The jury after an absence of about three
General Lindsay, as Inspector-General of Volunteers, held a second brigade hours returned a verdict for the plaintiff-damages, £3,750.
field-day in Hyde Park on Saturday afternoon. The brigade consisted of the
London Scottish, the Queen's (Westminster), the Inns of Court, and the 19th The Government of the United States are seeking to recover in the Court of
Middlesex. The inspection of the South Middlesex had been fixed upon for Queen's Bench from Sir Peter Tait, a well known clothier, who was an unsuc-
the same time, and the St. George's Rifles, under command of Lieutenant- cessful candidate for the city of Limerick at the general election, a quantity of
Colonel the Hon. C. H. Lindsay, were also on the ground. It had likewise been cloth which had been handed over to him for the purpose of being made into
arranged that the various City regiments, headed by the Hon. Artillery Com- uniforms for the army of the Confederate States. Last term a rule was granted
pany, should also have a march-out to Hyde Park, and about 3,000 of the City calling upon the plaintiffs to show cause why certain interrogatories
forces were on the ground. The evolutions ofthe volunteers were greatly inter- should not be administered to them. These interrogatories were very
fered with by the crowd, who broke through the line, and some severe scuffles numerous, and were principally directed to ascertain whether the Northern
between them and the volunteers and police took place. States had not acknowledged the existence of a de facto Government in the
About 250 men of the Naval Reserve embarked on board a river steamer Confederate States down to a certain date. On Saturday Mr. Mellish showed
on Monday at London-bridge and went down the river to Sheerness, there to join cause against the rule on the ground that the interrogatories would be insulting
H.M.S. Agincourt for a fortnight's cruise and training in the Channel. There to a sovereign power. The court decided to allow three heads of interrogatories,
was great cheering as the men, headed by a band and flags, marched down to and they are to be, when the Government of the Confederate States de facto
London-bridge, and as they proceeded down the river the crews of the vessels ceased to exist ; how long the Government of the United States treated the
in the Pool, the Fisgard, and the training ship Worcester turned out and cheered defacto Confederate States as an existing Government ; and as to the powers
the steamer as it passed. The men of the Naval Reserve cheered heartily in of the agent who deposited the cloth with the defendant.
response, danced hornpipes, and altogether appeared to thoroughly enjoy On Monday the same Court had before it the case of " Hudson v. the
themselves until the Agincourt was reached. About 1,900 men in all embarked Midland Railway Company," the question in which was whether a "rocking-
at the various stations of the Naval Reserve throughout the kingdom horse " can be considered as personal luggage of a railway passenger, which he
for service on board the Duncan, Agincourt, Hector, St. George, Mersey, is entitled to have carried as such without charge for carriage. The question
Donegal, Black Prince, Trafalgar, Royal George, and Valiant. The total arose on a county court appeal. The rocking-horse was 44 inches long and
number of men in the force is now about 16,000.
weighed 78 lb. A long argument took place as to where the line was to be
The naval pension of £50 a year, vacant by the death of Commander Henry drawn. Mr. Justice Hannen referred to the definition of " luggage " in the
Johnstone, has been granted to Commander James Loveless. dictionary " anything cumbrous and difficult to carry ; of more weight than
value." That definition appeared to apply here. Mr. Justice Hayes suggested
Mr. Henry Wolley, one of the senior clerks at the Admiralty, has retired on that the point might have been put that the rocking-horse required a horse box.
a pension after forty-one years' service. The same learned judge put the case (which he said had occurred) of
buffalo skins. Mr. Justice Lush put the case of a child's cradle, or a peram-
bulator, or a bedstead. In answer to this it was said that a good deal must
LAW AND POLICE. depend upon size. Mr. Justice Hannen put the case of a large picture in its
The Court of Queen's Bench gave judgment on Tuesday on the writ of error frame, or a large bath. Numerous other cases were put in the course of the
in the case of Mdme. Rachel. Two of the objections urged against the argument ; the case of a gentleman carrying home a salmon or a barrel of
conviction those relating to the division of the Central Criminal Court into oysters for dinner, or a hamper of wine for his cellar, or a case of books for
more than one court, and to the competency of Mr. Kerr to sit as judge-the reading in the train, and so forth. The court ultimately gave judgment for the
judges last week pronounced to be groundless, but reserved their decision on company. It was, they said, difficult to prove a definition. They were not
the first and most important point -whether every trial must be held before prepared to hold that it must be strictly limited to articles required for the
two commissioners, who must be identical from the beginning to the end of the personal use of the passenger, but they considered that it might be fairly
deemed to apply to all articles usually carried by passengers. This definition
trial. It was urged on behalf of Mdme. Rachel that as three different aldermen sat
with Mr. Commissioner Kerr during the three days the trial lasted, the conviction excluded the article in the present case, which was hardly a thing ordinarily
carried by passengers.
ought to be quashed ; but the Lord Chief Justice announced on Tuesday that after
consideration the court had come to the conclusion that this objection was also In the Court of Arches on Friday, the 7th inst., Sir R. Phillimore gave leave
untenable. The judges were unanimously of opinion that the Legislature
to Mr. A. J. Stephens, Q.C., to appeal to the Privy Council against his decision
had had no other intention than that the commissions of oyer and terminer not to accept the " letters of request " from the Bishop of Bath and Wells in the
to be held at the Central Criminal Court should be regulated by the same case of the Rev. Mr. Bennett, of Frome.
practice as had governed the proceedings on such commissions held all over
the country for centuries, and the constant practice had been to hold trials of Sir Travers Twiss, the judge of the Consistory Court, delivered judgment
prisoners before one judge. Therefore in any event the first ground of error on Friday, the 7th inst. , on the application of the Rev. Dr. Evans, the rector of
must fail. Justices Mellor, Lush, and Hayes were of opinion that, supposing St. Mary-le- Strand, to be permitted to remove the pews of the church and
thepresence ofa second commissioner to have been necessary throughout thetrial, replace them by open seats, and to raise the chancel, the whole of the expenses
the requirement of the statute was in the present case sufficiently fulfilled by the being borne by the rector. The learned judge decided that Dr. Evans had not
presence of the three aldermen as lay commissioners, but the Lord Chief Justice made out his case, but declined to condemn him in costs.
thought it would have been indispensable, if the trial could only have been had
before two commissioners, that the two commissioners must have been identical. Vice-Chancellor James had before him on Saturday a suit brought by the
King and the Crown Prince of Hanover against the Bank of England, the
The decision of the court, therefore, was that the, conviction must be upheld.
Duke of Cambridge, and the Duke of Brunswick, for the purpose of
Counsel in the Overend and Gurney case have arranged for its standing over obtaining a transfer of a sum of £600,000 Three per Cent. Consols
till next term. standing in the Bank's books to the credit of " his Majesty's Royal Regency
of Hanover." It appeared that in 1783 a large sum of money arising from
An action for negligence brought by Lieutenant- Colonel Charles Edward the revenues of Hanover was invested on behalf of King
George III., then
Taylor, of the 35th Madras Infantry, against the Peninsular and Oriental Elector of Hanover, in Bank Annuities, and carried in the books of the Bank
Company, was tried in the Court of Queen's Bench on Monday and Tuesday. of England to the credit of " the Lords of his Majesty's Electoral Regency of
According to the statement of the plaintiff's counsel, Colonel Taylor (then Hanover," and was now represented by the £600,000 sought to be dealt with in
Major Taylor) had taken passages for himself and his wife to return to India this suit. A protest was lodged
by the Pera, which left Southampton on the morning of Sunday, the 20th of the in 1867 by the Prussian ambassador against
delivering up of the money, or the interest thereon, to King George or his
January, 1867. On the Saturday afternoon he went on board the ship, with representative
s ; but by the convention recently made between King George and
the shipping agent's clerk, to inspect his berths, and to reach them he the King of Prussia, the former was secured in possession ofthe £600,000.
had to traverse the whole length of the saloon and to pass a bullion Under
these circumstances the suit was instituted for the purpose of obtaining a formal
hatchway which was almost at the very entrance to his cabin. It
authority under which the Bank of England could act with security in trans-
happened that just at the moment bullion was being lodged below, and ferring the money. The Vice- Chancellor said that the proper course would be
Colonel Taylor, not seeing that the hatchway was up, was precipitated below, for these Royal personages to name two persons to act as their trustees in the
falling several feet. The accident did not prevent his starting on his voyage matter, and an order for transferring the fund, under the direction of the court,
the next morning, but on his reaching the hot latitudes his pains became very might then be made.
severe, and the full extent of his injuries began to develop themselves.
His spine was much affected, and his arm had been dislocated. After A case (Maxted v. Paine) was heard in the Court of Exchequer on
arriving in India he found himself unable either to mount his horse or to Saturday, which raised an important question with regard to the liability
draw his sword, and he was obliged by the orders of his medical attendants of jobbers on the Stock Exchange. An action was brought by the plaintiff,
to refuse the offer of the assistant adjutant-generalship of Nagpore, which he the seller of 100 shares in Overend, Gurney, and Co. (Limited), to recover
could have held for a period of five years certain. After remaining in India from the jobber, to whom his broker had in the first instance sold them,
for about two years he was compelled upon medical advice to come home £ 1,400, the amount of two calls on seventy of the shares, which the
on half- pay. His pay as major, including an allowance for a horse, plaintiff had been compelled to pay since the sale. The company having
was about £950 a year, and his pay as assistant adjutant-general would have failed on the 18th of May, 1866, the shares were bought by the defendant
been about £630. His half-pay only amounted to £290 a year. He was at a discount. On the "name day " the defendant passed to the plaintiff's
now forty-five years of age, and the probability was that he would never broker the names of four persons as the ultimate purchasers of the shares,
recover the complete use of his arm, and that some years must elapse before the and these names having been accepted, the transfers were made out in
injury to his spine would be effaced. For the defence it was contended that due course, executed by the plaintiff, and delivered to the brokers of the
there was no negligence on the part of the servants of the company ; that the purchasers. The calls afterwards made on the shares were not paid by
agent with whom Colonel Taylor went to the ship to look at his berths was not the purchasers, and one of them, named Goss, it was discovered was a
authorized to act on behalf of the company ; that as the ship did not sail man of small means, who had for a consideration been induced to allow
till the following day, Colonel Taylor had no business in the saloon at all ; and, his name to be passed in place of that of another who had bought shares
that if it could be shown that he went on board merely to see how his own before the failure. It appeared, however, that both the defendant and
agent had carried out his instructions, without invitation or permission of the the plaintiff's brokers were ignorant of that fact. On the part of the
company, he must be himself responsible for any injury he met with. It was plaintiff it was contended that the defendant's duty as jobber had not
further contended that if the plaintiff had exercised a moderate amount of care, been discharged in sucht a way as to relieve him from liability as purchaser,
he might easily have avoided the accident, and that his fall was due entirely because the transaction was not a genuine and bonâ fide one. On the other
to his own carelessness. The Lord Chief Justice, in summing up, said that hand, it was submitted that the defendant was only bound to pass the name of a
if the jury should think that the plaintiff had business on board, and that it person who had consented to become a purchaser, and that having done so in
was usual and consistent with the course of passengers' practice for him to be good faith, and the plaintiff having accepted the name, he was not liable. The
there on that day, the defendants were certainly bound either to keep that part Lord Chief Baron, Baron Bramwell, and Baron Pigott thought that the defen-
of the ship in a reasonable state of safety, or to give notice of any risk dant had discharged the duty cast upon him by the rules ofthe Stock Exchange,
[ 273 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14, 1869.
34

and that he was entitled to judgment. Mr. Baron Cleasby dissented, and was defraud the shareholders of between £600 and £700, the payments made on
in favour of the plaintiff. The majority being for the defendant, judgment was account of the interments, of course, never having been entered in the books.
entered for him. The prisoner soon after surrendered himself, and said he was perfectly innocent,
In the Court of Common Pleas on Tuesday Mr. Neuistein, second mate of having paid over to his superior, Carter, all sums he had received on behalf of
the company. The Lord Mayor committed him for trial, but admitted him to
the Hindostan, brought an action against his captain, Mr. Renner, for assault bail.
and false imprisonment. The defendant pleaded not guilty, and he also justified
the imprisonment on the ground that the plaintiff was about to quit the ship on Major Frederick Beswick, chief constable of Birkenhead, was brought
which he was employed without leave. It was stated that the plaintiff had before the Lord Mayor on Monday charged, at the instance of the Bank of
shipped as third mate on board the Hindostan, for Shanghai, and was after- England, with forging and uttering a power of attorney to transfer £431 Three
wards made second mate ; and that on the home voyage the defendant disrated per Cent. Consols, standing in the names of Henry Thomas Maxted and
the plaintiff, who was afterwards put to perform all the hardest and most Frederick Beswick in the Bank books. The stock was part of a trust fund left
objectionable duties, and was treated in a harsh and even cruel manner, till at by a Miss Cundy, of Gibraltar, and in the month of March last the prisoner
length, upon nearing Gravesend, he was made a prisoner of, and was subse- presented a power of attorney for the transfer of a portion of it, which purported
quently given into custody of a policeman. The jury found for the plaintiff ; to be signed by himself and Mr. Maxted, who resides at Gibraltar, but on the
damages £40. usual notices being sent out by the Bank a correspondence took place with Mr.
Mr. Commissioner Bacon gave judgment on Monday in the case of Mr. Maxted, which resulted in the apprehension of the prisoner. The defence was
Quarles Harris, a wine merchant, of Savage-gardens, Tower-hill. His honour that Major Beswick had been imposed upon by some person representing him-
self to be Mr. Maxted, and his counsel contended that there was an absence of
said that two charges had been made against the bankrupt---viz. that with
intent to conceal the true state of his affairs he had omitted to keep proper secrecy in the whole transaction utterly irreconcilable with a guilty intent. The
books of account, and that he had contracted debts without reasonable means Lord Mayor remanded the prisoner, and refused bail. Major Beswick served
or expectation of making payment. He acquitted the bankrupt of the first charge, with distinction throughout the whole of the Crimean campaign, and has been
head constable of Birkenhead about five or six years.
but, with regard to the second, evidence showed that for some years past the bank-
rupt, although he might not have been in a state of absolute insolvency, owed Two charges of perjury arising out of the Godrich divorce case have just
more money than he could pay. In 1866 he entered into an engagement with Mr. been tried at the Central Criminal Court. In June, 1867 , Mrs. Godrich filed a
Fragateiro, of Oporto, to dispose of his wine. In order to meet the bills as they petition against her husband, a surgeon at Brompton, on the ground of cruelty.
fell due, he deposited wine warrants with Messrs. Martin , bankers, Lombard- Some four or five months afterwards Mr. Godrich filed a counter petition against
street. In the course of those transactions he withdrew from the custody his wife, in which he imputed that she had committed adultery with no fewer
of Messrs. Martin certain warrants which he undertook to replace by ordering than four co-respondents, and Mrs. Godrich in her answer alleged that her
more wine from Mr. Fragateiro, and he accordingly ordered fifty more pipes of husband had committed adultery with two co-respondents. The jury found
wine solely for the purpose of depositing the warrants in substitution for those that Mr. Godrich had committed adultery with one Mary Fox, and that Mrs.
which he had withdrawn. He could not pay the debt due to Messrs. Martin, Godrich had committed adultery with two gentlemen named Forder and Lara.
and he contracted another debt with Mr. Fragateiro, which at that time it The witness, a woman named Cottee, who had spoken to Mr. Godrich's adultery
was proved he could have had no reasonable expectation of paying. The with Mary Fox, was, however, recently indicted for perjury and convicted, a
Commissioner suspended the order of discharge for six months, but granted sentence of twelve months' imprisonment being passed upon her. Last week a
protection. woman named Legge, who gave evidence as to the commission of adultery by
At Bow-street police-court on Saturday the Rev. G. M. D'Arcy Irvine, of Mrs. Godrich, was charged with perjury, and after two days' trial convicted and
Easthill-terrace, Wandsworth, was summoned for receiving into his house an sentenced to two years' hard labour. On Monday another witness against
alleged lunatic, without obtaining the necessary certificates and order from the Mrs. Godrich, a woman named Williams, was indicted, but in this case the
Commissioners in Lunacy. It was not asserted that the alleged lunatic, a lady, jury, being unable to agree, were discharged, and the prisoner will be again put
on her trial next session.
who had been an inmate of Mr. Irvine's household since 1857 , was insane when
Mr. Irvine first received her, but that she subsequently became so, and in March The charge against Reid and Jones, two of the officials of the National and
last she was found wandering about in the street one night, having got away Provincial Union Assurance and Loan Society, has been again investigated at
from Mr. Irvine's house while the nurse in charge of her was asleep. In con- the Guildhall. In the course of the proceedings two letters were read, written
sequence of this occurrence the case was reported to the Commissioners, and 66
by Walter Taylor, one of the footmen directors," reproaching the prisoners
the present proceedings were taken. It appeared that on the 1st of September for making " such a mess " of the affair, and asking them to say that he
last the lady had thrown herself from a window, and had broken both her legs. not know his name was going to appear as a director, as his
The medical man who attended her on that occasion pronounced her to be 66 governordid
(Taylor)
" was very angry, and talked of " sacking " him. " It won't matter,"
insane, but she remained in Mr. Irvine's house until the 18th of March, which he writes, " what you say, so as I don't get the sack." On Wednesday the
was after the Commissioners had taken action in the matter. She was then prisoners were committed for trial for conspiring to defraud, the charge of
removed to Dr. Forbes Winslow's asylum at Hammersmith. The counsel for forgery being abandoned for want of sufficient evidence to substantiate it.
the defence contended that it was not proved that the lady was insane before
the accident occurred in September, and two medical gentlemen were called, A robbery of watches and jewellery worth between £2,000 and £ 3,000 took
who declared positively that it would have been unsafe to remove the lady even place on Monday night at the shop of Mr. Tosen , upon the South Eastern
a day earlier than it was actually done, and that as much as a week earlier it Railway incline, London-bridge. Although Mr. Tosen has had no exemption
would certainly have been fatal. Mr. Flowers committed Mr. Irvine to take from the payment of police rates, it appears that the duties of the Metropolitan
Police cease at 66 Findlater's corner," about 200 yards from his shop ; and the
his trial upon the charge, accepting his own recognizances without requiring
him to find sureties. only protection he has obtained in return for his police rates has been confined
to the services of a private watchman of the old school, who has for several
At the Mansion House on Friday, the 7th inst. , Captain Charles Edward years been in the service of the South Eastern Railway Company. Mr. Tosen
Mangles, the chairman, Mr. James Abbiss and Mr. Thomas Bradshaw, has from the first arranged that one of his shopmen should sleep on the
directors, and Mr. Samuel Greenway Finney, general manager, of the English premises, but on Monday this person neglected his duty, and was absent
Joint Stock Bank (Limited), appeared before the Lord Mayor to answer a from the shop during the night ; and in the morning, when the shop was
summons charging them with a conspiracy to make false entries and omissions opened, it was found that the premises had been entered during the night
in the books with intent to defraud the shareholders. Mr. George Lewis, jun. , through a hole cut in a brick party wall dividing the shop from a seedsman's
in opening the case for the prosecution, said the defendants would be charged next door and almost everything valuable carried off. On information being
with a conspiracy to issue false reports and balance-sheets, and with unlawfully given to the police the first remark made to Mr. Tosen was, " Ah ! you
buying the shares of the company with its own money for the purpose of giving don't pay police rates !" The officer was soon enlightened on this point, and
them a false value in the market. After some evidence had been taken in the circumstances having been reported to Colonel Henderson , under that
support of these charges, the case was adjourned. officer's advice a reward of £200 has been offered for the detection of the
thieves.
Lord Charles Ker was charged at the Brentford police-court on Saturday with
assaulting John Sickelmore, a toll-taker at Kew-bridge. Lord Charles, Lord A woman named Sarah Potter was convicted at the Middlesex Sessions on
Dangan, Captain Fludyer, and Lady Ker, had been dining at Richmond , Wednesday of selling indecent books, and the house in which she lived was
and were returning in a landau, which Lady Ker was driving. As they were proved to be one of a very disreputable character. She was sentenced to
passing over Kew-bridge Sickelmore ran after them, seized the reins, and eighteen months' hard labour.
stopped the vehicle, demanding the toll. Lord Ker, not being aware that the toll
had to be paid both ways, struck the man a heavy blow on the head, but Mr. Langford, the chemist, of Lynn, has died from the effects of the
afterwards handed him a florin. Lord Ker and his friends asserted that the strychnine administered to him by his wife. The stomach of the deceased has
toll-collector was drunk, and not in a fit state to take charge of the bridge, been sent to Dr. Letheby for analysis, though it is considered doubtful whether
but this was denied by other witnesses. The bench decided that the toll-collector he will find any poison after so long an interval. Mrs. Langford has been
was justified in stopping the carriage to obtain his toll, and fined his lordship brought before the magistrates and remanded.
IOS. for the assault. Two boys, aged respectively thirteen and nine, were committed for trial on
At the Cardiff police-court on Tuesday James Marsh, an undertaker, was Wednesday by the Nottingham magistrates for attempting to upset a train on the
charged with attempting to defraud the Imperial Insurance Company. The Midland Railway by placing several pieces of iron called " chairs " on the rails
prisoner in August effected an insurance with the company of his stock for £850. just before a train came up. Fortunately the engine-driver saw the " chairs " in
In January last a fire broke out on his premises under suspicious circumstances, time to stop the engine.
and he subsequently made a claim on the company for £ 572. He was requested Warrants have been placed in the hands of the detective police for the
to send in vouchers in proof of his claim, and did so, but inquiries were set on apprehension of two clerks in London banks. One absconded on Saturday from
foot by the company, which resulted in its being found that he had no more the City, and his defalcations are over £ 17,000. The other was missing on
than about £ 30 worth of goods in the shop, that the vouchers sent up were some Wednesday morning from a branch office at Paddington, and he is said to have
of them forged ones, and others old ones, with the dates torn off, or altered. taken £ 1,200 with him. Messrs. Smith, Payne, and Smiths are the sufferers
Charges amounting to more than £ 100 were made for things that were never from the heavier of these two robberies. A traveller for a Preston wine mer-
on the premises. A britzka was put down at £ 50, which was proved to be chant has also absconded, and defalcations have been discovered in his
worth 50s.; a four-horse brake £85 , worth £ 30 ; a hearse £65, worth £ 5 ; and accounts to the extent of a thousand pounds. This sum, however, it is believed,
many other charges of a similar nature. The prisoner was committed for trial. does not represent half the frauds which have been committed. The defaulter,
At the Mansion House last week, Joseph Henry Kitchen, aged twenty- whose name is Edward Moorby, was for many years chief detective in the
eight, was charged with embezzling between £600 and £700, the property of Preston borough police.
the Abney Park Cemetery Company. The prisoner had been for thirteen
years in the smployment of the company, his immediate superior being Samuel MISCELLANEOUS NEWS.
Howell Carter, who had been nineteen years in the service. They were both
authorized to receive sums for interments in the cemetery, which they should Two serious railway collisions occurred in the North on Saturday and
have entered first in a rough order list, and then in another book, both of which Sunday last. The first took place at the Gretna-green Station of the Glasgow
contained counterfoils to give to the persons paying. It was recently discovered and South Western Railway. The express from Carlisle to the North dashed
that various payments which had been made had not been accounted for to into a goods train which was backing across the line, and caused a terrible
the secretary. The prisoner and Carter then both absconded, and it was found crash. Several of the goods waggons were broken into splinters and their con-
that they had been keeping a private order book in which several hundred tents scattered on the line, but fortunately two iron vans laden with gunpowder
counterfoils were discovered, and that by these means they had been able to were not much injured, although one of them was tilted over by the force of the
[ 274 ]
 MAY 14, 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET. 35

collision. The engine and tender of the express were thrown down an embank- water's edge, on the western side of Kew Bridge, about four o'clock the next
ment, and both engine driver and fireman escaped with but slight injuries. Fortu- morning.
nately when the engine and tender left the rails the coupling links which fastened
William Goose, an inspector on the Great Eastern Railway, after uncoupling
them to the train broke, and thus secured the safety ofthe passengers, none of whom an engine from some carriages at the Stratford railway station the other day,
were hurt. Only one passenger carriage was damaged, and it was empty. The attempted to get out from between the engine and the carriages. While
second collision, which was more serious in its consequences, took place near he was doing so his foot slipped and he fell ; the wheels of the engine went
the Thirsk station of the North Eastern Railway on Sunday morning. By over his body, and caused his death.
some negligence on the part of a pointsman, the Scotch express train to the
south ran into a siding, and came into collision with a goods train standing The biscuit manufactory of Messrs. R. C. Serpell and Co. , in the Commer-
there, smashing some of the trucks, and severely injuring several of the pas- cial-road, Plymouth, near Sutton Harbour, was destroyed by fire on Saturday
sengers, one of whom has since died. night. The walls only are standing. A quantity of flour and biscuit is con-
sumed ; the modern machinery and boilers are buried in the ruins, but the
An extraordinary act of self-destruction was committed near Newcastle, in books are safe. About eighty persons were employed at the establishment.
Staffordshire, on Friday, the 7th inst. Mr. Langley, a gunpowder agent at
Hanley, sent five hundredweight of powder to Mr. John Espley, a colliery The ragged schools at Sheffield were almost totally destroyed by fire on
contractor. A man named Carter placed the powder in a coach-house, and Tuesday morning. The schools afforded accommodation for about 700 children,
went to tell Mr. Espley that it had arrived. Within ten minutes afterwards and were erected in 1856 at a cost of £3,000. The origin of the fire is not
Mrs. Espley fired the powder, and the building was totally destroyed. She known.
herself was buried in the ruins, and was taken out alive, but died on the The lady who has got it into her head that she is the rightful owner of the
following evening. Domestic unhappiness is assigned as the cause of her forfeited Derwentwater estates, and whose conduct a few months since attracted
conduct. The evidence at the inquest showed that the woman had often general attention, has again made her appearance at Dilston, near Newcastle,
threatened to kill herself, that she was given to drink, and that she was drunk and taken possession of a cottage. It is expected she will be ejected, but she
when she blew the coach-house up. The jury found her temporarily insane, may do as she did before, and pitch her tent on the high road.
and blamed the practice of putting large quantities of gunpowder within easy The new branch of the North London Railway from Bow to the Tilbury and
reach.
Southend line, having been examined by the Government inspector, will be
At an inquest respecting the death of an ironmonger's cashier in Clerkenwell, opened for passenger traffic on Monday next. This branch will give the whole
who had committed suicide under the influence of delusions produced by hard of the North London system direct communication with Tilbury, Gravesend,
drinking, the medical witnesses stated that the man must have stood before a and Southend. The new line joins the Tilbury railway just above the Bromley
looking-glass, and with a razor in each hand cut his throat from ear to ear in station.
each direction. The jury returned a verdict of " Suicide whilst in a state of
unsound mind." The Council of the Royal College of Surgeons have accepted from
Mr. Erasmus Wilson, F.R.S. , the sum of £ 5,000, together with a fine collection
A singular excuse for attempting to commit suicide was made before the of drawing and models, for the endowment of a Professorship of Diseases ofthe
Liverpool magistrates on Saturday last. A man named Griffiths had been appre- Skin. It is believed that the first series of lectures in connection with this
hended by a police officer in the act of hanging himself up to a beam. When chair will be delivered by its founder.
remonstrated with his excuse was that he had got wet, and that he was
The French Atlantic cable is now completed with the exception of about
"hanging himself up to dry." The magistrates discharged him. 170 miles, and the whole will be ready in the course of next week. It is
A man named Hartley, aged sixty, was found the other night in the arranged that the Great Eastern, with the attendant vessels, shall leave Sheer-
streets of Blackburn by the police apparently " dead drunk," and was taken ness on the 10th of June, calling to coal at Portland, whence she will proceed to
to the police-station. After he had been there some time the police got alarmed Brest. From Brest she will immediately start for St. Pierre, off Newfoundland,
at the symptoms which presented themselves, and a doctor was sent for, who at while two other ships will sail for St. Pierre direct to lay the portion of the line
once declared that the man was not under the influence of liquor, but probably between St. Pierre and Duxbury, Massachusetts. The land line from Duxbury
suffering from apoplexy. The man was then taken home, where he remained to New York is already in course of construction.
unconscious till his death in the evening of the same day. At the inquest it
appeared that a fortnight previously the deceased had a fall, and had since often
complained of great pain in his head, and had been able to attend only partially ART, LITERATURE, AND THE THEATRES.
to his work. He grew worse, and on the day before his death left to go home, a It is stated that nearly 6,000 visitors paid their shilling at the exhibition of
distance of a few miles. He was observed in Blackburn wandering in a helpless the Royal Academy on the opening day, and that catalogues were sold to the
condition backwards and forwards, exactly like a stupidly drunken man, and amount of about 150.
quite unable to give any account of himself. The post-mortem examination
cleared up the mystery. The skull at the back of the head was found to be At a sale of the late Mr. W. T. Meyer's effects in London last week, by Mr.
Phillips, the principal lot was described as follows :-" Sir Joshua Reynolds.
cracked to the extent of five inches, and pressing on the right side of the brain
Hebe, represented by Miss Meyer, an admirable work by this most distin-
was a clot of blood weighing about half a pound, of a deep black colour. The
guished and gifted artist, painted by him expressly for his friend and academical
opinion ofthe surgeon who made the examination was that the man was not
drunk at all, but suffering from compression of the brain. It was very difficult, associate, Jeremiah Meyer, Esq. , R.A. This charming portrait was engraved
even for a medical man, to detect the difference between such a case and that by John Jacobi, and published by Boydell in 1780 ; sight measure 4 ft. 4 in. by
3 ft. 4 in." It was purchased for 2,000 guineas.
of a man who was " dead drunk." The jury returned a verdict of " Accidental
death," and exonerated the police from blame. A fine collection of modern pictures and drawings was disposed of on
A similar case occurred in London on Friday, the 7th inst. Mr. Thomas Saturday at Messrs. Christie and Manson's rooms. The following were the
Joyce, formerly connected with the Morning Chronicle, and at the time Wood prices given for some of the principal pictures :--John Linnell, " Spring in the
of his death editor of the Levant Herald, who had just arrived in England from ;" cabinet size-335 guineas. Henry O'Neil, A.R.A. , " The Lay of King
Canute ; " exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1865-410 guineas. J. E. Millais,
Constantinople, while walking along the Strand, was seen to reel and fall into 29
R.A. , the original finished study for the picture of " Pilgrims to St. Paul's ;
the road in a fit. A policeman, supposing him to be drunk, procured a stretcher
exhibited in the Royal Academy, 1868 ; cabinet size- 180 guineas. Rosa
and took him to the police station . He was afterwards removed to King's College Bonheur,
Hospital, where he died two hours after his admission. The medical evidence " Sheep in a Landscape ; a cabinet picture-455 guineas. William
Linnell, " View on the Surrey Hills ; " exhibited at the Royal Academy-
showed that the cause of death was the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain
which produced apoplexy. 495 guineas. Erskine Nicol, A.R.A., “ Paying the Rent ; " exhibited at
The coroner said the police ought to ascertain
the Royal Academy, 1866, and at the Paris International Exhibition ,
whether a person was ill or drunk before they took him to the police-station . 1867-1,050 guineas. John Linnell, 66 Surrey Woodlands "-370 guineas.
They should never assume that because a person was pale and helpless he was W. Q. Orchardson, A.R.A. , " Talbot and the Countess of Auvergne ; "
drunk. The jury found a verdict of death from natural causes. scene from Shakspeare's " Henry VI.;" exhibited at the Royal Academy,
Five seamen belonging to H.M.S. gunboat Earnest in Portland roads left 1867-290 guineas. John Linnell, " Harvest Showers ;" exhibited at the
Castleton beach in a small boat about midnight on Sunday to go on board the Royal Academy, 1867-570 guineas. Daniel Maclise, R.A. , " The Meeting
gunboat. One of the number was drunk, and a coastguard officer, who helped of Robin Hood and Richard Coeur de Lion in the Forest "-300 guineas. Peter
to launch the boat, advised that he should not be taken. The warning was Graham, " A Spate in the Highlands ; " exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1866,
unheeded, and shortly after the boat started it was upset. Cries having been and at the Paris International Exhibition, 1867-1,020 guineas. P. F. Poole,
heard, a boat put off from a vessel in the roads, and a man named Wood was R.A. , " The Ordeal by Water ; " exhibited in the Royal Academy, 1862-590
saved, though in a very exhausted condition. In the morning the boat in which guineas. Louis Gallait, " Art and Liberty ; " painted in Brussels in 1865 ;
the sailors had started was found half full of water, and a man named Bartlett obtained direct from the artist, and exhibited at Leeds- 655 guineas. Marcus
in it quite dead. It is supposed that Bartlett struggled so violently to get into Stone, " The Deserter ; " exhibited at the Royal Academy--470 guineas. The
the boat again that in doing so he became completely exhausted, and that when whole produced upwards of £ 16,500.
at last he succeeded he fell into the boat, and not having strength to rise, was
drowned . The Scotsman learns that some alterations have recently been made in
Burns's Cottage, Doonside, by the corporation of Shoemakers of Ayr, who are
Two lives were lost on Tuesday in the upper part of the Southampton water in the possession of the interesting " biggin'." The establishment of the place
at Redbridge, where the Test and Eling rivers meet. A gentleman named as an inn has proved a great convenience to the public, but as all visitors do
Wheeler, his niece, a servant, and a sailor, were on the river in a sail-boat, not care to avail themselves of such accommodation, it has been felt desirable
which was suddenly capsized by a squall, and all four were thrown into the that the cottage should not be wholly appropriated as a place of public enter-
water. A small boat near rescued Mr. Wheeler and his niece, but the other two
tainment. With this view, one of the two apartments has been fitted up for the
persons were drowned. exhibition and sale of Mauchline woodwork and other objects of interest, and
A surgeon's assistant in Bermondsey being unwell, and unable to sleep, took to this purpose it is to be entirely devoted. The kitchen is still preserved in its
original state.
some chloroform to make him sleep, and this producing a sick feeling, it is
supposed he took some prussic acid to allay the sickness, and swallowed an The Rev. D. Silvan Evans, rector of Llanymawddwy, Merionethshire, is
over-dose. He was found lying on the floor insensible, and died in a short preparing " A Dictionary of the Welsh Language, from Original Sources."
time. These facts were stated at the inquest, and the jury returned a verdict of The four hundredth anniversary of the birth of Machiavelli was celebrated
"death from misadventure ."
at Florence on the 3rd inst. Signor Peruzzi, ex-Minister, delivered a speech at
A most extraordinary accident occurred on Wednesday, at Speke Tower Farm, Machiavelli's tomb, describing the great epoch of Italian history during which
near Liverpool. The boiler of a steam thrashing engine exploded, and the fire Dante, Machiavelli, and Michael Angelo lived. A marble tablet containing an
enlightened precursor
scattered from it ignited a waggon load of hay close by. In attempting to inscription in honour of Machiavelli, as " the brave and
remove it, the burning hay was upset, and it fell upon a poor woman, who of the unity of fatherland," was then uncovered. In the afternoon a meeting
was burnt to a cinder before she could be reached. took place in a summer-house in the park of Ruscellai, where Machiavelli had
read some of his works. Here it was publicly announced that a prize of
Mr. W. Rippon Gale, a clerk in a tea merchant's office in Eastcheap, went 5,000 lire would be given for the best essay on Machiavelli. In the evening his
on Saturday afternoon with a companion to Kew, and remained at the Star translation of the " Andrea " of Terence was played at the theatre.
and Garter Inn drinking and playing at billiards until night. They then went
to the railway station, but having missed their train they returned to the bar of An interesting collection of autograph letters and historical documents was
the inn. Shortly afterwards Gale, who was not sober, went out, and was never sold recently by Messrs. Sotheby. Amongst them were- Hogarth's receipt for
seen again alive. His body was found in the Thames by a fisherman near the a set ofthe " Harlot's Progress," £5 17s. 6d. ; Dudley, Earl of Leicester to the
[ 275 ]
 36 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14 , 1869.

Lord Treasurer, requiring £ 5,000, £17 175.; Martin Luther in German, dated
Friday Morning.
1524, 12 12s.; Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough to the Duke of Newcastle,
£6 6s. ; Andrew Marvel to E. Thompson, £ 15 ; Duke of Monmouth to the Earl Postscript.
of Rochester, praying for an interview with the King, dated 1685 , £ 15 15s.; Sir
Isaac Newton to Earl Townsend, £ 22 15.; Cardinal Pole to the Cardinal ITALY.
Morone, £ 18 ; A. Pope to W. Oliver, of Bath, 12 ; John Pym to A telegram from Florence announces that the new Italian Ministry is now
General Waller, 1642, £30 ; Francis Rabelais to Budeus, in Latin and Greek, definitively constituted. General Menabrea remains President of the Council
£50 ; Sir Walter Raleigh, written while a prisoner in the Tower, £90 ; Peter and Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Signor Cambray Digny retains the port-
Paul Rubens, in Italian, £ 16 16s.; Sir Philip Sydney to Lord Burghley, folio of Finance. Signor Minghetti, after a conference with the King, has
£ 16 16s.; Wentworth, Earl of Strafforde, to his aunt, £24 10s. ; Dean Swift to accepted the Ministry of Agriculture and Public Works, and Signor Ferraris is
Ambrose Phillips, a characteristic letter, containing much relating to Addison, at the head of the Home Department.
£ 31 ; Letter signed " Voltaire," 10 ; Edmund Waller, the poet, to John HUNGARY.
Evelyn, 14 14s. John Wesley to Mr. Collins respecting his interview with
Lord George Gordon, £ 15 15s. The whole sale realized £ 2,317 16s. 6d. In the Lower House of the Hungarian Diet yesterday four different drafts
of an address in reply to the speech from the Throne were introduced. The
Mdlle. Titiens has recovered from her late severe accident, and reappeared committee's draft welcomes the domestic reforms proposed in the speech
last night at the opera as Alice in " Robert le Diable." from the Throne, expresses a wish for the removal of the present
Music " crops up " in London in the strangest places. Promenade concerts military organization in the military frontier provinces, and for the
are about to be tried in the Holborn Amphitheatre, hitherto devoted to horse- incorporation of Dalmatia with Hungary, and adds a hope for the
riding. Oratorios are to be given once a fortnight, and classical programmes, preservation of peace in Europe. The draft proposed by M. Fisza on
each to include two symphonies and a concerto, are to be provided for morning behalf of the Left- centre, and that presented by M. Simonyi in the name of
performances, to take place twice a week. The list of singers is headed by the extreme Left, ask for a complete remodelling of the State Constitution,
Mdme. Lemmens- Sherrington , and the instrumentalists announced include and the maintenance of the Constitution of the Comitats. They also
Mdme. Arabella Goddard, Mdlle. Zimmermann, Herr Pauer, MM . Vieuxtemps , condemn the system of the delegations and the unity of the army.
Straus, Lazarus, &c. AMERICA.
A new drama, in four acts, by Mr. F. C. Burnand, entitled " The Seasons," The New York Times of the 30th ult. says it is reported that Mr. Motley is
founded on Miss Edwards's novel, " The Morals of Mayfair," will shortly be coming to England without any instructions on the Alabama case. It attaches
produced at the Queen's Theatre. no sort of importance to the statement that the new Minister has been requested
The first performance in England of Rossini's Mass is announced for the to make Mr. Sumner's speech the basis of his negotiations, but thinks it
19th inst. Mr. Benedict is to conduct. Mdme. Alboni has been engaged for probable that the question is simply to be let alone. There is a current belief
two months in the late autumn , expressly to take part in performances of the in America that that country has nothing to gain by having the dispute settled,
mass, to be given in France, Belgium, and Holland. and that on the contrary England has everything to fear from leaving it
unsettled.
It appears that various novel and ingenious arrangements are to be intro-
duced at the new French opera for the accommodation of the public. The The Queen held a Council yesterday at Windsor, at which the Bishop of
petits bancs which the ouvreuses insist on furnishing to all lady visitors are London attended, and was sworn as a member of the Privy Council.
to be abolished and the ouvreuses with them. Mechanical petits bancs are
to spring up, as if by magic, from the bottom of each box, and the ouvreuses The election inquiry at Stafford terminated yesterday, when both the sitting
are to be replaced by gentlemen in black who will be called huissiers, and will members- Mr. Pochin (L. ) and Colonel Meller (C.) — were unseated . The judge
not be allowed to take fees. An office for carriages is to be opened , where on complimented Mr. Pochin, who has lost his seat through the indiscretion of his
ordering a vehicle (they will be of various kinds) you will receive a ticket bearing agents, on his honourable conduct throughout the contest, and intimated that
a number, which number will be called out at the end of the performance as soon he should not certify for the issue of a Royal Commission. Mr. T. W. Evans,
as your carriage " stops the way." It is reported that Signor Verdi is writing who sat in the Liberal interest for South Derbyshire for eleven years, offers
a grand opera for the " first performance " at the Grand Opera House, and that himself in the room of Mr. Pochin.
M. Sardou has written the libretto.
In the House ofCommons last night Sir Charles Wingfield asked the Under-
The French diapason normal has just been adopted in the military bands of Secretary of State for India whether a petition had been received from the chiefs
Italy. and landholders of the Punjaub, complaining of an Act passed in October last,
The Teatro Pagliano of Florence has just been rechristened. For the called the Punjaub Tenancy Act, as an infringement of the customs of that
future it is to be known as the Cherubini. The manager wished to name it after province ; and, if not, whether he had heard that such a petition had been sub-
mitted to the Governor- General for transmission to the Secretary of State ; and
Signor Verdi, but the composer declined the compliment. whether the Secretary of State for India had sent any instructions to the
Governor-General on the subject of the above law. Mr. Grant Duffsaid that vague
COMMERCE AND FINANCE . rumours about this petition had reached him, but no official information had been
The English Funds have slightly recovered from the heaviness with which received about it, and no instructions whatever had been sent. In reply to a
they were affected at the close of last week, owing, it is believed, to the large question by Mr. Kinnaird, Mr. Grant Duff said that a despatch recently received
amount of foreign securities (more than a million sterling, it is estimated) sold from the Government of India regarding the construction of new lines of
by English holders to foreign buyers within the last week or two. Consols, railway in the three presidencies was still under consideration. It would be
which closed on Friday, the 7th inst., at 92 % to 923% for money, and 922½ laid on the table when a decision on the subject had been arrived at.
to 92 % for the 1st of June, closed yesterday at 92 % to 9234 for money, and In the Irish Court of Queen's Bench yesterday William Rumble, a private
92 % to 93 for the 1st of June. Reduced and New Three per Cents. were soldier in the 9th Regiment, was tried for the manslaughter of James Woods at
at 91 to 91 % ; Indian Ten-and-a-Half per Cents., 210 to 212 ; Indian Five per Drogheda during the election riots last November, and acquitted.
Cents., 114 to 114 % ; India Four per Cents., 100 % to 100 % ; India Bonds,
5s. dis. to 5s. prem.; Indian Debentures, 103 to 104 ; Bank Stock, 242 to 244 ; The inquiry into the case of suspected poisoning at Lynn was resumed
Exchequer Bills , 5s. dis. to 5s. prem. In the Foreign Stock Market there was yesterday, when Dr. Letheby stated the result of his analysis of the remains
which had been forwarded to him for examination . He did not think strych-
a heavy fall at the close of last week, but prices have since returned almost to
the point at which they were before the fall took place. In home Railway Stocks nine was the cause of death, and inclined that the deceased died from exhaustion
there have been some fluctuations. On Tuesday there was a considerable incidental to disease of the brain or spinal cord.
decline, Metropolitan falling as much as 1½ ; on the following day, prices. A fire broke out yesterday morning on the premises of Messrs. Little and
again rose, and in Metropolitan and South Eastern the rebound was fully Smith, cotton spinners, of Belmont, near Bolton, and the damage is estimated
I per cent. On Thursday there was another decline in prices, Great Northern at the sum of £ 20,000.
A Stock falling as much as I per cent. East Indian shares are quoted at
1072 to 108½ , and Great Indian Peninsular, 105 to 106. The supply of Yesterday the Royal naval experimental squadron assembled in the Portland
Roads, having on board the various ships nearly 3,000 naval reserve and coast-
money in the discount market is larger, and the demand decidedly less ; the
rate for first-class bills is from 44 to 5 per cent. The stock of bullion in the guard men under the command of Rear-Admiral Astley Cooper Key, C.B.
The squadron is composed of the following ironclads and block ships :-
Bank of England is £ 16,563,389 ; in the Bank of France, £47,962,500.
Agincourt (flag ship) ; the Scylla; the Cadmus, Captain Wilson ; the St. George;
The National Provincial Bank of England has declared a further bonus of the Boscawen ; the Mersey, 36 guns ; the Trafalgar, 60 guns, 2,900 tons,
7 per cent., payable in July next, making a division of profits for the year 1868 500-horse power ; the Hector, 20 guns, armour plated, Captain J. J. Kennedy ;
of 21 per cent. The English Bank of Rio de Janeiro announces a dividend the Black Prince, 41 guns, Captain A. C. Gordon ; the Duncan, 81 guns,
of 8s. per share, making the dividend for the year 16s. per share, or 8 per Captain C. Fellowes ; the Donegal, 81 guns ; the Dauntless, 31 guns ; the
cent. on the paid-up capital. Royal George, 72 guns, will complete the list of the block ships for the Royal
Messrs. Parkyns and Cooper, the official liquidators of the London, Bombay, Naval Reserve ; and the Bristol, Liverpool, 35, Phabe, Endymion, Liffey,
and Mediterranean Bank (Limited) , have issued a report, in which they state Cadmus, and Scylla will form the flying squadron.
that they are now enabled to pay a first dividend of 2s. 6d. in the pound. Admiral Bateman Dashwood died suddenly at Geneva on the 9th inst. in
With respect to the unpaid calls due by shareholders in Bombay, they the eightieth year of his age. This gallant officer entered the service in 1799, and
state that the proceedings to enforce payment have met with determined served uninterruptedly till the peace of 1815. He was a midshipman in the
opposition, and the result of the suits has been that the judges of the High Defiance at the battle of Copenhagen, under Lord Nelson. In 1811 he was first
1 Court have ordered the appointment of a commission to take evidence in lieutenant of the Active, then commanded by the late Sir James Gordon, G.C.B.,
London. In the meantime summonses have been sent out to Bombay, return- when that officer fought and took the French frigate Pomone, after a desperate
able on the 21st inst. , for a call of £6 per share. The balance- sheet annexed to contest. When Sir James had his leg shattered by a cannon shot, Lieutenant
the report shows that the debts and claims against the bank amount to Dashwood took the command, until he himself lost his arm, and the French
£222,343 19s., and that the assets are estimated to realize £ 109,463 3s. 6d., | ship finally struck to the third lieutenant. In 1816, before our expedition
irrespective of the share capital uncalled. against Algiers , Captain Dashwood was sent in the Prometheus to parley
The report of the Land Mortgage Bank of India (Limited ) states that, with the Dey, and to place our consul and his family in safety on board his ship.
although on this occasion the profit and loss account shows a balance of only This could only be effected by stratagem, as the Dey refused to let them leave
£ 1,108, the position of the bank has materially improved , and that its progress the town. The consul's wife passed the gate disguised as a sailor, but her
toward a more sound condition , although gradual, has been decided and sub- child, which she carried in a basket, having cried as they passed the sentry, the
stantial. No call, the directors announce, will be necessary during the present party were pursued, and with difficulty defended themselves until they reached
or ensuing year. the boat ofthe Prometheus. Captain Dashwood then joined Lord Exmouth's
fleet, and was present at the bombardment of Algiers.
Colonel Sykes, M.P., has been re-elected chairman of the East India Com-
pany for the ensuing year.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company have announced
an accelerated mail communication with Japan. Their steamers will henceforth HAVRE EXHIBITION, October, 1868, a PRIZE FOR INDIGESTION. MORSON'S PEPSINE
MEDAL was awarded to TOOTH'S LIEBIG'S WINE, Powder, Lozenges, and Globules adopted by
run fortnightly from Hong Kong to Yokohama and vice versâ direct, instead of EXTRACT of MEAT, sold everywhere in hand- the Profession. -Southampton-row, London.
via Shanghai, as heretofore. The Hong Kong and Shanghai mail service some white jars, fitted with patent stoppers.-- LADY OF LATHAM, by Mdme. Guizot
W. J. COLEMAN and Co. , Sole Consignees, 13, deTHE
Witt, is Now Ready. -London : SMITH, ELDER
will be continued as at present. The gain by this arrangement will be five days St. Mary-at-Hill, London.
on the homeward passage and two days on the outward passage. and Co.

[ 276 ]
 MAY 14, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 37

CLERICAL APPOINTMENTS. to the Pembroke ; T. Browne, M.D., to the Lord Warden ; W. C. J. Holmes, to the Royal
Oak ; W. H. Goode, B.A., M.B. (acting) , to the Liffey ; R. A. Mowll, M.D. (acting) , to the Warrior ;
The following preferments and appointments have been made :-The Rev. S. C. Adam, M.A. , secre- Alex. Mitchell, M. D. , to the Duncan, for temporary service ; E. B. Broster, to the Fisgard. Chaplain
The Rev. William Dickson, to the Revenge. Assistant Paymasters - C. Aylen and G. W. E. C. Mackay,
tary of the Irish Church Missions, to the vicarage of St. Jude's, Wolverhampton ; the Rev. William to the Liverpool. Midshipmen -T. F. Abbott to the Scylla, as supernumerary: J. T. Daly, to the Excel-
Andrews, M.A. , curate of Westborough, to the rectory of Kelsterne, near Louth, on the nomination of lent ; T. T. Abbott, to the Cadmus ; C. F. Naylor, R. Neeld, C. W. Thomas, G. E Richards,
the Right Hon. J. E. Denison, M. P.; the Rev. Samuel Edward Blomefield, M.A. , vicar of Knottingley, E. Seymour, N. Maclean, W. S. Bignold, and H. S. Stewart, to the Liverpool. Naval Cadets-
near Pontefract, to the vicarage of North Somercotes, near Louth, on the nomination ofthe Chancellor of E. H. Marsh and J. Knowles, to the Liverpool ; A. G. Gunner, C. A. Furlong, Horace Armytage,
W. J. S. Macarthy, James Johnston, and A. W. Ainstie, nominated . ChiefEngineer-Owen Jones, to
the Duchy of Lancaster ; the Rev. Francis Lambert Cursham, M.A. , vicar of Horninghold, to the rectory the Liverpool. Engineers- B. Gent, to be add, to the Agincourt, for service in the Espoir ; C. Bod-
of Shelley with Belborough, near Nottingham, on the nomination of Mr. T. W. Edge ; the Rev. Henry dington, J. Lanksbury, and W. Walker, to the Liverpool. First Class Assistant Engineer-John
Sharp Desbrowe, M.A. , formerly rector of Raithby, to the rectory of Benington, near Boston, on the Wright (b), to the Liverpool.
nomination of the Earl De Grey and Ripon ; the Rev. Thomas John Gatehouse, M.A. , curate of Stoke-
upon-Terne, to the rectory of North Chereton, Somerset ; the Rev. John George Howes, M.A. , vicar of SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE .
St. Mary-the-Less, to the rectory of Exford, Somerset, on the nomination of the Master and Fellows of ARRIVALS .
St. Peter's College, Cambridge ; the Rev. Henry Joy, M.A. , curate of Cheltenham, to the rectory of
Bampton Lew, near Faringdon, on the nomination of the Dean and Chapter of Exeter ; the Rev. At Liverpool. - May 5 : Sarah and Emma, from Calcutta ; Bessie and Annie, from New Orleans ;
Edmund Lilley, B.D. , of Worcester College, to the rectory of Barrow Gurney, near Bristol, on the nomi- Jessie, from Pernambuco ; Mary Bond, from Paraiba ; Whittier, from St. John, N. B.; Bosphorus, from
nation of Mr. J. H. Blagrave ; the Rev. Arthur Octavius Medd, M.A., formerly curate of Banbury, to Huelva ; Queensland, from Bangkok.-- May 6 : City ofAntwerp,'from New York ; Chrysolite, from Per-
nambuco ; St. Michael, from Paraiba ; Kate, from St. Domingo ; Eclat, from Huelva.- May 7 : Had-
the vicarage of Hamble, with Hauxley, Northumberland ; the Rev. Edmund Pain, B.A., curate of dington, from Bombay ; Valparaiso, from Valparaiso ; Goodell, from Mazatlan ; Santa Lucia, from San
Stoke Hammond, Bucks, to the rectory of that parish, on the nomination of Mr. Edward Hart ; the Francisco ; Tarifa, from New York ; Bilbao, from Bilbao. - May 8 : Speculator, from New Orleans ;
Rev. William Pellowe Phelp, M.A. , vicar of Jarrow, to the rectory of Offham, near Maidstone, on the Ripple, from Huelva.--May 9 : Russia, from New York : Orontes, from Alexandria ; Sheldrake, from
nomination of the Lord Chancellor ; the Hon. and Rev. Edward Victor Robert Powys, LL.B., curate Santander ; Miami, from San Francisco ; Advance, from New Orleans.--May 10 : British India, from
Bombay ; Inca, from Valparaiso ; Virginia, from New York.- May 11 : Johanna, from Africa ; Kate,
of Quebec Chapel, London, to the vicarage of St. Nicholas, Warwick, on the nomination of the Earl of from Newfoundland ; Kate, from Bahia ; Esmeralda, from New Orleans ; Daybreak, from Lagos ; Peters-
Warwick ; the Rev. H. Wattsford, M. A., curate of St. Luke's, Berwick-street, to the vicarage of Levon- burg, from Savannah ; Crimean, from Alexandria --May 12 : Delaware, from Alexandria ; Oxford,
heath, near Colchester, on the nomination ofthe Rev. C. M. Torlesse, M.A.; the Rev. G. W. Welldon, from Rangoon ; Minnehaha, from Havannah ; Crimea, from Baltimore ; Anglo- Saxon, from Mobile ;
Thorndean, from Bombay.
M.A. , late vicar of St. Andrew-the-Less, Cambridge, to the vicarage of St. Saviour's, Chelsea ; the At Gravesend. -May 6 : Colonial Empire, from Sydney ; Beautiful Star, from Otago ; Araunah, from
Rev. E. Vaughan Williams, M. A., to the rectory of North Tidworth, near Marlborough : the Rev. Isaac Launceston ; Amber Nymph, from Dominica ; Wacaola, from Hobart Town ; Fitzroy, from Swan River ;
Williams, M. A., curate of North Leverton, to the vicarage of Littleborough, near East Retford, on the Flying Fish, from Barbadoes ; Ferndale, from Colombe ; Bristow, from Singapore ; Cavalier, from
nomination of Mr. J. S. Foljambe. [ ERRATUM. -In the appointments announced last week, for Rev. Iquique ; Ranger, from Savannah ; Princess of Wales, from New York.-- May 7 : International, from
C. B. Rowland, M.A. , late curate of Martley, Worcestershire, to the rectory of Hubberston," read " Rev. the Canaries ; Sovereign of India, from Foo-chow ; Sir G. F. Seymour, from St. Vincent ; James Lister,
from Sydney; Albyn's Isle, from Buenos Ayres : Gold Fish, from Jamaica ; Oriental, from Colombo :
J. B. Rowlands, chaplain to the forces, " &c. ] William, from Moulmein ; Visitor, from Rio Grande ; Cornelius Grinnell, from New York ; Sarah
Grice, from Sydney ; Nithsdale, from St. Kitt's ; Siam, from Auckland ; James Shepperd, from
Foo- chow ; Paulus, from Cochin ; Clarendon, from Bombay; Hydaspes, from Canterbury ;
THE GAZETTE . England's Rose, from Cape Colony ; Wm. Duthie and John Duthie, from Sydney ; Sea Gull,
from Barbadoes ; Kron Prins Carl and Margaret, from Jamaica ; Cape City, from the Cape.-
CIVIL. May 8 : Bertha Bedelard, from Grenada ; Corsair's Bride, from Zanzibar ; Slinglaw, from Cuba ; Zeolite,
from Barbadoes ; Hudson, from New York ; Mary Sparks, from Port Said ; Adeline, from Rio Grande ;
WHITEHALL, May 4.-The Queen has been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Sampan, from New Zealand ; Royal Albert, from Tuticorin ; Ida, from Cuba ; Earl of Southesk, from
Seal granting the dignity of a Knight of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland unto Port Natal ; Balicola, from Belize ; Zeolos, from Jamaica ; W. W. Smith, from Bangkok ; President
Terence Aubrey Murray, Esq., President of the Legislative Council of the colony of New South Harbitts, from Bangkok ; Venus, from Fayal ; Kate Tatham, from Port Natal ; Eclipse, from Trinidad.
Wales. -May 9 : Coleroon, from Singapore ; Albert, from Boston ; Express, from Aquilas ; Blanche, from
Yokohama Life Brigade, from Cochin ; Vanguard, from Iquique ; Priscilla, from Port Natal : Truant,
WHITEHALL, May 8. - The Queen has been pleased to appoint Sir Thomas Burch Western, Bart., to be from St. Kitt's ; Ukko, from Jamaica.--May 10 : Kelpie, from Bathurst : Hertha, from Matanzas ; Sam
Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Essex, in the room of Thomas Crosby William, Cearns, from Colombo ; Perle, from Mazatlan ; Glenrosa, from Tuticorin ; Prospero, from the Cape ;
Lord Dacre, resigned. Hope, from Bangkok.- -May 11 : Ardanozo, from Manilla : Somersetshire, from Melbourne ; Drache,
WHITEHALL, May 11.-The Queen has been pleased to present the Rev. Niel M'Intyre to the church from Bangkok ; Isabel, from Antigua ; Floussie, from Rio de la Hache Green Jacket, from Boston ;
and parish of Lochalsh, in the presbytery of Lochcarron and county of Ross, vacant by the death of Moderator, from Saigon ; Francika, from Alexandria.-- May 12 : Caspian and Ajmeer, from Callao.
the Rev. Hector M'Lean. At Bristol. -May 6 : Orchid, from Barbadoes. — -May 8 : Elizabeth Kelly and Lancashire Witch,
from Huelva. - May 9: Constantine, from Trinidad. - May 10 : Charlotte, from Trinidad ; Mary
FOREIGN OFFICE, April 30. -The Queen has been graciously pleased to appoint George Sheffield, Esq., Bond, from Paraiba ; Abbey Craig, from Matanzas.
now a Third Secretary, to be a Second Secretary in her Majesty's Diplomatic Service.
FOREIGN OFFICE, May 10. - The Queen has been pleased to approve of Mr. Léon Hernandez as DEPARTURES.
Consul at Rangoon for his Majesty the King of the Belgians . The Queen has also been pleased to From Liverpool. - May 5 : Advice, El Dorado, and Ida, for Quebec Bolivar, for Barbadoes :
approve ofMr. Valencourt Henry M'Donald as Consul at Belize for his Majesty the King of Denmark. Mysore, for Calcutta ; Witch of the Teign, for Pernambuco. - May 6 : City of Brooklyn, for New
INDIA OFFICE, May 4 -The Queen has been pleased to appoint Lyttelton Holyoake Bayley, Esq. , York ; Moravia and St. Patrick, for Quebec ; Grenadier, for Yokohama ; Arzilla, for Boston. - May 7 :
Barrister-at-Law, to be a Judge of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay ; and Francis Lloyd, Esq., Bonny, for Africa ; Victoria Cross, for Bombay ; Gertrude, for Quebec. - May 8 : Focke and Dicke, for
ofthe Bombay Civil Service, to be a Judge of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay. Rio Grande ; Keproyd, for Buenos Ayres ; Result, for Bahia ; Limari, for Valparaiso ; Gorilla, for New
York ; Isis and Dalmatian, for Alexandria ; Manuela, for Havannah ; Santa Rosa, for Valparaiso ; Wild
MILITARY. Rose, for Calcutta. -May 9 : Alerte, for St. Thomas ; Memory, for Belize ; Khimjee Oodowjee, for
Singapore ; Village Belle, for Matanzas ; Union and Chrysolite, for Pernambuco.- -May 10 : Danish
WAR OFFICE, May 11. Royal Horse Guards. - Cornet J. G. C. Moore to be Lieut. by pur., vice George Beauty, for New Zealand ; Criterion, for Bahia ; E. A. Kennedy, for Philadelphia.--May 11 : Alarm,
Charles, Marquis of Blandford, who retires. for Quebec : May, for Africa ; Talisman, for the West Indies.- -May 12: North American, for Quebec;
3rd Dragoon Guards. -Lieut. W. H. B. Peters, from 80th Foot, to be Lieut. , vice W. R. M'Kay, who exch. Opah, for Lagos ; Nebraska and France, for New York; Heroine, for Boston ; Aden, for Halifax ;
7th Dragoon Guards. -Lieut. S. J. Dakin to be Capt. by pur. , vice M. B. C. Yescombe, who retires ; Tenasserim, for Calcutta ; Gem, for Lagos ; Bessie Young, for Savannah ; Balbao, for Bilbao.
Cornet F. C. Clark to be Lieut. by pur., vice Dakin. From Gravesend. -May 6 : Morning Glory, for Kurrachee ; Lanarkshire, for Melbourne ; Dover
8th Hussars. - Cornet A. O. Ricardo has been permitted to retire from the service by the sale of his Castle, for Port Phillip. -May 7 : Ocean Dart, for Port Natal ; River Clyde, for Calcutta ; Blandina
commission. Dudley, for Boston ; Belle, for Tientsin ; W. E. Stettson, for New York ; Flying Cloud, for Antigua ;
Geoladys, for Grenada. -May 8 : Australasian, Helene, and Etna, for New York ; Ismyr, for Valparaiso ;
18th Hussars. -Cornet H. W. Parker to be Lieut. by pur., vice Murray, prom. Agincourt, for Rio ; Pandora, for Bombay; Calcutta, for Calcutta : Resolute, for Sydney. - May 10 :
Royal Artillery.-Capt. P. D. Marett (late Bombay) to be Lieut. Col. , vice D. J. Kinloch, who retires Shun Lee, for Shanghai : Zingari, for Monte Video Christian Rankin, for Singapore ; Duke of Welling-
on fullpay; Second Capt. P. H. Harcourt (late Bombay) to be Capt., vice Marett ; Lieut. M. A. ton, for Demerara ; Lady Milnes, for St. John's, Newfoundland ; Behrend, for New Providence ;
Chaldecott (late Bombay) to be Second Capt., vice Harcourt ; Quartermaster W. Armstrong has Ocean, for Cardiff and Calcutta.--May 12 : Zuleika, for Halifax ; Antrim, for Shanghai ; Aphrodite,
been permitted to retire upon half-pay. for Calcutta.
Royal Engineers.-Lieut. Col. F. H. Rundall (late Madras) to be Col. , vice H. W. Hitchins, who retires VESSELS SPOKEN WITH.
on full pay ; Capt. A. S. Moberly (late Madras) to be Lieut. - Col. , vice Rundall ; Second Capt. J.
Beatty (late Madras) to be Capt., vice Moberly ; Lieut. P. S. Marindin (late Madras) to be Second The Robert Morrison, London for Swan River, March 22, 1 N. , 21 W.; the Yen Shing, Natal fo
Capt., vice Beatty. London, May 1, 46 N., 14W.; the Almira, Moulmein for Falmouth, 120 days out, 36 N. , 2 , W.; the
Coldstream Guards. -R. Pole-Carew, gent. , to be Ens. and Lieut. by pur. , vice W. B. Barrington, who Westmoreland,
days
Loudon for Jamaica, April 6, 25 N., 34 W.; the Esther, Guatemala for Queenstown, 106
out, 2 S., 31 W.; the Trinidad, Manilla for Liverpool, 150 days out, 41 N , 29 W.; the Roman
retires ; J. G. H. G. Montgomery, gent., to be Ens, and Lieut. by pur. , vice H. J. Wigram, who Empire, London for Calcutta, March 26, 2 N., 23 W.: the William Davis, Otago for London, 56 days
retires.
out, 5S , 31 W.: the Jane Fisher, Callao for Swansea, April 2, 57 S., 63 W.; the Hanemann, San
2nd Foot -Ens. T. E. Harman to be Liest. without pur., vice R. Shirley, decd.; Ens. A. T. Morison, Francisco for Liverpool, April 10, 39 S., 33 W.; the Jason, for Sydney, May 6, 46 N. , 14 W.; the
from 64th Foot, to be Ens. , vice Harman. Shannon, Calcutta for London, May 8, 48 N., 9 W.; the J. Bradshaw, London for Shanghai, May 2,
12th Foot. Capt. S. Fairtleugh to be Major without pur., vice J. W. Espinasse, decd.; Ens. A. E. 43 N. , 10 W.; the Trelawney, Jamaica for the Clyde, April 14, 25 N.; the Royal Tar, Savannah for
Gordon to be Lieut. without pur. , vice Ř. B. Ward, decd.; Ens. J. Grant, from 65th Foot, to be Ens. , Liverpool, April 24, 45 N , 36 W.; the Ranger, Liverpool for Buenos Ayres, March 25, 4 S.. 28 W.;
vice Gordon. the Defiance, of Maryport, for London, May 2, 30 miles west of Cape de Gat ; the Fame, Cochin China
24th Foot. - Ens. L. H. Bennett to be Lieut. by pur. , vice J. H. Kean, who retires ; C. A. H. Bishop- for Falmouth, April 12, 23 N. , 38 W. the Barkley, Adelaide for London, 52 days out, March 7, 22 S. ;
Culpeper, gent. , to be Ens. by pur. , vice Bennett. the George Thompson, London for Melbourne, March 23, on the Equator, 22 W.
48th Foot -Staff Surg. W. R. Burkitt to be Surg,, vice R. W. Carter, appointed to Staff.
50th Foot. -Gent. Cadet W. D. Tripe, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. by pur., vice W. N. Considine, who
retires. LIST OF PASSENGERS .
64th Foot.Ens. D. H. S. Smith to be Lieut. by pur., vice J. Gee, who retires ; R. H. Johnson, gent., to
tobe Ens. by pur. , vice Smith. The following persons have engaged passages by the Peninsular and Oriental Company's
66th Foot. -Ens. F. B. Dillon to be Lieut. by pur. , vice C. L. Whitty, who retires ; Ens. H. H. Small- steamers during May and June :-
piece to be Lieut. by pur. , vice A. W. Baker, who retires ; E. H. Fosbery, gent., to be Ens. by pur., May 15.
vice Dillon ; W. A. Callaghan, gent. , to be Ens. by pur., vice Smallpiece. SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY-Mr. and Mrs. Wood, SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA - Mr. J. Hennell,
Both Foot.- Lieut. W. R. M'Kay, from 3rd Dragoon Guards, to be Lieut. , vice W. H. B. Peters, who exch. Mr. H. G. Scott, Mr. C. Nixon, Mr. W. C. Lieut. Col. and Mrs. Morgan, Mrs. Ross, Cap-
107th Foot.- Quartermaster M. Lyne has been permitted to retire from the service on a pension. Floyd, Mrs. Floyd, Mr. E. T. Sealey, Mr. H. T. tain and Mrs. Weston, Mr. Murray Robertson,
Medical Department. - Surgeon R. W. Carter, from 48th Foot, to be Staff Surgeon, vice W. R. Burkitt, Maneco, Major G. D. Eales, Mr. Jay, Mr. J. R. Col. Maxwell, Miss Maxwell.
appointed to 48th Foot. Greenhill. MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA- Dr. Loch , Mr. C. F.
MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY Mr. S. Wauchope, C. B. , Lazarus, Mr. A. Strand, Mr. W. Veitch.
Chaplain's Department. -Chaplain of 4th Class Rev. J. O'Flaherty to be Chaplain of 3rd Class ; Chaplain Mr. C. Wood, Mr. and Mrs. T. B. Ferguson, SUEZ TO CALCUTTA - Lieut. Green, R. E. , Mr.
of 4th Class Rev. J. M'Sweeney to be Chaplain of 3rd Class. Captain and Mrs. Henchy. Lagan Home.
Brevet.-The surname of the Lieut.-General promoted General in Gazette of April 23, 1863, is Worrall, and SOUTHAMPTOn to Galle-Mr. and Mrs. R. W. SOUTHAMPTON TO PENANG- Mr. G. Clemen.
Jenkins, Miss Vane, Mr. and Mrs. G. Vane and SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG - Mr. George
not Woorall, astherein stated ; Col. H. W. Hitchins, retired full-pay, R. (late Madras) Eng , to be Major-
Gen., the rank being honorary only ; Lieut.- Col. D. J. Kinloch, retired full-pay, R. (late Bombay) infant, Miss E. Iron, Major-Gen. and Mrs Renny, Collingwood, Mr. G. A. K. Honey.
Art. , to be Col. , the rank being honorary only ; Capt. and Brev. Lieut. - Col. A. Knight, half- pay MARSEILLESCaptain Chichester, Mr. Corfe, Mr. H. Portal. MARSEILLES TO HONG KONG- Mr. H. C. Heywood.
Unatt , late Town Major, Quebec, who retires upon full-pay, to have hon. rank of Col.; Paym. C. TO GALLE - Sir Hercules Robinson, SOUTHAMPTON TO YOKOHAMA- Mr. F. L. Pallard,
Skrine, 78th Foot, to have hon. rank of Capt. Quartermaster W. Armstrong, half-pay R. Art. , to Lady Robinson, two children, and two Misses SUEZ TO YOKOHAMA- Dr. Oris, Signor Velini.
have hon. rank of Capt.; the rank of Lieut. -Col. conferred on Paym. W. Blumell, from May 1, 1869, Robinson, Mr. and Mrs. W. Sabonadiere and SOUTHAMPTON TO SYDNEY -Mr. Jessop.
is honorary, not temporary, as stated in Gazette of4th inst. two children. MARSEILLES TO SYDNEY- Mr. C. J. Muller.
MARSEILLES TO MADRAS - Col. Rowlandson, Mr. MARSEILLES TO MELBOURNE - Mr. Rutherford.
NAVAL. J. W. Mascrop.
ADMIRALTY, May 4.-Mr. C. Thomson has this day been prom, to the rank of Acting Eng. , with seniority May 22.
of Dec. 28, 1868. SOUTHAMPTON TO MALTA- Mr. W. C. J. Holmes. | SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY- Mr. A. Wither.
ADMIRALTY, May 5.-W. L. Gordon, Esq. , M.D., has this day been prom. to the rank of Staff-Surg. in May 29.
her Majesty's Fleet, with seniority of April 17, 1869.
SOUTHAMPTON TO GALLE- Mr. and Mrs. R. W. MARSkilles to CalCUTTA- Lieutenant-Col. J. E.
ADMIRALTY, May 8.-F. H. Blaxall, Esq. , M.D., has this day been promoted to the rank of Staff Jenkins. Fraser.
Surgeon in H. M.'s fleet, with seniority of April 27, 1869. SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Capt. F. D. Chat- SUEZ TO CALCUTTA- Mr. and Mrs. J. Janssen.
The undermentioned officers have this day been promoted :- Mr. W. F. Cole to be Acting Engineer in terton, Mr. S. Short. MARSEILLES TO SHANGHAI- Mr. Brodie.
H.M.'s fleet, with seniority of Dec. SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Mr. A. R. Hen- MARSEILLES TO YOKOHAMA- Mr. Andreis,
fleet, with seniority of March 20, 186928,.
1868 ; Mr. W. M'Naught to be Acting Engineer in H.M.'s
nell, Mr. Jackson, Mr. and Mrs. Strachan, Mr.
C. A. Stephenson.
June 5.
NAVAL APPOINTMENTS. SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY-Assist. Surg. Maunsell, R.H.A.
Captain- W. J. S. Pullen, to the Pembroke, vice the Hon. J. W. S. Spencer, whose period of June 12.
service
be rland.has expired. Commanders-Samuel Long, to the Liverpool ; G. A. Macfarlane, to the Northum SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY- Captain Eyre. MARSEILLES TO HONG KONG -- Mr. and Mrs. P.
Staff Commander-W. H. Sharp, to the Liverpool. Navigating Lieutenants- W. W. SOUTHAMPTON to Madras -Mr. and Mrs. A. R. Karberg.
Hutton, to be add. to the Agincourt, for service in the Espoir ; Herbert Roxby, to the Liverpool. Thomson, Miss Dyer. MARSEILLES TO BATAVIA- Mr. Otto Sielken.
Lieutenants-U. C. Singleton, to the Black Prince ; R. H. C. Lawson, Burges Watson, W. H. SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG - Mr. W. S
Henderson, and W. A. D. Acland, to the Liverpool : E. A. Bolitho, to the Penelope ; J. A. T. Bruce, to Macleod.
the Duncan, as flag.-heut. to Rear-Admiral W. W. Hornby ; H. T. Grenfell, O. H. Parker, and Samuel
Johnstore, to the Excellent. Sub-Lieutenants- H. M. C. Festing, and E. S. Poë, to the Bristol, as June 19.
supernumeraries ; C. G. Crawford, to the Liverpool ; F. R. Sandilands, to the Cadmus ; A. H. O. Lowe, SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY- Mr. W. H. D'Oyly.
A. J. Leith, and E. D. Maude, to the Liverpool. StaffSurgeon -W. M. R. Saunders, M.D. , to the
Liverpool. PaymastersWarwick to be add. to the Agincourt, and to act as secretary to Rear- June 26.
Admiral Key R. W. -S. H. Moore, , to the Liverpool. Assistant Surgeons- F. Buckle, M.D., to the MARSEILLES TO MADRAS - Mr. and Mrs. C. R. | SOUTHAMPTON 30 SINGAPORE. Mr. J. D.
Liverpool ; Matthew Trevan, to the Ganges : James Stewart, B.A. , to the Hector; T. Redfern, M.D. Pelley. Vaughan.
[ 277 ]
 38 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 14, 1869.

BROWN - PILLINER- At Liverpool, Mr. A. B. Brown, Engineer, to BRANDER, May 5. Lady D., of Pitgaveny, at Elgin, Morayshire, aged 79,
BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. Annie, daughter of the late Mr. G. Pilliner, ofJamaica, May 4.
CAMPBELL -TENNENT-At St. James's, Piccadilly, Mr. R. F. F. BROOKSBANK, Mr. T., at Barrow-hill-place, Regent's Park, aged 79,
BIRTHS. Campbell, of Craigie, to Arabella Jane, daughter of the late Mr. May 8.
SONS. A. A. Hay, and widow of Mr. C. Tennent, May 11. BROWNLOW, Lieut. -Colonel G. A. , at Upper Norwood, aged 63, May 8.
ADAM, wife of Mr. W. P. , M.P. , at Prince's Gate, May 8. CLEGHORN-WALKER-At Guernsey, James C. , son ofthe late Mr. G. BUCKLER, Mrs. S. A., at Portsmouth, aged 64, May 4.
Cleghorn, of Weens, N. B. , to Sarah, daughter of Rev. T. Walker, BUCKLER, March 28. Mr. S. D. , Bengal Pilot Service, at Calcutta, aged 28,
ALLEN, wife of Mr. W. J. , formerly of the Bengal C. S. , at Caven- Rector of Tamlaght O'Crilly, co. Derry, May 10.
dish-square, May 11. CLOSE-MAINWARING - At Peover, Cheshire, Henry, son of the late CARTEN, Mr. T. F. , formerly of Madeira, at Southampton, May 9.
ANGOVE, wife of Mr. W. C. , Commander P. and O. Service, at Ports- Mr. J. Close, of Naples, to Elinor C. L. , daughter of Sir H. CARTWRIGHT, Mary E. , widow of Mr. S. T., at Epsom, May 6.
wood, near Southampton, May 9. Mainwaring, Bart. , of Peover, May 11. CHAPLIN, Mr. G. R. , of Colliston, at Arbroath, N. B., aged 84, May 8.
BEAUMONT, Mrs. W. C. , at Chichester Villas, Upper Westbourne-ter- CROFT-BELTON- At Corsham, Wilts, Mr. H. C. Croft, of Wimble- CHURCH, Mrs. J. H. , at Pietermaritzburg, aged 41, March 9.
race, May 2. don-common, to Elizabeth E. Belton, of Corsham , May 8. CLARKE, John J. U. , son of the late Ven. U. , Archdeacon of Chester,
BLAINE, Mrs. D. P., at Graham's-town, March 26. DAMPIER- HUTTON - At Bath, Ensign C. L. M. Dampier, 25th (The at Kensington, May 9.
BLABER, Mrs. W., at Hillside, Lindfield, May 2, King's Own Borderers), to Mary E. F., daughter of Mr. J. H. COCKBURN, Capt. J. E., R. Art. , at Edinburgh, aged 30, May 6.
BODMAN, Mrs. W. J., at Farley Chamberlayne, Hants, May 6. Hutton, of Houghton-le-Spring, May 10. COLES, Mr. A. L. , late of the Foreign Office, at Fulham, aged 53,
BRANDE, wife of Mr. F. R.. of the Royal Mint, at Lewisham, May 7. DAW-FOSTER-- At Little Munden, Herts, Edward, son of the late May 6.
BROWSE, Mrs. H., Jun. , at Wimbledon, May 7. Mr. R. Daw, of Cardiff, to Annie L., daughter of Rev. F. A. L. COLLYER, Mr. G. C., at Gravesend, aged 43, May 5.
BRYANT, wife of Rev. F. J., at North Brentor, Devon, May 4. Foster, Rector of Little Munden, May 5. COOMBE, Mrs. E., Heathbourne, Beckenham, May 7,
COGAN, Mrs. J., at the Imperial Hotel, Dublin, April 30. DON -HENDREY- At Highbury, Mr. A. L. Don, Russia-row, London CROFT, Mr. G. A. , at Montague Villas, Richmond, aged 58, May 9.
CORNEWALL, Lady, at Moccas Rectory, May 7. to Annie R. , daughter of Mr. W. Hendrey, Highbury-hill, May 6. CUTTING, Samuel, son of the late Capt. S. , of Ipswich, at Pimlico,
DAVIS, Mrs. A. , Rue de Richelieu, Paris, May 6. DRORY-SCOTT-At Hampstead, Mr. J. F. Drory, of Lille, France, aged 17, May 6.
DANGERFIELD, wife of Major, Royal Art. , at Secunderabad, April 1. to Sarah E. , daughter of Mr. A. Scott, of Hampstead, May 6. DAVIES, Mr. D. S., late Capt. Scots Fus. Guards, at Highmead,
DE COURCY, wife of Major, Royal Marines, at Stonehouse, Devon, FARROW- MILLS-At Darlaston, Staffordshire, Rev. H. Farrow, Cardiganshire, May 8.
May 8. Curate of Christ Church, Westbromwich, to Phoebe, daughter of DE BEAUVOIR, Sir J. E., 2nd Bt. , at Upper Gloucester-place, Dorset-
DICKINSON, wife of Mr. W. H. , M.D., May 10. the late Mr. S. Mills, of Darlaston, May 4. sq., aged 74, April 29.
Dow, Mrs. J., at Shanghae, March 23. GILLESPIE FREETH At St. Helena, Mr. F. Gillespie, M.D., Staff DB KOBIGLIO, George M. , son of Mr. J., in Florence, aged 5, May 2,
DUNSTERVILLE, wife of Major L. d'A. , at Belgrave House, St. Assistant-Surgeon, to Harriet E. P., daughter of Col. S. Freeth, DE SOMMERY, Mdlie., daughter of the late Marquis, at Bath, May 3.
Helier's, May 6 (stillborn)." R. Eng., April 3. DICKETTS, Mrs, H. , of Hampstead-road, at Hastings, May 6.
EARLE, Mrs. E. M., at Malvern Lodge, New- cross, May 11. HANCE-WILLIAMS-At Liverpool, James B. , son of Mr. J. J. Hance, DILKE, Sir Charles Wentworth, Bart., at St. Petersburg, aged 59,
FLEMING, Mrs. J., at Eton House, Tunbridge, May 8. of Gresford, to Emily O,, daughter of Mr. G. Williams, of Prince's May 10.
GEORGE, Mrs. A. K. , at Talbot-square, Hyde Park, May 12. Park, May 5. DONNELLY, Mr. W. , Barrister, at Lower Norwood, May 1.
GILBERT- EAST, Lady, at Kempsford, Gloucestershire, May 7. HEYWOOD-WADE - At Paddington, Henry C., son of Mr. J. B. EBHART, Elizabeth, widow of Capt. F. C. , 45th Regt., at the Royal
HAY, Mrs. A. B. , at The Lodge, Yatton, Somerset, May 6. Heywood, of Bayswater, to Ada M. , daughter of Mr. J. Wade, Hospital, Chelsea, May 5.
HERAPATH, wife of Mr. E. J. , Barrister-at-Law, at Blackheath, May 7 Warrington-crescent, Maida-hill, May 8. ELWBS, Mrs. E. G., at Aldridge-road-villas, W. , aged 23, May 10.
(stillborn). JOHNSTON-CAZALY-At Hong Kong, Mr. W. C. Johnston, ofAmoy, ENGLEHEART, Mr. N. B. , at Park House, Blackheath Park, aged 78,
HIGGINBOTHAM, Mrs. E., at Eastwood Park, near Glasgow, May 10. to Emily A. , daughter of Mr. W. Cazaly, London, March 16, May 6.
HOSKINS, Mrs. E. H. , of Fanhams Hall, near Ware, Herts, May 9. KENTISH-WILLIAMS -At the Blackheath Congregational Church, ESPINASSE, Lieut. -Col. J. W., 12th Regt., at Jubbulpore, March 29.
LAWFORD, Mrs. J., at Morden-road, Blackheath Park, May 8. William G. , son of Mr. J. Kentish, of Belvedere, to Martha A. , ETCHES, Mr. J. G. , Solicitor, at Woodhouse, Whitchurch, Salop, aged
LEWIS, Mrs. F. W. , at Rogerstone Villa, near Newport, May 7 (child daughter of Mr. C. T. Williams, of Grotes-crescent, Blackheath, 49, April 30.
survived only a few hours). May 12. > FEARON, Julia Claudine, relict of the late Major- General Peter Fearon,
LISHMAN, wife of Mr. J. W., Paymaster R.N., at Uxbridge, May 5. MANSON-PERCY-At Ardtrea, co. Tyrone, Rev. W. P. Manson. Bombay Army, at Southsea, in the 72nd year of her age, May 3
MCCAUSLAND, wife of Mr. W. H., Royal Artillery, at Woolwich, M.A., of St. Stephen's, Brighton, to Eliza C. , daughter of Mr. J FINDLAY, Mr. T. W,, of Durban, Natal, in London, aged 29, May 6.
May 6. Percy, of Trinidad, May 5. FORBES, Eliza J. , daughter of the late Principal, of St. Andrew's, at
MACKENZIE, wife of Mr. J. F., of Japaha, Tirhoot, at Lansdowne- MELLISS- SHARMAN - At Hardwycke, Northamptonshire, Rev. J. K. Pitlochry, May 9.
crescent, Kensington Park, May9. Melliss, of Cardiff, to Alice, daughter of Mr. A. Sharman, of GAWLER, Col. G. , K.H. , late 52nd Regt , at Southsea, aged 73, May 7.
PAKENHAM, Mrs. M. , at Leghorn, May 4. Hardwycke, May 11. GIBBONS, William H. , son of Mr. W. T. , of Albany-street, aged 38,
PIERS, wife of Capt. S. B. , R.N. , of H.M.S. Himalaya, at Rodwell, MILLIGAN - GIBSON - At Dundee, Mr. W. C. A. Milligan, of Liver- May 9.
Weymouth, May 6. pool, to Margaret W. , daughter of Mr. W. L. Gibson, M.D. , GILL, Mr. M., of Knaresborough, Solicitor, aged 68, May 10,
POTTER, Mrs. W. E. , at Hampden Villa, Oxton, Birkenhead, May 5. Dundee, April 29. GIRDWOOD, Mr. G. F. , M.D. , at Howley-place, Paddingtop, aged 67,
ROBSON, wife of Dr. H., at Great Marlborough-street, May 11. MORLAND RICHARDSON-At Kensington, Mr. G. Morland, late May 5.
SAUNDERS, wife of Mr. W., formerly of the Foreign Office, G.P.O. , Capt. 85th Regt., to Jane E., daughter of the late Major R. H. GLASCO, Mr. J. , M. D. , Staff Surg., retired, at Dinan, aged 86, April 27.
at Sutton Courtney, May 10. Richardson, 7th Madras Light Cav., May 5. GOULD, Mr. George, at Loughton, aged 75, May 6.
SMITH,
SNOAD, Mrs.Mrs. B.,
W.at R.Fernside, Havering-atte-
, at Carlton- Bower, May
road, Maida-vale, May8. 11 (child MORRIS - HARRIS - At Aldershot, Mr. W. Morris, of Maida-hill, to GRANT, Capt. L. S., near Bath, aged 33, May 7.
Leila F. , daughter of Mr. R. Harris, of Aldershot, March 27. HALL, Mr. E. , late Lieut. 6th Koyal Regt. , at Shanghai, aged 30,
survived only a few hours). MOUNSEY-- STANTON-At Whorlton Church, Mr. J. C. Mounsey, of March 13.
SOUTHESK, the Countess of, at Canaan Lodge, Edinburgh, May 6. Greenhithe, to Eliza, daughter of the late Mr. P. H. Stanton, HARRIS, Mr. G. F. , M.A., J.P., at Mountside, Harrow-on- the-Hill,
STANTON, Mrs. G., at St. Helen's, Isle of Wight, May 7. Stubb House, Durham, April 29. aged 57, May 9.
THOMPSON, wife of Mr. G., B.A. , in Warwickshire, May 9. PECK-MESSITER- At Wincanton, Somerset, Mr. P. W. R. Peck, of HAY, Mrs. A., at Malabar Hill, Bombay, April 12.
TRELAWNY, Mrs. W. L. S. , at Philiphaugh, N.B. , May 6. Temple Combe House, Somerset, to Louisa, daughter of Mr. J. HENLEY, Harriett, Dowager Lady, at Brighton, aged 66, May
TIMMS, Mrs. J. , at Rathcarrick, Sligo, May 6. Messiter, Wincanton, April 30. HOLDEN, Alfred W. , son of the late Mr. H. G., formerly 7.of the
TWYCROSS, Mrs. T. E., at The Knoll, Erith, May 7. POUND-WOODHOUSE - At Tottenham, Mr. G. Pound, of Odiham, Public Record Office, at Kentish-town, aged 37, May 12.
VIZARD, wife of Rev. H. B. , Rector, at Spetisbury, Dorset, May 1. Hants, to Hannah L., daughter of the late Mr. T. T. Woodhouse, HONE, Elizabeth, widow of the late Mr. J., Master of the Supreme
WETHERED, Mrs. O. P. , at Dresden, May 6. of Basingstoke, May 5. Court of Tasmania, at Barnsbury-road, May 12.
WETHERED , wife of the Rev. F. T. , Vicar of Hurley, Berks, at Hill- POWER - JERVOIS - At Bath, Mr. W. Power, of Affane, co. Waterford, HOWLAND, Mr. R. H. , of Thame,Oxon, aged 27, May 6.
street, Berkeley-square, May 11. to Katherine M. , daughter of the late Capt. Jervois, R. N., May 5. HUGHES, Rev. J. Y. , Vicar of Christ Church, East Greenwich, aged 56,
WILLIAMS, wife of Rev. L., Dodington Rectory, April 28. PROBY LLOYD-At Dublin, the Rev. M. C. Proby, Chaplain at INGALL, May 6.
WINKFIELD, wife of Rev. R., at Stony Stratford, May 5. Chantilly, Oise, France, to Ellinor C., daughter of the late Rev. Mary E., widow of Major, at Bengeo, aged 71 , May 9.
WITHYCOMBE, Mrs. W., at Gothelney House, near Bridgwater, May 8. J. C. Lloyd, Chaplain to the Molyneux Asylum, Dublin, April 3. JENNINGS, Mrs. R. , at Atherstone, aged 72, May 6.
WOOD, wife of the Rev. J., at Cheltenham, May 6, PUXLEY- BENSON -At Paris, Rev. H. L. Puxley, vicar of All Saints', JESSOP, Mr. George, formerly of Calcutta, at Dibden, Hants, in his
WYLDE-BROWNE, wife of Captain, May 6. Cockermouth, to Catharine, daughter of the late Mr. R. Benson, of 73rd year, May 3.
DAUGHTERS. Cockermouth, May 8. KING, Ann, relict of Commander J. N. , R. N. , at Highgate, April 28.
RABBIDGE- ELDRIDGE - At Barnes, Mr. R. Rabbidge, ofRegent's-sq., KING, Mrs. J., at Shiplake, Oxon, May 4.
ANNESLEY, wife of Hon. S. , at Leinster-terrace, Hyde Park, May 12. to Lizzie Chamberlayne, daughter of Mr. Thomas Eldridge, of LEWIS, Mrs. J. G., of Euston-square and Ely-place, aged 64, May 5.
ARMITAGE, Mrs. W. A., at The Glen, Horne, Surrey, May 6. Hornsey, May 8. LLOYD, Elizabeth M., relict of the late Mr. W. M.D., late of the
ASHTON, wife of Major J. T., late of the Madras H.A. , at Stuttgart, RAGOY-WOODS-At St. Gabriel's, Warwick-sq. , Mr. L. M. Ragoy, Madras Army, at Bath, May 6.
May 6. late of Fulham, to Catherine O. , daughter of the late Mr. H. B. MACAULAY, Mr. H. G., of the Treasury, at Grove-terrace, Hanwell,
AVELAND, Lady, at Belgrave-square, May 11. Woods, of Queen Anne-street, Cavendish-square, May 4. aged 31, May 7.
BACOT, wife of Surgeon-Major, at Belfast, May 11. RICH- GOZAR-At Dalston, Mr. A. C. Rich, of Dulwich, to Harriet L. , MASSIE, Rev. J. W. , D.D. , LL.D. , at Kingstown, Ireland, aged 70,
BARBER, Mrs. F. , at Castle-hill, Rastrick, May 7. daughter of Mr. W. Gozar, May 5. May 8.
BEADNELL , wife of Mr. H. C. T. , late H.M.'s 63rd Regt. , at Marden ROBERTS - RODGERS- At Liverpool, Mr. E. F. Roberts, Solicitor, MCCORMICK, Mr. J. V. , M.D. , at Bayswater, aged 48, May 10.
Beach, Kent, May 5.. Chester, to Agnes, daughter of the late Mr. Robert Rodgers, of MILLAR, Louisa M. M. , daughter of Mr. C. H., at Montrose, aged 4
BESLEY, Mrs. C. R. , at Mooresfort, Surbiton, May 7 , Liverpool, May 5. years, May 6.
BESLEY, wife of Mr. E. T. E., Barrister, at Brixton, May 7. SAXON- DOWKER At All Saints' , George, son of the late Mr. S. MONEY, Mr. R. , late Bengal C.S. , at St. Servan, aged 57, May 2.
BLOYD, Mrs. J. J., at Cobham, May 6. Saxon, of Bruton, near Bath, to Caroline A. , daughter of the late MORLEY, Rev. W. , Rector of Mavis Enderby, at Raithby, near Spilsby,
BOILEAU. wife of Major N. E. , Deputy-Judge-Advocate- General, at Mr. H. Dowker, of Laythorpe Hall, near York, Jan. 26. aged 76, May 5.
at Rawul Pindee, April 4. SCHILIZZI- SECHIARI- At Marseilles, Paul J., son of Mr. J. S. MOSCROP, Mr. H., P. and O. Co.'s Service, at Shanghai, March 12.
CACHEMAILLE, wife of Rev. A. J. J. , at Pailles, Mauritius, April 5. Schilizzi, of Westbourne-terrace, Hyde Park, to Virginia, daughter MUNKO, Mr. I. C., late Captain 12th Regt. , of Poyntzfield, N.B. , at
CARTER, wife of Commander R. , R. N. , H. M. S. St. Vincent, at South- of Mr. J. Sechiari, May 5. Kensington Park, aged 39, May 5.
sea, May 5. SCOTT LORIMER-At Larkfield, Dumfries, Charles W. , son of Mr. MUNTZ, Mr. W. H. , at Guernsey, aged 45, May 5.
CLOUTTE, Mrs. A. , at Corsham School, Wilts, May 5. W. Scott, Broomlands, Dumfries, to Mary J. , daughter of the MUTTLEBURY, Elizabeth M. , widow of the late Mr. J. , M.D. ,
CONDER, Mrs. Frederick, at Biggleswade, May 7. late Mr. T. Lorimer, of Larkfield, May 11. Insp. -Gen. of Hospitals, at Toronto, April 23.
CROFT, Mrs. J. , at Dalton House, Saddington, May 2. SINGTON- CUSSANS-At Oakley-sq. , Mr. J. T. Sington to Georgina NICKALLS, Patteson, at Bromley, Kent, in his 72nd year, May 8.
DAVIS, wife of Major A P., Bombay S. C. , at Kurrachee, April 2. T., daughter of Mr. T. Cussans, late ofthe H.E.I.C.S., May 11. OLDMIXON, Capt. J. W., R. N., of Onslow-crescent, South Kensington,
Dops, wife of Capt. W. , at Great Yarmouth, May 9. SMYTH - MONTGOMERY-At Killargue, George C. , son of the late Mr. at Bifrons, Jersey, aged 82, April 25.
DODSLEY, Mrs. R. , at Skegby Hall, near Mansfield, Notts, May 1. R Smyth, of Newtown House, co. Louth, to Ada L. M. , daughter OSWELL, Sarah E., wife of the Rev. H. L., M.A. , at Shrewsbury,
DRACO, Mrs. E. P. , at Clare-terrace, Liverpool, May 4. of Mr. H. L. Montgomery, of Belavel, co. Leitrim, May 4. May 1.
DUNCAN, Mrs. A., at Great Queen-street, St. James's Park, May 8. STEWARD- PEACOCK--At South Hackney, George E. , son of the late PAGET, Lieut. H. E. , 87th Regt., at Malta, May 9.
ELWES, Mrs. E. G. , at Aldridge-road-villas, May 10 (twins, stillborn). Rev. J. H. Steward, of East Carleton, Norfolk, to Mary, widow of PECHELL, Caroline A. , daughter of Rev. H., at Dunstable, aged 36,
FORD, Mrs. E. P. , at Gloucester-crescent, Hyde Park , May 10. the late Mr. Edward G. Peacock, formerly ofthe Indian Navy, and May 6.
FORTESCUE, Mrs. J. , at Oxford, North West America, Feb. 1. of the East India House, May 4. PIGGOTT, Arthur R. , son of Mr. F. , at Kensington, aged five months,
GODWIN, Mrs. J. S. S. , New House, Hadlow, May 8. TEMPLE-DOWSON-At Broadstairs, Charles, son of the late Mr. H. May 6.
GRAHAME, wife of Mr. J. A., Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Temple, of Evesham, to Eleanor J., daughter of the late Mr. E. PREST, Ethel M. , daughter of Mr. E. , at Gateshead-on-Tyne, aged 7,
Company, at Stuart's Lake, British Columbia, Feb. 4. Dowson, of Broadstairs, May 8. May 6.
GRAY, Mrs. A. , at the Manor House, Bishopstoke, May 6. TOBIN-GOODE -At Stamford Baron, Lieut. Col. Tobin, son of the RICHMOND, Ellen, widow of Capt. S. , of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea,
HERTSLET, Mrs. E. , at Richmond, Surrey, May 6 (stillborn). late General Tobin, Royal Art. , to Mary E., widow of the late at Chelsea, May 9.
KELL, Mrs. S. C. , North Park Lodge, Bradford, May 3. Major Goode, 62nd Regt., May 6. RIDINGS, Sarah, wife of Mr. H. S. , C. E. , at Bryanston-street, May 8.
KNIGHT, wife of Mr. J. H. , Solicitor, at Castle-street, Hereford, TUNE-WATKINSON -At Spalding, Mr. G. Tune, of Spalding, to Lina ROBINSON, Emma, daughter of the late Mr. G. , of Richmond, Surrey,
May 8. M., daughter of Mr. H. Watkinson, of the Lincolnshire Free Press, at Onslow-square, May 7,
LAWFORD, wife of Mr. A. C. , of Madras Presidency, at St. Bernard's- Spalding, May 12. ROBINSON, Mr. T. E., of Kensington, at Windsor, Nova Scotia,
crescent, Edinburgh, May 11. VON HAUSEN-HILL-At Dresden, H. B. Freiherr Von Hausen, aged 39, April 11.
LEES, Mrs. H. J. , at Staplefield, Sussex, May 1. Ampthauptmann zu Zwickaw, Saxony, to Anna A., daughter of ROE, Mrs. G. H. , at Park-street, Grosvenor-square, May 7.
LUARD, wife ofCaptain, R. N. , at Devonport, May 5. the late Mr. N. Hill, of Riga, May 4. ROGERS, Mr. N., Surgeon, at Bowdon, Cheshire, aged 55, May 8.
MARSHALL, Mrs. F., at Blanche Pierre Villa, Jersey, May 2. WALKER- POWELL -At Hanover Church, Regent-street, Mr. F. ROOKE, Major- General Sir H. W. , C.B., K.C.H. , late S. F. Guards,
MASSEY, Mrs. Gerald, on Sunday, May 9. Walker, of Langham-street, Portland-place, to Letitia, daughter of at Pilstone House, Monmouthshire, aged 86, May 2.
MCCONVILLE, wife of Mr. J., M.D. , at Elmbank-place, Glasgow, Mr. H. Powell, of Swansea, May 8. SHAW, Mr. A. C., late 3rd Dragoon Guards and 18th Hussars, in
May 5. WARDEN COOKSEY- At Edgbaston, Arthur, son of Mr. W. M. Warden,
MCDOUALL, wife of Rev. W. S., at Ousden Rectory, Suffolk, May 7. Dublin, April 28.
MELLIN, Mrs. V. de M. , at Lime Bank, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, May 3. of Edgbaston, to Mary J., daughter of Mr. H. R. Cooksey, J.P., SIDEBOTTOM, Ann, wife of Rev. H. F. , at Sevenoaks, aged 67, May 6.
NICHOLAS, wife of Rev. E. P. , Cuddesdon, May 8. of Edgbaston, May 6. SIMMONDS, Lieut. Col. J. H., late of the H.E.I.C.S. , at Southstoke,
NORIE, wife of Mr. H. H., Cashier of the Union Bank of Scotland, WATSON- daughter
RICHARDS- At Plymouth, Mr. J. W. Watson, R. N., to Di,
ofthe late Mr. J. Richards, of Islington, May 6.
nearMargaret,
SMEE, Bath, agedwidow
79, May
of 7.
Mr. W., of Woodberry Down and
at Perth, N.B., May 7. WERRY-LA FONTAINE-At Smyrna, Mr. A. Werry, M.D. , to Finsbury- pavement, at Salzburg, May 10.
PARSONS, wife of Mr. B. J., Captain in H.M.'s Bengal S.C. , at Fanny, daughter of Mr. F. La Fontaine, Director of the Smyrna SOLTAU, Mrs. E. P., May 4
1 Allygurh , N.W. P. , April 12. Branch ofthe Imperial Ottoman Bank, April 27. SPENCER, Mr. J., M.D. , at Regent's-park-terrace, aged 48, May 4.
PEEL, wife of Captain W. H. , at Heronden, Kent, May 9. WOODS-JAMES - At Croydon, Mr. W. H. Woods, of Addiscombe, STENT, Mr. M. , late of Cranford, at Brighton, aged 74, May 7.
QUICKE, Mrs. C. P. , at Wellington, Somerset, May 5 (twins). to Frances, daughter of the late Mr. J. James, of Treheddion, STEVENS, Rev. T., formerly Vicar of Hathersage, Derbyshire, at
RANDOLPH, wife of Rev. E. F. , at Appleshaw, Andover, May 6. Llanstephan, May 8. Sutton Coldfield, aged 54, April 14.
REID, wife of Mr. F. , late Capt. Carabineers, May 9.
SERGISON, wife of Captain, 4th Hussars, at Kyrie Ghat, near Simla, YALDEN - CHURCHYARD -At Brixton, James, son of Mr. J. Yalden, STRETCH, Margaret A., relict of the late Mr. J. , at Canonbury, aged
April 3. Medsted, Hants, to Emma, daughter of Mr. J. Churchyard, Brixton, 73, May 8.
May 5
SIM, wife of Mr. W. C. , late Madras C.S. , at Knowle, Devon, April 30. YOUNG - HOOPER--At Lee, John S. , son of Mr. E. J. Young, Jamaica, STURM, SWALES,
Mr. J., of High Holborn, at Hampstead, aged 57, May 7.
Stanley P. S. , son of Mr. P., Surgeon, Sheerness, in London,
STANIER-BROADE, Mrs. F., at Betley Hall, Crewe, May 5. to Fanny G., relict of the late Mr. J. Hooper, May 4.
STEWART, Mrs. M. J. S., at Calcutta, March 20. aged 9 months, May 6.
TURNER, wife of Rev. C. S., Clifton Hampden, Oxon, May 4. THOMAS, Ann, wife of the Rev. T. F. , of Macclesfield, aged 63, May 5.
WEEKS, wife of Mr. T. H. , Solicitor, at Kensington, May 9. DEATHS. TODD, Mr. J. , of Underwood, Dumfriesshire, at Forest-hill, May 3.
WHITTINGTON, wife of Rev. H. G. , at Shrewsbury, May 10. ALLEN, Mrs. J., at Southend, Lewisham, aged 40, May 8. VALLANCE, Maria, widow of Mr. G. , at Clifton, aged 70, May 5.
BARNES, Elizabeth, widow of Mr. K. , of Spring-gardens, and Upper VIVIAN, Alice M. , wife of Comm. the Hon. J. B. , R.N. , May 5.
MARRIAGES. Portland-place, at Horndean, aged 64, May 5. WARDEN, Brevet Colonel R., H.M.'s Bombay Staff Corps, and
formerly Director of the Land Transport Train in Abyssinia, at
BAILEY -BLISSARD- At Hampstead Norreys, Mr. S. Bailey, of Wal- BARRY, Phoebe, widow of the late Major-General H. G. , of Bally
Clough, co. Cork, at Clifton, aged 83, May 5. Poona, April 11.
sall, to Elizabeth C., daughter of Rev. J. Blissard, Vicar, May 11. Mrs. A. P. , widow of Mr. H. , at Brynyrhydd, South Wales, WATSON, Mr. P. M., ofWeylea, Surrey, in London, aged 63, April 22.
BARROW NICHOLAS- At Marylebone, Mr. R. K. Barrow, Capt. BEAVAN, aged 91, May 3. WHITE, Mr. J., of Elgin-terrace, Maida-vale, aged 45, May 8.
Unatt. 27th Regt., to Lizzie, daughter ofMr. G. Nicholas, of Harley- BEECHAM, Mr. W. P. , Solicitor, at St. Leonard's-on-Sea, aged 70, WHITBY, Mr. T. E., of Creswell Hall, Staffordshire, late Captain 3rd
street, May 11. May 5. Dragoon Guards, at Birch Hall, Windlesham, aged 46, May 5.
BEVAN-GREEN-At Ennismore-place, Wilfrid A. , son of Mr. R. C. L. BIGG, Mr. R., at Bombay, April 16. WILLIS, Mr. I., at Snowdon House, Hampstead, aged 84, May 11.
Bevan, to Mary E. , daughter of Mr. F. Green, of Princes-gardens, BLAKE, Mr. C. A. , Barrister, at Binfield, Berks, aged 29, May 11. WILLMER, Edward, of Liverpool, at Huyton, aged 76, May 6.
May II. BOOTH, Adele, widow of Mr. J. K., at Brush House, Ecclesfield, May 6. WILSON, Sir T. M., Baronet, M.A. , D.L. , of Charlton House, Kent,
BESTE SMITH -At Upper Norwood, Mr. G. Beste, of Dagnall Park, BOYLE, Ann, widow of Mr. J. , of Wolstanton, at Bebington, aged 64, at Folkestone, aged 69, May 5.
to Alice E., daughter of Mr. H. Smith, of South Norwood, and late May 1. WISCOMB, Mr. C. , High Sheriff of Exeter, at the Salisbury Hotel,
of the Audit Office, May 5. Fleet-street, aged 48, May 8.
BRADBURY, Mr. T., at New Brentford, aged 67, May 4.
BROMLEY - LAYCOCK - At Huddersfield,
Mary, daughter Rev. W. Bromley, B.A. , to BRAHAM, Jeannette H. , daughter of Mr. L. H. , of Euston-square, at YEELES, Edward W. , son of the late Mr. J. M. , of Bathford, near
of Mr. J. C. Laycock, of Huddersfield, May 5. Ahmedabad, May 2. Bath, aged 30, May 8.
[ 278 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 3
MAY 21 , 1869.]

to the feelings and wishes of the vast majority of the nation, the
English people clearly showed their determination to regard
THE PALL MALL BUDGET. Ireland more or less in the light of a conquered province.
Disestablishment affords an unquestionable pledge of our desire
to act justly, and will thus be extremely useful when it becomes
FRIDAY, MAY 21, 1869. necessary, as before long it most assuredly will, to hold very
decisive language about the question of the land and the question
of education.
IRISH DISCONTENT. Since, then, the question is being forced upon us, and will at no
very distant time assume the greatest practical importance, it is
ARCHBISHOP LEAHY has just published what is called a " long highly important to see our way through it clearly, or at all events
and eloquent pastoral on the outrages in Tipperary." Its prin- to understand distinctly the conditions upon which its solution
cipal points appear to be that the crimes which have lately depends. Those conditions appear to us to be remarkably simple
taken place there are mere isolated acts, and do not proceed when all accidental matters are stripped off, and the essence of the
from any organized agrarian conspiracy. " Such a conspiracy question is fairly considered on its own merits. It comes to this-
" could not exist without the knowledge of the Catholic clergy, that two sets of people want the same thing, and one of them has
" and they have no knowledge of any such thing." Neither have got it. The only possible way in which either party can be
the promises of Mr. GLADSTONE and Mr. BRIGHT anything to do satisfied is by giving him what he wants. The landlords
with the crimes in question. They are to be ascribed " partly ask merely to keep what they have got. The tenants, in
"to the unhappy relations between landlords and tenants, and
66'partly to the traditions of internecine warfare between the two plain English,
plain want the
English, want land to be confiscated for their
the land
benefit. This is the substance of the question . Phrases about
classes." Expectations of a settlement would diminish instead "fixity of tenure," protection against an " undue " or " arbitrary "
of increasing them. Finally the Archbishop " bids the tenant to power of raising the rent, and others of the same sort, of which there
"look for hope to the Imperial Legislature, and points out are an immense variety, are only soft phrases which really mean
" the danger of the people of England being disgusted and that a part of that which the law at present gives to the landlord
" estranged by these outrages." Side by side with this should should be taken from him and given to the tenant. Of course the
be read a very sensible letter from a special correspondent of the question, What part should be taken, is one to which a thousand
Daily News, who has been travelling in Ireland with a view answers may be, and constantly are, returned ; but the main principle
to discovering the causes of the state of things which has attracted that the law has given too much to the landlord, and that it ought
so much attention there. After the manner of his kind this gentle- to take away some part of it for the benefit of the tenant, is
man makes a good deal of literary capital out of the conversation common to them all. If the Roman Catholic clergy and their
of the driver of his car, but having got through that inevitable peasantry really knew their own minds quite distinctly, and
preface he comes to something more solid - a specific case of expressed their own meaning without any sort of disguise and
tenant wrong which he had spoken of, and which he determined
with complete perspicuity, this is what they would really ask at
to investigate. A man had bought a seven or ten years' lease of the hands of the Legislature ; and no legislation which stops
a farm for £700. When the lease had expired the landlord short of this will reach the root of Irish discontent, though, no
asked £700 more and 10s. an acre increased rent to renew it.
doubt, a variety of palliatives, useful in their degree, may be
The offer was not accepted. Some one else offered more and got devised.
the farm . Every one, according to the correspondent, regarded this
as a hard case, and in particular a farmer, with whom he discussed Confiscation, then, to a greater or less extent, being the real
nature of the demand which is sure to be made, the next question
the subject, told him in so many words that a man who tried to
apply the ordinary commercial principle of taking land at the is whether it ought to be granted ? If it is the intention of the
highest price it would fetch would find that his life was not worth English people at large, and in particular if it is the intention of the
an hour's purchase in Tipperary. If this is coupled with Arch- Legislature and of the Ministry to say, No, it ought not, they should
bishop LEAHY'S pastoral, the result appears to be that we get a certainly take an opportunity at some time or other of saying so in
a most distinct and emphatic manner. There is another course
fresh illustration of the old and well-known principle by which the
whole of the Irish land question appears to be governed, which is of policy which can be adopted, though it is not attractive to the
that the " unhappy relations between landlord and tenant " arise out imagination, nor likely to produce any speedy cure of Irish evils.
of the fact that the landlords have the land and the tenants That is the policy of leaving landlords and tenants to settle their
want to have it, and that a collision ensues as often as own affairs, the law being carried out in the most rigid manner for
the protection of life and the enforcing of contracts, and being
the two parties act upon their respective views. It is cold comfort
at the same time moulded in such a manner as to make
to be told, as Archbishop LEAHY appears to have told us all, that
this state of feeling, and not any special agrarian conspiracy, is the implied contracts as reasonable and popular as possible. If this
cause of the murders in Tipperary. It is always possible to deal policy is plainly announced and is steadily carried out on all
somehow or other with a conspiracy. Its leaders can generally be possible occasions and at all hazards, it will be very far from being
detected and punished. Its objects may be frustrated. Sooner or popular in Ireland, and its announcement would probably produce
later it breaks out into an avowed open shape in which it may be a good deal of popular indignation, but it might succeed in the
confronted and overcome : but a chronic state of discontent arising course of years, and by the aid of that general improvement in the
from the rooted conviction of two important sections of the state of the country which has been in progress, drawbacks not-
withstanding , for a considerable period of time, and which pro-
community to the effect that each is entitled to that which
bably will continue.
the other regards as his property is a far more difficult matter to
deal with.
There is no use in disguising the fact that, from whatever side THE STATE OF FRANCE.
the subject is approached, and whatever may be the special illus-
tration which throws light upon the matter, this appears to be the IT is always extremely difficult to say anything much worth saying
real explanation of at all events a great deal of Irish discontent. upon a subject so very wide as the general state of feeling which
The peasantry in many cases do not, and will not, regard the land prevails, or is supposed to prevail, in a great nation. No one,
as the subject of unqualified property at all. Least of all will they whatever may be his special means of knowledge and observation,
regard it as being the absolute property of their landlords, subject can see or know more than a comparatively small part of the facts,
only to such restrictions as may have been imposed upon it by free or estimate, except in the roughest possible manner, the various
contract. The landowners, on the contrary, refuse to consider it currents of opinion and feeling by which the destinies of nations are
in any other point of view, and where they are practically affected. Unlimited political freedom sometimes operates to obscure
compelled to desist from acting upon their own conception the truth almost as much as a system of repression. In England
of their relation to their tenants they give way only to violence and the United States the evidence as to the state of the public
and intimidation in their very worst and most unqualified mind is so abundant that it is nearly impossible to give due weight
shape. How can we ever expect to set this matter to rights ? to all the innumerable parts of which it is composed. In a country
What possible escape is there from the difficulties which arise out under personal government, like France, it is impossible to know
of it ? Now that the disestablishment of the Irish Church has how much is kept back by the fear of incurring the displeasure
been all but carried the question can hardly be regarded as of the Government. It is indeed difficult to say whether the
premature . We have always regarded that measure as valuable probability of making mistakes is greater in the case of persons
chiefly because and in so far as it operates to set the with special information who take a part for the whole, or in the
English people in general in the right as regards the Irish. It case of general observers, who are obliged to form their opinions
will enable us to meet and to deal with the land question from the general course of events and from broad symptoms
when it arises in a far better, more independent and respec- obvious to all the world.
table attitude than we could otherwise have assumed. So Be this how it may, there are certainly many symptoms at
long as the Church remained as it was it might fairly be said present which would naturally lead those who are obliged to
that by keeping up a public establishment which could answer no form their estimate of French affairs from common materials
other purpose than that of insult and of asserting indifference to take a very serious view of its position. There are many
[ 283 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 21 , 1869.
4

symptoms in its moral and political condition which recall those of of his whole policy. As a liberal and a despot he has been
1848, and it is impossible to forget the fact that during the twenty- continually riding upon two horses animated by the strongest
one years which have passed since that memorable time a genera- desire to take different roads, and it is clear enough that the task
tion has grown to mature manhood which has never seen a of guiding them in any one direction is continually becoming more
revolution. The youths of Paris know of such events only by and more irksome to him and less and less likely to be successfully
tradition. Men of thirty recollect them only as having supplied accomplished for any great length of time.
their childhood with excitement, and when we recollect that not very If, however, the government of France itself has been a com-
dissimilar intervals of comparative repose preceded the revolutions promise for the last eighteen years, the same cannot be said of the
of 1830 and 1848 it is impossible not to feel that the time has again intellectual life of the nation during that period. It would be
come round at which the feelings of fear and despondency which difficult to imagine anything more decisive, more eager, more
are the natural effects of the failure, partly by suppression and furious we might say, than the opposition which exists between the
partly by exhaustion, of a great effort may be expected to have two great sections of French thought. On the one hand, it is
worn out. These considerations give a good deal of gravity to impossible to deny that the energy of the priests and of those
such incidents as the riot which took place last week on the who take their view of things in general is far greater than
occasion of the speech of M. EMILE OLLIVIER, and the vehe- it has ever been before in the present generation. They
mence expressed by the Democratic party at the various meetings have the greatest possible use of all the resources
which were held for electioneering purposes . It is impos- which have for centuries constituted their power. They have
sible to measure with any sort of confidence the importance used to the utmost every art which gives them in so many
of such symptoms. They may mean very little, but those cases control over schools, over women, over the rich, the
which preceded the revolution of 1848 were not more serious poor, and the ignorant, and no doubt they have produced a
or distinctive. It is, however, always impossible for the reasons at very considerable effect . The effect, however, which has been
which we have already glanced, to say anything much worth produced in the other direction is even more remarkable, and it
saying as to the significance of the events which turn out in fact deserves special attention because it is part of a process which
to be the immediate precursors of great social changes. A more is going on all over Europe and America. To return to
decisive opinion may be expressed on the moral elements, which, DE MAISTRE's simile, Hercules is very strong, and has a good
after all, are the most important conditions of revolutionary as well deal recovered from the fall which he got eighty years ago,
as of other changes. If we look at the matter from this point and which, after all, was in the nature of a surprise,
of view, it is, we think, impossible to doubt that the course of events but Antæus has got his feet on his mother earth, and does not
during the last twenty years has stored up in Europe in general, look much as if he was going to be lifted into the air and crushed
and in France perhaps more than elsewhere, the elements of a to death. We are at a loss for any third mythological personage
struggle as desperate as any which has been witnessed since the who might represent the Emperor, but if we assume the presence
great Revolution. Early in the history of that great event its at the great wrestling match of some celestial gendarme who
first great intellectual antagonist, DE MAISTRE, pointed out in a for a long time had kept the combatants from proceeding to
remarkable passage the way in which the removal of the old extremities, and who was at last finding his work too much for
temporal sanctions of religious belief might operate in favour of him, we should have a lively picture of the Emperor at the present
religion :- moment.

Le philosophisme (he says) n'a donc plus de plaintes à faire ; toutes les
chances humaines sont en sa faveur ; on fait tout pour lui et tout contre sa
MR. CAVE'S ASSURANCE BILL AS AMENDED
rivale. S'il est vainqueur il ne dira pas comme César, Je suis venu, j'ai vu, et j'ai
vaincu ; mais enfin il aura vaincu ; il peut battre des mains et s'asseoir IN COMMITTEE.
fièrement sur une croix renversée. Mais si le Christianisme sort de cette To those who have reflected on the lawless, irregular, and unsafe
épreuve terrible plus pur et plus vigoureux ; si l'Hercule chrétien fort de sa seule system in which life assurance business is carried on in England,
force soulève le fils de la terre et l'étouffe dans ses bras, patuit Deus. and contrasted it with the ample and excellent legislation,
DE MAISTRE forgot, as he was rather apt to forget, that there explained in a recent article in this journal, by which America
was a third possibility, namely, that the struggle between Hercules guards the rights and property of policy-holders, Mr. CAVE'S
and Antæus might not end in the victory of either, but might pass bill must seem almost amusing in its pronounced baldness.
into new forms, and continue, with various success and continual It does not really provide one adequate check, or contain a
changes of fortune, to colour the whole history of Europe for an single clause of any value. It does not attempt to enforce a
indefinite period. He is, however, undoubtedly entitled to the separation of life assurance from marine, fire, or other risks ; nor
credit of having seen and said at the very height of the does it as much as hint that the reserve funds should be kept
revolutionary flood tide that the forces opposed to it were immensely inviolable and apart, or that the losses in one division must not be
powerful, and would make themselves felt in time, however much defrayed from the premiums belonging to another. Notwithstanding
they might be obscured for the moment. From seventy to recent disclosures, there is nothing to secure the respectability.and
eighty years have passed since these words were written, and the solvency of the promoters and managers of these companies, nor is
struggle which they depict between the old and the new is still as there any provision as to the capital, or any portion of it, being
fierce as ever, and as likely as ever to cause fresh catastrophes and paid up in cash before business can be commenced and policies
new reactions. issued. It is in seventeen clauses, and enacts that each company
The point to which we wish to direct attention in reference shall annually file a statement showing the income and expenditure
to the present condition of France is that since the establish- for the year, a balance-sheet, and the new business for the year.
ment of the present form of government each party has been This document is to be deposited within sixty days of January 1
growing in strength and in the consciousness of strength ; that the with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies, who may look
Government which has in fact existed during the whole of that at it if he pleases, and forthwith lock it up, for no human
period and the policy which has been pursued by it have been being will ever be the wiser for the information it contains,
the nature and amount of which are meagre, unsatisfactory,
mere compromises ; and that all the great political and
moral agencies which have been at work for the last twenty and capable of any degree of manipulation . There is a penalty,
years are in fact pulling in opposite directions, and must it will be observed, for making inaccurate returns, but there is no
sooner or later produce some new collision. In this country one whose business it is to examine and check them, or to prosecute
policy and legislation have practically been steadily liberal. the offenders. Nor, indeed, need there be, for by simply mixing
Particular facts might no doubt be mentioned which look in the up all the branches together and striking an average of profit and
opposite direction, such as the great development of the various loss, the figures may be correct, but the life department may
forms of sacerdotalism, but there is no possibility of mistaking also be hopelessly insolvent without any person suspecting it.
the general tendency either of our laws or of our literature. Forms in which these statements are to be made are supplied in
The force, such as it is, of the reaction is no more than the measure schedules attached to the bill, and present a remarkable and
ofthe force of that against which it is directed . This, we think, disadvantageous contrast to the tabular statement required
cannot be affirmed of France. It is true enough that in certain under the American law, where, for every fresh risk incurred
respects the present Emperor has always been favourable to liberal or new contract made, the corresponding liability is ascertained,
principles. He probably knows well that they are ultimately distinctly stated, and fully provided for under the severe supervision
destined to triumph, and that their success as well in France as else- of an efficient public officer thoroughly versed in actuarial science.
where is merely a question of time ; but, on the other hand, he came The bill orders an actuarial report to be made every ten
into power as the saviour of society and the enemy and conqueror years, by companies established previous to the passing of this
of revolution. The priests and the peasants have, generally Act, by which arrangement nine years of grace are allowed to
speaking, been his firmest supporters, and in many ways, as, for rotten and insolvent companies to continue to take premiums,
instance, in the matter of education, and in the matter of the sell annuities, and generally defraud policy-holders. This report
occupation of Rome, he has shown his gratitude for their services. is to contain the instruction on which the report is based, the
The contrast between the policy which was pursued in the north table of mortality, and rate of interest assumed, and the margin
of Italy in 1859, and again in 1866, and that which was pursued of premium income reserved for future contingencies. A company
towards Rome in 1867 is a fair illustration ofthe composite character refusing to comply with this regulation, the managers may be fined
[ 284 ]
 MAY 21 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET.
5

£50 per day for such disobedience. But of what practical value superintend the life insurance department, neither has he any
is the clause ? The actuary may be a shareholder, or the creature authority to do so, even if he had time, inclination, and capacity.
of the manager ; there is no public officer with authority to It will be a matter for regret if a measure so inadequate and unsa-
examine into the correctness of the account. If the actuary tisfactory should be slipped through the House. It aims at reform,
prepares and publishes a false statement, no one will discover it ; perhaps, but in a blind and blundering way, and the bald provisions
and the penalty can only be enforced if the document is proved to it does contain it will be nobody's business to enforce. Whether
be false to the knowledge of the person who signs it. But who is this Act, if passed, could be made to apply to the unregistered
to discover the inaccuracy, and who is to detect and prosecute the small mushroom friendly and benefit societies of which the National
offender-the directors, the shareholders, the policy-holders, or some and Provincial Union Assurance Society has lately afforded us an
private individual who desires to devote his own fortune to the instructive warning, is open to doubt. Moreover, the checks are
welfare of the public ? Clause 7 ordains that the Board of Trade dependent on voluntary or permissive action, or they are illusory,
may, with the consent of a company, alter the forms alluded to in the or complicated and cumbersome. Sometimes, indeed, they present
Act for the purpose of adapting them to the circumstances of such a remarkable combination of each and all of these evils, so that the
company, and the promotion of the objects of the Act. But how insolvent are expected to ask to be examined in respect of their
is the consent of a rotten company to be obtained, and who is to insolvency, and rotten companies to entreat that their rottenness
set in action the Board of Trade ? It is true that clause 13 says may be exposed to the world. It would undoubtedly suit those
that twenty persons having held policies for not less than three who desire for reasons of their own to avoid publicity in commercial
years, and whose amount of assurance represents £20,000, matters, and we state it advisedly, very powerful and organized
may apply to the Board of Trade, and the Board may influence has been and will be exerted in order to urge the bill
direct an examination into the affairs of such company ; but forward and get it passed as quietly as possible.
there is no compulsion of any kind. The privilege of asking
for an examination is conceded to policy-holders only, not to
shareholders, be they ever so disquieted . And, considering that such OUR RELATIONS WITH CHINA.
returns as are ordered to be made under the Act will be locked
up in the office of the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies, and IT is to be hoped that the modifications which the Treaty of
copies delivered only on application to parties concerned ; that when Tientsin is shortly to undergo will prove to have been dictated by
rigidly examined they are in a form which renders them unin- views similar to those expressed in Lord CLARENDON'S recent
telligible to any but a skilful actuary, and to him even will convey despatches on the position of British residents in China. At no
no really accurate and certain information as to the true state of time indeed, at least of late years, would a policy directly opposed
the company's affairs ; that, further, it is exceedingly improbable to that enjoined by Lord CLARENDON have been avowedly
that twenty policy-holders, all insured to a sufficient amount and adopted by the Foreign Office . " That it is the intention
66
for the prescribed length of time, will have the actuarial knowledge and desire of this country that the intercourse with China
necessary to detect shortcomings, or, granting all this, that the said " should be maintained by friendly means, and should not
twenty will have that knowledge of and confidence in each other which "be subject to interruption by injudicious and rash proceed-
would be requisite to make them propose and combine in a common " ings on the part of British subjects " has been theoretically
course of action- it is obvious that thispermissory clause is of little or true all along. But this " intention and desire " has too frequently
no value. Compare this with the regulation enforced in the United been allowed to remain an intention and desire only. The British
States, by which the public officer employed by Government, for Government has defined the end at which its agents in China are
whose integrity and capacity ample guarantees are given (the super- to aim without taking the only means by which it can ensure
intendent of the insurance department), may at any moment, if he has that their pursuit of this end shall be effective. Again and
reason to suspect mismanagement, make a special investigation, again our intercourse with China has been interrupted_by_the
examine the officers and agents on oath, and publish the results. " injudicious and rash proceedings " of individual English-
Ifthese are not satisfactory, he at once revokes his certificate, and men, and on each occasion the " means resorted to by the
the company is forthwith dissolved, the securities are distributed British authorities in China have been the reverse of " friendly."
among the policy-holders, and the offending company pays They have at once taken the side of their own country-
the expenses of its own punishment. Moreover, with reference men and exacted from the people who have suffered from
to the filing of the accounts in the returns, those companies this rashness and want of judgment an ample reparation for their
having separate annuity funds are indeed invited to state the insolence in daring to resent it. The doctrine most consistently
amount, but those which have muddled everything together will be preached and practised by British residents in the East, whether
practically excused from making this return ; in fact, those which officials or non-officials, has been that an Englishman must never
are insolvent and to which such invitation would prove inconvenient admit that heor any ofhis countrymen have been in the wrong. Conse-
will simply not reply to it, and there will be no more said about it. quently the exhortations to prudence, courtesy, and their kindred
In the same way, those life companies which also insure against qualities, which have been repeatedly sent from home, have had no
fire, and keep separate accounts and funds for the latter more weight than usually attaches to such recommendations when
department, are invited to return particulars, but there is they are enforced by no practical sanction. The Anglo- Saxon
appended a note expressly for their convenience to exempt rarely shows much aptitute for the milder virtues in his dealings
them in case these items have been incorporated in the other with foreigners, and if the foreigners belong to the races whom
accounts. Let what is muddled and mismanaged remain muddled he comprehensively designates as " niggers," he would despise him-
and mismanaged to the end of time would seem to be the purpose, self if he could treat them with anything more than contemptuous
if not the motto, of Mr. CAVE's bill. Nor in making the returns tolerance. Such a mental attitude as this is disturbed by very
and filing the accounts is there any obligation to give the details trifling annoyances, and it easily passes at the first symptom of
of the management expenses, or the particulars of agency self-assertion on the part of its object into a stern determination to
commission. The statement of assets only specifies the amount inflict swift and adequate punishment. It is obvious that if this
of money invested, but of course the market price of such resolution can be carried out with the knowledge that there is
securities is a most important item of information in estimating a consul and a ship of war in the background, no amount of
the condition of the companies' affairs ; that, however, is not general injunctions from home are likely to prevent its being
even alluded , to. There is also a clause to provide that in formed. For the future, however, Lord CLARENDON'S despatch
case of amalgamation or purchase between companies copies of the 19th of April last will seriously interfere with this com-
of statements as to liabilities and assets, with copy of bond fortable consciousness. Sir RUTHERFORD ALCOCK is reminded
or deed of transfer, should be deposited with the Registrar that " as the delegate of her Majesty's Government," he has
within ten days from the date of completion, and that "full power and authority to control the conduct of consular
all concerned shall make statutory declaration that all payments officers." He is further informed that " the Board of Admiralty will
are fully set forth therein. But of what value is this provision ? " take care that the policy of her Majesty's Government shall not
When complied with what are the results ? How does it bear on the "be thwarted or overborne by excessive zeal on the part of her
question of a fraudulent or deceptive sale or transfer of one insolvent Majesty's navy." And finally, Lord CLARENDON offers to consider
company to another ? To those who understand the scientific part any representation the minister may make as to the inadequacy of
of the insurance system it is more than doubtful whether it is ever the powers he already possesses " for the maintenance of peace,
prudent of a sound office to purchase the risks and liabilities of " order, and good government among British subjects resident in
66
another, which must have been unfortunate or mismanaged, other- or resorting to China, and for the enforcement upon them of
wise it would not be offered for sale. To accept them for nothing " the observance of the stipulations of treaties, and of rules and
would in many cases be very bad policy, but to buy them up and " regulations made in that behalf." Certainly, judged by old
largely compensate those who have brought the business to con- precedents, this last intimation is a complete reversal of the order
fusion is simply one of the many ways in which the interests of policy- of nature. It assumes that treaties are meant to bind both
holders are shamefully sacrificed. The Registrar is the only public parties ; whereas the view commonly taken of them by English-
officer to whom any reference is made, and he is merely to act as a men in the East is that they are traps in which foreigners
depositary of deeds perfectly useless, and to the general public may be conveniently caught, when for some reason or other
practically, though not theoretically, inaccessible. He does not it is inexpedient to use open violence. Lord CLARENDON'S
possess the special knowledge which is required to investigate and meaning may perhaps be illustrated by a passage from another
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 6 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 21 , 1869.

despatch sent three days later. The acting consul at Swatow, who the consolidation of the kingdom of Italy. In the same way
had just before been taking summary vengeance on some villagers the Spanish Constitutions of 1812 and 1837 were landmarks which
for attacking a boat's crew belonging to a British gunboat, mentions were never altogether forgotten during the reactionary periods
that the difficulty has been settled, and then adds :-" A shooting which followed their enactment. The Constitution of 1812 has
"party just returned reports having experienced perfect civility even exercised a decided influence on the whole course of events down
" while passing the scene of a clan fight." Upon this Lord CLAREN- to our own times ; not of course by reason of any positive legal
DON expresses his surprise " that, looking to the troubled state of power which attached to it at any time, but because it formed a
" the country, such a rash proceeding should, as it would seem, have standard towards the attainment or reattainment of which Spanish
" been sanctioned by him without any attempt to prevent it," and Liberals might systematically direct their efforts. The strongest of
desires Sir RUTHERFORD ALCOCK to " inform her Majesty's consuls all cases, however, of the importance of paper Constitutions, as they
are contemptuously called , is to be found in the Constitution of the
46 generally that it is their duty to discountenance similar acts of United States. Probably no single document or legislative Act
imprudence on the part of British subjects, whom they will warn
" that they must not expect redress to be obtained for them for ever influenced so large a part of the human race or exercised over
injuries to which they may have wantonly exposed themselves." them an influence which could be compared to it in point of intensity
To allow insults offered to Englishmen by the Chinese to pass or duration. There is really no absurdity in comparing its influence
altogether unnoticed may sometimes lead to very awkward conse- over the minds of the Americans to the influence of the authorized
quences. It is clear, therefore, that if Englishmen can be pre- version of the Bible over the minds of English people.
vented from wantonly provoking them, a good deal will have been For these reasons it appears to us that the process which the
gained, and it is probably with a view to some such improvement Spaniards are just now going through deserves at our hands a
that Lord CLARENDON suggests a possible enlargement of the greater degree of attention and sympathy than it receives. They
British Minister's powers. We punish a man who risks his life by are engaged in throwing into shape the ruling convictions for the
jumping out of a train before it has stopped. It seems hard that we time being of the Spanish nation, and by so doing they will
cannot punish a man for risking interests far more important than exercise over its future prospects and condition a degree of influ-
his own life by insisting on going beyond the treaty ports when he ence proportioned to the fidelity with which the work, when done,
is called to do so by no urgent necessity. We have before drawn may reflect the real wishes and feelings of the nation. On the
attention to the obstacles thrown in the way of this sensible policy other hand, it must not, of course, be forgotten that this is the
by the very general terms of that article of the Treaty of Tientsin sixth Constitution in sixty-seven years, having been preceded by
which authorizes British subjects "to travel for their pleasure or those of 1812 , 1833 , 1837, 1845 , and 1854, the last of which was
66
"for purposes of trade to all parts of the interior, under passports never promulgated, whilst the first was set aside two years
"which will be issued by their consuls and countersigned by after its promulgation . It is impossible not to feel that this cir-
"the local authorities." The wisest possible counsels on the part of cumstance considerably diminishes the real importance of the
the Foreign Secretary will not alter the fact that we have extorted present legislation, and it is easy to understand why it should make
this general permission on behalf of our countrymen, and that its apparent importance in the eyes of English people almost
if they suffer from availing themselves of it without our insisting nothing at all . Of the particular provisions which have been as
on redress we shall run the risk of being thought unable to yet adopted the most important, or, at all events, the most showy,
ensure the observance of treaties solemnly entered into by the are those which, by rejecting federal and democratic republicanism,
Chinese Government. No doubt it is far from easy to devise a arrive by the method of exclusion at the result that Spain is to
remedy for this state of things. The Chinese are hardly a people continue to be a monarchy. To many persons, no doubt, this will
to appreciate an unsolicited surrender on the part of England of be a satisfactory result. We do not pretend to have any very strong
privileges which have once been conceded. It may, however, be opinion upon the question as regarded from the Spanish point ofview.
possible to exchange this stipulated leave to travel in all parts If the Spaniards deliberately prefer a monarchy to a republic, if
of the empire, which is so admirably calculated to embroil us they really like to have a king and a Court, it is probable that as
with the local authorities, for some increased privileges at they know their own affairs best such institutions are suitable for
certain ports. The Chinese are quite intelligent enough to them. We should have thought that their experience during the
appreciate the advantages of foreign commerce when they under- present century, to go no further back, would have more or less
stand that it is offered to them with no political motive disgusted them with kings and queens, and that their experience
in the background ; and an active and peaceful trade at a few great during the last seven or eight months would have proved to their
centres is far more likely to impress this conviction on their minds satisfaction the possibility, not to say the ease, of doing without
than such a wholesale importation of merchants, missionaries, and them. As, however, this is not the case, it may, at all events, be
tourists as is provided for by the existing treaty. as well to remark that whether the Spaniards have no king at all,
or whether they have a king upon such terms as the present
Constituent Assembly appear to be determined to impose upon any
one who takes the place, is rather a question of names than of any-
SPANISH CONSTITUTION MAKING.
thing else. When a nation deliberates for many months upon the
THE Spaniards appear at last to have made some progress in the question whether it prefers one form of government or another,
task of equipping themselves with a new Constitution. They when at last it decides to have a king, and then sets about in
have rejected democratic and federal republicanism , though a the most deliberate business-like way to consider what king it
respectable minority voted in favour of the latter, and they have will have, it is obvious enough that the age of royalty as it used to
sanctioned, to a certain extent at all events, the principle of be is passed for ever. The person, whoever he may be, whom the
standing armies supported by conscription. They have, indeed, Spaniards ultimately choose may be called a king, and may draw
got through the greater part of their work, though the real knot of a large salary and have a Court, but in reality he will never be,
the question-the choice of a king- still remains to be attacked. and will never be able to consider himself as, anything but the head
English people in general have a want of confidence in what of the party which has elected and which may happen to support
they call paper Constitutions, which leads to an excessive him. The events of the last six or eight months have destroyed
and unwise depreciation of such labours as these. Seeing royalty in Spain, far more effectually than any clause in any
their weak side very clearly, we totally refuse to believe that they❘ Constitution could destroy it. It was possible to look upon
have any strong side, and are apt to draw the inference that they ISABELLA as the inheritor, however unworthy and degraded, of the
are of no use at all from the fact that they cannot be expected to old Spanish monarchy, and to invest her in imagination with what-
produce anything like the results which their authors appear to ever degree of respect and interest might be supposed to attach to
expect from them. This, we think, is an error. It is, of course, the descendant of the BOURBON line and the representative of
absurd to suppose that any body of men can alter the character and PHILIP II. and CHARLES V.; but, whoever comes in under the
recast the institutions of a great nation by a set of resolutions of new Constitution and by the will of the Constituent Cortes, after
1
their own, whether they call them a Constitution or anything else. an interregnum of many months, and after the crown,
The supposition that they can belongs to the very infancy of such as it is, has been dragged in the mud, and has gone
political life and knowledge. It is, however, not merely a truth, begging after a fashion hitherto unexampled in contemporary
but a very important one, that people can and frequently do European history, never will or can be anything else but
produce by legislation of this sort, changes which have a gradual the president of the Spanish Republic, whatever his constituents
effect upon the nation legislated for, and in the course of time may choose to call him. Monarchy properly so called, with its
influence its destinies in a very remarkable manner. To take old mysterious attributes and associations, is at an end in Spain as
much as in other parts of the world. There is nothing very
an extreme case, the paper Constitution of the kingdom of
Naples used to be treated as a standing shocking example memorable in this change, for all that can be said of it is that the
of the worthlessness of such things. The contrast between its most backward country in Europe is slowly taking the same road
excessive liberality and the gross tyranny of the Government which as the rest in the same timid, hesitating, purblind fashion, and as the
defied and trampled upon it used to be constantly referred to in road itself does not appear, so far as can yet be seen, to
proof of the commonplaces upon the subject ; but there can lead to any very glorious or wonderful results, the interest of
be no doubt that in point of fact that very contrast had the operation is diminished still further. The manner, however,
a great deal to do with the chronic discontent and sense in which people cling to the name of monarchy and shrink
of wrong which brought about the revolution of 1859 and from the name of republic all over Europe is singular, and
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 MAY 21 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 7

may in some respects be regarded as touching. It is wonderful extremely doubtful. Still these are not circumstances that would
to think of the way in which we in this country have, by the organ provoke any serious agitation against the law. The real source of
of newspapers and public men, on all sorts of occasions, expressed dissatisfaction operates in a less direct form. It is the case that,
our intense interest in constitutional monarchy, our delight at its despite the existence of leases, the relation between landlord and
successes and our polite disapprobation of democracy and republi- tenant is, as a rule, of less permanence in Scotland than in England.
canism, as if it were possible for nations, by applying this title or The average lease is only for twenty years, and at its termination the
that to one particular person, to alter the general constitution of farm is most commonly put up to competition by tender. Hence
society and control the general progress of events. Something, as the rent which a skilled farmer must offer, to have a chance of suc-
we have already said, we can do. We can acknowledge and cess, is fixed not so much by the real value of the land as by the
register, and, so to speak, emphasize the course of events by our amount which any one is willing to offer ; for within certain limits
legislation, and we can to some slight extent affect the rate of its the landlord, of course, is inclined to accept the highest tender.
progress, but the notion that we can really govern and change it at Now the custom of deferring the payment of rents, and the perfect
will is about as absurd a dream as ever entered into the mind of security which the landlord has whatever difficulties fall upon the
man, and that is saying a good deal. tenant, enable men with little capital and less skill to enter the field
and to raise by their competition the rent which better qualified men
must offer. Thus, it is alleged, not merely is there a diminution
LANDLORD AND TENANT IN THE NORTH. of the tenant's legitimate profits, but by the unnatural forcing up
of rents the whole tenantry are reduced to a state of dependence.
IT is not only in Ireland that the " land question " is looming They know that they have bound themselves to pay more than the
ahead. Troublesome speculations on the relations between land- farm will yield in any adverse season, that they are therefore in
lord and tenant are arising in Scotland also, as the constant such a contingency at the landlord's mercy ; and hence they
apparition of game-law discussions in the House of Commons tremble at the thought of displeasing him, they feel bound to vote
sufficiently testifies. But another grievance besides that of hares as he may be supposed to wish, and they are obliged to submit to
and rabbits weighs on the Scottish farmer. A bill for its remedy stipulations respecting game and other burdens which they would
has already received half a day's debate in the Lower House, and resist if less pressed by competition. They therefore demand,
the Upper has appointed in advance a Select Committee to be with a rapidly growing vehemence and unanimity, the abolition of
prepared with reasons for extinguishing it. The subject is veiled the law of hypothec, to which they trace back these disadvantages.
from Southern apprehension under the classic name of " hypothec,” On the other hand, the landlords have something to say on
and under the mystery of Scottish law, but it is really very their side. They insist that they exercise a sound judgment in the
simple, and it involves questions of equal interest to England as to selection of their tenants, that often there may be skill without
Scotland. capital, and that the law of hypothec enables them to give such
What is "hypothec " ? The shortest explanation that can be skill a fair chance. They say that poor but rising men would
given of it is that it is an extended right of distraint. In the legal otherwise find it impossible to obtain farms. They declare
theory of the North, clothed in the language of the civil law, the that were the law abolished they must exact rents in advance,
tenant's property, i.e. the stock and crop upon his farm, is said to or obtain security in other forms, and that in any case they
be "hypothecated " to the landlord for the rent due or to become could establish by private bargain the priority of right
due for the year in which the crop is grown or the cattle are which the law now gives them without bargain. In these last
fed. So far had the doctrine been carried by judicial decision arguments there is, indeed, some truth, but one cannot help
that the landlord might follow the grain into the hands of a remarking that the more of truth there is in them the less is the
third person, who had paid full price for it, in ignorance of the reason why the landlords should resist the abolition of the law. It
landlord's claim. Moreover, by a legal process called " seques- is plain that the law must give them something which public
""
tration for rent (to be distinguished from sequestration on opinion or fair competition would not give, or they would not
bankruptcy), the landlord could secretly attach the tenant's desire its maintenance. And what that something is it is not very
crop, &c. , so as not only to secure his rent, but to render liable hard to discover, even from their own statements. It is not the
for the rent any other creditor who might unwittingly have mere power of accepting as tenant a meritorious poor man, who
levied an execution on the property thus appropriated. These cannot pay rent till the crop is reaped, for nobody desires to take
two last features of the system have been, however, remedied in away from such a man the right of assigning his property either to
compliance with the recommendations of a Royal Commission, his landlord or to any one else in security of the rent after it is due.
which two or three years ago investigated the state of the law. But But what the law gives and the landlords wish to conserve is the
the farmers are still dissatisfied, and demand the total abolition of possibility of taking as tenant anybody whatsoever, without reference
the law of hypothec. The movement has assumed very large pro- to his skill or character or capital, without exercising any supervision
portions, and a considerable number of the Scottish members were of his proceedings, and without any responsibility for his faults
obliged at the last election to pledge themselves to support the or his blunders. They call themselves partners with their tenants,
farmers' views. Many, indeed, consider that on this, rather than but they seek to have every advantage and none of the risks of
the game laws, will be really fought out the battle between the partnership. They wish, by including all the nameless crowd,
tenants and the landlords. Why so much importance is attached gathered out of the failures of all other professions, among the
to it is to be explained by the character of the bargains made list of competitors for farms, to raise the virtual rents, whosoever
between tenant and landlord over the greater part of Scotland. may be finally accepted. And if we concede that a landlord in
It will be seen from what has been said that the substantial Scotland is generally very liberal to a subservient tenant who
distinction still remaining between the landlord's right of distress in from having offered too high a rent falls into difficulties, it is
England, and of hypothec and sequestration in Scotland, consists impossible not to recognize that due subserviency must in general
in the fact that distress can only be used for the recovery of rent be the condition, tacitly understood on both sides, on which such
already due, whereas hypothec is available in addition to secure grace is shown.
rent that is not yet due. In conformity with this limitation of It cannot, we think, be maintained that this is a wholesome state
the English landlord's right, the fact, as we all know, is that of things. We should be the last to counsel any interference with
in England rents are usually payable every six months for free competition. It has not only raised Scottish rents, but
the period of tenancy comprised in the preceding half-year. But improved Scottish farming far beyond our own. But, then, compe-
in Scotland the custom is quite different. The tenant almost tition should be merely unfettered, not artificially fostered. Nobody
invariably enters before the crop is sown, often immediately on the can deny that the law of hypothec does foster it ; and it is equally
preceding crop being reaped, and it is the general practice that he plain that the law is an artificial one. Natural law would
pays no rent at all till a full year has expired, while it is not fully leave all parties to make their own bargains. It is an artificial law
paid up till eighteen or twenty months after his entry. The reason which steps in and says that it will make a bargain in virtue of which
for the delay is to allow him to reap and market the crop before one ofthe parties may leave a debt long unrecovered because he holds
he is required to pay for it. A corresponding delay is made in a secret pledge over all the debtor's goods. In an ordinary legal lien
regard to the rent for all the succeeding years of the tenancy. the possession is in the creditor's hands ; in the Scottish hypothec
Beyond doubt this is an immense boon. It may be taken it remains in the debtor's hands. This idea is contrary to the
(comparing it with our English usage) as a standing loan to general and sound policy of our law, and deserves no encourage-
the tenant on the part of the landlord of half a year's or a ment. So long as Scottish tenants thought it for their advantage
whole year's rent, without interest. So much capital is thus as well as for that of their landlords, the case might be thought
saved to the tenant. The landlord, on his part, can make peculiar. But now that the tenants desire to stand on their own
the loan with perfect safety, because by his right of hypothec feet, and to make their own bargains, on any terms the parties
he can at any moment attach the whole growing crop and choose to agree upon, it is clearly their right to do so. After all
stock on the farm for the rent that is not yet due. Other creditors, they are only asking to be put on the same footing as their
no doubt, fare badly ; but that is their affair, and they secure English brethren. We sympathize with them in so reasonable a
themselves by an extra price on the goods for which they give the claim, and none the less because we can foresee that an increase of
tenant credit.
The tenant himself, however, suffers also, if it manly independence and true sense of their own dignity may
happens that he needs a loan from any third party, for the land- accrue from the concession in Scotland, and may, perhaps, then
lord's preferential right makes the security of any other creditor extend by degrees to the like class on the south of the Tweed,
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 8 PALL MALL BUDGET. [MAY 21 , 1869.

DR. Mc NEILE ON PROTESTANT ASCENDENCY. student at Maynooth, or in any other Roman Catholic seminary, who would
not say that whatever may have been the original vice of the titles of the
It is almost melancholy to read over and over again the desperate protests ancestors of existing Irish landlords to their land it has long since been cured
which a few voices are still found to raise against the disestablishment of by prescription. The present owners, at all events, hold in good faith and by a
the Irish Church and in favour of the retention of Protestant ascendency ; reasonable title, and have held for a length of time far greater than that which
but there is a sort of pretentiousness about Dr. McNeile, and his mani- any system of positive law or any ethical system would recognize as necessary
festoes acquire a degree of notoriety from being published in the Times, to put an end to all outstanding claims. Besides this, the moral obligation
which perhaps may be held to justify us in paying a little more attention to on the possessor of stolen property to make restitution is one thing, the
them than we should be disposed to pay to utterances which did not issue moral right of the person kept out of possession to take it is quite another,
from so large and loud a speaking trumpet. Dr. McNeile's argument and his right to possess himself of it by private assassination is a step, and
addressed to Mr. Gladstone, when stripped of the rhetoric in which it is a very long step, further still. If Dr. McNeile could produce any evidence
involved, comes to this :- " Equality ofprivilege, the beau ideal of Liberalism , to show that at Maynooth or elsewhere any Roman Catholic theologian
is utterly impracticable." Therefore, " the question is no longer between teaches that an Irish peasant now may lawfully- inforo conscientia-shoot an
ascendencyand equality, but between one species of ascendencyand another." Irish landlord from behind a hedge, because the Irish landlord's ancestor
Look, then, at Romanism and Protestantism and consider the question, " Is wrongfully acquired lands which were the property of the peasant's ancestor
permanent equality of political privilege practicable ? May the subjects several hundred years ago, he would prove something of importance. As it
of the Court of Rome be permitted to exercise equality of political power is, he really proves nothing at all but his own ignorance, and he displays that
in England with safety to the Crown , the Church, the liberties, the people, in a manner which makes it rather a mortifying thing that he should be
and the institutions of England ? "-a question, by the way, which it allowed to put himself forward as a champion of Protestantism.
appears superfluous to ask, if we start with the assumption that equality As to what he says about ascendency, and as to the theory that the ques-
of privilege is impracticable. Dr. McNeile, however, goes on to prove out tion lies not between ascendency and equality, but between one kind of
of the canon law (from which he has already extracted so many remark- ascendency and another, there is no doubt a certain sort of truth in it ;
able things) that equality of privilege is impracticable. His proof is taken but it is truth so distorted as to become falsehood. It is perfectly true
from certain passages of Thomas Aquinas, which look to us rather as if they that if people are to be governed by their clergy, if Churches are systems
belonged to what a Roman Catholic would call moral theology than to any- of government and not bodies of persons connected together by their own
thing which can be described as canon law. They look at first sight free choice of particular systems of religious belief, equality is impossible.
exceedingly harmless specimens of controversy, for all that they allege is, One or the other must have the ascendency, inasmuch as the people who
first, that goods taken in an unjust war ought to be restored to their profess the same creed are not all collected together in the same district.
owners ; next, that the purchaser of such goods is bound in conscience This theory, however, notwithstanding the vehement passion with which it has
to restore them on the demand of the true owner ; lastly, this rule applies been defended in various shapes for a great length of time, is losing its
""
to the case of Christian purchasers " from infidel pirates for instance influence in every direction, and can no longer be seriously upheld. Every
(puta a piratis infidelibus), which Dr. McNeile, for reasons of his own, one is recognizing in his own heart and by his conduct that religion is
translates, " suppose pirates, infidels, heretics, &c." This all appears matter of opinion as to which people must agree to differ, and that
harmless enough at all events, but Dr. McNeile is not to be imposed upon by churches are mere voluntary associations having no power whatever except
Thomas Aquinas. The bull " Coena Domini " excommunicates and curses all that which they may obtain from the free consent of their members. The
who supply Saracens, Turks, or heretics with horses, arms, iron, wire of iron, only ascendency which can really last or be tolerated in these days is the
or many other things " with which they fight against Christians and Catholics ;" ascendency of the law of the land, and Dr. McNeile need be under no
also those who give them information. Moreover, Dr. McNeile cannot apprehension that it will fail to make itself felt and owned in the
find " in the canon law any clear definition of what constitutes the most unqualified way both by Protestants and Catholics in the teeth, if
difference between justice and injustice ; that seems reserved for a need be, not only of the canon law but of the great bull " Coena Domini "
convenient decision as circumstances may require. " Observing, however itself.
the craft of his wily enemies, he lumps together the teaching of Thomas
Aquinas, the bull " Coena Domini," and the absence from the canon law
of a definition of justice, and arrives at the following fearful result :- FORTIFICATIONS.
From this it is tolerably clear that if thefaithful wage a war of conquest and succeed THE report of the Committee appointed by Sir John Pakington last year
in seizing property, as they did in Peru and Mexico and Chili and the provinces of La to report upon the construction , condition , and cost of the fortifications
Plata, it is a just war, and the property so seized has become the lawful property of the erected under what has been termed the Defence Loan is now before
faithful, and is not to be restored to the people of those lands. But if heretics wage a Parliament. The report has been prepared with great care, and we are
war of conquest against the faithful, and succeed, as English Puritans did in Ireland, it is
enabled to deduce from it a very clear view of the present position of the
an unjust war- it is rapine ; the conquerors acquire no right to the property, and resti- expenditure, and in conjunction with the documents relating to it, which
tution to the right owner is a duty. If the property has been sold, the seller has no were presented to Parliament by Mr. Sidney Herbert in 1860, and Sir
right to sell it ; the purchasers acquired no right by buying it, and still restitution is a George Lewis in 1862, we are enabled to obtain a clear insight into its
duty-a religious duty. history.
After a good deal more, he goes on to say :- The Royal Commission of 1859-60 originally proposed works the total
It is an undoubted truth that Romanists claim universal dominion for the Holy See, cost of which, including works in progress, would have amounted to
that they are taught to consider conquest lawful and right where they have never yet £ 10,350,000. Of this sumthe works in progress absorbed £ 1,460,000,
possessed, and resumption a duty when it can be safely exercised, where they have leaving £8,890,000 for new works. In 1860 Parliament agreed to execute
previously possessed but been dispossessed. This is the reason why the misguided out of the loan for defences new works estimated at £4,960,000, as well
people screen the assassin who would destroy the landlord, the usurper who has no legal as to complete works in progress to the amount of £ 1,220,000. This
right to the land he calls his own. They are persuaded, religiously persuaded, that the made £6,180,000 in all to be provided out of the loan for defences, and the
true law, the Church's law, and therefore the law of God, is on their side in every Treasury was empowered to raise £ 2,000,000 towards the expenditure on
endeavour to rescue for themselves and their children what has been unlawfully taken terminable annuities. In 1862 an application was again made to Parliament
from their forefathers ; and that the man who makes the attempt, disregarding the laws for funds ; the schedule attached to the Act which authorized a further sum
of England, is a hero and not a culprit. It is not their fault that they think so. They being raised for the prosecution of the works showed that the estimate
have no opportunity to learn better. The real fault lies with their teachers and with
had then risen to £ 6,860,000. These estimates included a sum of £670,000
those who encourage by supporting a constant supply of such teachers. for providing a central arsenal, the Chatham eastern defences, and Maker
There is more in the letter, but this is enough for our purpose. Barracks, Devonport, projects which have since been abandoned, and the
We doubt whether it would be possible to put into the same space a estimated cost of these works should, therefore, be deducted from the
greater amount of wild absurdity than Dr. McNeile has introduced into that account. When these are taken away, the figures stand as follows :-
part of his letter of which we have given an abstract. It shows at every In 1860 Parliament anticipated that the cost of the complete defences
step a persistency in wrongheadedness which can only be described as a would be £5,510,000 ; in 1862 the estimate rose to £6,190,000 ; in 1863
craze. There is a kind of perversity in coupling together Thomas Aquinas, to £ 6,250,000 ; and in 1865 to £ 6,325,000. In 1867 and 1868 further
the bull " Coena Domini," the teaching at Maynooth, and the murders in increases appeared in the estimate, and in consequence of a discussion in
Tipperary, which would be faintly represented by coupling some passage in Parliament, Sir John Pakington appointed the committee whose report is
Paley's " Moral Philosophy " with some clause in the Queen's proclamation now before us. This committee state that the cost will be £7.951,437
of neutrality, and accounting thereby for the perfidious conduct ( it is satisfactory to see how accurate they are even to a single pound) ; of
of this country in the matter of the Alabama. To say that the moral this, £ 5,118,838 is shown to have been spent on the 30th of last June,
theology of the Roman Catholics or that their canon law justifies agrarian leaving £2,832,599 still to be provided. The committee appear to have
murders is utterly false in fact, and proves gross ignorance of the whole satisfied themselves with a report in detail upon each fort ; and the sum-
system which is made the object of attack upon the part of the person who mary which they give is comparatively meagre. But, inasmuch as the
attacks it. It surelyhardly admits of doubt that property unjustly taken ought public is committed to this large expenditure, it would have been satisfactory
to be restored by the taker as a general rule, and there is nothing obviously to know from an impartial committee how much we have got for our money.
immoral or dangerous in the opinion that a bona fide purchaser from a thief The committee have carefully abstained from replying to one of the ques-
ought to restore the goods stolen to their true owner, though most people tions put to them, viz. " Whether the forts and works have been well and
would regard this as a matter on which the law of the land
skilfully constructed with reference to the cost incurred ?" But this is the
determined the extent of the conscientious obligation. If, however, most material question to the taxpayer. Possibly the constitution of the
a man will write on such subjects, and will detect in such harm- committee may have had something to do with this abstinence on their
less speculations as these deep-laid schemes for the aggrandizement part. The fortifications are designed by the Director of Works, or, prac-
of the Church of Rome and the destruction and spoliation of tically, his deputy, Colonel Jervois ; these designs are referred for exami-
Protestant Irish landowners, he ought to acquaint himself with the nation and approval to a committee termed the Fortification Committee, of
commonest elements of the subject. Dr. McNeile ought to know that, like which Colonel Jervois is the paid secretary ; therefore this examina-
all other people of ordinary common sense who have systematically tion is not an entirely independent one. But in examining the
discussed ethical problems, Roman Catholic writers on moral theology names of the committee whose report is before us, we are struck
recognize the principle of prescription. Probably there is not a professor or with the fact that of the six members who sign the report, the president
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and two other members are members of this Fortification Committee ; Petersburg, he was at last the means of persuading their Government to
another member, Mr. Hawkshaw, is the civil engineer employed in con- reduce the duties on various articles imported or importable from England
structing the foundations of the Spithead forts ; and the secretary is an by (on the average ) as much as 40 per cent. , and in a few instances 60
officer of Engineers, who has been employed for some time on the design and 70 per cent. Coffee is now admitted at a reduction of 45 per cent.;
of works directly under Colonel Jervois. Notwithstanding that the com- iron boilers, armour plate, and sheet-iron at a reduction of 35 per cent.;
mittee had then only two independent members upon it, we find this cast-iron utensils at a reduction of 39 % per cent.; common cutlery at a
suggestive paragraph :- reduction of 32 per cent.; needles at a reduction of 70 per cent. The
It is no part of our duty to express any opinion on the original plans, or diminution in the duties on linen, cloth, and cotton is equally remarkable.
on the changes that have been made in them, except so far as the cost incurred has The reduction on drills is 37 per cent.; on hosiery, 5434 per cent.; on
been affected by them ; but in estimating the resisting powers of the various meltons, beaver, doeskin, &c. , 444 per cent. ; on flannel, 542½ per cent. ;
works, the absence of collateral support and the facilities for attack afforded to an enemy on carpets, 3134 per cent.; on cotton tissues, from 23 to 544 per
by the omission to occupy some important position, become of paramount importance, cent.; on net and muslin, from 5434 to 57 per cent. Against
and we shall have occasion, in the subsequent part of our report, to call attention these reductions must be put a slight increase in the duties on certain raw
to some instances in which the defence might thus be seriously compromised. materials, and a new duty of 7s. 5d. per cwt. on locomotives and copper
Of the great value of the works that have been constructed, and the formidable and brass fittings, which, it is interesting to know, was yielded at the last
obstacle they would oppose to an enemy, there can be no doubt ; but to give to those moment by the Council of the Empire, in consequence of the organized
vital points that complete protection contemplated in the Royal Commission, it would agitation kept up by the leading protectionists. Russia was the last
be necessary, whenever the danger of attack might arise, to take immediate measures for country in Europe to publish its budget, and it now maintains the most
securing the weak points left in the lines by the omissions alluded to. antiquated and illiberal tariff of all European countries except Portugal.
We also find it mentioned that whilst the original estimate would be Though the reductions in the new Russian tariff average as much
understood to mean the cost of completing the works up to the point as 41 per cent. in eighty-eight classes, the duties still levied in Russia
considered necessary in time of peace, yet that in the case of the outer are four or five times higher in all the principal groups of merchandise
line of the Portsmouth land defences, which includes the Portsdown than those set down in the last Austrian tariff. And this is by no means
position and Fort Fareham, it was considered advisable in 1867 to limit the fault of the Government. We have seen that the Council of the
the estimate to what would be absolutely necessary to render the works Empire was checked in its liberal tendencies by the opposition of an
substantially complete, leaving for future consideration the preparation of interested and influential party with which it was obliged to count. The
the buildings for the reception of troops and the construction of the Government, the professors of political economy at the universities, and a
outworks to Fort Purbrook. certain number of journalists and students are the only free traders in
These admissions, from a committee of whom the majority were con- Russia. The manufacturers and many of the great landowners are just the
cerned in the designs, is at least a significant indication that we may contrary ; and it is for their benefit, real or supposed, that the mass of the
expect further demands before this expenditure is done with. We observe population is taxed in various ways, but chiefly through their tools and
a paragraph in the report which implies that the sanitary requirements of their wearing apparel.
the present day have added to the original cost ; we should, however, be It was not until the year 1822 that the Russian Government took
glad to know whether the small detached forts which can never be occu- serious steps for encouraging native industry by placing prohibitive duties
pied except temporarily in time of war have been fitted up with expensive on foreign manufactures. Then rich noblemen began to set up factories, in
ablution rooms and other sanitary appliances ; if so it is an undue waste. which they often turned the forced labour of their serfs to very profitable
The great increase in the cost of the works over the estimates seems to be account. The prohibitive duties were maintained until 1850, when, says
a natural result of the system pursued by the War Office of placing the M. de Rentorn, Minister of Finance, in a memorandum presented to the
whole control of the works practically in the hands of one person, whose Emperor in 1867 , the Government " passed from the prohibitive system to
whole efforts would naturally be directed to secure efficiency. Indeed, we a system of protection, having become convinced by experience that
wonder how many of the failures which the committee report as having now excessive duties and a long list of prohibited articles only encouraged
been salved over by money were brought to the notice of the Secretary of smuggling, without affording any real benefit to national industry." The
State when they first occurred. But irrespective of the few failures, the new tariff of 1850 had, however, but little effect ; and many of the duties
desire to obtain efficiency has led to a continual alteration of design, levied still exceeded the value of the goods on which they were imposed. In
and a perusal of the remarks of the committee in paragraphs 16 et seq. 1856 a revision of the tariff of 1850 was commenced " on the principle of a
of their report leads us to fear that the question of the penetration of gradual transition from prohibition to protection ; " and the introduction of
shot is not yet fully settled upon any authoritative basis. In 1860 Mr. the tariff of 1857 had the effect of " augmenting the customs revenue in
Sidney Herbert considered that the expenditure would be about £6,000,000, regard to all the articles on which the duties had been reduced." How-
and extend over five years. It has already lasted for nine years, and whilst ever, it was not until 1867 that attention was formally and officially called
above £5,000,000 has been spent, there are nearly £3,000,000 more to to this effect by a Russian Finance Minister, the general beneficial results
spend upon the present estimate of the committee. The report shows that of the slight approximation already made to a free-trade policy being at the
with this expenditure perfection will not have been attained. Under these same time handsomely acknowledged.
circumstances had we not better secure in as inexpensive a manner as In the meanwhile Mr. Sampson Lloyd, chairman of the Associated
possible what has been commenced, so as to protect it from dilapidation by Chambers of Commerce, Mr. Goodman, of Birmingham, and Mr. Thomas
weather, and then hold our hands ? otherwise we may be certain that the Michell had attended the exhibition of Russian manufactures held at Mos-
constructive ingenuity of the engineers will lead us into an excess over the cow in 1865, where Mr. Michell attacked the protectionist lion in his den, and
£8,000,000 now presented to us ; and when all is done we shall still be told fairly made him roar. The Russians cannot help suspecting a diplomatist
that we are incomplete. who speaks their language of the most formidable intentions ; and at the
There is, however, one feature connected with these works upon which exhibition banquet Mr. Shipoff, an eminent manufacturer (and also a
we can dwell with satisfaction. The works have been constructed under humourist), made a sharp reply to Mr. Michell's arguments and ended by
the supervision of the local engineer officers ; and whilst the reporters proposing a toast in honour of England, in which he called upon Russia
comment upon some failures, as at Redcliffe, Sandown, and Yaverland, and "to imitate that great nation by keeping on protective duties until it should
upon the position of various forts along the Thames, which are reported to suit her own interest to take them off." Mr. Lloyd and Mr. Goodman, not
be in a state of unstable equilibrium, the general condition of the works knowing the Russian language, could not be of much direct service. Indeed,
seems to be highly creditable to the officers of the corps of Royal Engi- Mr. Lloyd seems to have fancied that his mission to Russia was a political one,
neers, who have supervised their construction ; and we observe with and that he was called upon to explain to his Government the true nature of
pleasure that they report that where military labour has been resorted to it Polish discontent, as set forth by that impartial authority, the Moscow Gazette.
has proved more efficient and economical than working under contracts. The semi-savage idea which filled the minds of the over-cunning
We have always advocated the advantages which would arise both to the protectionists of Moscow was this : that their English visitors would not
man and to the nation of utilizing the labour of the soldier. be so anxious for a reduction of the Russian customs duties unless England
had much to gain by it, and that if England was sure to gain Russia was
equally sure to lose. The polite assurances made to them that their pro-
RUSSIAN PROTECTIONISTS AND THE NEW ductions, as seen at the Exhibition, were really beautiful, and that it was
mere diffidence on their part to fear foreign competition, had no effect.
RUSSIAN TARIFF.
They feared the strangers in spite of their compliments, or perhaps in con-
THE object of diplomacy- as Lord Napier put it some years ago before the sequence of them. And from one point of view- their own, the best of
parliamentary commission- is "to keep the peace of Europe." That, all to them-these protectionists were right ; at least those were who were
however, is (or should be) a general object. English diplomacy has also themselves engaged in manufactures. It might be perfectly true that
a special object, which belongs to the general one, as a corollary does to a forty millions of peasants paid so many copecks too much per yard
proposition. The peace of Europe being secured, the next thing to do is to for their cotton shirts in order that Moscow millowners might grow rich.
encourage commerce ; and to this end tariffs must be lowered, so that, What of that ? If the Moscow millowners did grow rich, their object was
while foreign goods are freely admitted into England, English goods may attained. This, however, could not be the view of the Russian Govern-
not be too rigidly excluded from the various markets abroad. The ment, who had learnt to understand the impolicy of allowing the largest
ordinary diplomatist is seldom, we believe, fitted for work of this kind. At class of subjects- indeed the whole population- to be heavily taxed
least one would conclude as much from the fact that the arrangement of the through their cotton clothes in order that one small class might be
French treaty of commerce was entrusted to Mr. Cobden, while the task of maintained in wealth. Thereupon a regular war took place with the
getting a similar treaty accepted by Austria has been left to a commission with Government and the theoretical free-traders of Russia on one side, and
Mr. Mallet, of the Board of Trade, at its head. The French protectionists the rich protectionists and the organs founded or endowed by them on
were not beaten until after a hard fight ; the Austrian protectionists have the other. It has been mentioned as one probable reason why the Russian
not given in even now ; and it seemed impossible that the Russian protec- Government ended by yielding to the representations made by and through
tionists should yield at all. Mr. Thomas Michell, however, Secretary of the English Embassy, that it may have feared to lose the confidence of
Embassy and Consul at St. Petersburg, attacked them single-handed ; investors in foreign stock if it persisted in a ruinous policy which had
beginning the contest at the Moscow Exhibition of Native Manufactures, already diminished the trade of Russia with Great Britain by 13 per cent.
continuing it at the Paris International Exhibition, and concluding it at St. during a period that had been marked by an increase of 75 per cent. in the
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trade of Great Britain with France. At all events, a Tariff Commission was as those distinguished by the names of catadioptric and holophotal. The
appointed, to which Mr. Michell submitted a series of memoranda in the principle of refraction is generally adopted in Scotland, while reflectors have
Russian language, the result of observations on the various tariffs as com- still a numerical preponderance in England and Ireland. This may,
pared (in connection with goods exhibited) at the Paris Exhibition of 1867 . perhaps, be accounted for in some degree by the modern date of most
It is noticeable that just at this time the Prussian Government sent two Scotch lighthouses as compared with those of the sister kingdom. While
commissioners to St. Petersburg, who left Russia without obtaining any of praise may generally be given to the mode in which the lights are maintained
the commercial facilities they had been instructed to apply for, and without by the great corporations, the lights of the smaller local authorities are not
even being admitted to any discussion of the customs duties. so deserving of commendation -smoky lamps, candles, and tin reflectors,
For the sake of that character for liberalism on which it so peculiarly some of them even painted in front, may be found . The Royal Commis-
prides itself the Russian Government caused the Tariff Commission to be sioners reported of Dover light that " the reflectors were encrusted with dirt,
composed partly of officials and partly of manufacturers, just as in appointing the glass of the lantern was covered with soot, which adhered to the
the commission for preparing the law for the emancipation of the peasantry ringers when the glass was touched on the inside. . . It was evident
it put officials and proprietors to sit side by side. Thus, it has been well that the lantern and reflectors had not been cleaned for some time.
remarked, " the condemned were associated with the judges," the result The place where the lanterns are lowered during the day was locked, the
being such as might have been expected. As the owners of serfs had key lost, and it was necessary to break into it with a hammer." If such
thrown all sorts of obstacles and delays in the way of serf emanci- things are done in the green tree, what shall be done in the dry ? If the
pation, so the protectionists did nothing but adduce reasons for lamps which light the important port of Dover are inefficient, notwith-
maintaining the principle of protection. They fought energetically standing the exertions of the " honourable warden and assistants," who,
for their own interests at the meetings of the Tariff Commission, and we are told, bear sway there, what is likely to be the case of 170 local
obtained the nomination of a very influential committee, with several authorities at small and unimportant harbours ? Yet one instance of neglect
members of the Council of the Empire, the Cesarewitch, and the Grand may at any moment be the means of losing some gallant ship and
Duke Constantine among its members, to whom the recommendations of sacrificing the lives of all her crew. Indeed such disasters have actually
the Tariff Commission were referred, and in the majority of cases set aside. happened. At Aberystwith , on the 25th of October, 1859, the harbour-
After this it would be absurd to deny that the Russians possess political master went to bed without seeing that the pier and guide lights were put
talent, especially of that description which consists in unlimited intrigue. up. Before morning several wrecks had occurred and many lives were lost.
The committee, however, went beyond the recommendations of the Com- The harbour lights at Dover, Folkestone, and Newhaven, to use the
mission on two points, and with noble Philhellenism, decided that Greek words of the commissioners, " present a singular variety of faults, com-
wines should be admitted at a much lower duty than French wines, and prising among them nearly all those which can be committed in lighthouse
that Greek currants should come in free. arrangements." It would hardly be possible to convey a more wholesale
censure. In Jersey part of the light dues appear to have been diverted
from their proper destination , the maintenance of the harbour lights, and
A NEW LIGHTHOUSE BOARD. to have been applied to other purposes, while the lights were allowed to
fall into disrepair. At Peterhead, one of the most exposed and dangerous
In a recent article we described the different governing bodies in which the places on the coast of Scotland, the light keeper asked the chairman
control of our coast lights and buoys is vested. It now remains to point of the Royal Commission, when that body visited his lighthouse, to
out the manner in which the nominal power over these authorities, which give him a lesson in cleaning reflectors. We know not whether matters
is entrusted to the Board of Trade, is in fact exercised , and to suggest a have improved in the Shannon since 1861 , but in that year " numerous
way in which uniformity of system and directness of authority can easily buoys, which marked the dangers of the Shannon some few years ago, have
and cheaply be secured. been gradually washed away, and have never been replaced." The
The latest returns available are to be found in the report of a Royal revenues which should have been available for the purpose were mortgaged
Commission which sat in 1861. The two huge volumes which entomb the to pay for a bridge across the river at Limerick. It is a fitting corollary to
result of so much time, labour, and thought, are without an index, and the this extraordinary piece of intelligence that £25,000 of the debt consisted
really valuable details which they contain are therefore practically inacces- of accumulated unpaid interest on the principal sum. And yet the
sible, inasmuch as few persons are sufficiently interested in the subject to revenues amount to £7,000 a year. At Sligo a yacht belonging to Lord
enter upon the perusal of some 1,200 foolscap pages of small type on the Drogheda was wrecked because a local authority had neglected to replace a
chance of discovering the information of which they are in search. buoy which had been washed away, and which yet appeared on the charts.
It is possible that some additions may have been made since the date Cases such as these might be indefinitely multiplied, but surely enough has
of that report to the number of the English lighthouses, and the been said to prove the absolute necessity of some remedy.
mode of administration may have changed in some instances ; but Whatever the defects of the local authorities may be, it is not for a
in the main information contained in it may be relied upon as moment contended that the general authorities the kingdom are either
correct. There were in 1861 two hundred and twelve lights on the negligent or inefficient. Our complaint is only this. Every authority is
English coast, of which 82 were shore lights under the Trinity House, practically independent of every other ; each acts on its own plan, and the
89 under local authorities, and 41 floating lights, of which 37 were result is great irregularity and confusion. They are not even consistent
managed by the Trinity House. In Scotland there were 46 lighthouses with themselves. The Admiralty, for instance, have adopted a system of
under the Commissioners of Northern Lights, besides 67 fixed and one buoys at Berehaven which depends on the points of the compass. At
floating light under local authorities, making a total of 114. The Ballast Plymouth they employ one founded on the meaning a man may attach to
Board of Dublin managed 69 lighthouses and four floating lights, while the terms " proper right " and " proper left " on entering the port.
only four fixed and one floating light were under local authority. It thus In France the whole system is symmetrical. Lights are placed on a
appears that of the whole number somewhat less than half are under local system that their lights should cross. They are inspected on a system.
authorities. A curious table is also given comparing the number of British The size of the flame, the quantity of oil to be consumed in an hour to
and French lights in proportion to the length of coast line. England produce a good light, and every minutest detail is calculated to a nicety.
has a light for every 14 miles of coast, Scotland one for every 392 The whole system hangs together and is under one man. But no such
miles, Ireland one for every 34½ miles, while France exhibits one for supervision, no such uniformity of action, is now possible in the British.
every 12.3 miles. The lighthouses in France are thus shown to be more Islands. If there were one central lighthouse board for the whole kingdom ,
than three times as numerous as in Scotland, compared with the amount with resident representatives for Scotland and Ireland, it would naturally
of coast, and nearly three times as numerous as in Ireland. It ought, be its business to carry out in minute details those plans which had proved
however, to be observed that the floating lights are not taken into account most efficient.
in this table. The lights of this description on the English coast, the In all foreign countries it seems to be assumed that lighthouse illumi-
value of which every mariner is ready to acknowledge, bring the English nations, being highly important and requiring certain special scientific
average up to one light for every 11.37 miles of coast as compared with knowledge, should be entrusted to persons selected for their fitness in these
the French 12.3. The English lights have been steadily and gradually respects. Engineers, hydrographers, and professionally scientific men are
increasing in number according to the advancing requirements of trade always included in their board of administration. But in England no
during the last hundred and fifty years, while the French, which were scientific element exists at all. The Scotch commissioners very wisely,
very few until 1825, were soon after that date largely augmented and as beseems the highly educated profession from which they are taken,
by the erection of additional lights in the best positions, and in hand over the practical management of their system to a small, highly-
accordance with a well-considered and comprehensive plan. No other trained, and most efficient staff ; but the fact that a body has delegated
country of Europe, except France, is so well guarded as the United its powers to others on the avowed grounds of its own unfitness for
Kingdom. The only parts of our coast which appear to be really insuffi- the task it ought to perform, is no argument for maintaining it. The
}
ciently illuminated are the west of Scotland and the Channel Islands, Irish Board is neither particularly successful itself nor happy in its
which lie, surrounded by rapid tides and dangerous rocks, on the direct selection of instruments ; and as for the local authorities, they are simply
track of ships homeward bound. The Hanois lighthouse has, however, of a monstrous blot on our mode of procedure, for we can hardly call it a
late been constructed on the west coast of Guernsey, which will do much system.
to remedy the state of things complained of, although we have been It is worthy of remark that a very small addition to existing authority
informed that the position selected for that light is by no means the best is required for reducing this confusion to order, if only the authority so
that could be found. granted were exercised with a firm and impartial hand. The Merchant
The first-class lights under the control of the Trinity House are Shipping Act, 17 and 18 Vict. , c. 104, provides for the exercise of power
unsurpassed in brilliancy by any exhibited on foreign coasts. It is not over lights, buoys, and beacons, by the Queen in Council and the Com-
necessary to enter here into the scientific questions involved in coast mittee of the Privy Council for Trade. The Queen, under this Act, may
illumination ; it is only necessary to observe that there are two principal transfer to a general authority the powers of a local authority which
means by which the stream of light from the lantern of a lighthouse is neglects its trust. The Board of Trade may at all times inspect all
thrown in the required direction : one is by silvered parabolic reflectors, and lighthouses, &c. , under the control of general authorities and call for returns
is called the catoptric system ; the other is by a series of concentric or information.
refracting lenses, which is known as the dioptric system. There are also The Board of Trade may direct the general authorities to account for
in some lighthouses combinations of the two systems, such, for instance, and pay over to the Paymaster-General the sums collected by them, and
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 MAY 21 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. II

this they have for some time past done. In cases of dispute between the of office. The law of the 7th and 9th of June, 1848, introduced a more
Trinity House and the other governing bodies, the Board of Trade may summary mode of proceeding. It is, probably, less with the intention of
decide the dispute and compel the authorities concerned to recognize the really resorting to it than from a wish to revive the memory of evil days
award. that the prefect threatens to apply it. The law he invokes preceded, by a
It is, therefore, only necessary to confer on the Board of Trade, or few days only, the fearful insurrection of June, 1848, and the Government
some other department of Government, in addition to the power of inspec- is not sorry at once to remind the people of Paris of the stern measures to
tion and the power of the purse already claimed, and to some extent which the Republic was obliged to have recourse to keep order, and to
exercised by them, a power of control over the management of the several recall to the people of the provinces the terrible danger of Parisian
authorities. They already have the power in certain cases of interference, insurrections. Ifthe brawlers of our streets furnish the authorities with an
and if all accounts be true, they have exercised it very unjustly and absurdly. opportunity of suppressing, or appearing to suppress, a substantial riot in
Their authority rests on the 406th clause of the Act 17 and 18 Vict. Paris, the chances in favour of the Government candidates throughout the
cap. 104, in which, after providing that the Trinity House shall do nothing empire would be doubled.
without the assent of the Board of Trade, it is added that " such board All true Liberals are of course very anxious that order should be
shall have power to give any directions they may think fit in relation to preserved. Sunday night brings the period allotted to free discussion to a
the matters submitted to them, by giving or withholding their sanction," close. We then enter on those five days during which France is supposed
&c. & c. to collect herself (se recueillir) before the great act of universal suffrage,
If, then, the powers given by the above Act were enlarged so as to and during which Government will have no rivals to fear in paying court to
confer the control over the internal management as well as the expenditure the electors.
of the Trinity House and other corporations , it would be easy to remodel the It is quite impossible to divine what the next Parliament will be.
existing machinery, either by altogether abolishing the present corporations, Each succeeding election proves more clearly than the last that universal
or what would, perhaps, be preferable, delegating their several powers to a suffrage is a sphinx whose stupid riddles are quite insoluble, while
small executive committee nominated jointly by them and by the Govern- it threatens to devour all those who do not guess them. Even
ment. This committee would consist of such scientific and other specially in Paris, with all the meetings, speeches, discussions, and explanations
qualified men, whether engineers, hydrographers, electricians, or officers of that have been going on for the last fortnight, what can even the most
the navy and merchant marine, as would best perform duties similar to attentive and shrewdest observer know of the feelings of the great bulk of
those imposed upon foreign lighthouse boards. It would be the duty the electors ? In the department of the Seine- Paris, as you know,
of the new board to pay into the Exchequer as at present the comprises the whole department-there are, say in round numbers, 400,000
revenues collected either by the general or local authorities, and to voters. Not one in twenty of these has ever set his foot in one of the
submit, through the parliamentary representative of the department numerous meetings where candidates have spoken or been interrogated.
under which they were placed, their estimates for works required, which The noisy crowd that assembles nightly and hoots and applauds with such
would be defrayed out of the general resources of the kingdom. They vehemence is, in fact, always composed of the same individuals, who follow
would of course adopt a national and uniform system of lighting and their favourite candidate or their particular enemy wherever he happens to
inspection. They would devise a uniform plan for buoys and beacons. speak. That the votes of Paris will be hostile there can be no doubt ; the
which would be rigidly adopted throughout the whole kingdom. The Government, indeed, is so sure of this that it does not even attempt to
expense of such a change would be as nothing compared to the saving that enter the lists ; but whether Paris will return any of the Socialist-
would be effected, for not a single new buoy or beacon need be established, democratic candidates who have made their appearance at the last
only those at present in existence, which must in any case be annually moment or remain faithful to the moderate Liberals ; whether it will elect
painted and repaired, would have to be painted according to the new M. Emile Ollivier, and thereby acknowledge the possibility of the exist-
system and, in some instances, placed in position afresh. On the other ence of a Liberal-Napoleonist party, or discard him as a traitor who, by
hand, the expense of 174 different and conflicting authorities would be offering his support to the Emperor, has entered into a compact with the
abolished in favour of one central authority, which in proportion to its enemy of liberty, who can say ?
simplicity and directness of action would be cheap and efficient. If this be true of Paris, lively out-spoken Paris, how much denser is
We have purposely avoided complicating this question with another the cloud of uncertainty which hangs over the provinces ! There the dull
collateral issue, namely, to what department of the Government the new serried masses of universal suffrage remain utterly impenetrable. Never-
board should be subjected. Our own opinion is that the Board of Trade theless, they hold the fate of France in their hands. Beneath the stormy
is not the body which could wield the power with the greatest efficiency. waves of Parisian polemics, far below even the strong under-currents
The lights and buoys require constant attention ; to whom could that duty which sweep through the bourgeoisie, there are the unfathomable depths of
be more properly entrusted than to the coast-guard, which is employed in the popular ocean ; what will the net that is cast into them bring up? Millions
every part of the coast, and which is under the immediate control of the upon millions of peasant electors- mere deaf mutes in politics--will vote
Admiralty? For many other reasons into which we will not now enter, the next Sunday. There is little doubt that they will vote largely for the
Admiralty appears to us to be the department best fitted for the trust. But Emperor, as they call it, or in other words, that they will vote as the mayor
we content ourselves with merely indicating our opinion on this point, in or the prefect tells them. They still consider that Napoleon III. is their
order not to detract attention from the much more serious points to which rampart against socialism and revolution, the two great bugbears which
we have adverted. brought about his first election as President.
There is a general impression among our peasants that a deputy is a
Government functionary, and in their eyes the members of the Opposition
FRANCE. are ungrateful people who give needless trouble to their benefactor.
(FROM A PARISIAN . ) "I am glad to hear you have got such a good place, sir," is a form of
May 16. congratulation which has been addressed to more than one newly-elected
THIS day week the elections take place, and as the time draws near a representative of the nation by a well-meaning neighbour of the agricul-
feeling of anxiety creeps over even our most thoughtless politicians. tural class. The fact that the deputies receive a salary goes far to
(These two last words are not so ill-assorted as you perhaps may fancy. ) strengthen this idea. Sometimes the notion is expressed still more
In Paris, at any rate, there is a good deal of agitation, which, as you know, clearly. A man who has his turnips to weed, or his vines to attend to,
has manifested itself by riots and disorderly conduct at public meetings. will naturally grumble at being disturbed from his work to put a ticket,
It would be going too far to say that the Government has promoted or with a name upon it he cannot read, into a box. " We have elected the
encouraged them, but it is certain that these little revolutionary Emperor ; why cannot he choose his own deputies himself? " is a shrewd
symptoms serve its interests well, and that it makes the most of remark of one of " our masters," for the authenticity of which I can
them. Had they not been violently repressed they would have had no vouch.
importance whatsoever. Those who have seen your English roughs disport The one great fear of French peasants is revolution. Their fathers
themselves on an election day would not think much of the violence of have told them of all the misery it entails, and since that first revolution
the Parisian crowds which assemble nightly before the doors of the theatres which freed them from feudalism, and gave them for little or nothing the
and the halls where the electoral meetings take place. What would come lands of the clergy and noblesse, under the name of biens nationaux, they
of it, I wonder, if they were allowed to roar out without hindrance know they have nothing more to hope from it. It has come to them ready
the " Marseillaise "" as they march along the boulevards ? After a while, made from Paris now and again, fraught with increased taxation and a
they would probably drop off one by one and go to bed quietly enough. heavier conscription, and they hate Paris in consequence. Paris is " against
But, it is argued, such toleration would be impossible with us, for a riot in the Emperor," but they will uphold him against Paris, the gentlemen in
Paris, if unchecked, may, in a few hours, expand into an irrepressible black coats, the lawyers, and all the parliamentary praters.
insurrection. At any rate, it might be worth while to try the experiment, Latterly some attempts have been made to introduce into the agricul-
for the opposite system- of repressing the most trifling outbreak with tural mind the idea that an uncontrolled Emperor may spend with
armed force has not been successful hitherto in securing us against impunity the taxes levied on thousands of acres for the erection of an
revolution .
opera house in Paris ; that he may engage in foolish wars to carry on which
As it is, the Prefect of Police published an order, forbidding all numberless village youths must exchange the blouse for the uniform ; that
persons to hang about and stand before the entrances of places of public reckless expenditure must end in increased taxation ; and, lastly, that if the
meeting after the hour of admittance, and giving notice that in case a Emperor will do everything himself, when he dies there will be a revolu-
crowd, under such circumstances, should not disperse when ordered to do tion. These attempts have not been entirely fruitless, and may tell
so by an officer of police, the law of the 7th and 9th June, 1848, against perhaps to a certain degree in the coming elections. The best way, how-
Inobs will be resorted to. To understand the full meaning of this, you ever, to give an idea of the confusion which exists on such matters in the
must know that by the law as usually applied (a law of 1791 ), the military peasant mind will be, I think, to transcribe verbatim a conversation over-
cannot be called out against a mob until the prefect, sub-prefect, mayor, or heard between a Liberal candidate and one of his rustic constituents. My
some other competent magistrate has summoned it three times to disperse. friend the candidate, I must premise, is an extensive landowner, whose
The summons is a very short one : " Obéissance à la loi. On va faire favourite pursuit is agriculture, and who has certainly far more to lose by a
usage de la force ; que les bons citoyens se retirent." Each of the revolution than his interlocutor.
three summonses must be preceded by a roll of the drum, and Peasant elector : Ah ! it's you, Monsieur X. Well, I suppose you come to ask for
the magistrate to give them their full effect must be arrayed with his scarf my vote? I tell you plainly at once we won't have any more revolutions. So ifyou
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12 PALL MALL BUDGE . [ MAY 21 , 1869 .

want to upset the Government you need not reckon upon me. No revolutions and pillage code books to interpret by the conversation is conducted by means of a
for me. numeral code, different combinations of numerals expressing different words
Liberal candidate : I have no wish for revolution. Don't you know me, and or phrases. The following is the arrangement of the dots and dashes corre-
do you think I should gain anything by pillage ? All I would desire, if you elect me, sponding to the numerals :-
would be to keep the Government under control, to reduce the army, to check expendi- I- 6
ture, &c. &c. 2 7
: Elector : You'll never get the Emperor to do that. He'll not listen to you, and what- 3 8
ever you may say he will have his own way. This Government will go on spending 4
money and making wars. You can't hope to correct it ; there's but one way, I tell you, 5
Monsieur X.: when a Government won't listen to reason one must upset it. Il faut le The arrangement is evidently one which can be readily committed to
jeter à bas ; il n'y a que ca à faire. memory by any man of ordinary intelligence.
I give you this not only as a true story, but also as a faithful picture of In the event of one party not being supplied with the code book, which
the popular mind here. It oscillates between blind obedience and physical is the key to a conversation in numerals, the communications can be carried
rebellion. The idea of political liberty or legislative control belongs to out by the spelling code ; each letter in the alphabet being represented
quite another order of intellect. by a definite combination of long and short flashes, and the whole message
being thus spelt out. But this operation is a more tedious one than
that of conversing by code numerals, to which it bears about the same
MILITARY SIGNALLING AT CHATHAM. relation as does ordinary writing to shorthand, and it would not therefore
be generally resorted to. The code book contains certain auxiliary signs,
THE recently established school of instruction in army and navy signalling sentences which experience has shown to be often required , a horary table,
at Chatham is now in full operation. Classes of officers and non-commis- a compass table, an army and navy evolutionary signal code, and rules.
sioned officers have been formed, and courses of twenty-eight days' duration for intermitting the numeral signals when it is necessary to spell a proper
have been arranged, at present under the immediate control of the officer to or a geographical name. It is also possible when desired to communicate
whom, in conjunction with Captain Colomb, of the Royal Navy, we are in cypher, although it is evident that the numeral code is itself a cypher
mainly indebted for the establishment of the system. The chief features of and unintelligible to those who do not happen to possess the key, or who
the system of military signalling with which Major Bolton's and Captain are unfamiliar with its use.
Colomb's names are associated were described in this journal a short time At each station are two signalmen : A., to form the signals ; B., to
ago, and we do not now propose to repeat them ; but an account of an after- spell them out of the code book and to read the replies. We will
noon and evening with the signallers on the Chatham lines may be interesting, suppose the Reservoir to have been called and to have acknowledged.
as conveying an idea of the practical character and utility of the course. Signaller A. is standing, flag in hand, upon the parapet with his face.
The day which we had selected for our visit proved an unfor- towards his coadjutor B., who places himself in a convenient position,
tunate one. It was dull and foggy and bitterly cold ; and the " Spur with his telescope directed upon the Reservoir, his code book beside
Battery " appeared to us when we reached it, after a far from easy ascent, him, and a signal book in which to write the numbers down as
the bleakest spot in all England. This battery represented the head- they are despatched and the replies as they are received. Thus, we wish
quarters of a besieged army occupying the country immediately surrounding to inquire, " Have you any intelligence of the enemy ? " Turning to
Chatham, and having its right at Strood Mills, distant from head-quarters the code book, we find under H, H, " Have you any intelligence,"
two miles, its centre at Blue Bell Hill, distant between four and five miles, No. 4658. B. gives these numerals to A., who immediately waves
and its left at the Reservoir, two miles off. The enemy were in possession (4) - (6) - , (5) - (8) This signal the
of the valley between Rochester and Blue Bell Hill, and also of the Reservoir straightway acknowledges as understood by waves long and
ground between Upchurch and Sheerness, at which last place (distant short in succession. " Of the," 5993 ,
ten miles) a relieving force was established, all direct communication Acknowledged as before. " Enemy," 2945,
between it and the besieged being cut off by the presence of the enemy. It is necessary here to notice the very ingenious
Signal stations were established at each of the five points named ; the and simple arrangement of the code book, by which the transmission of
Spur Battery, Strood Mills, Blue Bell Hill, the Reservoir, and Sheerness, messages is immensely facilitated and accelerated. Not only is the
while flying stations were formed at short distances within the lines. book arranged alphabetically, but the numerals are arranged in
Assuming this position, the establishment of the signal stations enabled the groups of hundreds. Thus all the numerals from 2900 to 2999
besieged army to keep up from head-quarters not only a perfect communi- Occupy page 29. Directly, therefore, the first numeral is made by
cation with the right, centre, and left of the outlying forces, but also with the opposing signaller, assuming that number to be 2, you know
the relieving force over the heads of the besiegers ; while each outpost was at once that the word will occur on some page the number of which
so situated as to be able to communicate with the others, either directly, commences with a 2. The next signal, 9, directs you at once to page 29 ;
when no obstacle, such as high elevations, intervened, or through a third the next, 5 , to the third column on that page (each of the four columns
station. The bare statement of this plan of operations shows in a suffi- containing twenty-five figures) ; and the last, 9, to a particular line in that
ciently striking way the military value of the signal system. For, while column, viz. the 59th of the page. Here, almost before the last wave of
enabling communication to be cheaply, rapidly, and efficiently established the flag has ceased, you read, "The enemy is on the alert." By this simple
between the various parts of the force, it included an arrangement which, and expeditious process a conversation of any length can be carried on with
even with the aid of the electric telegraph, would have been impracticable a rapidity and certainty which depends only upon practice. The men who
in the absence of visual signals, viz. the communication through or over were practising on this occasion had only been sixteen days under instruc-
the enemy with the relieving force. tion, and were therefore, in fact, recruits at drill , but they signalled with a
Unfortunately, however, the one enemy, through or over which the rapidity which appeared to be almost all that could be desired. Sometimes,
signaller cannot communicate was present in the shape of a dense fog, of course, mistakes are made, but they are hailed as opportunities forfurther
which threatened at first to put a stop to the whole operations. A fog is the instruction. The opposing signal party can be calledupon torepeat its message,
visual signaller's most formidable opponent. It cuts his wires, so to or to explain its tenor, or to repeat a particular word in it. Thus, when in
speak, and bandages his eyes. To some extent even a fog may be the course of our visit the Reservoir informed us that the " Dinners were
penetrated by means of a fog-horn, of the application of which some on the alert," there was no difficulty in inducing him to retract the word
illustrations were afforded on this occasion. But the effective range of this "dinners " and substitute " enemy.' A more obstinate conversation took
unmusical instrument is limited even in still weather to about one mile and place in the evening, when we were informed by means of a flashing lamp
a half, and signalling cannot be carried on with it to any greater distance that "the enemy could not advance because the artillery horses had strayed
except by such a multiplication of stations as under most circum- away." The correctness of this statement was warmly disputed by an
stances would be impracticable. Happily, therefore, for the peace of our artillery officer present as representing a condition of things absolutely
troops, it is not likely to be often resorted to. Still, the horn is one impossible in so well organized a corps. Artillery horses, he urged, are not
of the recognized instruments employed ; and its long and short blasts, in the habit of straying away en masse, and against this general proposition
or discordant shrieks, correspond to the long and short motions or it was impossible to contend. Called upon to explain, the signal party
flashes which form the basis of the code of military signalling. The adhered to their previous statements, and averred that on this occasion the
fog presently cleared off sufficiently to permit of communications being disaster as signalled had certainly occurred. It was not until a good many
made with a station two miles distant, and with the flying stations on the questions and answers had passed that the meaning became apparent.
lines ; but all idea of signalling to the relieving force and distant stations The signaller's conceptions of artillery efficiency appeared to have
had to be abandoned. For the purpose of addressing the Reservoir flags been based upon their observations at the Dover volunteer review, and
were used. The flags are of three colours only, one wholly black, one he seemed to have a notion that the normal condition of artillery
wholly white, for white and black backgrounds respectively, and one half was that of guns horsed by country horses, which could not always be
white and half black for neutral backgrounds. The latter was employed collected in times of emergency, and which might, therefore, in a negative
on this occasion. The conversation is carried on by waving the flag so as to sense and for practical purposes, be represented to have strayed away.
produce long and short motions, corresponding to dashes and dots, or to These illustrations, with some others which were afforded, served, however,
the long and short flashes of a light. A long wave or dash is made to show how conversations can be carried on by means of flags. The
by carrying the flag from a perpendicular to a horizontal position ; a short system is precisely the same when shutters, collapsing drums and cones,
motion by merely agitating the flag over the head of the signalman. discs, horns, or flashing lights are employed. Discs are not much used
To open communications, the call signal is made, which consists of a except by the navy for boat service. They are available up to about three
succession of short motions. To distinguish the station addressed when there miles. When the full side of the disc (either white or black, according to
is more than one station in sight, this preparatory signal is followed by the the background) is presented, a flash, long or short as desired, is repre-
distinguishing numeral of the particular station called. In the case of the sented ; by presenting the edge the disc becomes invisible. Shutters are
Reservoir this numeral was 4, Thus addressed, No. 4 made the answering used for very long distances, and are available on clear days up to fifteen
signal, which consists of an indefinite succession of long and short waves. miles ; they are also employed for signalling to ships, when the motion may
The conversation is carried on in precisely the same way as it commenced, prevent those addressed from reading the flag signals readily. They can be
by means of long and short motions in various combinations. Wherever worked with great rapidity, as many as 100 appearances and disappearances
practicable-that is to say, wherever the two signal parties both have their being made in a minute. One side of the shutter is black, the other white.
[ 292 ]
 MAY 21 , 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET. 13
ofa
ords Collapsing cones and drums are useful for " all round " or simultaneous veracity and correctness of any document, and is received as such in the
signalling, as when addressing a fleet. The drums are visible for signalling English courts of law. It has been urged that consular fees create
purposes up to eleven miles ; the cones up to about six. Lights are discontent and ought therefore to be abolished ; but against this it may
employed at night, and are useful up to very long distances. There are fairly be argued that, in respect of these notarial acts performed by consuls,
different sorts of lights. There is the Chatham light, in which a powder the British travellers, as well as the British residents, pay less for them than
composed of magnesium, resin, and lycopodium is employed. The " Chat- they would here, and that the latter are also exempt from English taxation
ham powder " is of different strengths. For example, No. 1 is available up in any other form. It would be a mistake, however, to suppose that they
to six miles ; No. 2, eight miles ; No. 3 , ten miles ; and No. 4, twelve are only British subjects who derive benefits from the presence of our consuls.
miles. Of these Chatham lights there are various patterns, as the " Coast- A considerable number ofthese fees are paid by foreigners who have commer-
guard," " Ship," " Fixed Station," " Abyssinian, " and " Hand Flashing," all cial interests with England ; they pay them cheerfully, and in fact often express
adapted for different requirements. For longer distances, the oxy-calcium , astonishment at the extreme moderation of the charges compared with
the lime, and the magnesium lights are employed. The lime light is avail- those which would under the same circumstances have been levied by their
able up to twenty-five miles, and has even been used at longer distances own authorities. If, therefore, consular fees are abolished we shall relieve
in exceptionally favourable weather. The magnesium light works up to a large number of foreigners of a small contribution to the national
fifteen miles at a cost of 25. an hour. The oxy-calcium light serves up to exchequer which is paid by them without grumbling for services performed
twelve miles. The main principle of action of all these lights is the same- by our own salaried officers. Moreover, though annually the number of
I
a powerful reflector with a means of rapidly obscuring and exposing the fees paid increases decisively, the amount of each fee remains where it was
light. By exposing the light for a greater or less time a long or fixed in 1855, and considering the depreciation in the value of money
short flash is produced, when the transmission and reading of since that period, this in itself is equivalent to an absolute reduction of
messages proceeds as with flags, or drums, or shutters. We spent consular charges.
several hours on the night of our visit to Chatham in the Spur battery, The system of assigning to consuls an office allowance, in return for
and saw a brisk conversation, of which we have already given some which they collect the fees for Government, was commenced in 1859, after
passages, carried on with two or three of the lights with ease and the issue of the report drawn up by the Consular Commission in 1858, and
rapidity. A very interesting day was brought to a conclusion some is, we believe, the only part thereof which has been adopted and acted upon.
time after midnight by exhibition of the electric light, which is used to It is commonly supposed that most of our consuls are remunerated by the
illuminate the works, and is available for this purpose up to 400 yards. fees they receive. Such is not the case. There are 32 salaried consul-
On this occasion it was chiefly interesting for its effect upon the sheep on generals and one unsalaried ; 147 salaried consuls and 5 unsalaried ; but of
the lines, which were greatly alarmed by this unearthly light. vice-consuls there are only 83 who receive salaries, and 276 who are unpaid,
It is impossible to witness the signallers at work at Chatham, to observe together with 38 consular agents. The consuls-general and consuls hold
the simplicity and completeness of their apparatus and its efficiency, with- her Majesty's commission direct, and are properly therefore addressed as
out being impressed with the advantage which will accrue to the service H.B.M. consul-general or consul, as the case may be ; but the paid vice-
from the establishment of systematic instruction in this useful and consuls are appointed by Government, and are styled British vice-
ingenious art. consuls ; in some cases they are selected by the consuls in whose jurisdic-
tion they reside, subject to their passing an examination, and being approved
CONSULAR FEES. by Government. This is a good plan, and might be further extended with
advantage by means of certain regulations which were proposed by the
It will be remembered that in the Civil Service estimates there figured commission, and which we shall mention hereafter.
the sum of £18,000 derived from fees received at British consulates during As a matter of course, all the unpaid officers are permitted to appro-
1868, and transmitted by the consuls to Government. This contribution priate the fees they receive of both kinds instead of remitting them to
is, it would appear, a steadily increasing one, as we see by the following Government, as the others do. Now, as we have shown that the
figures :-The consular fees remitted to the Paymaster General in 1860 annual sum returned to the exchequer from fees has increased from
amounted to £4,413, in 1861 to £ 10,935, in 1862 to £ 13,005, in 1863 to £4,413 in 1860 to £ 17,160 in 1867, and in fact more than quadruples
£15,206, in 1864 to £ 15;546, in 1865 to £17,280, in 1866 to £ 17,963, itself within eight years, it may be inferred that the fees taken by the vice-
and in 1867 to £ 17,160. consuls have increased in the same proportion, so that one of these officers
These fees are of two kinds, in pursuance of the Act 6 George IV. , who in 1860 made a profit of £60 will in 1868 have on an average
cap. 87 , and of the order in Council May 1 , 1855. Table I. shows the received £240. Moreover, they are frequently allowed to trade and to
fees to be taken in respect of matters in which the consul's interposition is accept agencies of various kinds. This is a privilege more advantageous to
required by law. Table II. gives the fees to be taken in respect of them than to the character and efficiency of the consular service in general.
matters in which the consul's interposition is to be given only when They have from their position opportunities for commercial speculation of an
applied for by parties interested. exceedinglyprofitable sort, so that in fact manylarge fortunes have been made
The fees of Table I. are such as would be required in England also, and abroad under this system. It is natural enough that an English merchant or
are for shipping interests only ; they are obligatory, but extremely moderate firm desirous of obtaining information in respect of certain branches of trade
in amount. For recording transfers, mortgages, or sales of ships, or shares should apply to the consular officer to assist them, and the least that can
in ships under certificates of the same, the fee is from 75. to 10s. The be done in return is to offer him their agency. This, of course, gives him
same for granting provisional certificates of registry. But for giving various interests which do not strictly pertain to his own business, and may,
indorsement of memorandum of change of master, for inspection of register quite unjustly, affect his reputation for impartiality in other matters, seeing
book of transactions, for seamen engaged, discharged, left behind, for that he has occasionally to act as arbitrator between merchant captains and
every desertion of the same certified to by consul, or for attesting a seaman's seamen. Now the salaried officers are strictly forbidden to trade at all, or
will, the fee is one or two shillings, while for examination of provisions or to accept any other agency than Lloyd's. Their salaries are, except in
water to be paid by the partyproved to be in default the fee is 10s. In general, certain favoured spots, or some places the importance or magnitude of
consuls making returns have very seldom much to do as regards Table I. which cannot be disregarded, too small for the position they have to
except at those ports at which vessels arrive from long voyages, when the maintain, and where, as in some countries, the price of food and rent is
crews are of course discharged. The fee of two shillings per man is then higher every year, they are quite inadequate. In fact it has occurred that
paid, half of which is charged (presumably by custom) to the seaman, the consuls have remitted to Government a sum from fees which exceeded the
other half to the ship. The same is also due when a seaman signs articles modest amount of their own pay.
before the shipping master in England or the consul abroad. This tax is, For the reasons we have stated, it is obvious that the unpaid officers
at any rate, small enough. According to American law, whenever an are often in a better pecuniary position and earn more money than those
American-born sailor is discharged abroad the ship is obliged to pay to the who are paid--that is to say, the sub-employés, who are remunerated on a
consul three months wages over and above what is due to the man, and of system which is indefensible as being irregular and almost secret, are better
course this sum is often very considerable. One month's pay is retained off than their superior officers by whom they are frequently appointed.
by the consul for the Distressed Seaman's Fund. The remaining two This is undoubtedly an anomaly and a grievance, which, though it may
months' pay goes to the seaman nominally for the purpose of paying his profit the business of private English merchants, is detrimental to English
expenses home. Once, however, in the hands of the sailor, as may be sup- interests and to the dignity of the British consular corps. But it is one
posed, it is rarely, if ever, appropriated to the end for which it was set apart. which during our present fit of economy it will be a matter of difficulty to
Most other countries pay their consuls by heavy fees imposed upon their abolish. Say that the full consul is in receipt of a salary of £300 per
shipping. The ships pay so many centimes, or kreutzers, as the case may be, annum, the vice-consul within his jurisdiction would, if his salary were
per ton or last (two tons) ; but British vessels pay little or nothing, except as fixed by Government, get perhaps £100, in return for which he
regards the Ottoman dominions ; and by the " instructions " the consul is would be forbidden to trade, or to accept agencies. But if by
strictly required not to force any document on interested parties, but to means of these last-named resources, in addition to his fees, he had been
advise them only what is necessary, leaving it for them to judge whether to accustomed to make three or four times as much, it is clear he would lose
follow his counsel or not. extensively by such an arrangement, and would either resign or remain in
Table II. are principally fees in return for notarial acts performed by the character of a discontented and ill-used official. If all the fees
the consul- for certified copies of various documents, for preparing and from every source were accounted for and remitted to Government,
attesting bottomry, or arbitration bonds, attending sale or valuation of there would probably be a fund which would go far in raising the
goods, giving certificate of due landing of goods, for attesting signatures salaries of those consuls who are now obviously underpaid, and also
and
annexing seal of office. It also comprises various fees for attend- to make a fair allowance to such vice-consuls as may in the future be
ance at shipwrecks, saving shipwrecked property, for giving bill of health, appointed as the others die or resign. At any rate we owe something
passport business, for managing the property of any British subject, not to the consular body.
being a seaman, who may die intestate, for opening the will of a British The present Lord of the Exchequer has the reputation of being a hard
subject, and other matters of that kind. The fees for this division are man, but not an unjust one, desiring to reap where he has not sown.
higher, but are still something more than moderate if we compare them Previous to the changes in 1829 there was a very considerable super-
with the charges which are levied by commission agents, auctioneers, annuation fund, to which the officers then acting had been compelled to
or lawyers in England. Moreover, the consul's seal and signature subscribe. The existence of it was an undoubted fact, and if any member
so cheaply obtained are a valuable certificate, inasmuch as it is proof of the of Parliament could ascertain by whom or in what way it has been
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 14 PALL MALL BUDGET.
[ MAY 21 , 1869.

appropriated he would unfold a secret which has been hitherto sacredly cookery. The faint bitter or acid of some of the plants, exotic to
kept. At present, while the vice-consul is often a prosperous trader, us, and less fitted in every way for our atmosphere, are often the very thing
we may soon, as Sir Henry Bulwer prophesied, see written on the needed to give a fillip to the appetite that has been jaded by a hot day's
escutcheon over the Consulate, " Here starves her Britannic Majesty's work. Egg-plants, tomatoes, okras, as well as our own familiar vegetable
consul." marrow, artichokes, French beans, figure largely, stewed down with mutton,
and making a sort of puchero, or rather a something with a distant affinity
TURKISH COOKERY. to a hodge-podge when the meat preponderates over the vegetable. The
touch of acidity is sometimes given by letting unripe plums or grapes
CAN any good thing come out of Turkish kitchens ? or are kitchens any simmer in the saucepan. The dishes made of the egg-plant or vegetable
part of Ottoman domestic architecture? are one's most natural ejaculations marrow, stuffed with mincemeat, are often excellent, as we can vouch
on taking up a manual of Turkish cookery. The impressions the ordinary from experience. The pilaw generally meat or fowl cooked with
tourist brings back from the country are of infamous compromises in Frank rice-is, of course, a Turkish dish par excellence; and, simple as the
hotels between the worse forms of French and English cuisines ; of meats recipe sounds, its
recipe sounds, its merits depend entirely on the cooking. A
preserved in English tins eaten en route, supplemented by occasional pilaws Turk who gives his mind to it boils rice as no other European can,
and kebabs, elementary dishes recommending themselves by the haste and and when the grains are plump, dry, and white as fresh fallen snow, the
ease with which they can be got ready. He cannot help feeling that dish is as attractive as it is provocative. But there are several pilaws
though he may have enjoyed no special advantages of observation, yet had given here as made with fish-one in especial with scallops - that we should
there been a sound national school, however simple, it must have made say must be well worth the attention of the inquisitive epicure. Reading
its influence felt. We suspect still his impression would have done the book, it strikes one that the Turks are far in advance of us in their
small injustice to Ottoman civilization. A manual of Turkish cookery superiority to a certain kind of prejudice that with us condemns, most
lies before us, but, admitting the worth of many of its recipes, it does absurdly, particular dishes as intrinsically vulgar, and parts of the animal
not convince us that the art it treats of has passed in Turkey out of the as common and unclean. Why we should pay fancy prices for diseased
stage of infancy. It is probable, as we hinted above, that the kitchens geese livers in the shape of a Strasburg paté, and intrigue at dinner
common in the West are seldom to be met with in the East, or are things for woodcock and mullet trails- why we should crave for sweetbreads and
of comparatively recent introduction there, and that the Mussulman has ignore tripe is one of those things which must remain a standing mystery.
been turning his attention rather to Armstrongs and Krupps than to Of course, if a man dislikes tripe there is nothing more to be said ; it is as
batteries de cuisine. The little book smacks ofthe tent and the caravanserai, much a matter of taste as if he turned up his nose at sweetbread : but, as
ofingenuity supplying the absence of appliances, and of a studied simplicity society is constituted with us, we are bound to repudiate all knowledge of
enforced by circumstances. There is a want of breadth of view and play the dish, if its vulgar name should chance to make its way into conver-
of fancy. There are no traces of genius quickened by ambition and an sation. The Turks dress in a variety of ways, many of them demanding
honourable emulation. In Turkey we should fancy there has never costly condiments too, tripe and trotters, and all the odds and ends our
been a guild of cooks or any literature of the dresser. Each ignorance hands over to the dogs and the deserving poor.
neophyte had to start afresh from the same elementary principles, and, As is known to every one who on his way to the Sweet Waters of
instead of enlightening himself from stores accumulated by the great Europe on a gala day has passed the dusty booths and tables that fringe
men who had preceded him, had to grope his own slow way along the road from Pera, the Turk has a weakness for sweets, and those who
in a series of ever-recommencing experiments. He could refer to no have been bold enough to venture on these wares say they deserve all the
system of culinary chemistry, built up in a subtle analysis of patronage they receive. If, as we have remarked, the religion and habits of
properties, and refining on the shade of a savour to merit the praise of the Turk are opposed to general progress in cookery, on the other hand
the initiated. As a rule, then, his highest efforts would limit themselves they give an impulse to the special branch of the pastrycook. The
to catering with rude intelligence for uninstructed palates. We are not mission of woman in Turkey is the consumption of sweetmeats. The
surprised that this should be so ; indeed, considering the disadvantages against lights of the harem are understood to devote to munching cakes
which the science has had to struggle in the East, we are only astonished it and bonbons the time their English sisters bestow on croquet,
has done so much. The Turks are not a social people, and appreciative music, and Mudie, and in Stamboul an indulgent husband and parent opens
solitary enjoyment is the product of a state of society developed almost to for the ladies of his patriarchal establishment an unlimited credit at the
retrogression, or it springs exceptionally from our English municipal insti- nearest sweet shop. The results are visible in this little manual, and a
tutions. Then the canons of the Prophet deny to his followers the use of study of the pages devoted to sweets will well repay perusal. Here, again,
wine, and it is hard to fancy genius exerting itself over a banquet that the most characteristic feature is the blending of the sweet with the solid.
must be washed down with water and sherbet. The excessive use of For instance, Tàwuk Ghyù Kssù -we condense largely :-" Boil two or three
tobacco and strong coffee deadens the senses, and in especial dulls the chickens. While boiling, put into a basin three-quarters of a pound of rice
taste. The exclusion of the fair sex from the dinner table-some of our flour, which mix with boiling milk and some water to form a batter. Add
gourmands, we are aware, are of a totally different opinion - acts unfavour- the milk, and boil till it becomes smooth, but not too thick. Add the
ably on the digestive faculties, and consequently reacts prejudicially on pounded breasts of chickens, with three-quarters of a pound of powdered
the mind as well as the palate. It is clear, too, that no nation who knew sugar, and one or two tablespoonfuls of rose water, and fill a mould pre-
or cared much about cookery could have tolerated the system of khans and viously oiled with almond oil. If cooked with care, it is an enticing and
caravanserais sooner would it have renounced its religion. Heaven knows strengthening dish."
we English, with the hotel dinners we put up with, have small right to On the whole we fear the book, although it breaks entirely new ground,
throw stones at our neighbours, but at least we are alive to our hotel will add little to the knowledge of the Western professor. On the other
abominations, and if we choose to pay exorbitantly there are cases when hand, we believe it would prove most valuable to those whose circum-
we may find what we want. The most luxurious of Orientals while upon stances temporarily remove them back for a hundred years or two from
the move must resign himself as he may to feasting on fragments of fresh modern inventions. Let the hardy yachtsman navigating our inland seas in
killed mutton hastily burned over the embers, nor has Turkish society ever his twenty-ton craft carry it with him and study it practically in a series
agitated for the establishment and endowment of permanent kitchen ranges of diurnal illustrations, and it will at once vary his rougher toils with a
⚫ and eternal fires in the places where it may expect to harbour. refined and intellectual pursuit and increase materially his creature com-
The dishes in the book are for the most part simple. Among the forts and the variety of what does duty for a table. Seriously, we believe
meats mutton predominates, as might be expected in a country where good it would be really useful in cases of the sort, for it gives a number of new
sheep are generally to be procured, while fat oxen are scarce. Few instruc- and simple dishes that might be compassed by the powers of the plainest
tions are given for cooking joints or preparing dishes on a great scale, for, of amateur cooks.
with the exception of wedding festivities or entertainments of the sort,
large gatherings are rare. Prominent among the few there are, however,
SPRING IN THE MOUNTAINS.
we find an old friend-the lamb dressed with pistachio nuts that we have
partaken of so often in the " Arabian Nights," at the feast of the Barmecide MUCH of what we wrote last week of spring on the Rhine applies
and the tables of Bassorah and Baghdad. There is another, too- a with equal force to spring tours in the mountains. In the former case, it
magnificent conception , which we might christen " le mouton à la is true, the balance of advantage is all one way, while in the other there
Maintenon "--where a whole sheep enveloped in sheets of paper is roasted are drawbacks to be weighed, and objections that to one set of tourists at
on a pole. Most of the plats are such as may be cooked at a simple least are insurmountable. Alpine Club men would never go there so long
charcoal fire in a solitary saucepan ; the meat cut up in small pieces, as nature locks the approaches to the inward chamber of her palaces. In
thrown in among vegetables, condiments, and spices, and left to simmer in May storms are the rule rather than the exception in the upper air. Instead
its gravy. The free use of strong-smelling and strong-tasting herbs that is of showing only summer hoods lightly flung over the head and shoulders,
recommended seems fatal to any claim to a very refined taste. Onions the mountain giants still wear their winter wrappings falling below their
figure very largely, and garlic is thrown in six or eight cloves at a time. forest-braced waists. Not yet have the village herds been driven on
We know it to be a popular opinion or prejudice in southern countries that to 66 the Alps," where snow wreaths are still lying deep in the shade,
garlic is a sovereign preservative of the health. For our own part, we and grass and wild flower roots are scarcely thawed. Those higher ledges
should gladly compound for a briefer existence uncursed by it, than prolong that later are pastured by the scrambling sheep or trodden by the most
our days to those of Methuselah by its use, but in any case we submit that sure-footed and sound-headed of goats, are cleared as yet only where they
a mere suspicion of a fragrance so pronounced is all that even the very catch the noonday sun, or are swept by an occasional ice avalanche. Nor
rudest art would tolerate. One of the native features of the cookery is the in out-of-the-way places can man find much more food below than the
free use of cinnamon and other spices. Currants, too, are mixed with beasts above. Innkeepers will not go where there is no custom, and their
minced mutton, although that, indeed, is only a short step farther than the melancholy auberges, with their weather-beaten doors and shutters, are
Scotch practice of putting them in turkey stuffing, or the German one of still abandoned to solitude and mountain spirits. But Switzerland has its
eating cherries with your veal. Except, however, that powerful ingre plains and lakes, as well as its mountains and glaciers. There are people
dients, which must neutralize all the others, unduly predominate, the whose years, habits, and tastes make mountaineering a positive nuisance, and
recipes for rissoles and kindred dishes sound very appetizing, and others who, while they appreciate its full autumn charm, are willing to accept
especially suited to a warm climate. As is generally the case in such for the absence of that the advantages they find in an earlier visit. In spring
latitudes, the Turks have learned to make free use of vegetables in their the sublime stoops to you instead of withdrawing itself into the solitude of
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 MAY 21 , 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET. 15

the mountains, and if it shows itself less solemnly impressive when seen of swelling clumps, hanging copses, emerald pastures, and murmuring
from among the haunts of life, all that is made up to you by the fresher, streams, till you are brought up long miles away by the lake of Thun. If
gentler beauties of the plains. In spring the lake scenery is at your will you care for boating, stretch across the blue lake to the gloomier beauties of
and at its best. Beds of dazzling snow repose on the rocky slopes, that the Savoy shore, while from St. Gingolph to the rocks of Meilleraie wild
summer will see as bare as the roofs in Piccadilly. From the masses ofthe little valleys run back from the world among the black pine woods. We
Anglo-Genevese and Anglo-Vaudois
pine foliage down to the tufts of the lichen, everything on the banks shows do not say much of the fishing, although
in the first fresh verdure of the season, instead of with the colours burned do. Nor do we believe in it much more anywhere else, except in
out by a blazing sun like faded curtains in a cheap lodging. Looking up Constance, and that is a lake more than half German. If you are an enthu-
the face ofthe cliffs that close in on the narrowing Lucerne or the still more siast, you will do better to go westward Tyrol-ways from the Boden See,
romantic Wallenstadt, streams that in summer will dwindle to brooklets come through the beech forests of southern Bavaria by lakelets embowered
tumbling over like young Niagaras. Could their roar be hushed, you would in woods and rocks ; on through Tyrol and the sultry Kammergut.
hear all along the mountain side the murmur and plash of the countless You must believe there are fish in the Confederation, because occasionally
smaller rills that come leaping over the ledges sheer into the waters of the you meet excellent specimens on the table ; moreover, you see now and
lake below, an endless variety of " rope falls " that by September will then a native with an ash switch, a piece of string, and a worm, whipping
parch up altogether or shrink into invisible threads of silk. Then the little them up from the depths of the glacier water. But for you, who do not
level nooks below, embayed in the perpendicular precipices- nooks like condescend to bait, so far as personal experience goes trout might be as
that of the " three hallowed fountains "" are waving green with incipient nearly extinct as the lammergeier or the bison of Uri. Now in South
hay crops in the fullest poetry of motion, in place of being charred to the Austria it is generally the first step that costs, and, if you get leave to fish
consistency and colour of the steamer's deck. at all, in most places you will find sport. And South Austrian trout are all
That deck, instead of being turned into a floating show-room for all sinew and muscle on the line ; although landed on the plate even without
the garments of strange cut and colour that have figured as travelling passing the preparatory ordeal of the stews, they show withthe
suits in the plate-glass windows of ready-made tailors, here displayed hardest and firmest of flesh. Ischl, without exception the pleasantest
unluckily not on lay figures, but on beings instinct with life and noise ; and loveliest of all German baths, is likely to prove the tourist's
Capua, and yet he can scarcely do better than linger there, as an
for hats plumed from all the fowls that ever flew or fluttered-from the
golden eagle to the crested wren ; for chignons from every place and race- excellent centre for scenery, and not a bad one for fishing. The trout of
Caffre kraals, Esquimaux huts, Polish cabins, and British graveyards- each the Traun still deserve the reputation Sir Humphry Davy gave them.
hat and chignon with a tongue of its own that emulously blends in Swimming constantly against the rush of beryl-green water, when you get
the great diapason of discord ;-instead of all that, you have some them on your fly, they show the indomitable mountain spirit, and to the
pilgrims of trade bound for Grison, Italian, and Austrian fairs ; and new comer his sport is at first a series of disappointments, for on landing his
you have a few intelligent natives proud of their country and its captives he finds them half the weight his fancy painted them. Even the
associations, come to see them before they are monopolized for the graylings lying in the backwater are fine fellows in their way, although
season by the foreigner, and while as yet perhaps they may not have to they cave in suddenly, " as is their nature to," and for the first few seconds
blush at every turn for the shameless rapacity that foreign gold has bred make you imagine a trout on your line. In the early season, too, trout
among their countrymen. For a man with any sense of humour an early will generally rise to you in anything short of a thunderstorm, and the
tour in Switzerland has all the charm of the retributive practical joke that angler's greatest bane is the sudden opening of one of the sluices
teaches a moral and a lesson. You take every one at an advantage, like the in the hills, when the dammed-back waters are set free with a rush,
distinguished public character who arrives by a special train hours before bearing down on their heaving bosom the fallen stacks of logs. First
the officials and public expected him by the ordinary express. You pass you see the river wash ominously on the opposite bank the root
the gates of the country, Strasbourg, Basle, Geneva, unseeing and unseen that a minute before was dry ; then dances down a morsel or two of
by those laquais de place who picket the hotels and railway stations bark ; then as they thicken fast you resign yourself and whip out your flies :
later in the year. Where they are now no one knows ; -whether they for on come chips and billets and logs, until the clear stream of a few
hybernate like the marmot, or winter abroad, moving in the best minutes before looks like a swamped woodyard. Even then you are
society, sporting noble names and gorgeous decorations. Then you not greatly to be pitied, for if you follow whichever of the side- streams
meet none of those outlying guides who in summer rise spirit- chances to be bringing down the wood it will surely lead you up into
like by your elbow to tender their services by the Rhine bridge at scenery that it is simple pleasure to regard ; where you see or hear no sign
Basle, the bear-pit at Berne, the island of Jean Jacques at Geneva. of human presence but the form of the woodman or the ring of his axe.
They, too, are absent somewhere ; possibly, like the kite, in the intervals In spring Ischl is paradise. In summer, when the Kaiser, his Court, and
of their rapacious chase acting by their mate and offspring the fond troops of fashionables and invalids overcrowd its villas, houses, and hotels,
husband and the tender father. Penetrate to one of their native villages— then it becomes Vienna in the mountains. We must own that in spring
Grindelwald, say-- where, except the gaping cretin who jabbers for coppers mountain weather is not altogether to be trusted, but then healthy man is
before the inn door, each male being lives by the stranger, from the none the worse for an occasional ducking, and nature shows ever so much
urchin who, as he tumbles head over heels, falls out of his father's trousers, the lovelier.
to the tanned and muscular form who professes to find his way to the top
of the Finster Aar Horn as easily as to the door of his parish church. ROYAL ACADEMY
Then your vision of the faces of the natives as they gaze on the phenomenon
of a traveller leaves leagues behind the best tableau in the best burlesque of [SECOND ARTICLE. ]
the season. In summer, when there is a steady stream of travel, each MR. LEGROS has achieved a very admirable success in his
" Christening in
unit in it often feels like a fox fallen among hounds, as if he were on the France." The action takes place in a dark baptistery, shut off by an iron
point of being pulled into shreds, and now his first idea is to claim the railing. In front of this and on a lower level a line of peasant women are
protection of the authorities in a situation pregnant with peril. But in kneeling ; their faces, of a fine cool tone of flesh, are invested with a
the multitude of his enemies lies his safety. The prevalent feeling is, What breathing air of softness, in spite of the dark background against which
is one among so many ? and the long odds against any single individual they stand out and the dark cloaks that they surmount. In the chapel the
profiting at his expense seem to secure his tranquillity. They can't well priest, some members of the family, and the sacristan are grouped round a
propose to guide him anywhere when the snow lies thick within rifle-shot brazen font. On the right the colour is delightfully relieved by the intro-
of the village street and when the mountain inns and hospices are either duction of a triptych, which is affixed to a group of columns above a little
closed or left to solitary caretakers. The very cubs, not yet blooded for the altar. Between this and the font some votive candles on stands burn faintly,
season, don't hunt him so hard for coppers ; and, sketch-book in hand, for it is daylight, though daylight dimmed and quieted. On the whole we
he may lounge down by the grey brawling stream or loll on the soft should find it difficult to suggest a fault in this picture, and its rich beauty is
turf, without finding the natives swarming round him, bloodthirsty and so enjoyable that it may seem unreasonable to wish for anything else. But
persistent as Norwegian mosquitoes. No doubt there are limits Catholic ritual, devout types and turns of head, contrasted obscurities of
set to his movements other than the line traced by the snow ; when inns light and sombre harmonies of colour-even these interesting elements will
are open larders are sometimes empty and rarely sumptuously stocked. not always satisfy one who is in search of beauty, and we could wish that
But, after all, the prudent traveller will arrange to make his arrival antici- Mr. Legros would seek and diffuse satisfaction from some other materials
pate by an hour or two that at which he looks to see his appetite sharpened as well. There is a vigorous portrait here from Mr. Legros's hand, and
to its finest edge, and even the Sybarite must agree that better the grilled some etchings, to which last we shall return.
fowl you have hunted down yourself, when eaten in peace, than the starved One of Mr. Poole's pictures has real poetical feeling and a moving
ox or venerable veal that you share with an uncongenial mob, each face eloquence of gesture. Entitled " The Prodigal Son," it represents a young
in which you have learned to know and hate since first it broke upon your shepherd on a hill side with his flock, having thrown himself down on a rock,
vision in the " Trois Rois " at Basle. and covering his face with his hands. The landscape is, as usual, bathed
One shrinks at first from echoing Rousseau's dictum, " Mon lac est le in a greenish yellow light. This eccentricity, and the slightness of his
premier. " But while the savage scenery in the bay of Uri and on work, may turn some visitors prematurely away from looking at this artist's
the lake of Wallenstadt strikes you at first and then weakens, you find pictures, who would certainly trace in them, if they had patience, an imagi-
Geneva steadily grow on you. Day after day you awaken to new nation of singular delicacy.
beauties that had lain half hidden between the distant summit of Mont Mr. Calderon's figures have got back into modern dresses, except a fruit-
Blanc and the trim gardens on the northern shore. Spring is the time for seller in the watercolour room, who would be better if she had done thesame.
Lake Leman, and the Trois Couronnes at Vevay is the place. The garden Very brilliant is his large picture of a young man and a girl in a brightly-
terrace-perhaps the pleasantest place in Europe for dreaming over a book- spread punt, which the lover is letting drift under oak-branches, while he
ought to have conferred immortality on the forgotten architect who planned gazes on the girl, and she muses dipping her finger lazily in the lazy stream.
it, as it has brought fortunes to successive innkeepers and given countless We take objection to the young man's eyes as unreal ; desirable as it might be
hours of pleasure to their guests. Not yet have the chestnut woods by that human eyes in moments of intensity should become covered with the
Clarens and Montreux disappeared under the white dust from the nictitating membrane possessed by some birds, it is not the case, and we must
roads and vineyards.
Not yet does the insupportable glare from those suppose that this appearance, a favourite one with Mr. Calderon, is an
vineyard walls ring them with fire, making them tabooed ground. exaggeration of something which he does observe and we do not.
Mounting among them you may wander on at your will through an Arcadia picture of Catherine of Lorraine pressing a crime and even a dagger upon
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 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 21 , 1869.
16

Jacques Clément, the character is most forcibly rendered. She leans upon dresses express with extreme grace the stress and direction of the wind,
him-a literal urging-and seems to breathe infernal persuasion upon him while the oak and the resisting figures preserve the stability of the com-
from eyes and lips, and from all her face and figure. It is a pity the position. It is difficult to express in language that sounds reasonable the
colour is so harsh every now and then in Mr. Calderon's work. An nature of the means by which ideal effects in art are produced , or we should
instance here is the red on the right hand. say simply that the colour is at once gay and pathetic, like the momentary
Apart from all their beauties, Mr. Leslie's pictures are excellent as contrast between the unconquerable freedom of youth and the sterner
66 moods of nature. In Mr. Mason's other figure-picture, " Girls Dancing,"
studies of bygone moods of sentiment. ' By Celia's Arbour " is a picture
frock and
of a girl in white muslin, in very soft and fine white muslin, we may say the " pipe of Arcady " is sounded by a shepherd boy in smock
with confidence ; her neck is surrounded with fine roses, but her lovely face slouched hat, to whose music three little girls are dancing. Though
leaves them nowhere, so full is it, not only of beauty, like them, but of evidently unfinished , this work is almost majestic by its rendering of free,
candour, sensibility, good humour, and all the good qualities of sampler unreflecting, natural joy. " The Muses in a Ring " do not move in our
and copybook. Having proved that he has attractive resources in colour, imagination with more harmonious grace than these nymphs of the Sunday-
school in their patched cotton gowns and clumsy shoes. When picture-
Mr. Leslie contents himself in his other work with the dull greens and dead-
leaf shades to which he has usedus. It shows a slender child and an old woman seers shall have got used to Mr. Mason, as they have got used to Mr.
by the side of a river, and is very slight, though not in quality below the Hook, the homeliness of his imaginative world will reveal the ideal aspect
painter's average. His " Celia " is much above it, and genuinely delightful. of simple modes of life to as large and as mixed a public.
We may as well mention here the works of Mr. G. A. Storey, as they Mr. Rudolf Lehmann's " Terracina after the Fire " represents a
seem to be generally taken at first sight for Mr. Leslie's. One is the very woman of the half-savage local type seated amongst the blackened ruins of
Gallic old soldier in the " Sentimental Journey " who gets alms from a her hut. The village, composed of the rude tent-like structures which
"fair charitable " by his delightful compliments. The scene is prettily laid these people inhabit during the winter, fills the background to where the
in a poplar-lined street of a French town , the old soldier displays a ludicrously sea gleams like silver beneath a lingering cloud of smoke. The colour has
insinuating importunity, and the young girl is very worthy of the compli- a dull and sombre harmony of its own, which is only broken by the too
ments paid her. Her little look of hurry, as though she had important cold and lifeless white of the woman's head-dress. No. 862 is a very
business on hand, is delightful, and can deceive no one, certainly not the perfect little genre picture by the same artist, of a lady seated before the
old soldier. The painting is in parts faulty ; there are patches of rough- fire, burning letters. The carved wood of the screen within which the fire-
ness here and there which offend the eye, especially, we think, considering place is enclosed, and the coloured tiles which surround it, form an
the dainty lightness of the subject and sentiment. A portrait of a little girl agreeable setting for a graceful figure. In his portrait of Mrs. Henry
digging in her garden, dressed in a lavender cape and old-fashioned hat, is Schlesinger, Mr. Lehmann has succeeded in giving the brightest animation
marked by great refinement in the introduction of this faintly antiquarian to a beautiful face, and a fitting gaiety in the accessories, without exaggera-
interest, which we notice this year as much in Mr. Storey as in Mr. Leslie- tion or insipidity. The foreshortened arm is a passage of refined modelling
the expressions as well as the dresses being of the eighteenth century. and colour, and the surface is highly wrought without any loss of firmness.
Mr. John Lewis has sent several Eastern pictures, which stand for we
know not how much labour. The painting has lost nothing of its definite-
ness, nor the colour anything of its untempered brilliancy. Harems and THE IRISH SEDITION MONGERS.
bazaars furnish the subjects of the greater number. We may as well
confess candidly that we can see little to admire in these pictures except SOME time ago we called attention to the pernicious character of the
great refinement of technical skill ; but they are remarkable in this seditious literature which is regularly concocted and published by the
way, and the colour -as may well be where there is so much of it every- Fenians
in for Irish
mind that they circulation . The
were enlarged gentlemen
from bridewellwho provide
under it docondition
an implied not bear
where is occasionally delightful or suggestive.
" The Duke's Antechamber," by Mr. Orchardson, is a large and various of not again offending against the law, but the policy of our philanthropists
composition ; one of those pictures that tell their own tale. This it does is exhibiting its weakness in this direction as well as in others. Week
after week the Irishman and the Nation continue to malign the Government,
in a manner quite too obvious ; we mean that the types of courtiers in
and to instruct their readers not only in abstract ideas upon rebellion, but
waiting are marked, as though on the stage, with unmistakable type-
characters. The expression is lively and keenly observed, of course ; in such very practical proceedings as may be found in drill books. In truth,
on our indulgence towards them,
equally of course the colour is agreeable, and has little dry felicities in it the Catnachs of Abbey-street have waxed fat
here and there, which make us wish for it that it were laid on with another and the temporary retirement from business which took place six months
brush. There does not seem to be longer any reason to fear that ago seems to have recuperated energies partially exhausted by the
Mr. Orchardson and his friends will convert any one else to their plan of tremendous labours of abusing the judges during the State trials.
The latest hero of the Irishman was the Mayor of Cork. In a filial
painting ; and it does not matter much when it is only a rare variety.
Mr. Orchardson has never painted a more intelligent or spirited picture. broadsheet his worship had his portrait executed with a wreath of
Mr. Poynter's " Prodigal Son " gives the moment when the father meets shamrocks enclosing the effigy, while the leading articles contained
his son at the foot of the steps outside the house. The two figures have his name in the largest capitals which the printing office could supply.
very much the look of supporting each other, which is hardly intended. But the glory of O'Sullivan aboo has now departed. He is placed
The father's drapery seems to us ungracefully heavy, and the sentiment of on the same degraded level as The O'Donoghue and Mr. Maguire.
the figures rather falls to the ground , perhaps between the stool of realism The former has been already stripped of his " The " by the Irishman, while
and the stool of academicism . Mr. Poynter's other picture, " Proserpine," the latter is regarded as an enemy to his native land, for whom pitch
plasters would be an insufficient reprisal. Of course this wild vapouring
appears to us one of the most delightful in the rooms. In a shady green
glade, where the light is all beyond her, she is gathering flowers. Her white might be passed over with contempt but for the fact that it is read where
drapery, shone through by the sun beyond, shows the pretty outline of her no English newspaper goes, and where the decent class of Irish papers are
girlish figure. Perhaps it is this interception of the light that makes the comparatively unknown. Outside the doors of the country chapels on
sweet place look so cool. Sundays after Mass the peasants gather round the schoolmaster and
The golden plenty of last year's autumn is brought before us by Hook's listen to such words of wisdom as may be found in the columns of the
inland picture, " Cottagers making Cider," in which the foreground is occu- seditious journals. In verse and prose, in all sorts of emphatic types, in
pied by a shed covering a press, worked by a number of peasants, into picture s, the most extreme revolutionary doctrines are propounded and
which a yellow stream of apples is being poured. But the greatest beauties swallowed by an attentive audience , a few of whom are inclined , perhaps,
of this painter's work are associated with the coolness, the insurgent weight, to settle accounts with their landlord from behind the hedges. The writers
the deep transparency and hissing crests of the sea. Cold green, dashed in these papers show no sense of moral responsibility whatever ; if they
with white, is the tone of the distance in his picture of " The Boat. " The did, a little respect might be entertained for an enthusiasm which, although
wind blows across the prospect, and the waves dance gaily under it to a intolerable, could in a degree be excused ; but they never hesitate in their
little reef on the right. The foreground is occupied by a brown fishing-boat picturesque way to lie and to promote outrage and insurrection by statements
which they perfectly well know to be untrue. Nor can we credit them
which is tossed towards the spectator, so that the interior is visible from end to
end. A fisher-family are preparing their dinner, and the smoke of a little stove with talent ; the " talent " such as it was had to be draughted off to
in the middle verifies the motto, " It served them for kitchen, and parlour, Portland or to Australia, while the gentry who saved themselves remained
and all." The tone is deep and full which midday heat gives to the sea in to profit by the circumstance. They should remember
Mr. Hook's third canvas, in which the most prominent figure is a little boy To die for treason is a common evil,
standing on a ridge of rock in the foreground, who waves a handkerchief tied But to be hung for nonsense is the devil.
to a stick as a signal for a fishing-boat in the distance that he is " caught by It is remunerative nonsense, however, and a roaring trade is driven in
the tide." There is a monotony in the criticisms which Mr. Hook's work it. Howlong we can afford to allow it to go on is another thing. There is no
calls forth that has an agreeable ground. They always give pleasure, and doubt of it, these newspapers are the centres of disaffection. The unhappy
probably to a greater number of visitors than the works of any other artist. fools who have studied from them are either repenting the lessons of the
As Mr. Hook raises the common life and character of Devon fishermen Irishman in cells, or have crossed the sea by our leave to howl at the Saxon
into a region of high poetry by the sympathetic intelligence of a refined imagi- from New York platforms. To be sure, the Irishman has instituted a begging
nation, so Mr. Mason idealizes for us the pastoral rudeness of English box for the wives and widows of Fenian convicts, and wears crape in
peasant life. It is difficult to explain the nature of the result except by honour of dead felons, but its sympathies, whether displayed in one way
comparison with some other achievement of the same sort. Mr. Barnes's or another, have a decidedly commercial tendency. It pays to run a
Dorsetshire idylls are concieved in the same spirit and executed with the weekly muck at law, order, and decency ; it is good for the circulation to
same unpretending but unfailing success. " Only a Shower " shows some hoist a semi-lunatic upon a pedestal as a hero, and to shriek about the
little girls in an oak copse, caught by a rainy gust of early spring. One in in oppression of Erin. The question is for us, whether we should allow
the foreground has been carrying two milkpails on a hoop, but has set them . the proprietors of the seditious papers to keep up a factory of unadulterated
down and stands between them, while the wind visits rudely her rough treason for their own purposes. The Irishman is now developing the
hair and cotton gown. Two others are nestling together in the lee principles for which the police seized the manuscripts of its predecessor,
of a mighty oak. Further to the back a most graceful little figure, the Irish People. When literature inspires a bankrupt farmer to blow out
wrapped in cloak and hood, leading a pet lamb by a string, moves dimly the brains of his neighbour with slugs, there are grounds of an obvious kind
in the direction of the shower. The lines of the branches and the girls' for suggesting an abatement in its tone.
[ 296 ]
 BUDGE
MALL
PALL
1869
MAY

17
21
[

.
.
"1

id
Mr. Hankey were to walk barefooted in a white sheet from the Bank to
5
R
.

OCCASIONAL NOTES. the Museum and purchase a catalogue ? He is not likely again to forget
A letter from Washington, published in the Moscow Gazette of the 12th where it is, and the City will be all the greater if it shows that it can temper
inst., says that the appointment of Mr. Curtin as Ambassador to St. Peters- justice with mercy.
burg is intended as " a proof of the importance attached by the United
States to the maintenance and development of their cordial relations with The Emperor is so highly displeased with the choice recently made by
Russia." " The strengthening of the bonds between Russia and America," the French Academy in filling up vacancies that he has written to the per-
petual secretary to say that he shall be glad to dispense with the usual
the correspondent continues, " has always been a matter of great interest
ceremony of receiving the new academicians. In truth both M. Barbier
to the two countries ; but it has now become a necessity, owing to the
difficulties which may arise with Great Britain, and to the identity of the and M. d'Haussonville have never spared the Bonaparte dynasty, and
policy of the Czar and the President in the question of the Eastern "The Relations between the Church of Rome and the First Empire," which
Christians." The letter concludes by stating that the special commission the latter gentleman is now publishing, is a violent indictment brought
appointed by Congress to consider the subject of American navigation is to against the Emperor Napoleon for his haughty and insolent dealings with
Rome.
give particular attention to the obstacles created by the Treaty of Paris of
1856 in the navigation of the Black Sea, the Bosphorus, and the Dardanelles,
According to letters from Jerusalem, the Marquis of Bute is edifying
and that the new Foreign Minister and Ambassador to Russia will probably
use all their efforts to obtain the suppression of that treaty, which was the dwellers in that city by his piety and his liberality. He passes long
never signed by America and was dictated by a hostile spirit to Russia. hours in tears and prayer at the various spots where the last scenes of the
Passion are supposed to have been enacted. His lordship's almoner,
Monsignor Capel, has been preaching in English to large bodies.
We are not often disposed to anticipate the gushing writers who take of pilgrims belonging to numerous English and American creeds,
up cases of alleged ill-treatment, and having moved our sympathies as far and his remarkable eloquence brings together a large and hetero-
as they are able, discover that their pathetic story is all founded on a geneous audience, whenever it is known that he is likely to occupy
the pulpit in the chapel of the Ecce Homo. The Gazette du
mistake. But there is an occurrence reported at the St. James's workhouse
which ought to be inquired into. A poor woman named Rees was confined Midi, alluding to Lord Bute's conversion and his subsequent pilgrimage to
on Wednesday morning. At night she was left with her child, without the Holy City, adds, " La présence du fervent converti à jeté le désarroi
help of any kind. There was, however, a " helper " in the ward, dans le camp, ou plutôt dans le comptoir Luthéro-Calviniste. En effet
and in the night this woman heard Rees " breathing heavily." rien n'était plus significatif ni plus concluant que la comparaison de cette
But she did not take the trouble to get out of bed to see if any assistance pure et glorieuse conquête de l'Eglise, avec les acquisitions, à tant par tête,
was needed. In the morning the poor woman and her child were both des âmes à acheter et à revendre, dont la Mission protestante à Jerusalem
found dead, and of course there was plenty of "help " immediately. fait le déplorable trafic, et dont elle a composé son maigre bercail."
The midwife was sent for, and, no doubt, looked on very much surprised.
The doctor came some hours too late, but no matter, he was there. " Had
he known the woman had died he should have attended earlier." Those who hoped for a reform of the public service in America under
Death, then, he regards as a good reason for making haste. It does not President Grant's rule are obliged to admit that they have experienced a
great disappointment. There has been the usual " clean sweep," and
need a column of mock anguish to point the moral of this dismal tale.
General Grant's own friends have by no means been left " out in the cold."
The jury thought the conduct of the midwife " anything but satisfactory,"
The diplomatic changes were never more numerous, and very few of them
and they fancied the doctor might have been more prompt in his attend-
ance. have been forthe better. Some of the papers complain that Mr. Adams was not
Is this the way such things are usually managed in the St. James's
workhouse ? sent back to England, but we believe he was very anxious himself to retire
from his duties here, and had long solicited Mr. Seward to get his successor
appointed. Mr. Motley, remark several writers, is inferior to Mr. Adams.
The account of the biddings for the next presentation to the rectory
The opposition papers are especially wrath at the appointment of
and vicarage of Westborough and Dry Donnington, in the county of a "mere literary man." It thus appears that literary men are not
Lincoln , which was put up to auction at the Mart on Tuesday, certainly held in so high esteem as a speaker
at the Liverpool banquet tried to
offers food for reflection to thoughtful minds. It appears that the living is make us all believe. The
worth £ 708 per annum. There are two churches to serve a mile and Minister to France, Mr. Washburne, is condemned
by journals of every shade of opinion. He is, says the Nation, "and
a half apart service being held alternately at each place, viz., in the
undoubtedly always will be, a worse Minister than any of his predecessors
morning at one, and in the evening at the other, and vice versa.
since 1860
There was, the auctioneer stated, good society ; he thought he might then, was ; indeed, in some respects, he is quite incompetent. " But,
he not the bosom friend of the President ?
add good hunting, and, allowing £ 100 a year to a curate to do
the dirty, disagreeable work, such as attending to the sick and
dying, there would remain a net profit of about £600 a year for the The Clarence-roads question has, we hear, passed into a newphase. The
rector. The outside sum offered for the privilege of attending to the roads in question have no value except in connection with Richmond
eternal salvation of the inhabitants of the two parishes in question was Park, to which they afford a convenient and agreeable short cut
£4,800. This did not reach the reserve price, and accordingly the living for visitors from town. As the proprietor persisted in excluding the
was withdrawn, doubtless to the great disappointment of young divines public from access at that point to their own grounds, it seemed
with "a call," but no ready money. The congregations of the two
natural and proper that they should in turn close their park against
churches must be rather puzzled and much edified by seeing the care of him. It would be monstrous that a special gate should be provided into
their souls thus brought to the hammer and with such an unsatisfactory a public park for the exclusive benefit of a private individual. Lord
result. We only hope that when they find their spiritual wants have John Manners, when in office, threatened to take this course, but it
a marketable value they will not argue that they should be allowed to sell was reserved for Mr. Layard to give effect to the threat. The Chief
them to supply their physical necessities. Nor need they fear they will be Commissioner of Works has, we understand, given orders that the
neglected ; some sect will take them up gratuitously. A few years ago the Roehampton gate should accordingly be closed. The Ranger, however,
"spotted fever " broke out among the Irish population in Liverpool. In has interposed and directed the gate to be kept open. As his Royal
one house in that town six young Roman Catholic priests lay dead Highness and his friends are allowed the free use of the lanes
together, the victims of their devotion to the duties of their ministry. which are shut against the public, he is quite satisfied with
What would their privileges have fetched at the Auction Mart ? the present arrangement. The question of authority over the park
is disposed of at once by reference to the estimates, where a vote of
£6,000 appears under that head, for which the Chief Commissioner
The City magnates have lately been making an example of an offender, is, of course, responsible to Parliament. It is to be hoped that the subject
and it would not only be wrong but foolish to neglect the warning conveyed
will not be lost sight of in Committee of Supply.
to us that they are not to be trifled with. When it was proposed to place
the Roman pavement which has been discovered near the Mansion House
in the City Museum, Mr. Thomas Hankey wrote to the Times asking where The authentic reports of the election judgments, now published, place
the City Museum was, and incontinently stated that, although he had been more clearly in view the varying statements of the judges as to the rule in
forty years connected with the City, he had never heard of the place before ; awarding costs, and some discrepancy of practice. Mr. Justice Willes, in
as if this was not enough, he said, " perhaps it may be connected with the the first English case tried at Windsor, laid down distinctly, and evidently
City of London Library, and be equally useless " to everybody. This with deliberation, a new rule that costs should generally follow the event.
called up the chairman of the library committee of the City of London, Later, at Coventry, he candidly confessed that he had been educating
who proceeded to inflict on Mr. Hankey a severe rebuke. He not only himself while discharging his new duties, and had learnt, since he began at
informed Mr. Hankey where the City Museum is, but also remarked that if Windsor, that there is a third party, the public, not less interested than the
Mr. Hankey had employed a small portion of the forty years during which petitioner and the respondent. Therefore, he said, he had come to the
he has been acquiring wealth in that City which he now " reviles," to the conclusion that he ought to consider in each case, in awarding costs,
acquisition of information connected with the museum and library, he whether it was for the public benefit that the petition should have been
would have written in a different spirit and tone to that which he has been presented, even though it failed, and whether there was probable and
thought proper to adopt, and which the chairman added " is well under- reasonable cause for the petition. This statement was made at Coventry
stood and appreciated." This leaves us with a most unpleasant impression on February 18 ; and the day before Mr. Baron Martin, at Westminster,
that something else is to be done to Mr. Hankey. What it is we cannot had signified his desire to consult his colleagues whether they " ought to be
tell, but it is the mysterious ending which makes the chairman's letter so governed in giving costs by the consideration whether there was reasonable
dreadful. We do not attempt to excuse Mr. Hankey. Even if he had denied and probable cause for the petition." It was on this principle ultimately
himself luncheon on one day during that golden period alluded to, he decided that the costs in the Westminster case should not follow the event.
might have rushed into the museum and feasted on the treasures it contains, At Oldham, on the 23rd of March, Mr. Justice Blackburn, who had been
to which all gold is mere dross, and mutton chops a vanity. But we hope the most strict of all the judges in applying the rule that costs followed the
the City will not be too severe upon him. Would it not be sufficient if event, intimated his opinion very clearly, and, it is to be presumed, by
[ 297 ]
 18 PALL MALL BUDGET. [MAY 21 , 1869.

way of caution to his colleagues, that to decide on whether there was or undesirable that any man should be exposed to such a conflict between the
was not probable and reasonable cause is really to go back to the old rule promptings of pity and the sense of what is best for the community, and
which made the question of costs depend on whether a petition was or was this can only be avoided by entrusting the conduct of the prosecution
not "frivolous and vexatious," and here undoubtedly Mr. Justice Blackburn to an official whose duty to the public takes precedence of all individual
is right. In the meantime several decisions have been given in accordance sentiment.
with Mr. Justice Willes's first statement that costs in election petitions were
to be put substantially on the same footing as in an ordinary action. It must be admitted that the new words and phrases which French
writers occasionally add to the language are often exceedingly pointed and
expressive. M. Nestor Roqueplan has been very happy in his efforts in
The detective branch of the metropolitan police has been thoroughly this direction. It is he who invented le gandin, and baptized la cocotte.
reorganized by the sanction of the Home Secretary on the recommendation During the reign of Louis Philippe, observing how invariably when the
ofthe Chief Commissioner. It will in future consist of 1 superintendent
grisette made a step upwards in the path of immorality she hired an apart
at £300 per annum ; 3 chief inspectors at £250 each ; 3 inspectors at ment in the Quartier Laffitte (then extremely fashionable) he renamed her
£ 200 each; 6 sergeants ( 1st class) at 150 each ; 13 sergeants lorette, and the word is likely to endure. The tribe of little consumptive,
(2nd class) at 110 each. An allowance of £ 10 per annum for plain rickety, scrofulous children which abound in Paris received from him the
clothes will be made to all ranks in addition to their salaries and travelling
name of les petits crevés, and just now he has invented la Parisine, an
expenses. Chief Inspector Williamson has been promoted to be superin- expression which is henceforth to indicate a new type of feminine
tendent ofthe detective branch, and Inspectors Thomson and Clarke to be individuality among the Parisiennes.
chief inspectors.

The Bombay Gazette makes a very important correction of the state- Some time ago the telegraphic messages from England to America were
ments which have been sent to England, and which were also published famous for their imaginative properties. When there was no news here the
cable manufactured some. It was soon done, and people were very well
in an Indian journal, respecting the visit of Shere Ali Khan to Umballa.
We have been told that the Ameer was evidently much disappointed that pleased for a little while. There were, however, remonstrances on the
more was not offered him by the Indian Government-that he asked for subject, and the fictions were toned down. But now the trade
the services of European officers and agents in Afghanistan. These seems to be reviving. The New York papers recently contained an
suggestions have often been advocated in the quarter which now attributes interesting account of a Cabinet meeting at which Mr. Sumner's
them to Shere Ali Khan, but it is very unlikely that he should have urged speech was discussed. The writer must have been present at the
them upon the Viceroy. We are now told positively that he never used meeting.. Mr. Bright declared that the difficulty served us right-
anything resembling the words imputed to him. The questions referred to an opinion which seems to have given the greatest comfort to Mr.
Sumner. He told the correspondent of the New York Herald that John
did not arise in any way between the Ameer and the Governor-General.
Bright had spoken in the Cabinet on his side of the question. The
remarks of Lord Clarendon and Mr. Gladstone were also given. Which
Messrs. Briggs, of the Whitwood collieries, have addressed a letter to of the Ministers, then, has been faithless to his colleagues, and betrayed
the members of the Commission on Trade Unions, giving further expla- the secrets of the Cabinet ? Our New York contemporaries seem to be
nations relative to the system of industrial partnerships with their workmen quite satisfied with this sort of news. We admire their enterprise in paying
practised by them for some years. They object to the system being for a little fable by the cable every morning, but might they not find the
described, as it is in paragraph 107 of the report, as having the effect of plain truth just as popular an article with their readers in the long run ?
"limiting the profits of the employer," and therefore not likely to be
generally adopted. They point out that, on the contrary, its working
in their hands has had the effect of considerably increasing The Free Church ministers of Argyleshire continue to be greatly exercised
their profits . Prior to the introduction they barely reached an in mind on the subject of promiscuous dancing. A few days ago they
average of ten per cent. , and therefore they adopted that figure held a meeting in full synod to discuss the question and sat till four
as the point at which the fixed interest on their capital should stand, o'clock in the morning lifting up testimony which seems on the whole to
while all profits in excess should be divided between them and their men. have been of a very gloomy and depressing kind. " In all parts of Scotland,"
The result has been that during the three years the system has been in according to one witness, " the evil was raising its head : in Campbeltown,
operation they have received respectively a total profit of 12 , 13 , and 13½ Lochgilpherd, Inverary, even in Rothesay itself, midnight balls, revelry,
per cent. on their capital, while an additional sum equal to 2 , 3 , and 3½ per and their consequences were greatly on the increase. " At Lochgilphead
cent. has been divided among the workmen in addition to their wages. there is a ball every year, though the minister "always preaches
They further point out that this great increase in profits has been caused on the subject previous to its taking place." A deceitful practice
by the greater care and diligence of the men, and consequently represents has also sprung up of having soirées followed by dancing, so that the
a real addition to the capital of the country. clergy who accept what seems an innocent invitation find themselves
betrayed into countenancing sinful pastime. As a mere exercise dancing
was denounced as a system of " meaningless antics," " a certain shuffling
One of the most important reforms announced by the Turkish Govern- of the limbs which, rationally regarded, was unintelligible and savagely
ment is the establishment of a civil code, which will be binding on all the uncouth." The chief wickedness, however, consists in " a concourse of
subjects of the Sultan, without distinction of creed. A legislative com- males and females gathered for the purpose of merriment and gratifica-
mission is to be appointed for this purpose under the direction of Ali tion." Unfortunately the Synod did not see how any repressive measures
Pasha. This commission will be instructed to commence its labours by a could be enforced.
careful examination of all the precepts of the Koran relating to the
civil organization of society, with the object of using them as a basis A correspondent at Valencia sends us the following :-" This morning's
for the new code. The Koran will then no longer be, as hitherto, (May 10) papers state that the Government have approved the bill
the official text-book for courts of justice, but only be recognized as permitting Libertad de cultos.' The radical papers all contain articles of
an authority in questions of dogma and religious practice. This reform . much rejoicing, but the other papers are published on deeply black- edged
will doubtless be violently opposed by the clergy and the Turks ofthe old paper, the same as for the death of the Sovereign. The nobility and the
school, but it has been approved by the Sultan and his Ministers, and steps better class of merchants and tradespeople are sadly cast down and humbled
are already being taken for introducing it. Another question which is now at the intelligence ; their melancholy demeanour contrasts strongly with the
under the consideration of the Council of State is a proposed alteration in high glee of the republicans and of those who neither profess nor practise
the mode of collecting the taxes. At present all taxes in the empire are any religion. In the churches prayers are being offered all day for rain ;
farmed out to speculators, who pay fixed sums to the Government, which nearly all our crops are completely burnt up and destroyed, and very
in certain provinces amount to barely one-half of the contributions imposed great distress is beginning. This country has never been in so bad a state
on the inhabitants. The Government will in future receive the taxes as now. For the last three years, since the cholera, the great inundations,
through its own officials, as in other European countries. and the silk failure, things have been very bad indeed ; but they are now
quite horrible. There is very little work for the poor ; the streets are full
of every description of beggar, and the robberies that take place daily both
The need of a public prosecutor in cases where the plaintiff is too within and without the city are really becoming dreadful."
poor or too indolent to bear the cost or submit to the trouble of prose-
cuting for himself has often been insisted on in this journal. From the
letter of Mr. Michael Cook in the Times, it would seem that such The Registrar-General's twelfth detailed report of births, deaths, and
an institution is equally required to protect the public against over marriages in Scotland, which has lately been printed, contains some useful
compassion on the part of individual sufferers. Mr. Cook says that hints to invalids and married couples with small means. He advises the
the summonses against the directors of the Hercules Insurance Company former to absent themselves from Scotland from the beginning of December
66
were only withdrawn in deference to ' most earnest and pitiful till May, on account of the low scale of night temperature, but as the
appeals" made to him on behalf of a director, "who stated that northerly and easterly winds are chiefly hurtful to the consumptive, the
he held a public appointment, and that he, together with a wife months they have especially to avoid are March, April, and May. He does
and many children and an aged parent, would be utterly ruined. not tell the invalids where they are to go to, but as the winds in question
by the prosecution if persisted in," and after " a visit from the brother of have taken to coming south themselves during the months mentioned it is
another ofthe defendants accompanied by the minister of his church." Mr. to be feared that the sickly who come to London will find they have only
Cook justly fears that in yielding to this pressure he has been guilty of fallen from the hands of Mr. Dundas into those of Major Graham,
"something like a dereliction of duty," for which perhaps he may have our own Registrar-General. There can, however, be no doubt as
been sufficiently punished by finding it assumed by the counsel for the to the course be pursued by married people with limited
directors that he had retired from the prosecution because he knew that incomes--they should keep out of Scotland altogether ; it appears that
the informations sworn in the case were untrue. But whether Mr. Cook to 23,688 marriages in Scotland there are born 101,994 children,
has been right or wrong, the fact remains that the public has no guarantee giving a proportion of 4.30 children to every marriage, or 430 children to
against a similar course being taken by any other plaintiff. It is highly every 100 marriages. Now mark the advantage which England possesses ;
[ 298 ]
 MAY 21 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET.
19

during the same period as that quoted by Mr. Dundas, to 187,776 marriages Christmas pantomime, and it is a question whether the engine should not
there were only 708,369 children, giving a proportion of 3.77 children to be accompanied by a flying hospital, with a staff of medical attendants paid
every marriage, or 377 children to every 100 marriages. Caledonia may out of the rates, for the relief of those who are not on fire, but who suffer
be now, as heretofore, a meet nurse for poetic children, but prudence from the violent hurry of our gallant preservers .
suggests immediate flight to practical parents who cannot afford the luxury
of large families.
The recent meeting between Grant and General Lee affords another
The trial of Mumler, a photographer in New York, for obtaining money proof of the President's moderation in reference to the ex-insurgent States.
under false pretences, by professing to photograph spirits, has naturally His respect for Lee has been testified on more than one occasion since the
ended in the discharge of the accused. It is impossible to protect all the conclusion of the war, and it will stir the heart of Virginia to find that her
fools in the world. The judge, in giving his decision, intimated his belief favourite captain has been invited to Washington to give his views on
that the whole thing was a trick. The pleadings were extraordinary. The public affairs. The President not only asked Lee his advice, but took
counsel for the accused read from the Bible the accounts of spiritual it, enabling Virginia to give a vote on the new Constitution, which
appearances in the case of Balaam, the witch of Endor, &c., and the pro- is sure to be accepted, and excluding two propositions which were certain
secution ventured no other reply than that such cases were limited to to be rejected. This is a short way to reconstruction-but only a man
ancient times. During the trial the counsel of Mumler asserted that there strong in the confidence of the people could dare to take it. Suppose
are 11,000,000 spiritists in the United States. Mr. Andrew Johnson had made the experiment ! Perhaps even now if
Mr. Thaddeus Stevens were alive the extreme Radical party might have a
word or two to say to the President.
It might have been thought that the effects of outside dictation to con-
stituencies during the last elections did not encourage a repetition of the
experiment. Many letters were written in recommendation of candidates, The Oswestry Advertiser reports an amusing discussion which took
and in nearly every case the unsolicited advice acted to the prejudice of place at a recent meeting of the poor-law guardians in that town as to
the person it was intended to serve. Mr. Beales, however, is not whether the girls in the workhouse should wear hats or bonnets. A pro-
deterred by these recollections from issuing an injunction to the " men of posal on the part of some benevolent persons to supply them with plain
Stafford " to elect Mr. Odger. Why he should run the risk of doing his black straw hats free of charge excited the suspicion rather than the
late associate in the Reform League an injury is best known to gratitude of the guardians. " It's like the altar cloth," exclaimed
66
himself, but disinterested spectators cannot doubt that his intervention one of them, and we shall be going on to Roman Catholicism. "
is dangerous. Everybody in Stafford may not admire Mr. Beales, and his Another detected the germ of a social revolution. " I shall deprecate
""
command to the electors to " put forth their united strength and energy it very strongly," he said. " I know my ' missis ' won't allow one of
in favour, of his friend may have a very different result from that which he her servant girls to wear a hat. If the children are brought up to wear
probably desires. Mr. Odger was not handsomely treated by his avowed cock-a-lorum hats here, they'll want to wear them when they go away.
supporters at Chelsea. They did him what harm they could, and then They'll be wanting feathers next, and then you'd have young gentlemen
threw him over. Cannot they let him have a fair chance at Stafford ? coming courting after them." Finally one of the guardians moved that
they should " stick to the bonnets," which was agreed to.

Further particulars of the Boston Mammoth Musical Festival have

reached us. One American journal describes the enterprise as " on the The passage in the Emperor of Austria's speech where he expresses his
top wave of triumphant success," and another says it " promises to be belief in the preservation of peace was received with great applause bythe
almost as brilliant in the dulcimeric firmament as was the aurora borealis in Hungarian Chamber, and was enthusiastically responded to by all parties
nature's sky on the night of the 15th inst. " The festival building now in course both in the Upper and the Lower House. M. Pulszky declared in the
oferection will cover nearly four acres, and , we are gravely assured, contain name ofthe majority of the deputies that they had " learnt with joy that
50,000 people. The " enrolment of vocalists is heavy, 2,900 having been the friendly relations of the monarchy with foreign States afford a certain
enlisted in the Hub (Boston) alone, " and " whole regiments " elsewhere, for prospect of the continuance of peace." " War," he added, " which is
whose accommodation, as well as that of the audience, excursion trains will always a sad necessity, would be especially so in our position, as the
run from all the chief towns east of the Rocky Mountains. In short, the reforms and the economy which we absolutely require can only be carried out
affair is to be " a miracle of musical grandeur," reaching its climax when in times of peace . " The representative of the extreme Left, M. Simonyi,
"Yankee Doodle " is " symphonied by salvos of artillery discharged by also deprecated any " intervention in the German or Eastern questions " as
electricity at the wave of the baton of the accomplished conceiver of this being dangerous to the interests of peace. Finally, the Upper House says
wonderful spectacle." The mystery of the anvils is at last explained, for in its address that " should peace be endangered the defence of the exist-
"
we are told that " The Anvil Chorus ' (from ' Il Trovatore ' ) will be ence of the State would absorb the material and mental powers which
performed by a hundred operators, who are now being drilled in the alone can secure the progress of the country."
exercises."

A serious conflict has broken out between the Catholic laity in Hungary
The King of Prussia appears determined to exercise with a vigour
almost amounting to harshness the powers conferred on him as head of the and their bishops on the subject of the administration of the church
army of the North German Confederation. Some time ago he forced the property. Hitherto this property, which is of very great value, has been
administered exclusively by the bishops. Some time ago, however, the
Grand Duke of Baden to accept as Minister of War the Prussian general
Beyer, and he has now caused the command-in-chief of the Baden army to representatives of the Catholic laity in the Diet claimed the right, on behalf
of their constituents, of exercising a certain degree of influence in the
be entrusted to that officer in the place of the Duke William of Baden, administration of the Catholic communes in which the property is situated ,
whose political opinions did not come up to Count Bismarck's standard
of orthodoxy. In the Hessian army all officers even suspected of a and the question was referred by the Government to a conference of
hankering after autonomy are being summarily dismissed, and their places bishops, who were directed to prepare a scheme with this object in view.
filled by Prussians. It is more than probable that these violent measures After much delay the conference produced a regulation for the election of
are occasioned by a feeling of pique at the reluctance shown by the North an assembly, composed of laymen and clergymen, in whose hands the
whole management of the church property was to be placed. This regula-
German Parliament to impose new taxes on the Confederate States for
military purposes. A single example will show that this reluctance is not tion has now been approved by the Emperor-King, but it secures so great
a preponderance of influence to the ecclesiastical element that the Catholic
unfounded. The State of Saxe- Coburg, which is bound to maintain a
certain contingent at a cost of 112½ thalers per man, has already incurred deputies resolved, at a meeting held the other day, to insist on its being
rejected by the Chamber.
a debt of 100,000 thalers in the discharge of this obligation, and, as in
1873 the contingent is to be doubled, it cannot be wondered at if discon-
tent is rife among the inhabitants. However irritable we may be on some points, however much we may
repine at the evils to which all flesh is heir, there cannot be a doubt that
Londoners offer a noble example of people meeting violent deaths at street-
Perhaps Captain Shaw, or Sir John Thwaites, or somebody will be kind crossings with a calmness and patience which must surprise other cities
enough to ask the Fire Brigade men not to drive their engines through the whose inhabitants are not in the habit of being run over, smashed, and
crowded streets at a more rapid rate than is absolutely necessary. It is not mangled by dozens. From the Registrar-General's return of births, deaths,
very long ago since one of them came to grief, and serious injuries were and marriages for the week ending the 15th inst. , it seems that during
inflicted by a collision. Scarcely a day now passes without the risk of that short period of seven days twice as many deaths were registered of
an appalling calamity, owing to the zeal of the brigade to arrive in good persons killed by horses or vehicles in the street as from small-pox. The
time at the scene of their operations. Besides the danger to pedestrians, victims of the latter were four ; of the former, eight. He adds that the
to carriages, and to themselves, their appearance, their gesticulations and expected number of deaths from street accidents is always seventy-four in
excited shrieks are enough to shock the nerves of the most phlegmatic nineteen weeks, and the estimate for the present year has proved
horse that ever looked through a collar, and induce him to emulate the correct to a fraction. We suppose that all this slaughter is absolutely
wild speed of the noble animals attached to the engines, by joining in necessary ; but before another period of nineteen weeks has passed, and
their reckless race through the public thoroughfares. There is a poem of seventy-four more souls have been called to their last account by Hansom
Hood's describing a fire in which, with reference to one of the many noises cab drivers and others, we cannot help remarking that it seems a pity we
in the street arising from the catastrophe, he says :-" It is only the firemen cannot battle with carelessness as successfully as with small-pox. Of course
swearing at a man they've run over and killed." Firemen are too apt to no vaccination in childhood will prevent people from being run over, but a
forget that to save one life from fire is no excuse for destroying another in little carefulness on the part of parents might prevent children from choosing
the road. Of course, if it is absolutely necessary for them to dash through the roadway for a playground ; a little carefulness on the part of parochial
crowds of people and carriages, hallooing and shouting at the top of their authorities might suggest the establishment of more refuges at the street-
voices, we have nothing further to say; but a post-horn or bugle would crossings, or suspension bridges, if necessary ; a little carefulness on the
give us a little longer notice of their approach than that peculiar yell which part of drivers might save the life of many an unoffending infant or
is only heard from the throat of a fireman or a disagreeable demon in a aged pedestrian ; and last, but not least, a little more carefulness on the

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 20 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 21 , 1869.

part of the police would lead to penalties being inflicted on many a reckless and inadequate space at their disposal, and they add that it is an evil
cabman, carter, or coachman whose notions with regard to time and eternity which successive Administrations have been ready to admit, but which none
are so confused that, to save a few moments of one, they do not hesitate to of them have been able to redress. The ambitious, therefore, must console
send a fellow-creature into the other. themselves by the exhibition of their photographs in the shop windows,
where statesmen compete for admiration with the last new murderer, and
bishops and ballet dancers are pleasingly associated.
The wretched inhabitants of Alaska have little cause to congratulate
themselves upon their change of masters. The kindly neglect of the
Russians was better than the determination to " civilize " them which the A strange misapprehension of facts led an English journal recently to
Americans have displayed. The United States soldiers set to work very assert that the United States Government resented our interference in the
soon after their arrival, and it is proudly reported that they have already case of the Mary Lowell, and were likely to demand reparation from us.
destroyed several villages. It was thought better, says a New York Seeing that the English officials intervened only in the interests of the
journal, quoting the report, " to destroy the huts than to execute the United States, this announcement must have perplexed many readers.
people, as they place little value upon their lives, but will suffer It was, however, copied with great relish into the Independance Belge
dreadfully for want of shelter." " The way in which our troops are killing and other continental journals. Of course we now learn from
off these poor wretches, and burning their huts, is disgraceful to the the correspondents that the American people and Government are very
country." Perhaps when Congress meets we shall hear of " resolutions " pleased with the action we took in the matter. It is regarded, says one, as
of sympathy with the poor Indians. Or is it only when the oppressed live showing " the determination of the English Government to do an act of
under some other Government that the Americans feel pity for them ? justice." There will not, we may assure the Indépendance Belge, be war
upon this question.
A French journal is responsible for the following :-In a certain small
provincial town one of the residents, M. A. B. , found that his house was
THE DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT IN SWITZERLAND.
rendered both damp and dark by the contiguity of a large tree which was
inconveniently near to his windows. He would gladly have had it cut ON Sunday the 18th of April last, the electors of the canton of Zurich
down, but the tree belonged to the commune and was not to be meddled adopted by 34,000 votes against 22,000 the new Constitution submitted to
with. Being a man of resources, he sent for insertion to one of the Paris them . It is no exaggeration to assume that this vote marks the beginning
papers the following paragraph :-" There is still in existence one ofthe of another era in the internal politics of Switzerland. Taken by itself, it is
trees of liberty of the date of 1793. It may be seen at X. , close to the the adhesion of the most advanced, the best educated, and richest canton
house of M. A. B. , and the passers by reverently uncover their heads to of the Confederation to a system of government in which the people are
this venerable witness of our grandest struggles and our most illustrious called upon to play a more immediate and more important part in the manage-
victory. " Three days afterwards an order came from the préfecture in ment of what most nearly affects themselves than they have ever yet done.
Paris for the Mayor of X. to cause the said tree to be cut down - which The Constituent Assembly, which sprang from this vote, devoted the
was accordingly done forthwith. greater part of last year to a revision of the cantonal constitution, and the
changes which it has introduced may be briefly summarized. The
We live so fast nowadays that some people may perhaps have forgotten liberty of the press is henceforth to be complete ; no special legislation with
that as recently as 1855 the King of Prussia asserted his title to the regard to press offences will be recognized ; editors, like other citizens,
will be subject to common law alone. Public functionaries are to have no
principality of Neuchatel. The bold action of the Swiss Federal authorities,
who on the first outbreak at Locle marched their troops into the canton special privileges. The whole penal code is modified, and the punish-
and put down, though not without bloodshed, the aristocratic reactionists, ments are made less severe. Capital punishment is abolished ; any citizen
was followed by the mediation of the Great Powers, and the matter was appa- illegally arrested is to be indemnified by the State ; a Habeas Corpus
Act similar to our own is introduced ; civil marriage is sanctioned, but
rently settled. Jealousy of France and the Simplon route have, it is said,
effected what the treaty of 1856 failed to do. It is rumoured that in compliance with it is purely voluntary ; at the same time, all forms neces-
addition to a subvention of 50,000,000 francs to the St. Gothard railway sary to constitute a marriage, whether civil or religious, are to be wholly
scheme Prussia is now ready to renounce her real or imaginary rights over gratuitous. Some of the other enactments are interesting to foreigners as
indicative of the peculiar customs of the people. That important person
the canton. The project has been well received in Switzerland, the Northern
and North Eastern Railways each contributing 9,000,000 francs, whilst the in a continental town , the notary, is to be elected in each district by the votes
of his fellow citizens from a list of candidates, none of whom shall present
various German cantons will, it is expected, vote considerable sums in
themselves without proper certificates of qualification . All actions for
addition to the Federal subsidy.
debt are to be undertaken by the municipal authorities of the district.
Such are the law reforms. The financial are scarcely of less importance.
That virtue is its own reward had need hold good in the unfortunate The sliding scale of income tax is introduced, applicable, however, only to
colony of Algeria. At the recent meeting of the Agricultural Society held moneys raised for the purposes of the whole canton. Legacy and succes-
there prizes were awarded to such of the colonists and natives as had most sion duties in imitation of our own will be raised. All monopolies are
distinguished themselves in clearing or cultivating the land, care of farming abolished. No taxes upon the necessaries of life are to be imposed ; those
stock, faithful service or otherwise. A case came before the committee of already existing are to be reduced or removed with all possible despatch.
one André Conjon , of Marseilles, who entered the service of a colonist The care of the poor is to be left to each district or township, but
named Barot, in 1855 , as gardener, and, owing to the precarious circum- the State will aid any district overburdened with poor, as well
stances of his master, had never received any wages from that time to the as make grants to all associations for the relief of pauperism. It will also
present. Barot being sold out, he found himself after fourteen years of assist private efforts which have for their objects the education of pauper
servitude cast on the world with no other possession than a few worn-out children or the care of the sick and helpless.
clothes. His wages having been fixed at 30 francs a month, made his loss The railroads are to be worked under the inspection of the State, and
a round sum of 5,000 francs, and it is consolatory to find that the committee should fresh lines be judged necessary the canton is to bear part of the
not only made a pretty speech, but awarded the unfortunate labourer a sum expense of their construction in districts too poor to support the total
of 100 francs. Pretty speeches, indeed , abounded on the occasion, and the outlay. A cantonal bank is to be established under Government auspices,
following may be cited as showing that in Algeria, at least, women are and lastly the contingent of recruits furnished to the Federal army is to be
appreciated and encouraged ; after awarding the prize cup to a colonist wholly equipped and armed at the expense of the canton.
named Rivière for having caused one of the most unpromising regions of What are called " the rights of the people " are carefully defined and
the Sahil to blossom as the rose by dint of twenty years' zeal, his wife was guaranteed by the new Constitution. Every citizen has the right of
thus complimented : " Not to Monsieur Rivière alone we accord this petitioning the Grand Conseil to promulgate, modify, or abrogate any
distinction, but the courageous woman who has remained year after year in law. If one-third of the Grand Conseil approves the petition, it is to be
these solitudes, either replacing her absent husband, or sharing and aiding submitted to the vote of the canton . In the same manner, any demand
his labours and upholding him by her fortitude, resolution, and spirit-a emanating from 5,000 citizens is to be at once submitted to the popular
striking example of the importance of woman in agricultural colonies. vote, unless the Grand Conseil adopts it of its own free will.
What prospers, indeed, where devoted women are wanting ?' By the side of the right of petition the old right of the referendum is
1
revived and reinvigorated . Twice a year, in the spring and autumn-
and oftener if necessary-the whole body of the people is to be convoked
It is a dangerous thing to thrust greatness back on itself; and if we to approve or annul any fundamental changes in the Constitution, any
throw cold water on the high aspirations of our political celebrities new laws or concordats, agreed upon by the Grand Conseil. No decision
there is no saying what mischief they may not commit. We there- of this executive body on such matters is valid until ratified by the people.
fore almost wish that the trustees of the National Portrait Gallery had Thirty days before each general assembly every citizen is to be furnished
suppressed the last paragraph of their recent report, in which, without with a copy of all the laws to be voted. The people are to vote aye or
imputing blame to any person, they feel it their duty "to state nay, and the absolute majority decides. The people have further the right
explicitly that they have no wall space remaining to suspend even one new of a limited veto upon the minor acts of the Grand Conseil--for example,
picture, and that, besides the general crowding of those already in in deciding upon any work or undertaking the cost of which will exceed
their charge, and the enforced absence of any order or classification as to 250,000 francs (£ 10,000) , or create an annual charge on the budget of
dates or subjects, some of these portraits are of necessity placed in such more than 20,000 francs ( 800).
a light that they can scarcely be seen at all, and then only to Last of all, the executive body in the State is to consist of seven
the greatest disadvantage. " Now, considering how few great men contrive members, directly chosen by the entire canton voting as a single electoral
to squeeze their remains into Westminster Abbey, it does seem rather hard college. In like manner, and at the same time, and for the same term
to turn them away from even the National Portrait Gallery, and it must be of three years, the two deputies who shall represent the canton in the
mortifying indeed to be told at the close of a long career of usefulness Federal Diet are to be elected.
that, even if exhibited, their resemblance can only be handed down to Such is the Constitution adopted by the canton of Zurich. We have
posterity under the most unbecoming circumstances. It seems that the preferred choosing this as the most complete scheme of direct popular legis-
trustees have on former occasions had occasion to lament the restricted lation which has as yet been drawn up, not because it stands alone, but
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 MAY 21 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 21

because the ideas embodied in it form the groundwork of all the new wheat from that country, while the contemplated abolition of the Is. duty
cantonal Constitutions now under consideration. Already Thurgan has now levied on corn imported into the United Kingdom must have the
adopted an almost identical Constitution by 11,681 votes against 6,741 ; effect of rendering foreign supplies generally 1s. per quarter cheaper.
Lucerne, by 8,600 against 4,200 ; and St. Gall, which stands in many Everything, then, promises a continuance of cheap bread.
respects next to Zurich in importance, by a still larger majority. In the Of course a war with the United States- which in calculations of this
canton of Soleure, however, of which the railway junction of Olten is alone kind cannot be quite put out of the question-would very much alter the
known to many English travellers, the proposal to revise the Constitution aspect of affairs. Such a war would stop all wheat supplies from the
has been rejected by 8,850 votes against 6,500. United States, and probably from British America also. The importance
of these supplies will be seen from the annexed recapitulation of the
imports of wheat (and wheat flour) from British America and the United
O'CONNELL AND THE IMMORTELLES. States during the last ten years :—
Year. British America. United States. Total.
VISITORS to the cemetery of Glasnevin, amongst the few notable tombs Cwt. Cwt. Cwt.
1859 170,821 430,504 601,325
of the place, were accustomed to look at that of the famous agitator, who 1860 10,625,777
1,310,652 9,315,125
was once a political power in his own country, and by consequence a source 1861 3,387,949 15,610,472 18,998,421
of embarrassment to us. The vault had an open grating, through which 1862 5,118,698 21,765,087 26,883,785
the mildewed coffin, covered with velvet and strewn with decayed 1863 3,198,187 11,869,179 15,067,366
flowers, was to be seen, and those who came as pilgrims to expend 1864 1,831,897 10,077,431 11,909,328
1865 528,465 1,498,579 2,027,044
a little sentiment over the dismal shrine might, from the neglect 1866 59,601 986,229 1,945,830
of its furniture and decorations, think with some truth that the relics 1867 835,006 5,091,733 5,926,739
should be cared for in a different fashion if there was any vitality in 1868 798,505 6,753,389 7,551,894
the patriotic spirit which was supposed to sanctify them. It should not The extent of the wheat (and flour) supplies which we receive from across
be forgotten that they were a bequest from O'Connell himself. With a strange the Atlantic will be further appreciated when we deduct them from the
reservation, however, in one respect, he left his heart in Italy while his total imports from all sources :—
bones were bestowed upon Ireland . The demonstration which took place Total Imports. From America, Balance.
Year. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt.
lately in Dublin was got up to honour the second burial of the remains,
1859 21.497,734 601,325 20,896,409
and forms only part of a series of celebrations connected with the memory 1860 31,841,926 10,625,777 21,216, 149
of the man. His statue was a source of the bitterest contention in Dublin 1861 18,998,421
37,646,705 18,648,284
for years. Who was to do it, how was it to be done, where it was to be put 1862 50,042,394 26,883,785 23,158,609
when finished, and what money was to be paid to the lucky sculptor favoured 1863 30,887,892 15,067,366 15,820,526
1864 28,837,203 11,909,328 16,927,875
with the commission, were all vexed topics of discussion, in which floods
1865 25,843,552 2,027,044 23,816,508
of polemical and political oratory overwhelmed the practical questions 1866 29,371,679 1,045,830 28,325,849
altogether. When a site was chosen on Carlisle Bridge, it was objected 1867 39,136,780 5,926,739 33,210,041
that Nelson, who is mastheaded in the centre of Sackville-street, over- 1868 36,506,045 7,551,894 28,954,151
looked the illustrious Repealer. Then there was the round tower, To remove the American supplies from the British wheat markets would
close by the cemetery, put up also to remind the people of thus clearly be a serious matter, although the progress of agriculture in
the Liberator, though by what association a copy of the mysterious Russia and Hungary might perhaps prove to a considerable extent, if not
turrets which bewilder the learned could inspire a reverence for altogether, a compensation.
a more or less modern politician is as difficult to make out as
the origin of the buildings which have been the subject of theories more.
curious than decent. The last mausoleum, however, constructed for the LAFONT.
M.
popular favourite is appropriate enough. A grave is the least that a nation.
can offer to any of its great men, yet we believe the collection of tribute for THE French company at St. James's Theatre has just been reinforced by
this purpose and for the others of a kindred significance has been so slow as M. Lafont, whose name was once familiar to the elder generation
to indicate that O'Connellism has died out of Ireland. It had in truth almost of playgoers as a frequent visitor to the London stage. That
expired before its promoter. It is a literal statement of fact that O'Connell was some twenty years ago ; but M. Lafont has lost none of
suffered so much from the conduct of the Rotunda and cabbage-garden the vigour and vivacity which then distinguished his acting, while
sedition mongers that he sank physically as well as mentally under it. The time has added to its point and finish. He is essentially a dramatic artist
ramping poets of the Nation exposed him to the responsibilities of a in the highest sense of the term - artistic alike in his conception of character
revolution which he was wise enough never to have seriously con- and in his way of expressing it. The parts he plays are really creations,
templated. He could no longer steer through Acts of Parliament with a the results of thoughtful and earnest study, and full of " brains." Each
disorganized and frantic crew, and yet he could not blame them for embodies a distinct idea, consistently worked out. His personations are
an infatuation which was simply the result of their mistaking his remarkable not only for their intellectual qualities, but for their feeling and
weakness for his strength. He abandoned the cause to them altogether, sentiment. Nothing can be at once more quiet and forcible than his
and the result is that up to this hour they have had neither tenderness or passion. It is the crux of histrionic art to represent strong
the talent nor the sense to discover the meaning of constitutional agitation. feeling without resort to strong external means of expression- to portray
emotion, in fact, without commotion. On the English stage we have no
The Liberator is spared an additional pang in not having lived in the days
of Fenianism. The spectacle of a pack of rowdies more given to treachery, equivalent for M. Lafont. Mr. Alfred Wigan and Mr. Sothern, who
flatulent talk, and the egregious use of patriotism as an article of inter- approach him in other respects, are deficient in feeling and intensity, and
national commerce than even the enthusiasts of 1848, spoiling the prospects Mr. Fechter's staginess puts him out of the comparison. One could wish
of alternately wheedling and threatening the House of Commons, would not that M. Lafont would give a special series of morning performances for
the instruction of our native actors, as it was lately proposed that
have been compensated for by the sight of a Roman Catholic lord mayor
Mr. Charles Dickens should do for their improvement in elocution.
going to mass in the robes of office, or the sight of a gentleman on
the woolsack whose religion has not disqualified him for the seat. The M. Octave Feuillet's " Montjoye," which was chosen for M. Lafont's
sympathies, however, of large numbers who attend mortuary processions in first appearance, turns upon a theme which the same writer has since
Ireland are not easily distinguishable. If Tipperary could procure the developed with more subtlety and detail in his novel of " M. de
body of a landlord slayer for the uses of a public demonstration, quite Camors." The motto of the latter, from his father's death-bed legacy, might
as many in the county would follow the bier as would be attracted to an almost be adopted by Montjoye as his own device- "Esteem yourself; have
undertaker's apotheosis of O'Connell. There would be one feeling no scruple in using women for your pleasure, men for your fortune, but do
common to the masses on both such occasions- that there are various nothing mean." Montjoye is the incarnation of heartless selfishness , but
ways of dying in the cause of Ireland, and that a patriotic people ought the comedy is ingeniously constructed so as to exhibit first the best side of
not to make sharp distinctions. We should consider the O'Connell his character. He is not a mere common -place egotist with narrow views of
demonstration more flattering to its subject did we not bear in mind the vulgar self-gratification. He is ambitious to make a figure in society,
vast congregations who lamented the murderers of a Manchester constable. and enjoys the luxury of doing a good action . He is one of the best fellows
in the world as long as he has his own way- good-natured , generous,
open- handed. He chooses an old friend, who has woefully broken down
in the race of life, to manage his country estate on the most liberal terms.
OUR FOOD PROSPECTS.
He provides for the son of a former partner, who had ruined himself by dis-
In an article published some time since we indulged in somewhat con- astrous speculations , by making him his legal adviser. He even carries his
fident predictions as to a coming period of cheap bread. Those predictions generosity so far as to offer the young advocate his daughter's hand and
have been verified even to a greater extent than we expected ; for we find fortune. But in all his schemes he never forgets himself. His old friend is
that the average price of wheat had declined at May Day, 1869, to 44s. 9d. chosen as steward in order to canvass for him as deputy for the district,
per quarter, while the corresponding average at the commencement and his partner's son is befriended for the sake of his forensic talent, and
of May, 1868, was 745. 2d. per quarter, showing that wheat is now nearly in order to silence a report that Montjoye had wronged his father.
30s. per quarter lower than it was twelve months since. The question which, It is gradually disclosed to what lengths of villany his worship of self has
of course, next arises is, what are the prospects of the future ? and the carried him. He made his own fortune by the deliberate betrayal of his
answer is that they are excellent. The growing wheats generally present a partner ; his reputed wife was lured from her family by a promise of
favourable appearance in France, and when bread is plentiful in France it is marriage never fulfilled his children are bastards, whom he can
cheap in Europe. In our own country, also, the appearance of the fields is moment renounce if they; displease him- a privilege of which at any
, indeed, he
encouraging, and, in the language of Mr. James Sanderson, " there is now does not hesitate to avail himself in regard both to mother and children .
the promise of abundant grain as well as green crops. " Further, the great In his bitter solitude the strong man breaks down ; his callous nature is
sums paid for Hungarian wheat during the last two or three years have softened by remorse, and a general reconciliation terminates a piece which
given an apparently enduring stimulus to Hungarian agriculture, so that the is somewhat sensational and unreal, but affords ample scope for the display
deliveries of wheat from Hungary may be expected to continue large. The of M. Lafont's peculiar genius. He was warmly, and towards the end
extension of railway communication in Russia must favour the exportation of enthusiastically, applauded,

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 22 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 21 , 1869.

sufficiently to destroy the higher impression without reducing the figure to

CHARLES KIRKPATRICK SHARPE.*
vulgarity. It is the " high art " of caricature-the caricature of a man who
CHARLES KIRKPATRICK SHARPE, whose etchings and literary remains have loved and could understand grace and beauty ; and differs, thus, from
been brought together in this very handsome quarto, was dubbed by his common caricatures, as the parodies of Pope or the satires of Addison differ
friend Sir Walter Scott " the Scottish Horace Walpole." It was a shrewd from our burlesques and comic journals.
and happy comparison from many points of view, though there are some There have been poets, essentially poets, who have become satirists on
points from which it is unjust to Walpole, and some from which it is occasion ; who turned their rods of poetry into serpents of satire, for
unjust to Sharpe. Walpole's legacy to the world has been incomparably the time only. We can hardly rank Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe with
more valuable than that of the later man. Indeed, Walpole now stands these. He had a certain vein of poetry, and feeling for beauty, but neither
higher than he did either in the eyes of his contemporaries or of the his ballads, nor a tragedy which he also wrote, attained a distinct place in lite-
generation immediately succeeding him, so considerable are seen to be rature. What these qualities did for him was to raise his wit and satire out of
his services to the political and social history of his age. On the other the regions of the prosaic, but to leave him still a wit and satirist. There is
hand, Sharpe was in no way that we know of a disciple and imitator of a marked line, however, in comic literature between the men whose work
Walpole, as Scott's phrase might lead people to believe. A " Terence of is in affinity with poetry and painting, and the men whose work is only in
England " means a dramatist who tries to write like Terence. A " Scottish affinity with business and industry. Sharpe belonged to the flower gardens
Vandyke " means a pupil of the great portrait painter. But the rather than the kitchen gardens of literature. And though the comic early
likeness which Scott saw between his friend and the Strawberry- got the upper hand in him over the poetic element, we generally find trace
hill wit was one of those independent likenesses which spring of the latter, if only in his power of making the things he sees live bodily
from nature and similarity of condition. So that, whether Sharpe before you, even in familiar notes and unstudied jottings.
rivals his predecessor or falls below him, he must be regarded as quite The editor has preserved some fragments worth reading of Sharpe's
an independent phenomenon. He would have been just the same clever, on the English scenes and persons that passed under his notice in his
queer performer with pen or graver if Horace Walpole had never lived ; youth :--
4 and the inferior importance of what he left is ( to do him justice) in great I went three days (he writes in a private letter) to Lord Melville's trial. The first
part the result of his comparatively limited sphere of action and observa- was taken up, as the newspapers would tell you, with Whitbread's speech, who declaimed
tion. Scott's epithet, however, deserves to stick for its general felicity ; in a velvet coat, a bag, and laced ruffles. You would have laughed had you seen the
and the readers to whom Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe's name is a new one ridiculous care with which his friends gave him sips of wine-and-water to wet his whistle,
and clouts for his mouth and nose. I thought his speech very clever, but in a miserable
cannot do better than bear it in mind, in accompanying us on the ramble
which we propose to take through his life and remains. This is a task bad taste, and so abusive that Lord Melville smiled very frequently. That monster Fox
which the author of the memoir before us has made easy and agreeable, by was there, his sallow cheeks hanging down to his paunch, and his scowling eyes turned
sometimes on Mr. Whitbread, sometimes on the rows of pretty peeresses who sat eating
the good sense, taste, and feeling with which he has discharged his biogra-
phical duty. sandwiches from silk indispensables, and putting themselves into proper attitudes to
astonish the representatives of the commons of England occupying the opposite benches.
The Sharpes of Hoddam Castle in Dumfriesshire are cadets of the
Kirkpatricks of Closeburn- a name which, transformed into " Glas-burn " The following note on Queen Caroline, whom Sharpe knew well, is
by French and Spanish genealogists, has become of European celebrity, curious :-
since a lady sprung from a remote member of the clan has ascended the Before I had the honour of being acquainted with the Queen, I had heard many
throne of the Bourbons. By a certain irony of fate, Charles Kirkpatrick reports of her unchastity. I never saw anything to confirm them. She had much esprit,
Sharpe did not live to see that event,--he who was interested doubly and and talked as freely as many clever and most virtuous women of the highest rank whom
trebly in it as a Kirkpatrick, an antiquary, and an aristocrat ! He I have known both in Scotland and England used to do. This is no proof of incon-
was born at Hoddam in 1781 , the third son of a squire who had tinence. There is an old Scottish proverb, " The silent soo eats a' the draff. "
been a friend of Burns. " I remember him well," he says of the poet, I have watched her eyes, the tell-tales of the soul, when in the company of the
who died when Sharpe was fifteen years of age " and he always appeared handsomest men of the day, the Duke de Guiche and many others. There were no
to be formed for the most enchanting lover in the world, whatever he might wanderings, twinklings, or gazings. She generally paid most attention to those who
prove as a poet ; for he was a stout good -looking fellow, and so great an were ugly and had a reputation for anything like talent.
enthusiast sur cet chapitre, that his genius and vivacity must have rivalled That she was capable of inventing malicious lies, which this bad woman [Lady
the divine flames which consumed Semele." A lad with such keen eyes Charlotte Bury] asserts in her second volume, I no more believe than that she was
was well placed in the Border country, to be suckled on ballads and capable of raising devils. Devils enough she had about her, and could not lay them ;
legends, family tradition and wild scenery ; and he took a certain tinge but this I am very confident of, that she is now in a place where few of her former com-
of poetry from these conditions, which affected his work even while panions have ever reached her, and, consequently, where she enjoys that ease and happi-
seeming incongruous with it. As regards his culture, he was thus one of ness to which she was here so much a stranger. I bid her a grateful farewell.
those men who are lucky both in their irregular and their regular educa- Among other persons whom Sharpe had met were Shelley, Monk
tion. For, while his home conditions were favourable, he was also at the Lewis, Mdme. De Stael (see his savage portrait of her among the etchings),
University of Edinburgh in its good days, and at Oxford afterwards, the Margravine of Anspach, &c. Of Shelley he says, " I remember him at
from 1798 to 1802. Accordingly, we find him sympathizing with Oxford- mad-bad-and trying to persuade people that he lived on arsenic
Scottish tradition, and procuring Sir Walter ballads for the " Minstrelsy," and aquafortis." Monk Lewis he liked. And he has recorded some
on one side of his nature, and on the other- the witty and worldly startling details about the parents of Byron, on the authority of an old
side-making friends with gay, odd, and fashionable people of the Scottish lady of condition who belonged to their generation :-
Regency. In this combination of tastes, instincts, and talents, so Old Mrs. Baron Mure told me that Lord Byron's mother was a fool and his father a
contradictory in a general way, we find the germ of that singularity rascal. He poisoned his first wife, Lady Caermarthen, who was divorced for him,
which long afterwards made Kirkpatrick Sharpe no less remark- because her father, Lord Holdernesse, left his money to her legitimate children, and he
able as a 66 character" than as a man of talent. At Oxford he so far had nothing more to expect. Miss Gordon, although she was told of this, and had a
benefited by the proper studies of the place, though never showing any fortune of £3,000 a year, married him. He spent all her estate, saving about £30 a year,
partiality to them, that he acquired a sound literary taste. His pet subjects, on which she lived, with her son, in a garret in Aberdeen, supported in a great measure
however, were peculiar, and connected him with Scott's part in the new by her friends, who, when they killed a cow or sheep, would send her part.
literature springing up rather than with that of Byron, or still less of Sharpe liked sketches of this kind, and had a dry, cynical way of
Wordsworth. He loved the picturesque and comic side of old historical saying things-of flavouring the wine of his wit with bitters - which he
books -Spottiswood , Wodrow, and so forth-and both his love of the pictu- retained through life. " Scott seemed to think Byron a better man than
resque and of the comic strengthened the Toryism which was natural to I did," he puts down in his memoranda, " but then he gave him a
Scot of his birth in that generation. The Whiggism of Scotland had from silver vase." We should have had some interesting and pungent
the first been in alliance with a Presbyterianism more or less rigid. The memoirs from him if he had continued to move about the active
historical Tories, from Pitcairne downwards, were the jolly party, or world as he did when a young man. But family reasons- he was a
"libertines," as they used severely to be called. And Sharpe, when a very loyal and affectionate son- induced him to settle in Edinburgh,"‫و‬
youngster at Oxford, brought this element to swell the anti-Jacobinism of which he has described as " an untitled, lawyer-ridden, and deserted city
the place. His satires are reprinted in the volume under review, but they (p. 13) ; and from 1813 , onwards, the story of his life belongs to Edin-
were hardly worth it. His talent, to begin with, was more decided with burgh's local history and Scottish antiquities ; and only becomes of wider
pencil and graver than with pen ; while (in the second place) it was not a interest by his friendship and alliance -an alliance not personal only, but
Scott. One of his most
talent for set literary creation, for formal satire, complete history, or prolonged to a certain extent literary- with Sir Walter
poetic effort, so much as for desultory half-serious work, pungent criticism, humourous drawings-" Muckle-Mouthed Meg "-was suggested by an
droll by-play, and other similar forms, where genius is present in spirit, but incident in Sir Walter's family history, and the original is still at Abbots-
not in its highest force. To feel the versatility of that spirit, the reader ford. The letters of Sir Walter to Sharpe, in the memoir already referred
to, show not only admiration but affection. Scott loved him as a
of the sumptuous quarto before us should pass from Sharpe's grave
to his gay prolusions-say, from his poem of " False Lord Carleil friend, and cherished him as a colleague. Sharpe was always appealed
and the Fair Lady Alice " (p. 71 , seq.) to the incomparable caricature of to when Scott wanted a design or a bit of critical antiquarianism ; and
Queen Elizabeth (photographed from a drawing), in which her Majesty Scott was at his friend's elbow when his friend edited " Kirkton " and
is dancing " high and disposedly." The poem has some passages, " Law," serving up the old bigotry and superstition of his native land
especially one in which the mother of the murdered Lady Alice with a larding of piquant epigram. Some of these letters (see especially
waits for her in the tower at midnight, of singular delicacy, grace, p. 35) belong to the literary history of the future, and will be enjoyed and
and music. The " inimitable virago," meanwhile, as Scott called the used by the Disraelis of a distant day. " It is very odd," writes Scott,
Queen Bess, is a triumph of humourous malignity. The old lady when they were hunting up together some points of Covenanting history,
has set about her dancing with an admirable seriousness and "the volume of Wodrow, containing the memoir of Russell concerning
dignity, through which the suggestion of ugliness and coquetry pierces just the murder [ of Archbishop Sharp], is vanished from the library.
Surely they have not stolen it in the fear ofthe Lord." And he writes again,
Etchings by Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, with Photographs from original after a further search : " It was not without exertion and trouble that I
Drawings, Poetical and Prose Fragments, and a Memoir, " (Edinburgh and London ; this day detected Russell's MS. , also Kirkton, and two or three others
Blackwood and Sons, 1869. ) which Mr. Macrie had removed from their place in the library, and

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 MAY 21 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 23

deposited them in a snug and secret corner. I have given an a perpetual series of demands for sixpence with which a man grudgingly
infernal row on the subject of hiding books in this manner." complies "-we feel the touch to be really more local and picturesque than
Sir Walter several times urged Kirkpatrick Sharpe to join him in a a jest about the Jowett disputes or the Keble College. With a bright
book on the superstitions, the ghost-lore, and demon-lore of their country. happy good-humour the essayists seem to be lounging quietly at their
But the suggestion did not come to anything, as far as Sharpe was window, too busy with the sunnier lights of the world beneath them to
concerned. He published his " Kirkton " in 1817, his " Law " in 1818, and introduce its darker or even its graver shades. There is a little fun, of
issued a ballad book for private circulation in 1823. He meditated course, over the schools, the testamur, and the white tie, but, as a rule, the
editing Grammont. He went on drawing and etching ; accumulating old themes of university life are quietly passed by. The fast life and the row
quaint old knowledge, and quaint old portraits and furniture, till his head of the bump-supper occupy as little space as the more orthodox night-watches
and his house were both valuable curiosity shops. He commenced a of the reading man. To the believer in older theories of academical life
" Life of Dundee," which may be seen in an incomplete state, as he left there is something puzzling in the absence of any apparent realization of
it, in the memoirs of that famous soldier by Mr. Mark Napier. But from the uses to which this charming abode of " pious and useful learning "
some peculiarity of character, or lack of intellectual energy and earnestness, was originally destined. We feel something of the surprise which Mr.
he never put his whole mind into anything worthy of his powers, and Copleston's friends experienced at their first view of a photograph of
left nothing behind him quite up to those powers such as they were ranked " The High."
by sound observers. The lights and shadows were perfect, the rough old stone of University and the clear-
His influence was, indeed, considerable on the Scotland of his cut lines of St. Mary's were portrayed with a fidelity which left nothing to be desired ;
generation in an indirect way. He helped to elucidate her history, yet when I produced it at home my country friends were disappointed, they even recurred
to preserve her antiquities, and to correct her taste. But his fine with greater satisfaction to a wretched yellow print, which I hope out of charity to the
feeling for the beautiful was too much subordinated to a mere love of the artist may have been intended for something in Cambridge. I was mortified, I confess,
curious, the grotesque, or the odd. His research was often wasted on but soon learnt the reason of this strange preference. In the print the steps of each
incidents that did not repay investigation. And his fine dry wit, like a college were crowded and the whole street was thickly sprinkled with men in caps and
choice old snuff, too frequently perished with the gratification of gowns, all also wearing (what a curious effect it must have produced in real life ! ) white
noses for which it was too good. And so he advanced to old age, trousers ; but of the photograph my friends exclaimed with one voice, " Why, there are
an Edinburgh character rather than a British celebrity, and died (in no gownsmen ! "
1851 ), leaving a museum to be dispersed, and a reputation only to The " Spectator " of course explains that "the dress is nearly obsolete
be established by bringing together, with trouble, remains dispersed nearly
among undergraduates," but we can hardly help feeling a certain sympathy
as widely. This pious and not inane munus has been performed by a rela- with the aunt's impatient remark that the photographers " might at least have
tive in this stately and beautiful volume, which will be welcome in the the decency to put some there when they do the place." There is a certain
drawing-room and not out of place in the library.
truth, however, in the omission of the gown from the picture of new
Oxford, although in the actual essays we are noticing the omission was
doubtless dictated by a simple aversion to " shop." A new world of
YOUNG OXFORD.* greater liberty and greater largeness, a world of art and letters and science,
is opening on the mind of even undergraduates, and though there is no
THE time which most people choose for seeing Oxford is usually the time . formal divorce between the older system both of training or of discipline and
when there is least of Oxford to see. Commemoration brings its own charm the ideas which must supersede it, yet the opposition already expresses
and variety with it, above all the charm of pretty cousins and the variety of itself, as all opposition does at its beginning, in the humour of con-
fresh womanly laughter ringing from quad to quad ; but so far as Oxford life trast. Compare, for instance, the supercelestial notions which Keble
is concerned it is the most rapid of transformation scenes. Woman is here
would have entertained of the relations of university discipline to univer-
as elsewhere the most absolute of levellers, and all the incoherences, sity life with the proctor's own confessions from an amusing parody by
the oddities, the individuality, the character of Oxford life dwindle under Mr. Nolan :- -
her omnipotent roller into the mere humanity one meets everywhere else. I went therefore next morning to the proctor's rooms. I thought him not altered in
The rosy- cheeked little cousin who has come hoping for a novelty to which the least, for I had been to him only a short time before. He was sitting at the table
her very presence is fatal, goes down again with the feeling that balls and
with a cap on his head, as he happened to have been crossing the quad. The moment
garden parties are very much the same in university precincts as in town, he saw me he said, " You are pretty frequent in your visits, Mr. Spectator ; you ought
that partners are, perhaps, a little more awkward, but that a mysterious not to be here so often. " "To tell you the truth, sir, " I replied, " I like to talk to a
tutor who presents himself in the unmystical form of a dress coat and proctor. Because, as I can never be sure that I may not be called upon one day
white gloves has simply added a new disillusion to life. It is a little trying to be proctor myself, I think I ought to try and learn what the duties of the
to have to sit down under this feminine verdict while conscious that after position are-whether they are tiresome and difficult, or pleasant and easy. "
all there is an Oxford, and a very amusing Oxford indeed, to see, " I will certainly tell you, Mr. Spectator, what my own experience is. Many proctors
and the trial may perhaps give a keener edge to the gratitude regret the pleasures of the common room, and call up the memories of after-dinner port
we feel towards the three young authors who have ventured to and dessert and similar festivities. They are very much annoyed at the loss of what
collect in this " Oxford Spectator " a series of fugitive papers they consider necessary comforts, and describe themselves as dining well in former days,
which made their appearance during the terms of the past year. Their whereas now, by their own account, they have scarcely time to dine at all. Some also
book is evidently a first effort, but it is singularly free from the preten- complain of the way in which undergraduates chaff them, and make this a ground for
tiousness and tall-talk of first efforts ; indeed, it is only in a rapture over reproaching the proctorship with the many troubles it gives them. Now, in my opinion,
St. Cecilia towards the close, and an occasional tendency to gush over Mr. Spectator, these persons are quite wrong. If the being proctor were the cause, the
topics like art and affection , that we can find any fault in the literary tone. same discomforts would have been also felt by me, as a proctor, and by every other
We are very far, therefore, from thinking the bashful apologies of their person who has held that office. But it is not so. If a man has a well-modulated voice
preface at all necessary ; but if apology were really needed, we could hardly and a good temper, it is by no means unpleasant to be a proctor ; if he has not, why,
borrow a better one than the defence which they have themselves offered in that case, Mr. Spectator, he would have been wiser never to have matriculated
for that most delightful of indefensible abuses, the Summer Term. at all. "
It feeds and nourishes that part of our minds which has too little play in the rest of Naturally this opposition expresses itself in very different forms in the
our Oxford life, I mean the imagination. We work hard or we play hard ; and for the different classes which make up the complex existence we mass together
rest we indulge in the exchange of repartee and incipient cynicism. Our fun takes the as " Oxford : " sometimes in mere loafing and puppyism, sometimes
form of that incipient burlesque which I believe to be very injurious ; it is the laborious in athletics, or slang, or caricature. Against these the "Spectator " wages
attempt at merriment of an age which even in its play cannot forget business for a a pleasant little warfare-a warfare which would have been still more
moment. We are at a time of life when enthusiasm and romance are natural, but we pleasant had the writers suffered their victims, as Addison would have
suppress them, I think, too much. A little sentimental nonsense would do many of us suffered them, to have had a word of their own in defence. There
good ; and this we may get very well in punts on the Cherwell, evening rides over is, at any rate, a silent witness to the pleasure of downright existence.
Shotover, or the other gentle delights of this season of couleur de rose. which reflects itself in the career of the loafer, and slang is a sort of intel-
It is just in this geniality, this airy good-humour, this lightness and lectually athletic protest against the effeminacy which is so daintily etched
gaiety of touch, that we find the charm of the essays. As a rule university out in the sketch of D. F. Niente, Esq. Slight as the outline is, this figure
squibs are a little too classical or a little too pungent for the world without. is by far the most original in the book, the " slim, graceful youth," with his
The cleverest parody of " The Clouds " loses edge at a very little distance soft voice and softer manners, who trifles with art and culminates in private
from Cam or İsis , while people of ordinary good-nature find less and less theatricals. But, as we have said, the figure is rather indicated than
relish for the delicate half-hinted spitefulness which serves for wit across sketched ; indeed, it is impossible not to see a certain sympathy
common-room tables. There is, of course, just a flavour of pedantry with Mr. Niente which is wholly denied to more muscular offenders.
about these papers ; but of spite, of sarcasm, of ill-temper, there is none. The truth is, much is forgiven him because in his very extravagance he
There is a good deal of difference as to literary manner between witnesses to a love for art which is rapidly becoming the passion of " young
the three authors, but there is a perfect identity of literary tone. Oxford." The three writers are evidently firm believers in this new creed
To those who know a little of the incessant squabbles -squabbles bitter as academic, and perhaps the best among the few serious pages in the book
they are incessant, and petty as they are bitter-which form the actual are those in which Mr. Ward guides his readers through the treasures of
staple of academical life at Oxford it is a little startling to find in page the Taylor Buildings. So utterly unknown are these collections to the
after page an utter absence of all the catch-words of Oxford controversy. bulk of Oxford men that his very burst of enthusiasm begins with a
But just for this reason we get a far truer notion of the realities of Oxford significant query-
life. When Mr. Ward- for with the Calendar at our elbow we suppose we
Did you ever cross the little garden, and, passing up through the great central door,
may break through the thin disguise of italics in which the authors have find yourself suddenly in that glorious gallery amid the Turners, Raffaelles, and Michael
shrouded themselves- takes us to the athletic sports and to that well- known Angelos ? The beauty which you see in other galleries in full flower and bloom lies here
wicket gate where " I was met by a demand for sixpence, with which I in the seed, or in rare instances, perhaps, it may have reached the bud. You enter first
grudgingly complied. Indeed, it has often appeared to me that life is the Turner room, and trace, as in a map, the course of the artist's genius- his passage
from simple crude sketches of buildings and streets to those wonderful gem-like land-
* " The Oxford Spectator " Reprinted. (London : Macmillan and Co. 1869. ) scapes where he shows you the whole force of his soul, imagination, eye, and craftsman's
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 24 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 21 , 1869.

skill, brought out on a paper a few inches square. It gives a sort of sanctity to full liberty to display both the range of his acquirements and the fire and
Headington Hill to know that he painted Oxford from its summit one bright June day agility of his genius. The discoverer of the method has made better use
sixty years ago. of it than anybody else, but his followers have, at least, succeeded in
" They are but the germs from which great works grew," is the close of making their criticisms more readable than they would ever have been
Mr. Ward's little paper on these drawings, " and we are but the germs of without it. M. Paul Albert easily exposes the absurdity of the critical
the world that is to be." It is this that gives such an interest to even the methods prevalent in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries :-
lightest and the most fanciful sketches of such a place as Oxford. It has Ils abondent en théories, en règles, en preceptes de toute nature ; ils offrent à chaque
created such odd worlds before now- worlds of resistance, Jacobitism, page des définitions, des divisions, des subdivisions ; mais tout cela n'est pas à propre
Toryism, orthodoxy-that it is impossible not to hope that a really intelli- ment parler la littérature : ce n'en est que le squelette. Quand je saurai sur le bout du
gible and useful world may come of it at last. And if it is to come, it can doigt ce que c'est que l'exorde, la proposition, la narration, la peroraison, &c. , quand
hardly come from a healthier germ than out of the temper which produced j'aurai chargé ma mémoire des définitions, de la litote, de l'hyperbole, de l'hypallage, de
such bright, manly, ingenious little essays as these. l'hyperbate, pourrai-je me flatter de comprendre et de goûter une harangue de Demosthènes,
un plaidoyer de Cicéron, une oraison funèbre de Bossuet ?. Ce que je cherche, avant
tout, c'est de reconstituer la vie qui animait ces œuvres éloquentes. Sous ces cendres
couve encore la flamme ; il faut qu'elle jaillisse de nouveau. Laissons donc là les
" LA POESIE." *
froides divisions, les inventaires de figures, de mots, ou de pensées ; replaçons l'orateur
THIS volume is especially interesting as a sample of the kind of instruction dans les circonstances où il se trouvait ; mettons en face de lui des enne mis à combattre,
which the professors in the University of France are now giving to classes une grand foule à entraîner ; faisons comprendre le but où il tend ; faisons revivre les
composed entirely of young ladies. Whilst heartily wishing success to the passions qu'il attaque où celles qu'il déchaîne ; montrons qu'il y va de son honneur où de
movement-not the less heartily because it has so profoundly vexed all the sa vie, s'il ne réussit à convaincre les juges et le peuple. Et comment les convaincra-t-il
enemies of enlightenment- we cannot help feeling something like pity, though s'il ne connait les idées, les sentiments, les colères, les préjugés, qui s'agitent au fond de
mingled with a great deal of respect and esteem, for the highly cultivated toutes ces ames ? Et comment comprendrai-je moi-même l'œuvre que j'ai sous les yeux,
men who have devoted themselves to such a task. It is not a thankless task, si mon imagination ne refait pour ainsi dire le temps, les hommes, les lieux, les choses
on the contrary their efforts are warmly appreciated by the more intelligent qui ont inspiré et fait jaillir l'oeuvre elle-même ? Eh bien, les manuels dont je parle
members ofthe feminine world, but it must be very hard work to make literary sont muets sur ce point, et je voudrais ne pas être comme eux.
criticism of the higher kind intelligible to girls, especially to French girls. M. Albert then begins with a study of the Iliad, and in his second
Young ladies everywhere live in a world of their own which has not very lesson informs his audience that the Homeric religion is called anthro-
much in common with the great arena of action and passion in which men pomorphism, because it attributes the human form to divine beings,
toil and contend, and poets observe and study. But if this is true of which is rather childish, for the religion of Homer shares this more
young ladies generally, it is especially true of French ones, and the task of or less with many other religions, and with some which are still
conveying to their minds anything like accurate notions of the passionate flourishing. Since M. Albert could not enter into any really critical
natures of the great poets is one of infinite delicacy and difficulty. M. Paul explanation on the subject of anthropomorphism in religion generally
Albert has avoided with great caution even the mention of those poems, before a set of girls, it would have been fairer to the old Greeks
often amongst the finest in all literature, which a prudent French mamma not to take a fling at them because of it. Besides, he limits his definition
would not desire to place in the hands of her innocent and ignorant too narrowly. Anthropomorphism does not consist simply in giving the
daughter. The great object of the lyrical poets, the ruling idea in human form to gods, but in attributing human passions to them, such as
their minds, is declared to be the extension of the fame of great jealousy, vengeance, &c., and even in attributing to them human virtues.
men, and though, as a matter of fact, they have been quite The fact is that the most intellectual have a great difficulty in rising above
as willing to celebrate the charms of beautiful women, this latter tendency anthropomorphism, and it may be fairly doubted whether any one ever
of theirs is ignored by M. Paul Albert, notwithstanding the compliment it entirely succeeded in doing so without landing in pure atheism.
would have conveyed to his fair and interesting audience. Poor Byron is There is a clever sketch of Virgil and his time, in which the Roman
not once mentioned, nor Alfred de Musset either. Béranger, Lamartine, character is happily described in a single page. On this subject M. Albert
and Victor Hugo are quoted for what they have to say about Napoleon says that the Germans accuse Virgil of being too subjective, and adds that,
Bonaparte or Mazeppa, and although the book is pervaded by what is according to them, the true poet is like a mirror, or better still, a
called a healthy tone, and is, indeed, more instructive than the majority of photographic apparatus. It is one of the disadvantages of addressing an
books addressed especially to young ladies, it cannot be said to do justice uninformed audience that the speaker is often tempted to present an
to its vast and noble subject. There is not even an attempt to study the idea in a form different from its true form in order to make it
nature of the poetical faculty generally. Its products are studied, though more easily received and retained. M. Albert ought to know that
not always very profoundly, but the faculty itself is never made the objectiveness does not mean photography. Scott, for example, was an
subject of analysis. And yet the critic can hardly make himself more eminently objective writer, but the " Bride of Lammermoor " is no more a
useful to the world than in demonstrating the difference between the piece of photography than " Maud," which is one of the most subjective
genuine artistic faculties and the half-gifts or false gifts which in compositions in our language. Objectiveness merely means a clear and
every generation have deluded so many aspirants, and led to such healthy perception of the nature of things, and does not in the least hinder
a prodigious waste of time, and cost so much needless anxiety and the operation of noble imagination ; in fact it might well be argued that it
toil, and incurred such bitter disappointment. If it were once thoroughly is highly favourable to poetical imagination by the range which it gives to
understood in what the poetical gift consists, so that it might be our sympathies. The objective mind is interested in everything, the
ascertained by every one, or at least ascertained for him by some subjective one is interested only in itself. Both have their use, and both
other person, whether he had it or not, and if he had it, whether are compatible with high poetical power, but the greatest minds have
it was considerable enough to be worth cultivating, criticism would hitherto been objective.
have conferred an immense practical benefit upon mankind. Unfortunately The remaining works studied with more or less fulness of detail in
we seem very far from such a result. We are perpetually changing our M. Albert's book are the " Song of Roland," the " Jerusalem Delivered,"
minds about the fine arts, poetry included, and the whole subject belongs the " Henriade," some forms of lyrical poetry, the drama in Greece, Spain,
strictly to the domain of fashion. When a versemaker is in fashion he is England, and France, satirical poetry in France, pastorals, sonnets, &c.
called a poet, and when he is out of fashion he is not called a poet. As to So wide a range of subjects cannot be very fully treated in a volume of less
the reasons why he is fashionable or not fashionable, they are, at least, than four hundred pages, but the book is much better than a mere dry
difficult to discover ; but when a critic gives twenty-two lectures on the enumeration of titles. It is well known amongst authors that when a
subject of poetry we naturally look for a little enlightenment on these points. subject is very large it is much more difficult to write about it briefly than
Certainly some such enlightenment is needed, for we are most of us, it at length, and M. Albert must often have felt this difficulty when he had
must be confessed, very much in the dark about the laws (we take it for to dispose of a whole school of poetry in a single chapter. He has
granted that there are laws) which regulate the distribution of fame. avoided it as much as possible, in confining himself to prominent examples—
M. Albert's method is clearly borrowed from Taine, and the obligation for instance, Shakspeare is represented by " Macbeth " but as a general
might have been acknowledged. M. Taine's process is already known to survey of poetry there are immense omissions, and as a criticism the
most Englishmen who take an interest in the higher criticism of art. He pervading deficiency of an absence of study both of the poetical faculty
abandons fault-finding, and attempts to account for the peculiarities of the and the poetical art. Taking the book, however, for what it really is, a
work before him by a consideration of the milieu which produced it. The set of elementary lessons on an inexhaustible subject addressed to a young
milieu is a word of immense inclusiveness, meaning surrounding conditions and peculiarly inexperienced audience, it may be welcomed very heartily.
of all imaginable kinds ; conditions of climate, of scenery, of religion , of Instruction of this kind is more nutritive than any which young ladies are
custom, of culture, of dress, furniture, architecture, and everything else likely to receive in the average convent or pension de demoiselles.
which may affect either mind or body in any way whatever. It is obvious
that when all these conditions may be considered at the will of the
writer, he enjoys, as a literary craftsman, vast advantages over the critic
" DOUBLES AND QUITS." *
of the old school, who conscientiously limited himself to an enumeration
of what seemed to him the faults and beauties of the work. In short, WHEN we have said that the plot, fun, and sentiment of this book turn
though M. Taine's method may have been in part suggested by upon the fact of one man being so like another that they are constantly
the aspiration after a higher justice than any which is attainable being mistaken each for each, the reader can easily surmise that the class
without full consideration of the milieu, it was also the discovery of to which it belongs is not of a severe or a highly artistic school. There is,
a most acute literary workman, who had the wit to see that the old indeed, an air of mess-room gaiety, a flavour of cigars and slang, throughout
criticism was often anything but entertaining. When a critic, under the two volumes which would be offensive but for the key of good- breeding
pretext of judging some work of literature and art, has had the talent and good-humour in which the story is pitched. Captain Lockhart hits off
to persuade us that he may, without quitting the subject under considera- with great skill the style of conversation amongst a certain set of men who
tion, launch out into a brilliant description of the time and country which have been ably caricatured by several smart writers. If he is not witty,
produced it, the field before him is magnificent and illimitable, and he has he has plenty of fun at command, and there is considerable briskness in the

* " La Poésie; Leçons faites à la Sorbonne pour l'Enseignement Secondaire des Jeunes * " Doubles and Quits. " By Laurence W. M. Lockhart, late Captain 92nd
Filles." Par Paul Albert. (London and Paris : L. Hachette and Co. 1869. ) Highlanders. In two vols. (London and Edinburgh : Blackwood and Sons. 1869.)
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 MAY 21 , 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET.
25

pace of the narrative, which, although not of a very ingenious kind, is " Tommy Carleton's brother, who seemed to know everything, and some-
sufficiently complicated to show the scrapes into which a dragoon may how even when you agreed with him he contrived to show you that you
fall through an early indiscretion with an actress. The work contains the knew nothing and were wrong." This miracle of intellect gave it as his
first principles of a good comedy, of a comedy that is verging upon farce and opinion that Dolly was virtually a free man, but Dolly had misgivings, and
with effects of a rather obvious description. consulted Tommy Carleton himself as to whether his brother " was a
Captain Donald Bruce, the hero, or rather one of two heroes, for the pair certainty." " No doubt of it," said Tommy.
are linked as closely as the Siamese twins, goes with his aunt to the opera, He was the cleverest fellow they had ever raised at Oxford, and he couldn't take his
where he receives " unmistakable " glances, and a note signed Parroquet, degree at present for the simple reason that no examiner had the pluck to tackle him ;
from a beautiful young lady. He does not see her again until he dines with but the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge was reading up, and hoped to be ready to have a
a gentleman at Aldershot. The banquet at Carysfort Villa, near the camp round with him next term. Then, as to law, though he had only eaten dinners for four
introduces us to the interior of a stockbroker's paradise, and to a couple terms at his inn (I'll be hanged if I could see what staying at an hotel had to do with it),
of girls who seem considerably out of place in it. Here Captain Bruce the benchers were already afraid of him, and it was supposed he would be let through
discovers that Parroquet is a Miss Richmond, who mistook him for his without any more eating.
double, Burridge, of the Dragoon Guards. An explanation ensues
" The certainty," however, was, for once at least, astray, and the decision
through the medium of Lady Rose O'Shea, in which it turns out of Tommy Carleton's brother was reversed by an ordinary solicitor who
that Bruce has come to the wrong villa, and that Badger, the took the business in hand. The story now revolves round the efforts
proprietor of it, was under the impression his guest was the cavalry officer. made to catch Carlotta tripping, and a sort of central interest is attempted
Badger, however, treats the matter as a capital joke, gives Bruce a standing by making the freedom of Burridge a condition of the acceptance of Bruce
invitation to the house, and Bruce returns to Aldershot, having fallen in by Lady Rose. It is here that a certain coarseness in the material
love with Lady Rose. It is with him confessedly a case of Titania and structure ofthe book is apparent. Burridge has spies indirectly employed
Bottom, Lady Rose having a good deal of Irish humour and being to watch his wife, of whom many things are reported except that which
won over to a great extent by the complacent manner in which Donald would enable him to get the benefit of the Divorce Act. In the end the
Bruce munched thistles from her hand and submitted to be decorated as author is compelled to resort to the old device-a previous marriage
an ass in the language of flowers by wearing a peony in his button-hole. by Carlotta. Her " first," Mr. Finney, was a stage carpenter of
Meanwhile, Miss Richmond is pining for the double, and the double turns an original type, who, when discovered, willingly lends his aid
up, but is in a bad way. He cannot marry Miss Richmond ; he cannot see to secure the liberation of the dragoon, and this is effected without the
her-he is married before. He unfolds a dreadful tale to Bruce. He had intervention of a judge or jury by Carlotta being told that she had better
been engaged in getting up regimental theatricals in Malta, and being a be off out of the country and rest satisfied with a small income which
swell, imported two actresses on his own account from England- Miss Burridge settles on her. The rest of the tale is easily anticipated, the
Beatrice Armine and Miss Carlotta Seymour :-- doubles perform a dual marriage with their respective mistresses after a
Beatrice Armine ( Dick Winslow, who had been at Oxford, swore he remembered good comedy scene in a garden, where Badger detects one of the men,
her under the name of Sue Mutton, daughter of a hairdresser in High-street) wasn't as he thinks, kissing each of his charges ; of course this is explained in
a bad sort of little girl, good-natured, quite young, cheery, and rather pretty ; but she the postulate of the narrative that Bruce and Burridge were so like that
dropped her " h's " all over the place, and was a regular cormorant as far as garlic Badger could not detect a difference, which, however, was perfectly
was concerned. As for Carlotta Seymour, she was -she was a showy woman-turned obvious to the ladies. Before the end comes a tag in which the name of
of thirty, ten years older than me. She was handsome. Yes, she was handsome, but the novel is repeated , the two heroes poke each other in the ribs, and all
she bad a bad face, cold, and sneering ; and then she set up for a genius and a mystery. our kind friends in front are bidden farewell. " Doubles and Quits " is a
To hear her talk you would have believed that she was the daughter of a royal duke in light book, but decidedly readable. Captain Lockhart could do better
disguise, and granddaughter of the tragic Muse. no doubt if he took a serious view of novel writing ; as it is, the
rattling spontaneity of his work is sure to attract the sort of readers he
This woman made a dead set at poor Burridge, who was, on his appeals to.
own showing, not very wise. She sighed over him, called him her
Adolphus, and discovered sparks of genius in him. She talked about
Venus and Adonis, and " a lot of gammon " of the same sort. When NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS.
Burridge got leave of absence he followed Carlotta to England, and found "Wife and Child." By Miss Whitty. 3 vols. (Hurst and Blackett. )
her residing in Half-moon-street, Piccadilly. She kept a nice brougham, Miss Whitty has made not a few mistakes in the construction of her story, the
and was at that time writing a tragedy for Charles Kean. Dolly Burridge combined effect of which will probably be to weary the majority of her readers .
twice or thrice smelt tobacco in her rooms, and on one occasion found a
The plot is very full and complicated , the characters are too numerous, and the
grand cigar-case on the table marked with an earl's coronet and the letter style is level and diffuse. But these faults are evidently the result of inexperience
M." Charles Kean was so wild at the tragedy not being finished, he
in writing, and probably little but experience is wanting to enable the writer to
had forgotten the case when he came to see how it was progressing. But the produce an excellent novel. The very excess of inventiveness is a fault on the
letter " M" ? Oh ! Kean, who was full of practical jokes, had stolen it from
Matthews. Dolly swallowed all this and other things with dramatic simpli- right side ; the characters, though in places feebly maintained or even allowed
to fall into inconsistencies, are conceived in the first instance with breadth and
city. He left town for a while, and returned to find Carlotta in dingy lodgings discrimination ; the style, though wanting in condensation and variety, is that
in Soho. It must be explained that the lady was of Polish extraction, and
of a well-educated and thoughtful person. Nothing excludes hope for a
while Burridge was talking to her in her new quarters her brother, Count
Arnold Doldoronski, put his head beginner, except emptiness, slipslop , and vulgarity, all of which are very
66 into the room and his finger to his nose, remote from the notion which this writer leaves of herself. We may
remarking that his name was easy" and his spirit " fly." Burridge is
add that the life described is French -another evidence that the observation
ordered off to India. By a strange coincidence Carlotta goes out by
the same boat, having received an offer of marriage from a person of social and moral contrasts readily calls into action the sympathy and
" of the highest official position in the Civil Service. " When leaving imagination.
Gravesend she came on board accompanied to the ship's side by 66 One Foot on Shore." By the Author of Flirts and Flirts
" ; or, a Season
the count, and as that nobleman was returning in his boat at Ryde." 3 vols. (Bentley. ) This writer has two " manners," neither of them
she bawled after him, " You'll telegraph the first intelligence from very admirable. The one is employed to describe the slangy, idle, and by no
Siberia." Dolly didn't hear the reply distinctly, but it sounded to him . means choice society which - we take the author's word for it- constitutes the
like " Walker." At sea poor Burridge fell a victim to this full-blown siren. world of Ryde during the local " season." The tittle-tattle of this kind of
When they arrived at the end of the voyage Carlotta received a letter a few people is credibly reproduced. The men , when weary of "
days afterwards from " the highest official," signed T. W., saying that he confounded balls about," discuss the " unimpeachable ankles " ' knocki ng the
of passers-by
had heard of her flirtations with Lieutenant Burridge, who, if he was an 66 not half bad, stronge distract
over cigars which are " or, driven to r means of ion ,
officer and a gentleman , would repair her lost character by marriage, which sally forth to make love to each other's wives on the pier. What the women
under the circumstances T. W. declined to do himself. Behold Dolly are, let one citation from the talk of two very quiet girls with an officer be a
married and sadly done for. Carlotta breaks out into her natural humours proof. " Mary and I were quite fetched by Major Bolton to-day, when he leant
the moment the knot is tied. She drinks like a fish, swears like the
down over his bride so nicely, looking at her all the time, weren't we Mary ?
army in Flanders, and called the ladies of the regiment wicked names but he is very bad form ; don't you think he is bad form , Mr. O'Neile ? " The
because they cut her. At last she put a climax to her bad conduct by
superior being is silent, perhaps from want of appropriate language, but the
flogging in public a fat district collector for no other reason on sister addressed sums up Major Bolton's character very neatly : " Yes ; he is
earth than that the man happened to be driving a white horse.
bad form certainly, Lily ; but I almost fancy that is from being hard up. No
Burridge cannot stand this. He packs his wife off to Calcutta, with leave,
He man can look good form if he is always out at elbows , and I think Major
however, to draw on his agents for whatever she required. Bolton would be quite O. K. if he had but a little more of the ready." This
hears something of her doings there which sends him post haste to the
sort ofthing is kept up certainly without dulness , and possibly with fidelity to
spot, and he discovers her tête-à-tête with her brother the count, who on
nature , but we deliberately think the subject quite unworthy of being
this occasion ignores the fiction by which he has been connected with the
treated . The author's other manner is much less animated, and probably indi-
Polish aristocracy by singing, " I'm not the Queen, ha ha ! I'm not the
Queen, ha ha ! " " No," he adds, " nor the Lord Mayor, nor the Arch- cates less personal observation . It is employed in describing the paleness but the
bishop of Canterbury, nor Count Bubblefrowsky, nor any lord. I'm beauty , the virtues but the doubtful reputation of a young lady to whom the
world is almost as cruel as it was to Clarissa, but who is recognized at last as
Bill Whytock, I am ; and I'll fight you for a pint and lick you for a quart,
you d- d swaggering officering noodle !" He then retires temporarily to an angel by all concerned . Her speeches and acts are, as is usual in books of
have what he calls " a little mirth with the parrots." Dolly has afterwards this kind , of little prominence compared to the changes of countenance and
to kick a Jew out of his drawing-room whom he finds on his knees before attacks of illness by which they are attended and interpreted . There is one
Carlotta, and after this he dismisses her with a fair allowance and good character in the book, a flirting young woman who settles down into an
with the right to his name, which he can't deprive her of. Eventually exemplary wife. She is firmly and clearly sketched ; the rest consist of clothes,
he meets Miss Richmond, cannot help loving her, his love is oaths , and physical " points." Evidently the book is not written by a stupid
returned, and he is obliged to declare that he is a married man. In this person ; but its social tone is deplorable, and it has, strictly speaking, no moral
strait he endeavours to escape by procuring a divorce, and he first consults or intellectual qualities whatever, good or bad.

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correspondent of the Times, Mr. Motley's instructions are that he is to take no

Summary of the Week's News. steps himself towards reopening the Alabama question ; but if the English
FOREIGN NEWS. Government should make any proposals on the subject, he is to maintain the
ground heretofore assumed by the American Government, avoiding the
The excitement in France with respect to the elections is so great that extravagance of Mr. Sumner's propositions. The question of England's moral
election riots have taken place both in Paris and the provinces. The contest responsibility for the results ofthe Neutrality proclamation of May, 1861 , will,
which appears to be attracting most attention in Paris is that in the third division the correspondent believes, be still insisted on for reference to arbitration, and
between M. Emile Ollivier and M. Bancel, an ultra-democrat, and on Wednes- if decided against England, all damages resulting therefrom will be pressed for
day, the 13th inst., at a public meeting called by M. Ollivier in the Chatelet payment. The comments of the English press upon the rejection of the
Theatrethere was so much disorder that the candidate could scarcely get a hearing, Clarendon-Johnson treaty by the Senate appear to have created con-
and ultimately the meeting was dissolved by the police. Outside there was a siderable surprise in America, where it does not seem to have been sup-
large crowd of persons unable to obtain admission, and who amused themselves posed that the English public would take Mr. Sumner's speech seriously.
by singing the " Marseillaise " and shouting. These were dispersed by the police, The Times' correspondent says that the general feeling in America is that
who, it is said, displayed much unnecessary violence , and several arrests were made. it would be not only useless, but foolish, to hazard a rupture on account
On the following evening the announcement of a meeting in the fifth electoral of the Alabama claims. It may be regarded as the settled policy of the
district attracted to the Boulevard Beaumarchais an immense crowd, number- Government not to push the controversy into any hostile attitude, and however
ing about 20,000 persons, who began to sing the " Marseillaise." A body of restiff any section of the people may be under this decision, the majority will
policemen, municipal guards on foot and on horseback, dispersed the crowd. support the Government in its sensible course. There is some talk at
A meeting in the seventh electoral district, where M. Henri Rochefort is one Washington of changing the nature of the claims, by getting the Government to
of the candidates, in the Boulevard Saint Michel, was followed by a similar assume them. A tribunal will be created to adjudicate the claims ; the
demonstration, which was also put an end to by the police. Several persons individual claimants found to have just demands will be paid out of the public
were badly hurt, and a police officer was wounded. On Friday evening there treasury, and the aggregate sum will be presented as a claim of the United
were attempts to get up more rioting. By what looked like arrangement, bands States against Great Britain. This change in the character of the case is,
of men from different parts of the city made their way to the Place de la Bastille however, only talked of, and has not been seriously considered , it being chiefly
after eleven o'clock at night. The police, however, were prepared for them, and recommended by the fact that some of the poorer claimants are in want of
4 the mob no sooner gathered than they were dispersed. The same evening money, and that this will be a more speedy way of getting it than waiting for
some of the garden railings were torn out in the Place Royale, but the dilatory negotiations to be concluded.
the disturbance went no further. These disturbances appear to have
alarmed the authorities, and M. Forcade de la Roquette, the Minister of the One or two other items of American news may be noted. The negro suffrage
Interior, sent a circular to the prefects, calling their attention to certain clauses amendment to the Constitution has been ratified by the Legislature of Connec-
in the electoral law relating to public meetings, one of which forbids the ticut. General Lee has been on a visit to the President at Washington, but it
holding of any meeting within five days before the day of voting, and another is stated to have been merely one of courtesy. However this may be, Pre-
confers upon the prefects the right of dissolving any meeting of a nature likely sident Grant has since issued a proclamation ordering an election to be held
to disturb public order. In accordance with the Minister's instructions , the on the 6th of July in Virginia, on the new State Constitution. He orders at
prefect of police for the department of the Seine issued on Sunday public the same time that a separate vote should be taken on the sections of the
notices that if any fresh disturbances should occur the law will be Constitution which disfranchise participants in the rebellion , and which enforce
put in force, and called upon all good citizens to support the Govern- the test oath for officials assuming office. The United States revenue officers
ment in the repression of disorder and violence. No further rioting has have been ordered strictly to enforce the neutrality laws, and to prevent the
since occurred in Paris, but the excitement appears to have spread sailing of expeditions to aid the insurgents in Cuba. Reports are made to the
to the provinces. At Nimes, in the department of the Gard, a crowd of United States Government that the insurrection is declining. Mr. Hale, United
300 assembled on Sunday and sang the “ Marseillaise." In a small commune States Minister at Madrid, has been suspended, and General Sickles has been
nominated as his successor.
near Bourges a number of political agitators (so they are called) forced
the doors of the prison and liberated a person from the hands of the police. A The Canadian House of Commons have adopted a resolution pro-
riot attended with bloodshed has also occurred in the department of the Aube, viding for the rescinding of all licences issued to American fishermen during
in connection with the canvass of M. Isaac Pereire, the official candidate. It the past year. The debate upon the subject indicated a general opposition in
appears that in Paris 149 persons were arrested during the disturbances, and the House to the granting of any privileges to American fishermen, whose
that 132 are still detained in custody. There is a rumour in Paris that the entire exclusion from Canadian waters was advocated by the Nova Scotian
Emperor has entrusted to M. Rouher the drawing up of a Senatus Consultum members.
which shall make the Ministry responsible and restore to the Legislative Body
the initiative in legislation . The news brought by the last Overland Mail relates principally to the
success of the new Government Four per Cent. Loan of £ 2,000,000, of which
The Spanish Constituent Cortes are still discussing the Constitution , but the telegraph had already informed us, and of the arrest of Mr. W. Tayler, late
have settled some of the questions which were most likely to provoke fierce Commissioner of Patna, by order of the High Court of Calcutta for contempt of
controversy. A proposition made by Señor Orense that a Confederate Republic court in publishing in the Englishman several letters with regard to a decision
should be the future form of government was negatived on Thursday, the 13th of a native judge, who expressed an opinion that Mr. Tayler had been guilty
inst., by a majority of 182 to 64 votes. Another proposal in favour of a demo- of fraud. The crops in Orissa this season are said to be such as to render
cratic republic only obtained two votes. On Saturday, after a long debate, it any remission of revenue unnecessary. The Hurdwar fair had passed off without
was decided that the article in the Constitution relating to the future form of accident, disturbance, or sickness of any kind. Some 200,000 pilgrims were
government should be worded thus-" The sovereignty resides in the nation, present. The Viceroy visited the fair on the 11th of April. An émeute
from which all power emanates." An amendment requiring that the future occurred at Tanna gaol on the 20th of April. Cholera had necessitated the
monarch should be a Spaniard, born in Spain, was negatived by 124 votes placing ofthe prisoners in tents ; a band of them attempted to escape ; two were
against 60. A motion demanding that the election of the Sovereign should be shot dead and one wounded by the guard ; and all save one were recaptured.
by plebiscitum was also rejected. The Cortes has since been occupied in The barque Atalanta, Captain C. J. Green, bound from Bombay to Bushire,
discussing the comparative merits and demerits of the monarchical and and having between sixty and seventy persons on board, foundered outside
republican forms of government, but without coming to any conclusion. On Bombay harbour on the morning of the 19th of April. Eighteen natives, among
Monday Señor Figuerola, the Minister of Finance, laid on the table the estimates them women and children, were believed to be drowned.
of the expenditure for the current year. The total expenditure is estimated at
2,987,000,000 reals (nearly £32,000,000). Compared with the revenue there is A strange story is reported in a telegram of China news which has been
a deficiency of 800,000,000 (over £8,500,000) . The expenditure of the War published. " It is rumoured " that the French Ambassador has had his face
Department is estimated at 376,650,900 reals (over £4,000,000) . Probable slapped by a high Chinese official at Pekin, and that the Ambassador took
disturbances are again spoken of. Intelligence is said to have reached Madrid down his flag. Then, " it is believed " that the Pekin Government is in great
that 2,000 partisans of Queen Isabella have assembled at Perpignan, and are fear of further encroachments by Russia. It is also stated that a placard has been
preparing to enter Spain under the command of Generals Gasset and Pezuela. circulated denouncing foreign missionaries, and styling them barbarian wolves.
The papers brought by the mail contain the letter addressed by Sir Rutherford
General Menabrea announced in the Italian Chamber of Deputies on Friday, Alcock, the British Minister at Pekin, to the British Consul at Shanghai, of
the 14th inst. , the reconstruction of his Ministry. He promised on behalf ofthe which a summary was given a week or two ago in a telegram. Writing in
Government that they would uphold order and liberty, and fulfil the financial reply to an American gentleman much interested in telegraphy, who had
engagements of the country. He added that the Ministry was confident of addressed him through the British Consul, Sir Rutherford says that of the
possessing a solid majority, and he anticipated the promotion of a closer union desire for progress which the Chinese mission now in Europe assert is so ardent
between the Government and all the provinces of the monarchy. and general with the rulers in China, there is no evidence in Pekin. " Projectors
Two Parliaments were closed by speeches from the Throne on Saturday last, of telegraphic lines, railroads, and other plans for the sudden development of
the Austrian and the Swedish. The Emperor of Austria spoke at length upon the resources of China," Sir R. Alcock adds, " are but losing their time, while
the union which has been effected between Austria and Hungary, enumerated the Government here shows no disposition to entertain their projects."
the various internal reforms which have been carried, and expressed a hope
The Times' correspondent at Wellington gives a very gloomy account ofthe
that the measures adopted with regard to civil marriages and education would
be the means of establishing harmony between the Church and the State. The war in New Zealand. He says that matters were daily getting worse and
" popular school " system, he said, would constitute the surest foundation " for worse, the rebellion having spread in such a way as to indicate the necessity of
coping with it, no longer on one point at a time, but on all sides at once. A
the welfare of the monarchy and the people." The reorganization of the army
had, he said, increased its power, and this fact, together with the friendly foraging party of police had been led into ambush and shot, eight Europeans
had been massacred at Taranaki, including the Rev. Mr. Whiteley, the oldest
relations subsisting between Austria and the other Powers, was a guarantee for Wesleyan missionary in New Zealand, and an officer, and some of the settlers
the maintenance of peace, which the empire absolutely required. The King of
Sweden, in his speech, noted with satisfaction the feeling which had been had been compelled to abandon their farms. The Home Government had,
however, at the last moment, revoked by telegraph the instructions despatched
evinced in the Diet in favour of a closer union between Sweden proper and
Norway, and promised that the Government would consider the question of by mail to remove the one regiment stationed at Wellington.
religious freedom with a view to extending it. The Australian letters and newspapers are filled with accounts of the recep
The Crown Prince of Denmark was to leave Copenhagen on Wednesday for tion of the Duke of Edinburgh on his second visit to the colonies. His Royal
London, on a visit to the Prince and Princess of Wales. He is expected to stay Highness seems (says the Sydney correspondent of the Times) to be perfectly
a month in England. free and easy at Sydney. He makes his tours about the city unattended ; and,
when disposed to drive, uses a drag drawn by four beautiful bays, provided
The Viceroy of Egypt left Alexandria on Monday for Venice, Florence, especially for the occasion. All goes well, and the newspaper reporters appear
Vienna, Berlin, Paris, and London. His Highness is expected to reach England to be overjoyed to find themselves again chronicling the motions of the
on the 22nd of June. He will afterwards visit Brussels and proceed to the Queen's son, whose every look and sigh are noted, and interpreted to indicate
Eaux-Bonnes to take the baths. He is expected at Constantinople at the
something unusual. On the 28th of March an immense crowd assembled to
beginning of August, and will return to Egypt in September to receive the witness the laying by the Duke of the foundation stone of the statue in memory
Empress Eugenie, who, it is said, is to be present at the formal opening of the of Captain Cook. The Naval Brigade and the volunteer artillery furnished a
Suez Canal. The Viceroy has appointed his son, Prince Tefwik, to act as
guard of honour. The officers of the Galatea and the Challenger and of the
regent during his absence, assisted by Cherif Pasha. French steamer Marceau were present in uniform. A telegram of Melbourne
Mr. Motley, the new American Minister to England, left New York for this news dated April 25 states that the Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry into
country on Wednesday. According to a telegram forwarded by the American the charges of bribery and corruption against members of the Legislative
[ 306 ]
 MAY 21 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 27

Assembly had resulted in the expulsion of one member, and further expulsions for the counties of Sligo and Galway ; of the Rev. Calvert F. Moore, M.A. , on
were expected. of the chaplains in ordinary to the Queen ; and of Mr. Samuel Unwin, for many
From the papers brought by the Cape mail we learn that diamonds still years an active member of the Court of Common Council of the City of London,
continue to be found in that colony, and that litigation is likely to arise respect- and Deputy of the Ward of Langbourn.
ing them. Eight persons have laid a claim to all the diamonds found, on the Sir Samuel Baker has left London on his African journey earlier than he
ground that they concluded a secret arrangement in December last with the had intended, on account of a telegram which he received from the Viceroy of
chief of the Griguas tribe, who transferred to them, in return for a royalty, his Egypt. No authoritative statement has been made of the objects of the expe-
right to the metals or precious stones found within his territory. The large dition which Sir Samuel is to command ; but it is known (the Daily Telegraph
83% carat diamond, valued at £30,000, had been detained at Capetown says) that he intends to traverse the district watered by the White Nile, and
in consequence of this claim. It is reported that another diamond that he will endeavour, by such means as may be afforded him, to bring the
even larger than this has been found. The Cape papers also state that people of that region more within the influence of civilization. He goes at the
an instrument has been invented there for " ascertaining with accuracy the head of a small army, admirably equipped by the Viceroy. He will
variations of the compass from local attraction or other causes, which are so also have a small flotilla of well-armed river vessels. It seems quite
puzzling, and sometimes so dangerous, to navigators." The instrument is said certain that the Viceroy means to annex the whole of the White Nile
to have been thoroughly examined in the colony, and favourably reported upon, territory, and that in doing so he intends to abolish the traffic in
and the inventor has come to England to submit it to competent authority. slaves, which is at present the great curse of that region. As he proceeds on
his route, Sir Samuel Baker will establish stations at certain points, the
better to secure the subjection of the several tribes, and of peace between tribe
HOME NEWS. and tribe. In his new work, the only connecting link between the explorer and
The weather on Whitsun Monday, the great holiday of the year for the this country will be the Royal Geographical Society, to which he will from time
working classes of London, though not so inclement and boisterous as on to time transmit reports and letters on matters of geographical and other scien-
Easter Monday, was not on the whole very favourable for the country excur- tific interest.
sions to which it is now chiefly dedicated. It was chilly and cloudy, with Two sons of Count Bismarck have arrived in England for the purpose of
occasional showers of rain, but this did not deter the holiday- seekers from going through a course of study at Oxford ; on Tuesday they paid a visit to
crowding the railway trains and steamboats which conveyed them to their Aldershot, and spent the greater part of the day in visiting different places of
favourite places of resort in the country. Vast numbers also remained in interest at the camp. It had been intended to hold a review, but in consequence
London and its suburbs ; nearly 40,000 went to the Crystal Palace ; 31,132 of the rain the order for the assembling of the troops was countermanded.
visited the Zoological Gardens in the Regent's Park ; a procession of tempe-
rance societies marched from Lincoln's-inn-fields to the grounds of Beaufort Mr. Reverdy Johnson, who took leave of the Queen by letter last week, has
House, where they spent the afternoon ; the museums and the National Gallery been invited by the town council of Southampton to a banquet previous to his
were thronged with sight- seers ; and the parks and other open places around departure from England, but his engagements will not permit his accepting it.
the metropolis were also crowded. One or two of the metropolitan volunteer In a letter to the mayor declining the invitation Mr. Johnson writes :-" I shall
regiments went down to Panshanger, in Hertfordshire, the seat of Earl Cowper, leave England with the conviction that the people and her Government consider
where they were reviewed with the county volunteers ; while others marched that a war between the two countries would be as dire a calamity as
out to Tooting, where a review and sham fight took place under the direction of could befall them, and this, I have no doubt, is also the conviction
Lord Truro. of my Government and the people of the United States. For a few days,
owing to recent Occurrences to which it is only necessary to allude,
The Queen left Windsor for Balmoral on Friday evening, the 14th inst. , and apprehensions were entertained that such a misfortune might occur. These,
arrived at her Highland residence on Saturday afternoon. The Prince and I am gratified to find, have already ceased to exist."
Princess Christian, who were to have accompanied her, were prevented from
going by the indisposition of the Princess, who has been suffering from a nervous It appears from a circular which has been issued by Mr. Gerard Noel, the
attack. The Duke of Argyll is in attendance on her Majesty. The Queen is Conservative whip, that the rejection of the Irish Church Bill will be moved on
expected to stay in Scotland for a month, and then return to Windsor, and hold the third reading -which is fixed for Monday week by Mr. Holt, one of the
a fancy ball at Buckingham Palace on the 17th of June. The Manx newspapers members for North-east Lancashire.
state that her Majesty is likely to visit the Isle of Man some time in August,
and that a baronetage and a knighthood will be conferred on the Lieutenant- The John Bull has stated that the Earl of Derby will, on the motion for the
second reading of the Irish Church Bill, move that it be read a second time
Governor and the Speaker of the House of Keys respectively.
that day six months. The statement, however, requires confirmation. In the
The Queen has appropriated £ 2,500 of the profits arising from the sale of first place it has already been authoritatively stated that a meeting of Conser-
the " Leaves from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands " to the establishment vative peers will be held immediately after the Whitsuntide recess to determine
of school and college bursaries for the benefit of well-deserving scholars in the what course shall be taken upon the bill. Again, Lord Cairns is now the
district round Balmoral. An important feature in the endowment is a declara- Conservative leader in the House of Lords, and if such a motion had been
tion that "the bursaries are not to be given in connection with special education determined upon it is most probable that he would have undertaken to move it.
for any profession, in the choice of which the bursars shall be quite free, the
A singular meeting was held just before Parliament broke up for the recess.
object being to assist in procuring for the bursars the means of a thoroughly A number of Welsh Liberal members met in one of the private rooms of the
sound general education of the best kind which the parish school and House of Commons "to consider the system of intimidation now being
university respectively can afford."
practised by the Conservative landlords in many parts of Wales, by serving
Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone are spending the Whitsun recess at Hawarden notices to quit on their tenants who voted for the Liberals or remained neutral
Rectory, on a visit to the Rev. H. Glynne. at the last election." It was resolved to bring the matter before the House of
The drawing-room held by the Queen at Buckingham Palace last week is Commons at an early date. At a similar meeting, held in the previous week, a
said to have been far more brilliant than the drawing-rooms of olden days at Welsh borough member stated that 200 of these notices had already been served
St. James's Palace. A writer in the Queen says that the toilettes were beautiful, upon Liberal tenants in the principality.
and the jewellery magnificent. " There was nothing of the so- called ' girl of the The last of the election petitions-that against the return of Sir Edmund
period ' element observable, and there was no paint. A good many trains came Lacon and the Hon. J. Walpole, the Conservative members for North Norfolk,
from the shoulders, and there is a very great change in the manner of making is now being heard at Norwich before Mr. Justice Blackburn . The petitioners
trains. A great many were in a style that appeared very handsome. The
allege intimidation, bribery, and treating against the sitting members, and there
petticoat was of white puffed tulle, with ruchings of black and yellow satin about is also a question as to the employment by them of certain persons (twenty-
it, and the train of a very thick black brocaded silk, with tiny yellow rosebuds. four in number) who had been scheduled by the Great Yarmouth Election
There was a tunic of the brocade in front, and a large puffed panier of the same Commission as having been guilty of corrupt practices. Against Mr. Walpole
at the back, below which fell the train. Paniers were almost universal, and a
personally, Mr. Serjeant Ballantine, in opening the petitioners' case, said, there
great deal of fine old lace was bunched up into paniers. Several trains were a
was no imputation ; the only question in relation to him would be his connection
good deal puffed at the top, but had no separate panier. Nearly every train was with Sir E. Lacon and his agents.
trimmed at the waist. Flounces of lace were arranged in double scollops at the
back, with large bows above them. Large water lilies were not uncommon on Mr. Thomas Salt and Captain Reginald A. J. Talbot, brother to Lord
presentation dresses. Many débutantes wore no flowers in their hair, and only Shrewsbury, are the Conservative candidates for Stafford. The Liberals appear
the plumes and feather. Pearls were the favourite ornaments among the to be divided. Mr. T. W. Evans, Mr. B. .Whitworth, Mr. C. Lamport, Mr.
young girls. The most novel colour was different tinges of salmon. Amber Edward Jenkins, and Mr. George Odger, have all addressed meetings, but a
was adopted by many. There is a new kind of green coming into fashion, final selection of candidates has not yet been made. Most of the working men
which was a good deal worn in satin. It is very light, and undecided in tone, are said to be in favour of Mr. Odger. Mr. Edmond Beales has issued an
verging towards a grey, and not very pretty. I cannot at all say what colour address to the electors urging upon the electors Mr. Odger's claims to their
was most worn ; blue, pink, green, and mauve there were in abundance. The support.
bodies were in many cases made à la vierge; the most novel thing about them The Leeds Mercury states on authority that Mr. Stansfeld will not succeed
were the plaited frills on the shoulders, made of satin or silk, standing upright Mr. Hamilton in the office of permanent secretary of the Treasury , as the Owl
-they are becoming. Berthes of folds are also worn, so are all kinds of puffed said he would. Mr. Stansfeld , it is stated, is not likely to accept any appoint-
berthes, caught down with satin rouleaux. Several dresses had garlands of ment which would exclude him from Parliament.
flowers round the top of the dress. One dress, which was very pretty, was
made as follows :-The train was of mauve silk, and so were the braces, which Mr. Thomas Burke has been appointed under secretary to the Lord
came from the back over the shoulder to the front ; they were trimmed with Lieutenant of Ireland.
costly lace across the front. Between the braces were a succession of rows of Lord Lawrence has consented to preside at the annual dinner of the Civil
mauve satin rouleaux, between each of which was a quilling of tulle and a frill Service of India on Tuesday, the 15th of June.
of lace." The débutantes who were
regarded with the greatest amount of
interest were, it is said, two Scotch heiresses, the Misses Baird, of Clareburn, Mr. W. E. Forster, M.P., presided at an educational meeting in Leeds on
who are understood , to be " tochered " to the amount of about £20,000 a year Wednesday night, and delivered a long speech on education in general, and the
each. Endowed Schools Bill in particular. He said it was the duty of the Govern-
ment when dealing with education to consider the question as a great whole ;
A distressing occurrence has taken place in the West Riding of Yorkshire. and it was the business of the State to turn universities and the endowed schools
On Sunday last the body of Lady Firth, the wife of Sir Charles H. Firth, of
into great national institutions, to which all parties and creeds should have access.
Heckmondwike, was found in the river Wharfe, at Bolton Bridge, near the well- The chief feature of the bill which the Government had introduced relating to
known " stepping-stones," close to Bolton Abbey. The evidence at the inquest endowed schools was to make use of those endowments to the development of
showed that the deceased lady left the hotel, where she and her husband had talent wherever it can be found throughout the country. He wished every existing
been staying for the past few days, apparently in good health and spirits, on
grammar school - and he hoped every important town would create one where
Saturday morning. She was not again seen alive. All her jewellery was found
upon the body, and there being no evidence to account for the manner in which it did not already exist to have exhibitions open for the schools below them ,
and he wished to see every national and every British and elementary school
she got into the water, an open verdict of " Found drowned " was returned.
sending up boys, to compete for these exhibitions, so that they might
The deaths are announced of Frances, the Dowager Countess of Albemarle ; be able to attain a higher education than was otherwise possible for them.
of the Rev. Alexander Dyce, well-known in the literary world by his valuable Regarding the position of schoolmasters Mr. Forster said that schoolmasters
editions of Shakspeare and other works ; of Lady Pasley, the wife of Admiral were looked down upon in England, rather than looked up to as they were
Sir Thomas Sabine Pasley, Bart.; of Mr, Concannon, QC., Crown prosecutor in France, Germany, or America . The Government thought there would

[ 307 ]
 28 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 21 , 1869.

be no better means to acknowledge them as a profession than by setting a 66 mass meeting " was called to express sympathy with the ex-mayor, but it
them up as a body, and placing at their head an education council, was a failure. Not more than 500 of the lower classes attended ; these took to
giving that council power to afford, alike to parents and teachers, the quarrelling over the question whether Mr. O'Sullivan should be praised or
means, by examination, of ascertaining how far the teachers were giving blamed for resigning, and the proceedings ended in a fight.
what the children should have. The idea of an educational council was
a new one, and, therefore, he was not discouraged because it had met On Tuesday night two mobs came into collision somewhere near Tralee.
with opposition . New ideas in England always did meet with opposi- The police interfered, whereupon the combatants forgot their differences for a
tion, But he believed that the more schoolmasters and parents looked time and coalesced against the constabulary. The latter fired upon the crowd,
killing one man and wounding several others. Three constables were
at the proposal the more they would like it. Mr. Forster, in concluding
also wounded, one of them, it is said, mortally. Several of the rioters are in
his address, repudiated the notion of excluding religion from education. custody.
Religion was the motive power, and the faculties were the machines. Let
the machines be as heavy and numerous as possible, and they might trust The monument to Richard Oastler-the " Factory King "-which has been
Christianity to meet their wants in the future as it had done in the past. Let erected at Bradford, was unveiled on Saturday by Lord Shaftesbury, in the
the motive power be strong enough (and he had faith that it would be), and presence of an immense assemblage of people. The " inauguration 22 was
then the better the machinery and the more of it, the more and the better work followed in the evening by a public meeting, at which speeches were delivered
it would produce. by Lord Shaftesbury, Lord F. Cavendish, Mr. W. E. Forster, Mr. E. Miall, M.P.,
Mr. A. Illingworth, M.P. , and other gentlemen.
Mr. Miall, addressing his constituents at Bradford on Wednesday, said
the reformed House of Commons was not so good as it would be after another The annual meeting of the Peace Society was held on Tuesday night at Fins-
general election, but it was, in his judgment, very superior to any with which bury Chapel. Mr. Henry Pease, late member for South Durham, presided. The
he had had acquaintance. Some years ago, the House of Commons was report, which was read by Mr. Henry Richard, M.P. , the secretary, in speaking
a place where men could, and where men did, usually saunter away, of the Alabama question, expressed regret that the American Senate had
pleasantly and easily, a portion of their time, and where a sense of responsibility rejected what might be regarded as the basis for a peaceful settlement of dis-
seemed to be felt only by a few, and those few felt it rather in regard to the puted points, for while the questions were open there was danger ; but even if
middle classes of society than to the great masses who achieved the the statesmen did not agree, the report added, it would be a lasting disgrace to
wealth of the kingdom. Now it was far otherwise. During the two or both nations if from the multitudes there were not raised up men in both
three months that he had been sitting in Parliament, even when countries with vital energy sufficient to cut the Gordian knot, and declare
the House had converted itself into a Committee, it was always so full that that England and America should never plunge into war. A letter was read
those who wished to obtain seats from which they could speak and take from Mr. Jay, the American Minister to Vienna, now in London, stating that
part in the business of the day had to go at a very early hour, and usually the he was debarred by the ordinary instructions issued by the American State
spirit of the assembly had been a spirit of earnestness, and a spirit likely to Department to its diplomatic representatives, restricting them from making
accomplish great things for the country. Mr. Miall also warmly eulogized speeches in any other country than that where they may officially reside,
Mr. Gladstone. He would not say that such a man had never been a leader from accepting an invitation he had received to say 66 a few words of peace'
in the House of Commons before, but at all events such another man had before the London Peace Society. The Rev. Mr. Dall, from America,
not existed in our time ; and when Providence, in its mysterious ways, should expressed an opinion that Mr. Sumner's speech had been misinterpreted in
take him hence, he saw little hope that any one could fairly supply his place. this country. The Rev. Newman Hall differed from this opinion, and quoted
a letter which he had received from an eminent American clergyman, in which
The Dean of Ripon (Dr. Hugh McNeile) has addressed to Mr. Gladstone a the writer declared that unless the English offered a satisfactory settlement,
letter which fills rather more than two columns of the Times, in which he "they must expect the thunder of Armstrong guns and the rattle of Minié
endeavours to show that religious equality is a visionary idea, and that the balls." Resolutions were passed, calling upon all Christian men on both sides
Premier is sacrificing solid advantages to its pursuit. The Dean begins by of the Atlantic to use their influence to calm public feeling and prevent war,
asking the Prime Minister (whom he calls "the leader of a tyrant majority ") and expressing satisfaction at the steady growth of public opinion throughout
whether he has patience to read a remonstrance, or whether he is so elated by Europe against the maintenance of " enormous and oppressive armaments."
success as to have hardened his heart against any whisper of the possibility
of having made a mistake. Dr. McNeile's argument is that ascendency The annual meeting of the Aborigines Protection Society was held on
of some kind we must have ; that in order to religious equality Wednesday night at the London Tavern. Mr. Thomas Hughes, M.P., presided,
human nature must be changed in a way altogether beyond the reach and among the speakers were Mr. R. N. Fowler, M.P. , Mr. M. D. Conway, and
of human powers ; the next step, therefore, is to inquire into the rival Dr. Sandwith. Mr. Hughes said he believed that the English nation was
systems, and whichever of them you find most conducive to the protection and anxious to do right and justice to those nations with which they were thrown
enlargement of human liberty, to the cultivation of the human mind, to the into contact. At the same time no Englishman who had studied the public
progressive development of human resources, to the improvement of human doings of his nation in regard to many of these races during the last twenty
morals, and, above all, to the propagation of Scriptural religion, should command or thirty years would deny that there was a strong and cruel element in the
the willing suffrages and active support of every enlightened Christian man. English nation which required to be carefully watched. The appointment by
Of course the Dean has no difficulty in establishing to his own satisfaction that General Grant of members of the Society of Friends as Indian Commissioners
Protestantism as against Romanism fulfils the conditions he lays down, and was spoken of as matter for rejoicing ; and resolutions were passed reprobating
hence it is proved to be clearly wrong that Romanists should be placed on the the conduct of the Dutch Boers in South Africa, disapproving of the cession by
same footing as Protestants. the Governor of the Cape Colony to the Boers of the Orange Free State some
Dr. McNeile's language, however, is very mild compared with that of a of the most fertile districts of Basutoland , and condemning the immigration of
letter which has been addressed to Mr. Gladstone by the Rev. W. Brock, rector Pacific islanders to Queensland as a species of slave trade.
of Bishop's Waltham. The rev. gentleman tells the Premier that, " under the Sir George Grey, late Governor of New Zealand, presided on Wednesday, at
name of Liberality,' you are abusing your power to put down the Protestant the Society of Arts, over a lecture delivered by Mr. Robinson, a member ofthe
religion and the liberties of England ! But if Christian Englishmen can prevent Legislative Council of Natal, on the progress of the British colonies. Mr.
it, God being their helper, you shall not do it. There are thousands and tens of Robinson had no hesitation in expressing his belief that England, in her
thousands throughout this kingdom whose daily prayer it is that the counsels colonies, possessed the truest and most lasting sources of national greatness that
of Ahithophel may be turned into foolishness, and we have faith in God that, any people had yet enjoyed. He was convinced that this country was not only
with the House of Lords and our gracious Sovereign the Queen to stop you in bound in honour to retain her colonial possessions, but that it was her interest
your reckless and revolutionary career, your conspiracy against the faith and to do so.
freedom of the Empire will be exposed and crushed." Mr. Gladstone is
The Preston operatives have struck their flag, and their leaders advise
further informed that he is " committing sacrilege, teaching the people of this
country to lie and to steal, and suborning our gracious Queen to commit their fellow-workmen to make the best terms they can with their employers.
The failure of the strike is attributed to " the cowardice of Preston and Black-
perjury," that " these are vile things to do," and that retribution must come burn." Meanwhile the Lancashire papers tell us that the emigration movement
down upon him for doing them. among the cotton operatives is extending. A considerable number of families
The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cashel, Dr. Leahy, has issued a long have already left for America, and others are preparing to follow their example.
pastoral respecting the recent outrages in Tipperary. He expresses his horror In some districts funds have been raised for the special purpose of assisting
of the crimes, exhorts the people to forbearance, and laments that a few persons wishing to emigrate, and the impression is very widely prevalent that
desperadoes, acting singly and without accomplices, should tarnish the fame this is the most effectual remedy against a general reduction of wages.
of Tipperary. He attributes the antipathy of tenant against landlord to the
too long protracted settlement of the land question. He emphatically denies Another trade dispute that between the joiners and carpenters of Bolton
the existence of an agrarian conspiracy, and says it could not exist without the and their employers- has been settled by arbitration. The men had made
knowledge of the Catholic clergy, and they have no knowledge of any such demands which were not conceded, and resisted the proposal of the masters
that the system of payment by the hour should be introduced. The Recorder
thing. The non-detection of crime proves there is no conspiracy. It is all a
myth. He denies that promises of any change in the land laws by Mr. Glad- of the borough, who had been called in to settle the questions, met the represen.
stone and Mr. Bright have had anything to do with the murders. Such as tatives of masters and men, and effected a settlement of the points in dispute.
may be accounted agrarian he ascribes partly to the unhappy relations between Mr.Whalley, M.P. , and his daughter had a narrow escape on Thursday, the 13th
landlords and tenants, partly to the traditions of internecine warfare between inst. They were descending the hill in the village of Ruabon in a small basket
the two classes, and the late unusual outbursts of murders to the Ballycohey carriage, when the horse took fright, and dashed forward, Miss Whalley having
outrage of last year. He thinks the expectations of a settlement, so far from the reins in hand at the time. Mr. Whalley got on his feet and took the reins
increasing, would diminish these crimes. He bids the tenants to look with hope from her, but at the same moment was thrown violently out of the carriage.
to the Imperial Legislature, and points out the danger of the people of England Miss Whalley retained her seat until the carriage reached Wynnstay Park,
being disgusted and estranged by these " insane outrages," which, he observes, when she was thrown out. The horse rushed forward towards Rhosymedre
"are the main hope of those who would keep Ireland as she is." They are until the carriage was dashed into fragments. Both Mr. and Miss Whalley
adroitly turned into arguments for measures of repression. Dr. Leahy speaks were able to walk home without assistance.
of Mr. Gladstone as (6 that great statesman, with that great party, casting from
them the prejudices of ages, spurning the obloquy that assails them, and boldly Sir Theophilus Biddulph met with a serious accident at Warwick on
facing every difficulty," who are now " battling for justice to Ireland." Saturday. While at drill with the Warwickshire Yeomanry Cavalry his horse
The remains of Daniel O'Connell were on Friday, the 14th inst., removed to became restive, and he was thrown upon the ground with great force. A
doctor was summoned, and found the honourable baronet suffering from
the new tomb which has been erected to receive them in Glasnevin Cemetery, temporary concussion of the brain and a severe flesh wound in the face, from
Dublin. Cardinal Cullen walked next to the coffin, and nine Roman Catholic
prelates, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland , three of the judges, and the rector and which he had lost a large quantity of blood. He was also greatly shaken. In
the course of the day, however, he was much better.
professors ofthe Catholic University took part in the proceedings. After High
Mass had been sung the Rev. Dr. Burke delivered a long address in honour of Consul Cameron has written a long letter, which occupied nearly two
O'Connell's memory. About 8,000 persons were present at the ceremony, and columns ofthe Times, defending himself against the charges, made in an article
delegates from several Irish corporations attended. in the last number of the Quarterly Review, that he had, by his disobedience
ivan eems sed any arch'sinpo n
Mr. O'Sull s to have greatly displea m
s
of his friend by of
monorders ht about " thwith
wer, brougnegotiations
reopening ssinia difand
e AbyTheodore, ty
ficulputting
." himself in that
n i n g a l t y a l
res i g
l
the may o r of Cork. The " Nati o n " paper say he has infliecnted
s
politica death upon himself, auned " betrayed the rights of his countrym ." The number of deaths registered in London last week was 1,279, being 130
e gh
Mr. Maguir and The O'Dono d
are also fiercely attacke . On Sunday last below the estimated number, and 142 fewer than were reported last week
[ 308 ]
 MAY 21 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 29

Eight persons were killed by being run over by vehicles in the streets. The THE ARMY AND NAVY.
mean temperature of the air was 51.2 degrees, which is o . 2 degree below the
average of the last fifty years. It is said that among the changes consequent upon the operation of the
control system the abolition of the office of Quartermaster- General next year
A royal proclamation in the Gazette of the 14th inst. announces that the may be expected.
copper money ofthis kingdom coined previous to the issue of the bronze coinage
will cease to be current after the 31st of December, 1869. The Essex, East Indiaman, Captain Charles Hodder, arrived off Spithead
on Monday from Calcutta, whence she sailed on the 2nd of February, with 190
At the meeting of the Society of Arts on Friday, the 14th inst., Lord military invalids, twenty soldiers' wives, and forty children, under the com-
Wm. Hay referred to the assistance given by Government towards the settle- mand of Captain Salway, 26th Cameronians, and in medical charge of
ment of Europeans on lands in India. Lord Canning's land laws were drawn up Dr. Beattie, 79th Highlanders. The passengers by the Essex were Captain
in such a manner as to be quite unsuitable, and no inducement was offered to and Mrs. Wroughton, Bengal Army, and two children ; Captain M'Causland
settlers to purchase land. He (Lord W. Hay) knew not where to go for accurate and Lieut. Methuen, 79th Highlanders ; Lieut. and Mrs. Pennington, Bengal
information on India ; neither did he know where to refer others. It was
Cavalry, and three children (one child died on the voyage) ; the Rev. Mr. and
certain such knowledge was not to be obtained at the India Office. India, Mrs. Patterson and five children ; Miss Parkerson , Mrs. Cooper, and five
although the richest and most extensive of our colonies, was, under such a children.
state ofthings, less suited for emigration than British America. The great duty
of the Government, if it would encourage emigration to India, should be to We noticed last week the arrival of a number of invalid soldiers from Calcutta
supply intending emigrants with accurate information as to the country-- how in the ship Shannon. The arrangements made for the reception of these men,
they might obtain security in the matter of possession. Those who were poor and their conveyance to hospital, as described by a correspondent who saw
and unable to pay should be assisted when told they ought to go to India. them, appear to have been of an extraordinary character. The vessel, on
Another thing the Government should do would be to let land to English arriving at Portsmouth, was compelled to anchor throughout the night in
settlers on the same terms as it was let to natives. The district most suitable St. Helen's Roads, exposed to a considerable amount of rough weather. The
for settlement would be in the neighbourhood of the Himalaya hills. invalids were at length disembarked in two tugs, and were ordered to proceed
direct to the railway pier at Portsmouth, where it was anticipated a train
would be in waiting to convey them to Netley. It is, however, said that
THE CHURCH AND THE UNIVERSITIES. on the tugs reaching that pier, an order was received from the Admiral that
The Archbishop of Canterbury has conferred the Archdeaconry of Canter- no landing was to be effected there, the space being required for the Inconstant.
bury (with a stall in the cathedral annexed thereto, worth £ 1,000 a year), with The men, sick, and some dangerously ill, were, therefore, disembarked at a
house of residence, vacant by the death of Archdeacon Croft, upon the Rev. pier a considerable distance from the station where the train was ready for
Edward Parry, M.A. , Rector of Acton. Mr. Parry is the son of the late Rear- their departure. Here they had to remain, with only such temporary shelter
Admiral Sir Edward Parry, the Arctic explorer, was educated at Rugby School as could be improvised at the moment, for more than an hour, and they were
and Balliol College, Oxford, and obtained a first class in classics in 1852. On ultimately conveyed to the railway in cabs and other conveyances obtained
the elevation of Dr. Tait to the see of London in 1856, Mr. Parry became his on the spot in consequence of the urgent representations of the medical officers
lordship's domestic chaplain, and in 1859 he was appointed to the rectory of in charge.
Acton. The Army and Navy Gazette understands that the court-martial on Captain
Dr. Vaughan, the vicar of Doncaster, in a recent sermon, expressed his Neame, of the 2nd battalion 16th Foot, has resulted in the acquittal of that
opinion that the Church of England is in a transitional state, passing more and officer ofthe " scandalous " element in the charges against him, and a verdict of
more out of a parochial into a congregational life ; becoming less of a State guilty of unbecoming conduct with the sentence of a reprimand.
Church and more of a free Church. The lesson he learnt from this change
The same journal believes that Mr. Cardwell has made a small step
was that the congregation worshipping in each church must bestir towards a desirable object-the permanent preservation of the British
itself to a livelier and more earnest interest in the management of its cemeteries in the Crimea. Application has been made to Paris to ascertain
own concerns. He had no faith in the multiplication of Church machinery what the French have done.
on a large scale, in the form of convocations, conferences, or congresses ;
what he desired was that the pastor of each church, acting with his own Copies of several letters from officers in the Queen's army which have been
church-officers and church-worshippers, should endeavour soberly and earnestly addressed to the War Office, complaining of their supersession by junior
to arouse, in his own little sphere of action, the zeal and interest of his people officers in the Indian army, have been published in a parliamentary paper.
in the work of the Church. " The Church of England (said Dr. Vaughan) is It is asserted that by the operation of the War Office circular of the 15th of
becoming less and less national- less and less territorial- in that sense ( I trust June, 1864, the promotion of the colonels on the Indian list to the rank of
in no other) less and less national-more and more independent- more and major-general, as compared with that of the colonels on the British list, is so
more congregational. If there is something in this to be deplored, there is at excessive, that whereas colonels of the year 1855 are still unpromoted in the
least something to be rejoiced in. The heart of the people must be appealed to Queen's army, colonels of 1863 are now being promoted in the Indian service.
for the maintenance of the people's worship ." It is contended, therefore, that a strong claim exists for the readjustment of
rank.
On Tuesday afternoon Mr. Driver, the auctioneer, offered for sale the
advowson and next presentation to the rectory and vicarage ofWestborough, The death is announced of Major James Leith, V.C., aged forty-two. The
with that of Dry Doddington , in the county and diocese of Lincoln. Mr. deceased served with the 14th Hussars in the Persian expedition of 1857 ;
Driver dwelt on the value of Church property, and said it was quite clear took an active part in the suppression of the mutiny at Aurungabad ; served
from the course which Parliament was taking on the Irish Church question that with the Malwa Field Force at the siege and capture of Dhar, and with the
it had no desire whatever unduly to interfere with the rights of eccle- Central India Field Force under Sir Hugh Rose at all the affairs during the
siastical property, so that if a bill for the disestablishment of the English advance on Calpee. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for conspicuous
Church were introduced, the owners of such property as he was then bravery at Betwa on the 1st of April, 1858, in having charged alone and
offering for sale would have nothing to fear. The living, he stated, rescued Captain Need, of his regiment, when surrounded by a large number of
was worth £708 per annum ; and although there were two churches to rebel infantry. In recognition of his distinguished services he was promoted
serve they were only a mile and a half apart, and the custom had been to major in July, 1858, and in May, 1863 , was appointed to the Hon. Corps of
have service alternately at each place - namely, in the morning at one, Gentlemen-at-Arms. The late Major Leith was third son of the late General
and in the evening at the other, and vice versa. Even ifa curate were paid Sir Alexander Leith, K.C.B., of Freefield and Glenkindie, Aberdeenshire.
a handsome salary to assist- say 100 a year- it would leave £600 The death of Major-General John Christie, C.B. , of the Bengal Establish-
a year for the rector, and his duties would be very light indeed. It was a very ment, is also reported. It took place on the 7th inst. in Italy. General
pleasant part of the country near Newark ; there was plenty of good society, Christie served at the siege and capture of Bhurtpore in 1826 ; commanded the
and he thought he might say of good hunting. The population was under 500. 1st Regiment of Cavalry in Shah Shoojah's force during the Afghanistan
Would any gentleman bid £ 5,000 ? After a pause some one offered £ 4,000 ; campaign of 1839-40, and was engaged in different operations leading to the
this was followed very slowly by £4,100, £4,200, up to £4,800, when the bidding reoccupation of Cabul in 1842. He also served with the army of the Sutlej ,
came to a dead lock. Mr. Driver urged the advantages which the living pre- and was present at the actions of Moodkee, Ferozeshah, and Sobraon, and
sented, but no one would bid higher, and he then announced that the biddings throughout the Punjab campaign.
had not reached the price which had been reserved by the vendors.
Intelligence has been received at the Admiralty of the safe arrival at
There have been disturbances on several Sundays at Sefton Church, near Quebec of her Majesty's troopships Crocodile and Serapis, with emigrants on
Liverpool, on account of what Liverpool Protestants call the Ritualist proclivities board. The Crocodile arrived on the 7th inst., and left again on the 12th inst.
of the rector. The disturbances were renewed on Sunday last, and it seems that
The Serapis arrived on the 15th inst., and will leave again on the 20th inst.
nothing but the stringent measures taken by the police prevented a serious uproar. The telegrams received report that the emigrants had all gone up west, and that
The administration of the Holy Communion had to be abandoned. The there had been no casualty.
Orangemen of Liverpool are accused of creating the disturbances, and it
is stated that a fund to which they are subscribing ostensibly for the prosecu- The vessels composing the Royal Naval Reserve Squadron left Portland on
tion of the offending clergyman is really to be employed in defending those of Saturday morning, and sailed westward. The Agincourt, with Mr. Childers,
their emissaries who may get into trouble through excess of Protestant zeal. Sir Sidney Dacres, and other gentlemen connected with the Admiralty, on
board, led the van. The spectacle presented on the squadron leaving the
Canon Hall's Senior Greek Testament prize at Oxford has been awarded to harbour is said to have been very fine, but the atmosphere became hazy soon
the Rev. George Francis Lovell, B.A. , of Balliol College, and the Junior Greek after they left, and the vessels were soon out of sight of the shore. The
Testament prize to R. Ewing, exhibitioner of Balliol. Commended : E. W. B.
squadron will return to the Portland Roads on the 27th inst. , and the Royal
Nicholson , of Trinity . Naval Reserve review is expected to take place on the following day.
Mr. Reginald Copleston, of Merton, and Mr. Herbert Armitage James, of
Lincoln, have been elected to fellowships at St. John's College, Oxford.
LAW AND POLICE.
The Ellerton Theological prize at Oxford has been adjudged to Edward
Stuart Talbot, senior student of Christ Church. Another prosecution against the directors of an unsuccessful joint-stock
The Oxford and Cambridge bronze medal, which carries with it the right to company came before the Lord Mayor on Friday, the 14th inst. Eight directors
compete for the Prince of Wales's £ 100 prize at Wimbledon, and determines of the Hercules Insurance Company were summoned for having published
the championship of the two universities, has been competed for at Oxford, and a prospectus containing false statements in some material particulars, with
intent to defraud. On the case being called on, however, the solicitor for the
won by Private J. Harvey Templer, of Trinity College, Cambridge, with the prosecution stated that it was intended to institute a suit in the Court of
score of 45 , an average of centres, the highest score that has yet been reached
in this competition. Mr. Huntingford, of Oriel College, Oxford, was second, Chancery against the directors. The Lord Mayor said, no doubt the prosecutor
with the score of 41. The medal was won last year by Private F. Gordon had exercised a wise discretion in the matter in preferring to take civil instead
of criminal proceedings, which ought never to be adopted without a clear
Templer, of Trinity College, Cambridge, a brother of the winner of this year, case ; but at the same time it was matter for regret that the names ofrespectable
with the score of 42. Both the Mr. Templers shot for Harrow in the years
parties should be used in connection with a criminal court. If he had had an
1864, 1865, and 1866, when the Ashburton Shield was won by Harrow School.
impression that it was not the intention of the prosecutor to proceed in the
The successful candidates at the examination for women at the London matter no summons would ever have been issued. The summonses were then
University (Honours division) were Louise Hume von Glehn, private study ; dismissed.
Sarah Jane Moody, private tuition ; Eliza Orme, private study ; Kate Spiller, On Monday the charge of conspiracy against Captain Mangles, Mr. Abbiss,
private study ; Isabella De Lancy West, Bedford College and private study ; and Mr. Bradshawe, directors, and Mr. Finney, general manager of the English
Susannah Wood, Ladies' College, Cheltenham,
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30 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 21 , 1869.

Joint Stock Bank, was proceeded with before the Lord Mayor. The principal amongst a crowd of drunken navvies, and a man named Smith, who had made
witness examined was Mr. Oswald Howells, the accountant, who gave with himself prominent in resisting the police, was being taken to the station by
great minuteness the results of his examination of the books, and pointed out three policemen, one of them, named Ward, walking a short distance behind
the wrong way in which, in his opinion, many of the items had been treated. the others to keep off the mob who followed them, shouting and yelling.
Among other things, he said that the balance-sheet of the bank up to the 31st when suddenly a man in the crowd took a large brickbat from under his coat
of December, 1865, showed the gross profits to be £46,417, and the net profits and threw it at Ward's head. It struck him on the back of his head, and he
£ 14,946, whereas it appeared to him that the bank made no profits whatever in fell insensible to the ground. The other policemen were unable to render him
that half-year. His evidence was not concluded when the case was again any assistance, as their prisoner was making desperate struggles to escape.
adjourned. The wounded policeman was conveyed to a neighbouring public-house, and a
The Law Times states that another writ of error is about to be applied for surgeon sent for, who found that the back of the man's helmet had been
in the case of Mdme. Rachel to carry the proceedings into the Court of completely smashed in, and the back of his head laid open by a fearful wound,
Exchequer Chamber, and that the case will probably ultimately be taken to the producing concussion of the brain. A man named White has been appre-
House of Lords. hended as the person who threw the brickbat and remanded, the magistrate
refusing to take bail, as the policeman is still in a very dangerous state.
The case of the Countess d'Alteyrac came before the Court of Bankruptcy on
Wednesday. It was a meeting for proof of debts and choice of assignees. The While the " dangerous classes " thus appear to be getting more and more
into the habit of regarding the guardians of the public peace as legitimate
debts are returned at £5,170 ; of the value of the assets no estimate can yet be
formed. It was stated on behalf of Lord Willoughby that his lordship had in objects of attack, they also seem to be growing in audacity in their predatory
all respects complied with the terms of the award made in the action brought pursuits. To " take a cab " has hitherto been considered, by men at least, a
against him, and that since the close of those proceedings the sum of £8,900 had security against street outrages, but the experience of an Italian gentleman at
the East-end the other night does not justify the opinion. The gentleman in
been placed at the disposal of the bankrupt, but her counsel said that no such
sum had ever been received. Lord Willoughby's solicitor, in a letter to the question was being driven along Rosemary-lane, Whitechapel, towards the
Times, repeats the statement that the money has been paid, and says that at City, at the rate of between five and six miles an hour, when a thief, who
the time of the Countess d'Alteyrac's bankruptcy there was not a single shilling must have seen him enter the vehicle two or three minutes previously, ran
due from his lordship to her under the award. alongside the cab for a distance of 100 yards, thrust his arm into it, and made
a violent snatch at the gentleman's gold chain, carrying away part of it and the
Major Frederick Beswick, the chief constable of Birkenhead, was further watch to which it was attached. The Italian directed the cabdriver to stop,
examined before the Lord Mayor on Saturday on the charge of having forged and he alighted, but the thief got away with his booty. The watch was worth
and uttered a power of attorney for the transfer of £431 5s. 3d., being part of a £60, and the portion of the chain taken with it £20 more. The gentleman, on
large sum of £4,216 135. 4d., Three per Cent. Consolidated Stock, then standing giving information at the station-house, said he had only been in London a few
in the books of the Bank of England in the names of Frederick Beswick and hours, and that he had been in all the capitals in Europe and had never been
Henry Thomas Maxted. The prisoner, who protested his innocence, was com- robbed before.
mitted for trial.
A day or two since Mr. Hinder, a sheriff's officer, presented himself at
M. Edmund Valentin, a professor at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, the residence of Captain Hunt, of Boyton House, Wilts, under the authority of
was charged at the Woolwich police-court on Friday, the 14th inst. , with a writ of capias against Captain Hunt for a sum of about £230. Captain Hunt
violently assaulting Professor Cassal, of the London University, and challenging ordered him from the house, and on his refusing to go, aimed a terrible blow
him to fight a duel. M. Cassal and M. Valentin were members of the French at him with a poker, but the weapon coming in contact with the wall, was
National Assembly before 1851 , when they came to England as exiles. They broken into two pieces. Mr. Hinder then called out for assistance, and a man
were at one time on terms of friendship and intimacy, but for the last few years whom he had brought with him and several servants in the house were quickly
they had not seen or spoken to each other. M. Cassal went down to Old in the room where the fight was going on. By this time the Captain had
Charlton a few days ago to see a friend who was ill, not knowing that M. armed himself with the tongs, and with them dealt the sheriff's officer a heavy
Valentin lived at the same house. On his leaving the house, M. Valentin blow across the bridge of his nose, giving him a black eye, and causing the
followed him and struck him two violent blows on the temple. He afterwards blood to gush freely from his mouth and nostrils. Mr. Hinder and his man
refused to give any explanation of his conduct to a friend whom M. Cassal sent then attempted to secure the Captain, who, seizing a revolver, declared he
to him, but expressed his wish to fight a duel with that gentleman. At the would blow out their brains. He presented the revolver at the head of the
police-court, M. Valentin said he struck M. Cassal on account of some gross officer's man and fired. The man dashed his hand up and at the same moment
nisconduct of which he had been guilty, and which he chose not to remember. dropped on the floor uninjured. Captain Hunt then presented a revolver at the
He offered him then, and he had offered him ever since, that satisfaction head of the sheriff's officer, but the butler caught it from his hand. A struggle
which, under similar circumstances, no French gentleman ever declined to accept. ensued, during which the sheriff's officer and his man were roughly handled and
If, by so doing, he had offended against the English law, he expressed his ultimately turned out of the house. Warrants have been issued for the appre-
sincere regret for doing so, and he would bear the consequences. The hension of Captain Hunt ( who has left Boyton) and also against a servant who
magistrate committed him for trial at the Central Criminal Court, but accepted took part in the fight.
bail, himself in £200, and two sureties of £ 100 each. The bail tendered and
Another extraordinary outrage has been committed in Cornwall. The wife
accepted were M. Ledru Rollin and M. Victor Schoelcher.
of Mr. James Permewan recently left her husband because he had used threats
At Bow-street on Saturday, Sydney Powell was charged on remand with towards her, and went to reside with her brother-in-law near St. Columb Major,
selling obscene photographic slides and oil paintings. The solicitor for the Cornwall. Her husband , armed with a life preserver and other weapons, and
defence contended that the oil paintings were not obscene in the meaning of accompanied by fifteen ruffians whom he had hired for the occasion, went to
the Act. They were valuable works of art, and were valuable only for their her brother-in-law's house and demanded his wife. The men surrounded the
artistic merit, and if they had somewhat of a lewd tendency they did not in that house, but their approach having been noticed the doors were locked. One of
respect differ from many which were preserved in the national collections. Mr. Mr. Rowse's (the brother-in-law) servants asked Mr. Permewan his business, and
Flowers committed the prisoner for trial, but admitted him to bail in two was immediately knocked down by the life preserver. Mr. Rowse armed himself
sureties of £200 each, and his own recognizances of £400. with a double-barrelled gun, and refused the defendant admission , but he
forced an entrance by breaking open the door with a sledge hammer. In the
At Marlborough-street on Saturday Mr. William Miller, the landlord of a meantime the police had been sent for, but before their arrival Mr. Permewan
public-house in South-street, Grosvenor-square, was fined £ 50 for permitting and his men had succeeded in carrying off one of Mr. Permewan's sons. A
his house to be used as a betting-house, and four men-two of them gentle- warrant was, however, obtained against him, and he has been committed
men's servants, and the other two servants out of place- were fined 20s. each for trial.
for using the house for the purpose of betting. The magistrate stated that
the authorities were determined to suppress these betting-houses, and that in all Mr. Thomas Lechmere, of Fownhope Court, Herefordshire, a magistrate for
cases where the offence was proved they would press for the full penalty. the county, was charged at the Hereford city police-court on Tuesday with
being drunk and assaulting his wife. Mr. Cleave, a solicitor and clerk of the
The Manchester police also have been making a swoop upon the betting- peace for the county, stated that the defendant called at his house on the pre-
houses in that city. Fifteen men were brought before the magistrates on ceding evening, and demanded to see his wife (who was at that time in the
Tuesday on the charge of keeping houses of this description, and, with one or house) . He was very drunk, and his conduct and language were excessively
two exceptions, all were convicted and heavily fined. In two cases the penalty coarse. Mrs. Lechmere came into the room, and her husband tried to persuade
was £100 ; in all the others it was £75. The alternative was three months' her to leave with him, but she declined to go. The defendant then struck her a
imprisonment. violent blow on the side of the head. A remand was granted, in the hope that
some arrangement might be arrived at between the defendant and Mrs. Lech-
About 300 excursionists who went down to Gravesend on Whitsun Monday
mere and her friends as to the future. The defendant made no objection,
by the South Eastern Railway had to stay in that town all night. They were
told in the morning by some of the railway officials that the return trains ran saying that what had been stated by Mr. Cleave was unfortunately too true.
till midnight, but on going to the station an hour before that time they were Mrs. Langford has been committed for trial at the Norwich Assizes on the
informed that the last train had left for London, and they were turned off the charge of poisoning both her husband and child at Lynn . There are still seven
company's premises by the police. They sat in the public-houses in the neigh- children living. The family have resided in Lynn for many years, and have
bourhood of the station all night, and were taken up to town by the first train always enjoyed a good repute. Mrs. Langford appears to have laboured under
in the morning. A deputation from them waited upon the magistrate at Bow- the impression that, in consequence of the failing health of her husband, his
street on Tuesday, and stated these facts, adding that many of them had lost business would come to nothing, and she and her family would be reduced to
their situations in consequence of their not being able to resume work on want. With this feeling she discharged her servants a few months since, and
Tuesday morning at the usual hour. Mr. Flowers advised them to communicate did all the work of the house herself with only the occasional assistance of a
with the directors. charwoman. Her friends believe that under the pressure of this increased work
and anxiety her mind has given way.
Assaults on the police in London have of late been unusually numerous.
Last week there were several cases of this description before the police- courts, The Birmingham magistrates were engaged on Wednesday in investigating
and on Tuesday last at three different courts charges of assaulting the police a confession of alleged poisoning. On the 14th of July, 1868, a man named
were preferred. At Worship-street a navvy named Elliott was sentenced George Tullett was found dead in Birmingham, and at the inquest an open
to a month's hard labour for trying to throw a policeman into the river verdict was returned, to the effect that the deceased had been poisoned by
Lee, near Lee-bridge, on Saturday night. At Clerkenwell a labourer named prussic acid. On Sunday morning last a boot closer named Rogers, upwards
Dyer was sentenced to a month's hard labour for an unprovoked assault on a of sixty years of age, was in company with a discharged soldier named Gallagher,
man in Somers-town, and to twenty-one days' further imprisonment for subse- and in the course of their conversation Rogers admitted that he had poisoned
quently knocking down and kicking a policeman who took him into custody. Tullett, and that there was another person he intended to put out of the way
At the Thames police-court seven men and two women were charged with by the same means. Rogers, who was quite sober at the time, boasted
rioting and assaulting the police in Rosemary-lane on Saturday night, and each that he had been a witness at the inquest on the deceased, and that he
sentenced to two months' hard labour. On the following day at Worship-street a had laughed in his sleeve while giving his evidence before the coroner.
labourer named Macklin was sentenced to three months' imprisonment for a The two then went to a public-house kept by a Mrs. Smith, a cousin of
brutal assault on a policeman who had endeavoured to induce him to desist from the deceased Tullett, and Gallagher introduced Rogers to her as the poisoner
annoying persons in the street while drunk ; and on Wednesday a coal porter of her cousin. It then turned out that Mrs. Smith was the other victim
was sentenced at the Thames police-court to two months' hard labour for a violent whom Rogers had in view, he having on the previous evening attempted to
and unprovoked assault on a policeman in Wapping. The most serious case, how- take liberties with her, and when he was repulsed he had declared with
ever, took place at Lee-bridge on Sunday night. There had been a disturbance frightful oaths and imprecations that he had poisoned her cousin, and he
[ 310 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 31
MAY 21 , 1869. ]

would find means to poison her also. Rogers admitted in the presence of five Mr. James Timms, the Margate borough surveyor's assistant, threw himself
different persons that he had poisoned Tullett. He was remanded. under a train on the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway near Margate
on Tuesday, and was cut to pieces.
A fatal poaching affray took place in North Lincolnshire on Sunday
morning. The gamekeeper and head gardener to Mr. Henry Thorold of The inquest respecting the death of Mr. John Easten, who died from
Coxwold Hall, encountered two poachers and pursued them for about a mile injuries received in a collision on the North Eastern Railway, near Thirsk, on
and a half, until they reached the farm of Mr. William Bingham at East the 9th inst. , was concluded on Tuesday. Captain Tyler, the inspecting officer
Ravendale, seven miles from Grimsby, on Mr. Thorold's estate. Here the of the Board of Trade, said that the accident was caused by the forgetfulness
poachers turned upon the gardener (Goldy), who was running in advance of his of the signalman, but as human nature is fallible, and no man can be trusted
companion and was out of his sight, and a conflict ensued. Marshall, the to perform such duties for a series of years without making mistakes, the
gamekeeper, heard the report of a gun, and also the exclamation, " Oh, accident was in reality to be ascribed to the want of a suitable apparatus for
Marshall, come on ! " Goldy then ran back, the poachers still following up the interlocking the points and signals together, so that a signalman cannot lower
attack. By this time Marshall came in view, and saw one of the men rush at his signals without first placing his points in their proper position, and that he
Goldy, place his gun against his head, and discharge the weapon. Goldy fell cannot alter his points again without first turning his signals to danger. The
dead, and the poachers escaped. The surgeon who examined the body stated apparatus would cost £7 or £ 8. The jury returned a verdict of " Accidental
that there was a gunshot wound in the chest as well as through the head, either death," caused by the neglect of the pointsman, but they were of opinion that
of which was sufficient to cause death. Two brothers named Thraves have such neglect was not of a gross and culpable character. They recommended
been arrested on suspicion, and have been remanded by the Grimsby magis- that the company should be required to adopt the system recommended by
trates. Captain Tyler, of locking the points and signals.
At an inquest held the other day at Poplar respecting the death of Mrs.
MISCELLANEOUS NEWS. Elizabeth Christopher, a beershop-keeper in the Commercial-road, the doctor
Intelligence has been received at Lloyd's of the burning of two ships at sea. who attended the deceased said that her death was caused by drinking beer
One was the clipper ship Blue Jacket, bound from Lyttelton, New Zealand, to which had been drawn from new leaden pipes in the bar of the beershop. The
London. The ship was destroyed on March 9, and seven days afterwards a jury returned a verdict of accidental death from lead poisoning.
Hamburg vessel fell in with one of her boats, which contained the captain and A brilliant display of the aurora borealis was seen in various parts of
two of his officers, all the passengers, and several of the crew- 37 in all. The England on Thursday night, the 13th inst. Mr. W. H. Preece, the South
fourth officer, steward, and one of the passengers died soon after they were
Western Railway telegraphist, mentions a fact which was probably connected
picked up, probably from the effects of long exposure. Two lifeboats, with thirty- with the display-that for two hours very strong intermittent earth currents
one men, are missing. The Blue Jacket, it would appear, had specie on board were observed on all long telegraph circuits in the south of England.
to the value of £60,000, of which £48,000 was lost in the vessel. The captain's
boat carried £4,000, and each of the two missing boats a like amount. The vessel The Royal Hospital for Incurables has received a donation of £ 500 from
had on board the following passengers :-Saloon- Mr. and Mrs. George a gentleman who had satisfied himself by personal observation and inquiry
Saxon, Mr. and Mrs. R. Douglas Campbell, and Mr. C. M. Wakefield ; second of the quality and amount of the work done by the institution.
cabin-Miss Sheffield, Mrs. Carson and two children, T. Crampton, T. H. The foundation stone of a Gothic cross , to be erected in memory of the late
Lippett and Son, Ansell J. Ellis, George Williams, H. Milner, Mr. and Mrs. Lord Feversham at Helmsley, was laid there on Monday by the Earl of
George Faulkner and three children, and Mr. Edmunds. No mention is made
of the origin of the fire. The other ship burnt is the Omar Pasha, bound to Feversham, in presence of a large number of the gentry and other inhabitants
of the district.
London from Brisbane, with a cargo of wool, beef, hides, tallow, cotton, &c. ,
valued at £80,000, and it was also reported she had £30,000 in specie on The Lake district is gradually losing its happy immunity from railways. A
board. The ship was abandoned on the 27th of April, but where is not stated new line from near Ulverston to Newby Bridge, at the foot of Windermere, has
in the telegram. The names of the passengers on board were :-Saloon : Miss just undergone inspection by Colonel Hutchinson, the Government inspector,
E. Matthews, Mr. and Mrs. Albert Nicoll, Dr. Carter, Messrs. E. Miller and and is expected to open for passenger traffic in a few days. The line will form
Chatteris. Second cabin : Mr. and Mrs. Launcelot Fogarty and family, Mrs. a link in the chain which unites the Lake district with the southern and midland
Hancock, Miss Welsh, Mr. and Mrs. Davenport and family, Miss Appleyard, counties. The Lake terminus is a little above Newby Bridge, at a place called
Mr. and Mrs. Macintosh and child, Mr. and Mrs. Newman, Mr. and Mrs. The Landing, and as the steamers on the lake have been purchased by the
Beazley, Mrs. E. Dix and child, Messrs. J. C. Wilson and Croon, and nineteen railway company and will sail in connection with the trains, passengers can
steerage passengers, all of whom, together with the officers and crew, saved book from distant places to Ambleside.
themselves by the boats. It is proposed to place a memorial window to the late Arthur Young in
the recently restored church of his native village, Bradfield, near Bury
Albert Samuels, a carpenter, who lived with his father, the manager of the St. Edmund's.
Turkish baths in New-street, Leicester, was found dead in the " sweating-room "
ofthe baths on Sunday morning. At that time the room showed a temperature
of 142 degrees. It was thought that the deceased on Saturday night had ART, LITERATURE, AND THE THEATRE.
forgotten to put in the bath a bag of horsehair for the purpose of destroying the Another collection of pictures and drawings was sold on Saturday last by
moths in it, and that he went downstairs early on Sunday morning to put it in Messrs. Christie and Manson. Among the works disposed of were the follow-
before the opening of the baths, and that when in the sweating-room he ing :-Venice- sunset, by E. W. Cooke, R.A., £42 ; the Festival, by W. E.
either fell down in a fit or from drowsiness and was suffocated. The coroner's Frost, A.R.A., £ 73 10s.; the Duke and Duchess reading " Don Quixote," by
ury returned a verdict of " Death from suffocation." J. C. Hook, R.A., £46 45.; Ophelia Cox, by H. O'Neil, A.R.A. , £ 107 25.;
Ptarmigan Shooting, by R. Ansdell, A.R.A., £ 58 16s. ; a Cow, Goat, and Kid
On Saturday afternoon Miss Porter, sister-in-law of the Rev. C. J. Bushell, in a landscape, by T. S. Cooper, R.A., £ 37 16s.; Retriever and Pheasant, by
vicar of Barkisland, was at the Sowerby railway station in Yorkshire, intending to R. Ansdell, A.R.A., £215 5s.; What Ails the Jester ? by H. S. Marks, £52 ;
proceed home to Southport by a train then about due. In crossing the line the the Bird's Nest, by H. Le Jeune, R.A., £ 157 1os.; a Welsh Pool, by T. Cres-
dress of the young lady was caught by an express train which came up at the wick, R.A., £ 177 9s.; Highland Mary, by T. Faed, R.A., £315 ; Faithful unto
time. She was knocked down by the engine and killed on the spot. Death, by E. J. Pointer, A.R.A. , £99 15s. ; the Mouth of a River, with vessels
The night mail train between Dublin and Belfast ran off the line near Porta- and boats, by E. W. Cooke, R.A., £84 ; Devonshire Scenery, by F. R. Lee,
down a few days ago. The passengers escaped unhurt, but the guard and a R.A., 110 55.; Highland Bothies near Killin, by T. Creswick, R.A., £63 ;
Mountain Scenery, North Wales, with cattle and sheep, by T. S. Cooper, R.A. ,
letter-sorter received injuries. The accident was caused by a stone placed
across the track, which weighed 3 cwt., and had been so laid with the intention and F. R. Lee, R.A., £ 178 10s.; a landscape, with a cottage, by W. Muller,
of making sure that the train would leave the rails. The engine and two £42 IS.; Interior of a Shed, with a boy and pigs, by G. Morland, £52 10s.
waggons remained on the line, however, and only the end of the train suffered. The total amount produced by the sale was about £6,000.
A magnificent collection of etchings by Albert Durer has been made in the
A rather alarming railway collision occurred on Monday at Stoke-upon- Trent. rooms of the Burlington Club.
The London and North Western express train from Manchester to London,
when nearing the station , ran into an " escaped " carriage which had just been A stained-glass window, the gift of Dr. N. Rogers, and the work of Messrs.
shunted from another train. This carriage was smashed to pieces, but Clayton and Bell, has been placed in the south transept of Westminster Abbey,
beyond a severe shaking and great alarm none of the numerous passengers in above the monument to Milton. It is in two parts, each canopied and con-
the express train were much injured . taining a figure ; that on the left represents David, holding a pen and scroll,
On Saturday night an explosion occurred in the Sedgwick Gunpowder Mills, and looking upwards ; the fellow light contains the figure of St. John writing
the Apocalypse, and having his eagle at his side.
near Kendal, by which considerable damage was caused, eight mills and their
contents being destroyed . The late Lord Vernon's work on the " Inferno " of Dante, in three volumes,
folio, has recently been completed. Copies of it will be placed in the public
The Marquis of Abercorn steamer, from Dublin to Glasgow, came into libraries.
collision on Tuesday morning with the Lord Gough, from Glasgow for Dublin, off
the Copelands, near Belfast. Both vessels had their lights burning, and were The death of Mr. Toulmin Smith will not stop the publication of his
going at their ordinary speed. The Lord Gough struck the Marquis ofAbercorn " English Guilds," for the Early English Text Society. His eldest daughter,
on the side, cutting her down, and she at once began to fill. Steps were imme- who for many years helped him in his work, will complete the book.
diately taken to save the passengers, all of whom got on board the Lord Gough. Messrs. Longmans and Co. are publishing a series of Shakspeare's Plays,
In an hour the Abercorn was under water. She had on board 200 head of adapted for scholastic or private study, and for those qualifying for university
cattle, &c., which were lost.
and Government examinations, edited by the Rev. John Hunter. Amongst
A melancholy fishing-boat accident has taken place off Cantyre. On those already issued are " Othello," " Macbeth," and " As You Like it."
Monday afternoon a fishing smack named the Mystery set out from Camp- Messrs. Macmillan are also publishing " Select Plays," in connection with
beltown, in company with a number of other boats, to proceed to the north the Clarendon Press Series, edited by W. G. Clark, M.A. , and W. A. Wright,
herring fishing. She was manned by a crew of six fishermen and a boy. The M.A. "The Merchant of Venice " and " Richard II." have been thus
wind was moderate and the water was quite smooth. On the following morning published.
the dead bodies of four of the men were found among the rocks at Machraha-
nish, six miles to the west of Campbeltown, and the smack was afterwards Mr. Thomas Wright is editing, for the Master of the Rolls, a collection,
found lying on a rock about a mile from the shore. The nets were found lying in one volume, of the Anglo- Latin satirical poets of the twelfth century-
on a rock about a mile to the south-west of Pans. It is stated that the men Nigellus, John De Hauteville, &c. Mr. Wright is also preparing for press a
were somewhat intoxicated when they left the harbour. revised and greatly enlarged edition of his " History of Women in the Early
Ages."
A fatal boat accident took place on the Thames on Tuesday afternoon. The twenty-eighth and last volume of the " Correspondence of Napoleon I."
A pleasure party of young men in two light wager-boats were abreast off a
pier Woolwich at the time that a tug passed, and five of the party, who were in is now completed, and was presented to the Emperor by Prince Napoleon just
before he set out on his excursion to the Adriatic.
the smaller boat of the two, being timid in consequence of the swell, suddenly
shifted places, and caused their boat to overturn. Those in the other boat, in A discovery has been made of a Roman tesselated pavement at the corner
their endeavour to render assistance, also overturned their boat. There were of the Poultry. It was discovered by the workmen excavating for the formation
then eleven persons in the water ; eight were saved by boats which put out to of the new street from the Mansion House to Blackfriars. The pavement lies
their assistance, but the other three were drowned. about seventeen feet from the surface of the ground.
[ 311 ]
 32 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 21 , 1869.

Exeter has adopted the Free Libraries Act. The Mayor and Town Council
took the lead in the matter, and the resolution to found a Devon and Exeter Friday Morning.
Museum and Free Library was supported by four-fifths of the assembled Postscript.
ratepayers.
FRANCE.
Sir Roderick Murchison is again recommended by the council of the Royal
Geographical Society for election as president. Admiral Sir George Back, The electoral excitement in France has spread to Marseilles. After an
Francis Galton, Esq. , Major- General Sir Henry Rawlinson, and Major -General election meeting on Wednesday night crowds paraded the streets singing the
Sir A. Scott Waugh are nominated vice-presidents. " Marseillaise," and several arrests were made. Some demonstrations have
The earliest novelty at the Holborn Theatre, under Mr. Barry Sullivan's also taken place in favour of Ledru Rollin and Barbes in the Puy de Dome.
management, will be a new tragic play by Mr. Robert Buchanan, the author of SPAIN.
" London Poems." Mr. Buchanan is already known to playgoers by his tragedy
of " The Witch- Finder," produced some years ago at Sadler's Wells. The debate on the draft of the new Constitution was continued yesterday in
the Cortes. The Times' correspondent telegraphs that Señor Castelar,
The death is announced of Herr Molique, the celebrated violinist and
composer. after a long speech against monarchy, addressed the Ministers, and
The Academy of the Fine Arts of Paris has elected M. Félicien David to adjured Serrano in eloquent language not to accept a Regency. He elicited
long applause, in which Serrano cordially joined . Castelar further asked
the place left vacant in the section of Musical Composition by the death of
M. Berlioz. Topete with what purpose he made the September revolution, Topete answered
that he wished to save the Queen and the dynasty, but that after their expulsion
Tamberlik, the well-known tenor, is said to have set up a large manufactory he opposed all restoration. This statement was received with applause.
of firearms at Madrid. He thought Montpensier the most desirable solution, but had no
Mr. Fechter, it is reported, will leave for America in about a month's time, understanding with the Duke or Duchess. He had acted as sub-
and will make his first appearance in New York as Hamlet. ordinate to Serrano and Prim, and they all awaited the initiative and
decision of the Cortes. He warned the Assembly that a Republic , a Monarchy,
Mr. George Perren has formed a company for the performance of English and Regency seemed equally impossible. Beware, he added, lest if you make
operas at the Crystal Palace. Miss Blanche Cole is prima donna ; and a new every solution impossible, some insolent, daring man undertake to cut the knot
baritone will appear. Mr. Manns will conduct the orchestra, which will be you are unable to solve. You will not applaud me now, he concluded , but you
augmented for the occasion. will understand me.
La Sonnambula " was performed at Covent Garden on Saturday night, ITALY.
when a crowded house assembled to welcome the heroine of the evening, In the Chamber of Deputies yesterday Count Cambray-Digny stated that
Mdme. Adeline Patti, upon her return to London. he was compelled to delay for a few days the presentation of the financial con-
ventions announced in the Budget. The Senate adopted by 67 votes against
Mdlle. Christine Nilsson has announced her intention of giving two concerts 30 the bill rendering young men training for the priesthood liable to the
in London during the present season. It is stated that tickets to the amount of
conscription.
upwards of £ 1,200 were sold in two days for the first concert, which is to take TURKEY.
place on the 7th of June.
A Greek paper, the Neologos, published in Constantinople, has been
At the annual dinner of the Royal General Theatrical Fund last week, suspended for two months for publishing a scandalous libel upon the Prince of
Mr. Buckstone, in responding to the toast of the evening, said (referring to the Wales. The Levant Herald, in mentioning the fact, says it is glad to be able
prejudice against plays and play actors which had existed in many quarters to contradict a current report that the Turkish Government had acted in
since the time of Oliver Cromwell), " We consider ourselves to be highly the matter on the demand of the British Ambassador. At the same time,
respectable members of society, and very good citizens, notwithstanding the the article would have justified complaint, as nothing so scandalous had ever
Lord Chamberlain's recent circular respecting the skirts of the dancing ladies. before disgraced the local press. The conductors of the Neologos state in
But, as there was no committee of morals to regulate how long or how the Levani Times that the libels were written by a strange hand, and published
short such skirts were to be worn, the question appears to have remained by inadvertence, without the least intention of giving offence to any one.
in statu quo ante, though I must say that his lordship ought to have referred
AMERICA.
to those particular places of amusement where the skirts ended not far from
where they commenced, and not have tarred us all with the same brush , A telegram by the Atlantic cable states that there was a riot at New Orleans
especially as when that circular was sent to the Haymarket Theatre we had on Wednesday, but we are not informed as to the cause. The police and the
neither a ballet nor a short skirt in the house." Mr. Buckstone also referred to people came into collision , and the military had to be called out to restore order.
a statement made by a member of Parliament at a meeting held in Exeter Hall Several persons were wounded.
some time ago to oppose the opening of museums and picture galleries on WEST AFRICA.
Sundays, that to allow the opening of these places on Sunday would lead to The West African mail has brought details of the burning of Bonny on the
the opening of theatres. " I am sure," Mr. Buckstone said, " as regards the
7th of April. Twenty of the native people were burnt to death ; the destruction
Haymarket, there is not one member of that establishment who would consent of property was very great, and the loss is estimated at from £ 30,000 to
to act on a Sunday ; and I am certain I may declare, in the name of every £40,000. A large quantity of gunpowder was lost, one of the chiefs alone
performer of both sexes in England, that none would be found to do so. having 500 kegs blown up. A large quantity of tobacco and other goods, and
Hundreds of them frequent places of worship on Sunday, and all of them enjoy also about £ 5,000 worth of coral, were destroyed. The natives were suffering
the day of rest too well to have it interrupted by attending to their professional very much from hunger, having lost nearly all their provisions.
duties. For my own part, I know that on Saturday night, after a hard week's
work and many anxieties, I have frequently exclaimed, ' Thank God to-morrow's
Sunday.'"
Mr. Reverdy Johnson left London yesterday for New York, via South-
A new popular national anthem is wanted for Prussia ; and it is stated that ampton.
the Princess Royal has asked Sir M. Costa to undertake the task. There was a field-day at Aldershot yesterday. The Duke of Cambridge
General Menabrea's bill to abolish the traffic in organ children interdicts all visited the camp, and exercised the division in field movements.
bargains which the parents may dare to conclude in the matter. All such
The police authorities are following up their crusade against the betting
agreements are declared to be null ; and the parties concerned incur a penalty offices. Yesterday a publican who openly used his own house in Fleet- street as
of £20 to £40 fine and three months' imprisonment, a betting office, and a beer-house keeper, who had an office for betting at a
An unpublished symphonie concertante, for violin, tenor, and violoncello, by public-house in Bucklersbury, were prosecuted under the Betting- house Act.
Mozart, recently discovered in the Mozarteum, was played at Salzburg at the The evidence against them did not admit of dispute. Sir Robert Carden fined
last concert of the institution. the publican £50 and £ 5 5s. costs, and the beer-house keeper £25 and the same
costs.
Shakspeare's birthday was celebrated in Leipsic by a performance of his
"Midsummer Night's Dream," with Mendelssohn's music. Mr. Alderman Causton and Mr. James Vallentin , a member of the firm of
Messrs. Booth and Co., distillers, Smithfield, will be candidates at the forth-
Schumann's music to " Manfred " has been performed at Darmstadt, not coming election of sheriffs for the City of London.
with the usual connecting text, but with the entire Byronic poem divided
among the various dramatis personæ. The emigration of miners from Cornwall to Canada, Australia, and the United
States continues to a great extent, and the consequence is that at some of the
Cornish mines there is already a scarcity of hands. The workers in the tin
COMMERCE AND FINANCE . mines especially complain of the rate of payment for their labour, and maintain
The English Funds are firmer than they were at the close of last week. that they have been treated unjustly in not participating in the great advance
which has occurred in the price of tin within the last twelve months.
Consols, which closed on Friday, the 14th inst., at 92 % to 92 % for money, and
92 to 924 for the account, closed yesterday at 93 to 93 % for money, and A curious case in connection with woman's privileges came before the
93 % to 93 for the 1st of June. Reduced and New Three per Cents. were at Edinburgh Town Council on Tuesday. A woman applied to have her husband
91 % to 91 % ; Indian Ten-and-a- Half per Cents., 210 to 213 ; Indian Five per admitted a burgess of the city, and a committee, reporting on the question, gave
Cents., 114 to 114% ; Indian Four per Cents. , 100 % to 100 % ; Indian Bonds, it as their opinion that the man had no claim, but that the wife was eligible,
5s. dis. to 5s. prem.; Indian Debentures, 103 to 104 ; Bank Stock, 242 to 244 ; having complied with all the ancient conditions of burgess- ship.
Exchequer Bills, 10s. dis. to par. In the Foreign Stock Market there
has been but little change. American declined slightly the other Yesterday afternoon a firing squad, composed of members of the Bilston
day, but have since recovered. In the Home Railway Market there has Volunteers, were firing on their practice-ground at a 400-yards range. A private
named Chatterton offered to mark. He went to the mantelet, and after a short
been considerable depression. In Metropolitan there was on Tuesday a time pulled in the red disc to show that all was right. After this he appears to
fall of 2 % , consequent on recent large sales and delivery of stock. It
have left the mantelet for some purpose, and was unfortunately shot by his
has since slightly rallied , but again relapsed. In Indian lines there is a slight sergeant, who previous to firing was told by the drill sergeant that all was clear.
advance. East Indian are now at 108 to 109, and Great Indian Peninsula at
Chatterton was shot in the back. He is not expected to recover.
105% to 106% . In the discount market there is little doing ; the rates for the
best three months' bills are 45% to 4 % per cent. The stock of bullion in the The Ernestine, from Melbourne, has arrived with £ 24,500, and the Agate,
Bank of England is £ 16,808,940 ; in the Bank of France, £ 48,676,000. from Auckland, with £24,000. The Peninsular and Oriental steamer, due at
Southampton, from Alexandria, to-morrow, is expected to bring £106,000 in
The following dividends have been announced or declared :-The Ottoman gold.
Bank, 12½ per cent.; the National Provincial Bank of England, 7 per cent.,
making a division of profits for 1868 of 21 per cent. upon the paid-up capital ;
the Anglo-American Telegraph Company, 175. per share, which will make a ADVERTISEMENTS.
distribution of over 24 per cent. for the year ; the Provincial Bank of Ireland, THE LADY OF LATHAM, by Mdme. Guizot HAVRE EXHIBITION, October, 1868, a PRIZE
an extraordinary dividend of 30s. on each £ 100 share, and 128. on each £ 10 de Witt, is Now Ready. - London : SMITH, ELDER MEDAL was awarded to TOOTH'S LIEBIGS
and Co. EXTRACT of MEAT, sold everywhere in hand-
share, in addition to the ordinary dividend of £4 per cent.; the Union Bank jars, fitted with patent stoppers.-
Now Ready.-CULTURE AND ANARCHY, someJ. white COLEMAN and Co., Sole Consiguces, 13,
of Scotland, 11 per cent.; and the Buenos Ayres Great Southern Railway by MATTHEW ARNOLD, Reprinted from the Corn W. St. Mary-at-Hill, London.
Company, 7 per cent. hillMagazine.-London : SMITH, ELDER and Co.
[ 312 ]
 MAY 21 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 33

CLERICAL APPOINTMENTS. NAVAL APPOINTMENTS.

The following preferments and appointments have been made :-The Rev. Henry Halsall Bishop, Captains-E. Lacy, to the Endymion, when that ship is recommissioned ; J. E. Commerell, V.C. , to
M.A., formerly curate of St. Thomas's, Agar-town, London, to the vicarage of Deptford, Bishop Wear- the Monarch. Commander–A. C. Curtis, to the Monarch. Lieutenants- Edward Pilkington, F. J. J.
mouth; the Rev. Edward Lewis Blackman, M.A. , formerly curate of Christ Church, Plymouth, to Elliott, S. H. Richmond, and H. A. Arundel, to the Monarch ; Malcolm M'Neil to the Monarch ;
the rectory of Newnham, Herts, on the nomination of Mr. J. Remington Mills ; the Rev. R. Brown- Heaver Sugden (navigating), to the Agincourt (add), for service in the Fawn ; B. S. Hamilton, to the
Borthwick, late assistant minister of Quebec Chapel, London, to the incumbency of Grange, near Dædalus for service in tenders. Sub-Lieutenants- F. A. Blackett, A. J. Hamilton, E. P. Statham,
Keswick, on the nomination of Miss Heathcote ; the Rev. Samuel Benton Brasher, M.A., to the and B. Papilion, to the Monarch. Surgeons-W. Fasken (staff), A. B. Johnson (assistant), and Dr. W.
vicarage of St. Paul's, Derby ; the Rev. John Browne, M.A., to the vicarage of Edgton, Shropshire ; Galloway (acting-assistant), to the Monarch. Midshipmen--E. H. Genn, to the Scylla, as supernu-
the Rev. Edward Hamilton Blyth, M.A., to the incumbency of St. Saviour's Church, Croydon ; the Rev. merary ; C. J. M. Conybeare and L. E. Dick, to the Liverpool, in lieu of naval cadets ; H. C. Sloggett,
Thomas Child, M.A. , rector of Upper Clatford, to the rural deanery of Chilbolton ; the Rev. John R. F. O. Foote, and R. A. C. Montague, to the Liverpool, as supernumeraries.
Cox, M.A. , Chaplain of H.M.'s Embassy at Paris, to the vicarage of Felstead, near Chelmsford, en the
nomination of Earl Cowley ; the Rev. Thomas Davies, M.A., to the rectory of Bettws Evan, near
Cardigan ; the Rev. Charles Pemberton Eaton, M.A., late rector of Stetchworth, near Newmarket, to the SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.
rectory of Pwllcrochan, Pembrokeshire ; the Rev. Lionel Garnett, M. A. , curate of St. Mary's, Sheffield, ARRIVALS.
to the rectory of Christleton, Cheshire ; the Rev. Court Granville, M.A., honorary canon of Durham, to
the vicarage of Chatton, Northumberland, on the nomination of the Duke of Northumberland ; the Rev. At Liverpool. -May 12 : Naworth, from Singapore ; Semiramis, from San Francisco ; Wandering
John Hancock, M.A., curate of Haslebury Plucknett, to the vicarage of that parish ; the Rev. Sprite, from Galveston ; Record, from New Orleans ; British Queen, from Savannah.May 13 : Harriet F.
Hussey and Volunteer, from Charleston ; City of Paris, from New York : Navigator, from Pernambuco ;
Henry Haworth, M.A. , incumbent of Rawtenstall, to the curacy of Holy Trinity, Bolton-le-Moors ; Gazelle, from Buenos Ayres ; Portena, from Monte Video ; Tripoli, from New York ; Manhattan, from
the Rev. John Henry Johnson, M.A., to the rectory of Brocklesby, with Kirmington, on the nomination New York ; Camilla, from Charleston ; Nelson and Peerless, from Bombay ; Abyssinia, from Savannah.-
of Lord Yarborough ; the Rev. Robert Knight, M.A. , to the rectory of Kilvington, near Newark; the May 14 : Roquella, from Africa ; Amigos, from Manilla ; Peruvian, from Portland.--May 15 : Florence
Nightingale, irom Bangkok ; J. F. V. , from Havannah ; Maud, from Monte Video. May 16 : Castilla,
Rev. Edward Tucker Leeke, M.A., fellow of Trinity College, to the vicarage of St. Andrew- the- Less, from New Orleans ; Louisiana and Siberia, from New York; Klio, from Buenos Ayres.-- May 17 :
Cambridge, on the nomination of trustees ; Rev. John Montague, M.A. , to the rectory ofWimbish, Essex ; Pelotas and Catharine, from Rio Grande, May 18 : Eliza Martin, from Iquique ; Nijdia, from Mobile;
the Rev. William Alexander Newman, M.A. , to the rectory of Hatch Beauchamp, near Taunton, on W. G. Putnam, from Charleston ; Nestorian, from Quebec ; M. A. Forbes, from Akyab ; Australian, from
the nomination of the Rev. T. F. Dymock, M.A.; the Rev. J. C. Ryle, M.A., vicar of Stradbroke, Colon ; Locket, from San Francisco ; Governor-General, from New Orleans ; City of Baltimore, City of
Manchester, City of Boston, Howard, Denmark, and Idaho, all from New York.-———— May 19 : Isla,
to the rural deanery of Hoxne, Suffolk ; the Rev. W. Saumarez Smith, M.A. , vicar of Trumpington, to from Rio Hache; Averuse, from Rio Janeiro ; Psyche, from St. Domingo : Palmyra, from New York.
the principalship of St. Aidan's College, Birkenhead ; the Rev. Henry Chateauneuf Tuthill, M.A. , rector
of Hittisleigh, to the vicarage of Thurgoland, near Sheffield ; the Rev. Henry George Watson, M.A. , MayAt13 :Gravesend. - May 12 : Monarca de Narva, from New York ; Maran Anna, from Demerara.-
Princess Somawaty, from Saigon ; Oden, from) Rio Grande.. -May 17 West Australian and
incumbent of Long Marston, to the vicarage of St. Leonard's, near Tring, on the nomination of trustees ; Mary Latham, from Bangkok ; Kindrick Fish, from Callao ; Shannon, from Calcutta. - May 18 : Hebe,
the Rev. Henry Rose Wetherall, M.A., to the vicarage of Standon, on the nomination of Mr. Puller ; from Havannah ; Psyche, from Bangkok ; Spruce Bud, from St. John's, Newfoundland ; Nysted, from
the Rev. Arthur White, M.A. , to the rectory of Abthorpe, Northamptonshire ; the Rev. Charles Matanzas ; Neptune's Bride, from Alexandria ; Waft, from St. Lucia ; Criteria, from Barbadoes ; Warren
Woodcock, M.A. , vicar of Chardstook, to the prebendal stall of Grantham Borealis, in Salisbury Oriental, Hastings, from Cochin ; Night Watch, from Antigua ; Nereid, from Matanzas ; Duke of Sutherland and
from Adelaide; Paramatta, from Sydney.May 19 : Balcombe, from Jamaica ; Patria, from
Cathedral. Saigon Star of Erin, from Calcutta ; Gambia, from Montserrat; Palestine, from Ceylon ; Highflyer,
from Sydney ; Agate, from Otago ; Fort Regent, from Tuticorin ; Sea Queen, from Jamaica ; Rosa,
from Barbadoes ; Gosforth, from Madras ; Vivat Veritas, Cleughs, and Nearchus, from Colombo ; Con-
DIRECT COMMISSIONS. quistador, from Havannah ; Laurel, from Gambia ; Fortunate, from Rio Grande : Titania, from
St. Vincent; King Arthur, from Calcutta ; Alice, from Penang ; Bellona, from New York ; St. Leonard's,
The following is a list (placed in order of merit) of the successful candidates from Adelaide.
for direct commissions in the recent examination at Chelsea Hospital :- Off Deal. -May 19: Wellesley and Ernestine, from Melbourne ; St. Vincent, from St. Vincent ;
Himalaya, from the West ; Black Prince, from St. Kitt's ; Dundonald, from Woosung ; Mary Stowe,
Henry Graham, 6,252 marks ; A. G. Holland, 6,043 ; E. M. Flint, 5,800 ; W. B. MacDougall, 5,377 ; from the West; Julia, from Africa ; Windward, from Hobart Town.
J. H. Torr, 5,313 ; J. Wallace, 5,040 ; A. Baines, 5,006 ; C. C. Whistler, 4,973 ; C. E. Pennefather, At Bristol. - May 12 : Freedom, from New York.--May 13 : Mary, from Bahia.-- May 15 :
4,749 H. Essex, 4,709 ; the Hon. A. J. G. Byng, 4,706 ; V. N. Ward, 4,702 ; C. T. C. Crespigny, 4,657 ; Sappermeer, from Barbadoes.-- May 17 : Cornish Girl, from Rio Grande ; Leopold, from Monte Video.
-May 18 : Esther, from Guatemala.--May 19 : Parthenon, from Huelva.
G. C. K. P. Roupell, 4,644 ; W. H. Rushbrooke, 4,637 ; F. W. Erskine, 4,520 ; H. L. Farmer, 4,518 ;
E. V. Mackay, 4,328 ; A. T. Middleton, 4,322 ; William Graham, 4,221 ; A. S. Justice, 4,212 ; DEPARTURES.
Sir A. R. T. Willshire, Bart. , 4,026 ; the Hon. E. Devereux, 4,016 ; R. P. Caird, 3,994 ; C. L.
Mortimer, 3,975 ; G. A. Percy, 3,912 ; F. M. Wardrop, 3,762 ; O. Selby, 3,751 ; A. R. Porter, gonia, for Valparaiso ; Minnie, for CharlestonOld
From Liverpool. -May 12 : Perilla, for Calabar ; Thekla, for St. Thomas .- May 13 : Pata-
; Eclipse, for Buenos Ayres ; Bernardo, for St. Thomas ;
3,630 ; Prince John Sapiena, 3,668 ; W. A. Ramsay, 3,655 ; J. C. F. Gordon, 3,646 ; F. P. Gosling, Hibernian, for Quebec City of Antwerp and City ofNew York, both for New York ; Ana, for Santander ;
3,609 ; J. T. C. Reilly, 3,597 ; N. Saulez, 3.571 ; W. C. Calvert, 3,531 ; C. H. Fergusson, 3,510 ; Burmah, for Boston ; Fearnought, for Montevideo ; Southern Rights, for Baltimore ; Victoria Cross, for
Arica.May 14 : Lightning, for Melbourne : Damascus, for Quebec ; Georgina, for Monte Video ;
J. D. Fetherstonhaugh, 3,476 ; R. E. Guise, 3,468 ; J. A. P. Scourfield, 3,428 ; C. E. Arkwright, 3,315 ; Favilina, for Rio Janeiro ; Virginia, for New York ; Betty, for Jamaica ; Decision, for Bombay.-
M. C. Wood, 3,269 ; M. T G. Lambarde, 3,249 ; A. Paget, 3,197 ; J. H. Hardtman, 3,142 ; H. J. May 15 Russia, for New York ; J. O. Baker, for Philadelphia ; Cosmos, for New Orleans ; Crusader,
Elverson, 3,020 ; J. Wilkin, 2,975 ; J. E. A. Harvey, 2,975 ; H. J. Hardy, 2,906 ; E. M. Mansel, 2,891 ; for New York ; Lalla Rookh, for Boston ; Bernice, for Calcutta ; Lea, for Montevideo ; John Peacock,
A. Smith, 2,877 ; P. Percivall, 2,854 ; C. H. Baines, 2,840 ; W. C. F. Kell, 2,840 ; M. D. Jefferson, 2,832 ; for Shanghai ; River Mersey and Clifford, for San Francisco ; Yo Semite, for Sydney ; Hindoo, for New
A. de la Poer Beresford- Peirce, 2,831 ; R. E. Stevenson, 2,813 ; W. Pearce, 2,803 : Hon. A. W. F. Orleans ; Chariot of Fame, for China.May 16: Thebes, for Alexandria ; Amni, for Lagos ; John
Mayall, for Bahia ; Scotswood, for New Orleans ; Mary Elizabeth, for Benin ; Minia, for Alexandria.-
Fraser, 2,802 ; C. M. Wood, 2,770 ; M. K. Martin, 2,768 ; C. V. Verelst, 2,748 ; T. G. Shortland, 2,747 ; May 17 Orontes, for Alexandria : Rivoli, for Montreal; Witch of the Waves, for Pernambuco.-
D. K. Robertson, 2,715 ; J. E. P. Spicer, 2,714 ; C. D. Hoghton, 2,700 ; F. C. Macky, 2,680 ; J. H. Delpratt, May 18 : Tarifa, for Boston ; Tripoli, for New York ; Robie Burns, for Halifax..- May 19 :
2,638 ; D. J. M. McDonald, 2,638 ; A. E. Ommanney, 2,637 ; J. G. Reynard-Cookson, 2,535 ; E. Chadwick, Manhattan, for New York.
2,505 ; D. G. Butler, 2,495 ; R. F. Westmacott, 2,483 ; T. S. W. Bernard, 2,462 ; C. R. Hargreaves, From Gravesend. -May 13 : Eastern Star, for Hong Kong : City of Adelaide, for Adelaide ; Ornate,
2,456 ; A. C. Hay, 2,411 ; R. D. B. Rutherford, 2,397 ; Lord H. A. G. Somerset, 2, 374 ; E. M. Glegg, for Shanghai ; Ellen Rose, for Sierra Leone ; Major von Safft, for Cape ; Cleopatre, for Quebec.-
2,333 ; B. H. Woodward, 2,329 ; H. D. Gillman, 2,317 ; M. D. S. Scott, 2,316 ; Hon. A. E. C. Cole, May 14 : Sultana, for Kurrachee- -May 15 : Parana, for Kurrachee ; Belvidere, for Madras ; Harriet
2,306 ; R. J. Bingham, 2,282 ; L. H. Payne, 2,282 ; J. Boyle, 2,281 ; C. M. B. Branson, 2,248 ; C. F. Wardell, for Jamaica ; Alligator, for Africa ; Rio Grande, for Pernambuco ; City of Hamilton, for
Quebec ; San Fernando, for Cardiff and Hong Kong ; Pizarro, for Havre. May 16 : Advance, for
Filliter, 2,228 ; R. M. Brooke, 2,219 ; C. de F. Green, 2,208 ; W. E. May, 2, 202 ; T. St. J. Lavie, Otago ; Rhuddlan Castle, for Port Phillip ; Zenobia and Star of Peace, for Melbourne ; Commissary, for
2,202 ; W. B. M. Brand, 2, 161 ; W. Yorke, 2,094 ; G. H. Mathews, 2,078 ; C. W. O. Doherty, 2,058 ; Sydney. May 17 : Koh-i-noor, for St. Lucia ; Teesdale for Bombay; Agatha, for Calcutta ; Jesse
C. F. Johnstone-Douglas, 2,053 ; C. H. Simpson, 2,037 ; N. N. Winter, 2,010 ; R. W. Kearsley, 2,004 ; Eaton, for Lagos ; Alligator, for Cape Coast Castle.--May 18 : Hilkolina, for Monte Video ; St.
Marnock, for Calcutta.
Lord B. H. G. C. Burghley, 1,998 ; Lord F. C. Gordon-Lennox, 1,991 ; L. A. White, 1,973 ; Lord C. G. From Bristol. - May 12 : Alsen, for New York. - May 13 : Martha Stevens, for Newfoundland.
Kilmarnock, 1,938 ; G. C. Denton, 1,933 ; H. C. Grove, 1,929 ; Hon. C. E. Parker-Jervis, 1,903 ;
J. R. H. Richards, 1,844 ; E. A. Mostyn, 1,805 ; R. M. Smyth, 1,802 ; T. H. Peckham, 1,790 ; E. J. W. VESSELS SPOKEN WITH.
Ingram, 1,773 ; W. J. S. Robson, 1,730 ; H. R. Toler, 1,715 ; D. S. B. Mackenzie, 1,715 ; W. E. G. The Adeline C. Adams, Buenos Ayres for Liverpool, March 16, 30 S., 37 W.; the Amalia, Iquique
Forbes, 1,709 ; Hon. R, G. Skeffington, 1,664 ; E. F. Lloyd, 1,572 ; G. T. Naylor, 1,523 ; J. C. Ambrose, for Falmouth, March 29, 5 S., 30 W.; the Valparaiso, Callao for Liverpool, April 16, 30 N., 42 W.;
1,523 ; D. A. Hambrough, 1,520. the Channel Light, London to Kurrachee, April 2, 2 N., 28 W.; the Agra, Liverpool for Sydney,
April 5 the First of May, London for Wellington, N. Z., March 9 ; the Imperatrice, Plymouth for
Shanghai, April 8, 15 S., 31 W.; the Wild Wave, Liverpool for the River Plate, April 10, 7 S. , 31 W.; the
THE GAZETTE . Belle Isle, Liverpool for Sydney, 28 days out, April 11, 5 S. , 31 W.; the Dudley, Liverpool for China,
May 11, 49 F. , 8 W.; the Nile, Bristol for Quebec, April 28, 47 N., 36 W.; the Fiery Cross ( iron),
CIVIL. London for Sydney, April 26, 22 S. , 31 W.; the Thorwaldsen, Cardiff for Quebec, May 4, 49 N., 18 W.;
FOREIGN OFFICE, May 11.-The Queen has been pleased to approve of Mr. Salomon Levy as Consul at the Olwar, Cape Town for Swansea, April 5, 2 N., 23 W.; the Evangeline, Rangoon for Liverpool,
10, 6 N., 28 W.; No. 1,056, 4th pendant, Liverpool for Calcutta, April 2, 1 N. , 23 W.; the Singapore,
Gibralter for the United States of Venezuela. The Queen has also been pleased to approve of May Cardiff for Foo-chow-foo, April 7, 5 N., 24 W.; the St. Hilda, Madras for London, March 30, 9 N.,
Mr. Antoine T. Clados as Vice-Consul at Birmingham for his Majesty the King ofthe Hellenes.
32 W.; the Belfast ( ? ), New Orleans for Liverpool, March 28, 46 N. , 24 W.; the Marian Moore, Calcutta
MILITARY. for Dundee, May 10, 45 N. , 23 W.; the Congo, Liverpool for Africa, April 23, 5 N. , 11 W.; the Sarah
Douglas, Galveston for Liverpool, May 13 ; the Southampton, Newport for New York, April 24, 51 N.,
WAR OFFICE, May 18. - 3rd Dragoon Guards. -Capt. F. J. G. Murray, from the 18th Hussars, to be 24 W.; the Laura Isabel, Pomaron for Liverpool, May 4, 39 N., 11 W.; the Alarm, for Quebec, May 15,
Capt. , vice Mannock, who exchanges ; Surg. -Major W. G. Watt, from the 15th Hussars, to be Surg. , 51 N. , 14 W.; the Arbitrator, Liverpool for Miramichi, April 22, 47 N., 38 W.; the Crown, Cuba for
vice Surg.-Major N. H. Stewart, M.D. , who exchanges. Queenstown, May 14, 48 N., 25 W.; the Persian, Liverpool for Quebec, May 2, 47 N. , 30 W.; the
9th Lancers.- Major and Brevet Lieut. Col. the Hon. I. De V. T. W. Fiennes to be Lieut. Col. by pur., Geologist, Bankok for Falmouth, April 17, 26 N. , 40 W.
vice C. P. Johnson, who retires ; Capt. J. Hardy to be Major by pur., vice Brevet Lieut. -Col. the
Hon. I. De V. T. W. Fiennes ; Lieut. F. De la Garde Grissell to be Capt. by pur. , vice Hardy :
Cornet P. Green to be Lieut. by pur. , vice Grissell ; Cornet W. Percy to Adjt. , vice Lieut. Grissell, LIST OF PASSENGERS.
promoted.
15th Hussars. -Surg. -Major N. H. Stewart, M.D. , from 3rd Dragoon Guards, to be Surg. , vice Surg.- The following persons have engaged passages by the Peninsular and Oriental Company's
Major W. G. Watt, who exch. steamers during May and June :-
18th Hussars. Capt. F. A. S. Mannock, from 3rd Dr. Guards, to be Capt., vice Murray, who exch.;
B. D. Harrison, gent. , to be Cornet by pur., vice Parker, prom. May 22.
Grenadier Guards. -C. R. Rowley, gent., to be Ens, and Lieut. by pur. , vice N. C. Allix, who retires. SOUTHAMPTON TO MALTA- Mr. W. C. J. Holmes, MARSEILLES TO BOMPAY- Col. D. C. Vanrenes,
15th Foot. Ens. W. H. N. Locke to be Lieut. by pur. , vice R. H. Wyllie, who retires ; James Browne, Mr. Church, Mr. J. Roffey, R. M. Lieut.-Col. J. B. Dennys.
gent. , to be Ens. by pur. , vice Locke. MARSEILLES TO ALEXANDRIA- Lady Baker, Mr. GIBRALTAR TO BOMBAY Mr. Jeromius Albu-
25th Foot.- Lieut. G. M. Shirley to be Instructor of Musketry, vice Lieut. A. Taylor, who has resigned Baker. querque.
that appointment . SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY Mr. A. Wither, Mr.
48th Foot. The transfer of Surg, W. R. Burkitt, from the Staff, bears date May 12, and not April 12, C. Wood.
1869, as stated in the Gazette of the 11th inst. May 29.
49th Foot.- Lieut. C. P. Temple to be Adjt. , vice Lieut. W. H. Thomas, who vacates the appointment SOUTHAMPTON TO MALTA- Mr. Swainson, Mr. nell, Mr. Jackson, Mr. and Mrs. Strachan, Mr.
on obtaining furlough to England. Cunliffe, Lieut. Tuckey. C. A. Stephenson, Mr. Macpherson.
59th Foot.- Ens. M. James, from Ceylon Rifle Regt., to be Ens., vice J. Macansh, who exch. SOUTHAMPTON TO GIBRALTAR Capt. Kinloch, MARSEILLES ΤΟ CALCUTTA- Lieut.- Col. J. E.
6oth Foot.- Lieut. H. Fitz Roy Eaton has been permitted to retire from the service by the sale of his Capt. Henderson, Mr. W. Glassford. Fraser, Lieut. - Col. Sir A. P. Phayre.
cominission. SOUTHAMPTON TO ALEXANDRIA Mr. Hart. SUEZ TO CALCUTTA- Mr. and Mrs. J. Janssen,
SOUTHAMPTON TO GALLE- Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Capt. Ford.
64th Foot. The promotion of Ensign D. H. S. Smith, and retirement of Lieut. John Gee, bear date the Jenkins. SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Capt. F. D. Chat-
12th of May, not the 12th of April, as stated in the Gazette of the 11th inst. MARSEILLES TO GALLE -Mr. H. T. Irving, Rev. terton, Mr. S. Short.
70th Foot. - Staff Assist. - Surg. Maurice Knox to be Assist. -Surg., vice Thomas Hession, who exchanges. H. L. Mitchell, MARSEILLES TO SHANGHAI- Mr. Brodie.
96th Foot -Lieut. L. P. Gould to be Capt. by pur., vice R. A. Mostyn, who retires ; Ensign E. P. SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Mr. A. R. Hen- MARSEILLES TO YOKOHAMA- Mr. Andreis.
Phillipps to be Lieut. by pur. , vice Gould ; Ensign H. A. Vincent, from 33rd Foot, to be Ensign,
vice Phillipps. June 5.
2nd West India Regiment.- Capt. Ponsonby Sheppard, from the late 4th W. I. Regt., to be Capt., vice MARSEILLES TO SUEZ-Captain Castles. SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY-Assist.-Surg. Maun-
C. R. Williams, whose transfer from the 4th W. I. Regt. has been cancelled. sell, R.H.A. , Col. Rivar.
3rd West India Regiment. -Major R. E. D. Ness, from late 4th W. I. Regt., to be Major, vice Barnard,
whose transferfrom the 4th W. 1. Regt. has been cancelled. June 12.
SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY- Captain Eyre. SOUTHAMPTON TO SINGAPORE-Mr. R. R. Purvis
Ceylon Rifle Regiment. - Ens. J. Macansh, from 59th Foot, to be Ens. , vice Montague James, who exch. SOUTHAMPTON TO GALLE- Mr. Ralph Tatham. MARSEILLES TO HONG KONG-- Mr. and Mrs. P
Royal Military College. -Paymaster and Honorary Major O. Nicolls, from a Depot Batt., to be Pay- SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS - Mr. and Mrs. A. R. Karberg, Mr. C. S. Craig.
master, vice Honorary Major W. L. Hilton, who retires upon a military allowance. Thomson, Miss Dyer. MARSEILLES TO BATAVIA- Mr. Otto Sielcken.
Medical Department. -Assist. -Surg. T. Hession, from 70th Foot, to be Staff Assist. - Surg. , vice M. Knox, SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG - Mr. W. S SOUTHAMPTON TO SYDNEY Mrs. Thompson,
who exch. Macleod. daughter and son, Mr. J. Thompson.
Chaplain's Department. -The commission of the Rev. G. Lawless, M.A. , as Chaplain to the Forces, to be June 19.
antedated
ofthe Third tothe 20th of March, 1854 ; Chaplain of the Fourth Class the Rev. E. Butler to be Chaplain
Class. SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY-Mr. W. H. D'Oyly.
Half-pay. - Capt. and Brevet-Maj. C. W. Grange, from the Royal Canadian Rifle Regt. , to be Maj. June 26.
without pur.; Capt. W. I. Lutman, from Ceylon Rifle Regt., to be Maj . without pur. SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Mr. and Mrs. Colin | SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Mrs. S. Cooper.
Memorandum.-Maj. and Brev. Lieut. - Col. T. M. L. Weguelin, half-pay unatt , has been permitted to McIsaac. SOUTHAMPTON TO SINGAPORE. Mr. J. D.
retire from the service bythe sale ofhis commission underthe conditions ofthe Horse Guards Circular MARSEILLES TO MADRAS - Mr. and Mrs. C. R. Vaughan.
Memorandum of the 15th of Feb. , 1861, Pelley.
[ 313 ]
 34 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 21 , 1869.

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS GREGORY- MASON-At Skipton, Yorkshire, Mr. A. Gregory, of Tor- EYSTON, Mr. J. F. , of Overbury, Worcester, aged 69 , May 16.
quay, to Frances E. , daughter of the late Mr. J. Mason, ofWater- FARQUHARSON, Lieut. C. H. , R.N., at Southampton, aged 30, May 17.
BIRTHS. ford, May 12. FARRAN, Eliza G. , wife of Mr. R. , and daughter of the late Mr. H.
HARMAN-TONGE-At Paddington, Capt. R. Harman, 14th Foot, to Thornhill, of Barbados, at Surbiton, May 14.
SONS. Edith St. Clair, daughter of the late Mr. J. Tonge, of Edenbridge, FEENEY, Mr. J. F., at Church-road, Edgbaston, aged 61, May 11.
ALLEN, wife of Mr. W. J., formerly Bengal C.S. , at Cavendish-square, May 18. FEILDE, Mr. M. H. , at Queen's-road, Norland-sq., aged 60, May 14.
May 11. HILL- NICHOLSON-At Great Paxton, Hunts, Mr. J. R. Hill, of FISHER, Elizabeth G. C. , relict of the Rev. J. M. , at Glasgow, May 14.
BERENS, Mrs. R. B. , at Kevington, Kent, May 12. Upper Holloway, to Sarah E. , daughter of Rev. H. I. Nicholson, FRASER, Hugh E. C., infant son of Mr. D. A. C. , M.D. , Surgeon
BIGG, wife of Rev. C. , Cheltenham, May 15. Vicar ofGreat Paxton, May 11. 103rd Fusiliers, at Orme-square, Kensington-gardens, May 13.
BIGLAND, Mrs. T., at Warwick-gardens, Kensington, May 17., HIRONS -CLARKE--At Prince's Risborough, Rev. J. Hirons, of High GARNE, Marianne, widow of the late Mr. W., at Aldsworth, aged 80,
BRADFORD, wife of Capt. E., 1st C.I. Horse, at Goona, Central India, Wycombe, to Elizabeth, daughter of the late Mr. J. Clarke, of May 15:
April 16. Manor Farm, Bledlow, Bucks, May 11. GIFFORD, Major G. St. J. , of the 11th Royal Vet. Batt., at Minehead,
COCKBURN, wife of Capt. G. W. , 42nd R. H. B. W., at Tenby, May 10. HOBART-TROLLOPE-At St. George's, Hanover-square, Mr. R. H. May 17.
COCHRANE, Mrs. B., at Aldin Grange, Durham, May 15. Hobart, Private Secretary to the Postmaster-General, to the Hon. GILBERT, Mr. F. , R. N., of Highfield, Southampton, at Bath, aged 58,
DAVIES, Mrs. R. H., at Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, May 10. Julia Trollope, daughter of the Right Hon. the Lord Kesteven, May 17.
DAWSON-THOMAS, Mrs. J. B., at Withycombe, Exmouth, May 11. May 13. GOODDY, Mr. J. C. , of Threadneedle-street, and Leatherhead, aged 38,
DICKINSON, wife of Mr. W. H., M.D. , at Chesterfield-street, May 10. HUBERT WOOLLAMS At Hammersmith, Mr. P. X. Hubert to May 12.
FARRINGTON, wife of Lieut. -Col. O. J. McL. , Commissioner and Adula L., daughter of Mr. J. Woollams, of Brook-green-terrace, GOODWIN, Mr. S. , at Bancroft House, Hitchin, aged 63, May 17.
Supdt., at Rawul Pindee, April 15. and Wigmore-street, May 15. GRAHAM, Buchanan, son of the late Mr. R. , M.D. , Prof. of Botany,
FORDHAM, Mrs. H. , at Odsey Park, Cambs. , May 12. JEFFCOAT- BARBER- At Berkswell, Mr. H. Jeffcoat, of Balsall, to Edin., at Callao, March 29.
FRASER, wife of Mr. D. A. C. , M.D. , Surgeon 103rd Fusiliers, at Sarah, daughter of the late Mr. E. Barber, of Barston Hall, War- GROVE, Mr. W. T., at Upper Norwood, aged 57, May 14.
Orme-square, Kensington-gardens, May 13. wickshire, May 13. HALE, Mr. W., at Batheaston, near Bath, aged 70, May 13.
FURNESS, wife of Rev. J. M.. at Rugby, May 16. JEFFERY - BOORN At Fareham, Hants, William, son of Mr. W. HARDY, Harmer B., son of the late Mr. R. , of Cork, aged 11, May 14.
HANNEN, Mrs. H. M., at Glasgow, May 17. Jeffery, of Ratham, near Chichester, to Ellen, daughter of Mr. HARLEY, Mr. H. R. , at Paris, aged 61, May 9.
HARRISON, wife of Rev. J. J., Chaplain R. N., at York, May 14. G. Boorn, of Fareham, May 13. HARTSHORNE, Francis O. , son of the Rev. C. H., late Rector of
HOUSEMAN, Mrs. H. , at Cleveland-terrace, Hyde Park, May 9. JOHNSTON CHURCHILL- At Claughton, Richard, son of Mr. J. John- Holdenby, Northampton, near Dom Pedro, Brazil, aged 26,
INMAN, Mrs. C. , at Spital Old Hall, near Chester, May 13. ston, M.R.C.S., Liverpool, to Frances A., daughter of Mr. W. Dec. 28, 1868.
LE BLOND, Mrs. F. A., at Norbiton, Surrey, May 13. Churchill, Claughton, Birkenhead, May 12. HARTWRIGHT, Mr. J. H., M.I.C.E., at Barcelona, May 2.
LEECHMAN, Mrs. W. C., at Colombo, Ceylon, April 16. KIDDLE- PROWSR- At Lee, Mr. J. Kiddle, R.N. , to Gertrude, HAWKES, Mr. E., of Messrs. Knight and Hawkes, Clerkenwell-close,
Low, Mrs. E., at Rose-hill Park, Sutton, May 13. daughter of Mr. R. Prowse, Lee, Kent, May 13. at Holloway, aged 60, May 17.
MARKHAM, Mrs. C. W. , at Saxby Rectory,Barton-on- Humber, May 15. LEBEGUE - SMER -At Reigate, Jean L., son of Mons. L. Lebègue, HOOD, Amelia C. T. , daughter of Colonel, at Dulwich, aged 12, May13.
MASSEY, Mrs. E., at South Hampstead, May 18, of Mansle, Charente, to Catherine E., daughter of Major- Gen. HUSSEY, Elizabeth, wife of the Rev. W. L., at Ringstead, Norfolk,
MEYER, Mrs. F. A. , of Olive Mount, Liverpool, May 18. W. N. T. Smee, of Reigate, May 13. aged 39, May 15.
MOORE, Mrs. J. C. , at Kensington-square, May 18. LER- DODD-At Kingston, Jamaica, Mr. W. R. Lee, Solicitor, to IMPEY, Adeline, infant daughter of Colonel A. , R.E., at Cheltenham,
MORTON, wife of Mr. V. , J.P. , at Craigaverne, Queen's Co. , May 12. Sophia I., daughter of the late Mr. J. Dodd, of Glassonby, Cum- May 12.
NEWTON, wife of Mr. W. J. , formerly Capt. 3rd Buffs, at Brentwood, berland, April 6. JAMES, Dolores, infant daughter of the Rev. B. F., at Little Dean's-
May 17. LITTLE -HUNT-At Norwich, Mr. J. Little, of Eye, Northampton- yard, Westminster, aged five days, May 17.
OLIVER, wife of Lieut., R.N., at Southampton, May 15. shire, to Henrietta E., daughter of the late Rev. T. M. Hunt, JOHNSON, Mr. R. , W.S., at Edinburgh, May 12.
PERRY, wife of Mr. G. , Assist.- Surgeon Scots Fus. Guards, at Pear Vicar of Oulton, Norfolk, May 11. JOHNSTONE, Mr. J. , M.D., at Leamington, aged 63, May 11.
Tree-green, near Southampton, May 12. LITTLE MARCHANT-At New York, R. W. Little, of Shanghai, son KEATES, Dr. W. , Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals, Dacca, at
POOLE, Mrs. M. C., Assist. Commr., Bassein, at Bassein, April 1. of W. J. Little, M.D. , of London, to Mary, daughter of the late Calcutta, April 19.
RAYMOND, wife of Capt. E., 44th Regt., at Leamington, May 12, Henry Marchant, of New York, April 29. KEATING, Fanny, at Norfolk-square, Hyde Park, aged 12, May 14.
RICKMAN, wife of Lieut. -Col. , 2nd Depôt Battn., at Chatham Bar- MACNAGHTEN BRANDER - At Meerut, Capt. W. H. Macnaghten, KNOTT, Mr. G. A. , M.D. , formerly of Coventry, at Brighton, aged 48,
racks, May 10. 13th Bengal Lancers, to Alice E., daughter of Lieut. -Colonel May 16.
ROBERTS, wife of Major C. F., R. Art., at Cambridge-square, Hyde M. J. Brander, Bengal S.C. , April 15. LACH-SZYRMA, Sarah, widow of late Col., at Devonport, aged 67,
Park, May 16 (child survived only a few hours). MAINPRISE-PULLEN-At Devonport, Mr. W. B. Mainprise, R.N., May 9.
RUSSELL, wife ofRev. R. N., at Beachampton Rectory, Bucks, May 8. Paymaster of H.M.S. Northumberland, to Mary S., daughter of LANKESTER, Mr. A. , of Upper Tooting, at Newport Pagnell, aged 30,
RYAN, wife of Lieut. Col. E. M., at Allahabad, April 19. Capt. T. C. Pullen, R.N., Royal Dockyard, Devonport, May 18. May 16.
SCRIVEN, Mrs. J. B., Lahore, Punjaub, April 3. MAITLAND-WHITE-At Woodsetts, Yorkshire, Mr. J. R. G. Mait- LEITH, Major J. , V.C. , late of the 14th Hussars and Scots Greys, at
SOTHEBY, wife ofRear-Admiral, at Park- st. , Grosvenor-sq ., May 12. land, late 4th R. I. Dragoon Guards, to Fanny L. F., daughter of Gloucester-place, Hyde Park, aged 42, May 13.
SPERLING, Mrs. H. R. , at Harrow Weald, May 13. Sir T. W. White, Bt. , ofWallingwells and Langold, Notts, May 12. LEWIS, Mr. G., M.D. , at Bieberich-on-the-Rhine, aged 81, May 7.
TAYLOR, Mrs. C., at Houghton Hall, Durham, May 13. MARSHALL- GARDNER-At Huyton, Lancashire, Mr. J. Marshall, of LLOYD, Elizabeth M. , relict of the late Mr. W. , M.P., at Bath,
THOMPSON, Mrs. W., at Bognor, May 18. Thornton Hough, Cheshire, Barrister, to Elizabeth, daughter ofthe May 6.
TURNER, Mrs. W. S. , of Inverness-terrace, May 15. late Mr. J. Gardner, of Huyton, April 28. LOCKEY, Rev. F. , at Swainswick, near Bath, aged 71, May 14.
WATSON, wife of Major G. V. , 66th Regt. , at the Curragh, May 9. MURRAY- GILBERT- At New York, Mr. J. A. Murray, of Colesberg, LUARD, Commander P. E., R. N., at Bath, aged 37, May 13.
WEIR, Mrs. J. M. , at Cookstown, Tyrone, May 16. Cape of Good Hope, to Marion, daughter of Mr. G. Y. Gilbert, of MANTHORP, Mr. D. L. , at Thorp Abbey, near Colchester, aged 66,
WESTALL, wife of Rev. W. , at Forebridge Vicarage, Stafford, May 18 Gilbertsville, N.Y. , April 28. May 14
WILLSON, Mrs. J., jun. , at Tulse-hill, May 13. PEARSON-EVANS-At Little Portland-st. Chapel, Mr. G. G. Pearson, MASON, Margaret, wife of Rev. W., at Kirkby Malzeard, Ripon,
DAUGHTERS. of Argyll- road, Kensington, to Edith, daughter of Mr. W. Evans, aged 65, May 11.
of Cornwall-gard ens,Handsworth,
May 13. near Sheffield, Mr. J. S. Pratt, MAXWELL, Miss, ofWest-hill, at Arundel, Dumfries, aged 85, May 13.
ASKEW, wife of Mr. H. H. , late 7th Dragoon Guards, at South PRATT BROWN At MAZE, Mr. P. , formerly of Bristol, at Portland-place, aged 63, May 14.
Hampstead, May 15.
BLAIR, wife of Capt. G. F. , R. Art. , at Thayetmyo, March 27. Sheffield, to Edith M., daughter of Mr. J. B. Brown, J.P. , of MCPHERSON, Helen, daughter of the late Mr. D. , late of Calcutta, at
BOUSFIELD, wife of Rev. H. B., at Winchester, May 16. Handsworth, May 12. Wokingham, May 14.
BRIGHT, Mrs. H. A. , at Fairfield, Liverpool, May 15. PRESTON- PALMER - At Kilburn, Mr. C. S. Preston, of Burbage, near MELVIL, Mr. F., at Amsterdam, aged 66, May 10.
BRODRICK, wife of Hon. and Rev. A. , at Stagsden Vicarage, May 16. Hinckley, Leicestershire, to Caroline H., daughter of Mr. W. MILLMAN, Margaret, wife of Mr. C. G. , J.P. , at Dawlish, aged 66,
BURY, the Viscountess, at Prince's-gate, May 15. Palmer, Kilburn, May 13. May 15.
CARMARTHEN, the Marchioness of, at Lowndes-square, May 17. RAE--PATTEN--At Everton, Liverpool, Arthur W., son of Mr. H. J. MOIR, Emma T., wife of Mr. J. F., at Wayfalla, Ceylon, April 13.
CLARKE, Mrs. R. C. , at Noblethorpe, May 11 (stillborn). Rae, Crown Solicitor, Dublin, to Caroline, daughter of the late MOLIQUE, Herr B., at Cannstatt, Wurtemburg, aged 67, May 10.
CRANE, wife of Capt . H. A. , Adjt. 1st A.R.V. (late 72nd Highlanders), Mr. W. Patten, Everton,Maidstone,
May 12. MONYPENNY, Thomas, son of Mr. T. P. B. G., at Gloucester-terrace,
SALOMONS- THOMAS- At Mr. L. Salomons, of London, to Kensington, aged 14, May 14.
at Aberdeen, May 17 (prematurely) . Mary E., daughter of the late Mr. E. Thomas, of Maidstone, MOORE, Mr. C. F. , at Frome, aged 79, May 12.
DENNISTOUN, Mrs. J. W., at Auchinlea, Dumbartonshire, May 10. May 15. MORRIS, Mr. T. , of Birmingham, at Oxford, aged 58, May 10.
DOVETON, wife of Lieut.-Col. W. J., Madras Army, at Bath, May 17. SANDHAM- GZONSHI-At Toronto, Captain R. Sandham, R. Art., to MORSHEAD, Capt. , P. A. , R.A. , son of the late Cel. A. , R. E. , of
DUNMORE, the Countess of, at Great Cumberland-place, May 16. Maria, daughter of Mr. C. S. Gzonshi, of Toronto, April 29. Widey Court, Devon, at Wiverton, near Plympton, aged 47, May9.
GIBSON, Mrs. H., at Chipping Ongar, May 14. MYTTON, Mr. R. H., at Garth, Welshpool, aged 60, May 12.
GREEN, wife of Sir H. R., at St. George's-road, Eccleston-square, SHACKELL - HOERNLE -At Meerut, Rev. H. W. Shackell, M.A. , late
May 18. Fellow ofPembroke College, Cambridge, to Emma M. W., daughter NAYLOR, Eliza S. S., daughter of Lieut. -Colonel, at Bognor, May 13.
HATCH, wife of the Rev. Edwin, at Oxford, May 17. of the Rev. C. T. Hoernle, C.M.S. , April 2. NEWTON, Emma, daughter of the Rev. E. J., at Bruton, Somerset,
HOBY, Mrs. J., at Chapel-street, Belgrave-square, May 19. SHUTTLEWORTH-HEALE-At Poyntington, Somerset, Rev. W. S. aged 14, May 14.
JAMES, wife of Rev. B. F. , Little Dean's-yard, Westminster, Shuttleworth, Curate of St. Edmund, Salisbury, to Elizabeth K. W., NICHOLLS, Lady. at Hyde Park-street, May 14.
May 12. daughter of Rev. J. Heale, May 12. NICHOLLS, Mr. G. J. , F.R.C.S.E. , at Bourne, aged 76, May 13.
JOHNSON, wife of Commander W. F. , R.N. , at Southend, May 16. SMITH JEFFERY- At Covent-garden, W. S., son of the late Capt. NORTHMORE, Katherine, widow of the Rev. T. W., of Cleve House,
LANGHAM, Hon. Mrs., at Maesllwch Castle, Radnorshire, May 12 W. R. Smith, R. N., to Elizabeth A. , daughter of the late Mr. R. Devon, at Cheltenham, aged 70, May 11.
(prematurely, stillborn). Jeffery, of Ceylon, May 15. ODELL, Mr. T. S. , at Kilcleagh Park, near Moate, co. Westmeath,
LASSEN, Mrs. E. S., at Bradford, May 13. SPENCER- BYARS --At Kensington, Mr. G. Spencer, of Notting-hill, aged 40, May 10.
MACDONALD, Mrs. R. S. , at Chapel-street West, May 16. to Alice C., widow of Mr. W. Byars, of Bayswater, May 15. ORME, Eliza, widow of the late Mr. F. D., formerly H.M.'s Chargé
MACKAY, Mrs. G., at Grantown, Inverness-shire, May 12. TAYLEUR-STOWELL- At Eccles, Mr. C. J. Tayleur, of Torquay, to d'Affaires at Venezuela, at Brighton, aged 78, May 17.
MAMMATT, Mrs. E. F. , at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, May 11. Lucy M., daughter of the late Rev. H. Stowell, Rector of Christ PARRATT, Mary B., wife of Mr. J., M.D., at Tottenham, May 12.
MARSHALL, Mrs. F. , at Eccleston-square, May 11. Church, Salford, May 12. PASLEY, Matilda, wife of Admiral Sir T. S. , Bart. , at Fareham,
MAY, Mrs. F., at Montague-street, Russell-square, May 18. THACKER- DAVISON - At Horley, Mr. W. A. Thacker, Norwood, to aged 63, May 15.
MOURILYAN, Mrs. T. B., at Lewisham, May 6 (prematurely, stillborn) . Elizabeth,STOPFORD-
daughter of Mr. J. Davison, Horley, April 17. PEACOCK, Thomas S., son of Mr. T., of the Inland Revenue, at
NUTT, wife of Rev. R. , at Carisbrooke, May 15. THESIGER At Knightsbridge, the Hon. EdwardThesiger, Hungerford-road, Camden-road, aged 22, May 14.
PARTRIDGE, Mrs. H. T. , at Hockham Hall, Norfolk, May 12. son of Lord Chelmsford, to Georgiana M. , daughter of Mr. W. PEARSON, John, son of Mr. W. , at Stourbridge, aged 28, May 11.
PASLEY, wife of Capt. , R. N., at Mylnbeck, Windermere, May 17. Bruce Stopford, of Drayton House, Northamptonshire, May 13. PENLEY, Colonel, late of the Bombay Army, at Croydon, May 14.
PIGOT, wife of Rev. H., at the Vicarage, Wisbech, May 12. VANDERVELL- THORNTON- At Paddock, Yorkshire, Mr. H. É. Van- PENNY, Elizabeth, widow of Mr. H. , of Yeovil, at West Coker,
PRITCHARD, wife of Mr. C. , R. N. , at Southsea, May 12. dervell, of Westbourne Park, London, to Fanny, daughter of Mr. J. aged 86, May 14.
SCHULER, Mrs. J. Otto, at Euston-square, May 16. Thornton, of Paddock, May 12. PHILLIPS, Mr. C. F. , ofthe 3rd (K.O. ) Hussars, at Bellapore, aged 25,
SLOCOCK, wife of Rev. S., at Chard, Somerset, May 14 (prematurely, WINBOLT- STEVENS- At Singapore, Mr. J. S. Winbolt, M.A. , Trin. April 21.
stillborn). Coll., Cambridge, A.I.C.E., to Christina I., daughter of the late PHILLPOTTS, John E. , son of Colonel J. S. , at Honiton, aged 12,
SMITH, wife of Rev. A., at Wendover House, Bucks, May 16. Mr. R. Stevens, M. R.C.S. , April 10. May 15.
STAMMERS, wife of Capt. , 10th Regt. , at Bath, May 14. WOOD- RIX-At Hornsey, Augustus A., son of Mr. E. G. Wood, of PIESSE, Martha, wife of Mr. F. A. , late of the War Department, at
STEELE, wife of Mr. G. B. , of Demerara, at Sackville-st., May 13. Cheapside, to Annie I., daughter of the late Mr. J. Rix, of Malta, May 5.
STIRLING, Mrs. Charles, at Southsea, May 12. Watling-street, May 15. PLUMMER, Rev. J. T., Rector of Hartley Maudytt, Alton, Hants,
STURGES, wife of Rev. E., at Great Milton Vicarage, May 8. YOUNG- SMITH-At Richmond, Surrey, Mr. E. Young, of Hawkhurst, at Hyères, aged 45, May 12.
THOMPSON, wife of Capt. R., at Walworth Hall, near Darlington, Kent, to Eleanor B. , daughter of the late Mr. H. Smith, of Rich- POCKLINGTON, Harriet F., wife of Colonel E., at Cornwall-terrace,
May 12. mond, May 13. Regent's Park, May 19.
TURNBULL, wife of Rev. J., at Gateacre, near Liverpool, May 11. WOOLSTENHULME- BROOKS - At Wood-green, Mr. J. Woolstenhulme, POTTER, Ellen, wife of Captain, at George Town, British Guiana,
WATTS, wife of Mr. P. W., 18th Regt. , at Woodville, co. Waterford, of Oldham, Lancashire, to Mary, daughter of Mr. G. Brooks, of aged 29, April 3.
May 10. Christ's Hospital, May 18. PURNELL, Col. W. P., formerly commanding the 90th Regt. Lt.
WETHERALL, Mrs. F. H. P. , at Westbourne-place, May 15. DEATHS. Inf. , Ensign of H.M.'s Royal Body Guard of the Yeomen of the
MARRIAGES. Guard, and J.P. for Gloucester, at Cookham, Berks, aged 47,
ALBEMARLE, Frances, Countess of, at Lyons, May 16. May 14.
ALLEN- PEELE-At Hokitika, N.Z. , Charles S., son of Rev. W. ALDOUS, Lieut. -Colonel W. , of H.M. Indian army, at Worthing, ROBERTSON, Helen F., daughter of Capt. , at St. Leonard's-on-Sea,
Allen, of Pembroke, South Wales, to Mary, daughter of Mr. J. aged 75, May 12. aged 5, May 17.
Peele, of Toorak, Melbourne, Feb. 27. ALLEN, Rev. J. H. T., Rector of Mappowder, at Brockhill, Salt- RUTLAND, Mr. S., Solicitor, at Peterborough, aged 39, May 9.
BORRADAILE - WILKES-At Westminster, Rev. A. Borradaile, M.A. , wood, Kent, aged 59, May 15. SALTOUN, Marjory A. L , daughter of Lord Saltoun, at Great
incumbent of St. Mary's,Westminster,
Tothillfields, to Anne, daughter of the ANDRE, Peter F. , son of the late Mr. P., of London, at Vienna, aged Stanhope-street, aged 14, May 19.
late Mr. J. W. Wilkes, of May 13. 37, May 8. SCOBELL, Capt. G. T., R. N., at High Littleton, near Bath, aged 83,
BREMER- LIGHTFOOT- At Highbury, Mr. M. A. Bremer, of Canon- BAGLEY, Mr. J., at Chiswick, aged 51, May 15. May 11.
bury, to Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. J. Lightfoot, of Sunderland, Mr. W., at St. Mark's-crescent, Notting-hill, aged 84, May 14. SCOTT, Capt. C., at Greenwich , aged 59, May 18.
May 12. BAILEY, Sarah A. , relict of Mr. A., of Jamaica, at Bath, aged 84. SLADE, Mary A. , widow of Capt. H., R. Art. , at Putney, aged 67,
CHALDECOTT - ILLINGWORTH - At St. George's, Hanover-sq., Captain May 9. May 14.
M. A. Chaldecott, RI. Art., to Lucy M. , daughter of Mr. H. S. BOWER, Mrs. R. , at Welham, near Malton, aged 71, May 11. SMITH, Mr. T., of the Firm of Smith and Burdekin, Solicitors, at
Illingworth, of Arlington-street, May 12. BROWNE, Mr. W. J. , H.M.'s Office of Works, at Victoria-square, Handsworth, near Sheffield , aged 48, May 15.
CHANNELL CURTIS-At Paddington, Fred. W. , son of the late Mr. aged 69, May 12. SMEE, Margaret, widow of Mr. W. , of Woodberry Down and Fins-
P. Channell, of Peckham, to Mary A. , daughter of the late Mr. BUSH, Augusta, wife ofthe Rev. J., Rector of Ousby, Cumberland, at bury-pavement, at Salzburg, aged 71, May 10.
W. N. Curtis, of Leyton, May 13. Hastings, May 8. STAPLETON, Mr. W. B. , formerly of the Staff Corps Cavalry, at Pem-
CHRYSOVELONI- SCHILIZZI- At Manchester, Mr. L. J. Chrysoveloni, CAMERON, Angus, son of Mr. D., of Oakbank, Victoria Australia, at broke-square, Kensington, aged 77, May 8.
of Constantinople , to Mary, daughter of the late Mr. J. L. Schilizzi , Ventnor, aged 17, May 6. STOVELL, Mr. M. , M.D. , C.S.I. , late Principal Inspector-General
ofAthens, May 15. CARR, Mr. W., at Torquay, aged 64, May 11. Bombay Medical Department, at Belsize Park, Hampstead, May 8.
COOTE-JONES-At Hammersmith, Mr. A. H. Coote, Coote Hill, co. CATTLOW, Mr. W. F. , Solicitor, at Dorrington, Market Drayton, SUTTON, Mr. C. F. , at Cambridge-terrace, Regent's Park, aged 70,
Cavan, to Mary, daughter ofthe late Capt. C. Jones, May 18. aged 33. May 17. May 17.
COTTON- HOPCRAFT -At Penge, Lieut. T. J. Cotton, Madras S.C., CHAPLIN, Mr. C. E. P. (late 14th Hussars), at Scarborough, aged 23, THOMPSON, Mary, late of Brighton, at Nice, aged 53, May 11.
to Ada, daughter of Mr. W. Hopcraft, of Anerley, May 18. May 18. TOMLINSON, Colonel, of Llwyndu House, Monmouthshire, J.P. for
DICKINS WILKINSON- At Crumpsall, Manchester, Mr. F. V. Dickins, CHRISTIE, Major-General J. , C.B. , Bengal Staff Corps, at San Remo, Staffordshire, at Clarges-street, aged 65, May 16.
late R. N., to Mary, daughter of Mr. W. M. Wilkinson, Cheetham- Italy, May 7. UNDERWOOD, Colonel G. A. , late H.M.'s Madras Engineers, at
hill, Manchester, May 13. CONQUEST, George, son of the late Dr. , at Birchfield, Isle of Wight, Edinburgh, May 12.
EDWARD-WILLIAMS- At Beachley, Gloucestershire, Mr. W. Edward, aged 47, May 8. UNWIN, Mr. S. , for many years Common Councilman and Deputy of
of Llanvrechva, Monmouthshire, to Louisa J., daughter of Mr. CROMWELL, Mary E. , widow of the late Rev. G., at Tunbridge Wells, Langbourn Ward, at Brixton, May 17.
T. P. Williams, of Beachley, May 11. aged 85, May 9. WADGE, Emily, wife of Capt. J. L., at Neuwied-on-the-Rhine, aged 38,
ELLIOT BAVERSTOCK-At Newington, Captain J. Elliot, of Annan, DASHWOOD, Admiral W. B., at Geneva, aged 79, May 9. May 11.
Dumfriesshire,
New Kent-road,toMay Eliza13.A. , daughter of Mr. W. W. Baverstock, of DEACLE, Mary, relict of the late Rev. H. , Vicar of Dilham, Norfolk, WALSH, Maria, relict of the late Mr. J. H., J.P. and D.L., at
at Hemel Hempstead, aged 78, May 14. Kilduff, King's County, May 14.
GILMAN- BARROW-At Paddington, Mr. W. A. Gilman, of Reigate, DELAFOSSE, the wife of the Rev. A. N., M.A., at Kirton Rectory, WHARTON, Mr. W. , late of H.M.'s Dockyard, Sheerness, at Maid-
to Barbara C. , daughter of the late Mr. T. Barrow, of Southall, near Ipswich, aged 42, May 15. stone, aged 74, May 11.
May 15. DICKINSON, Mr. J. H., at Wavertree, near Liverpool, aged 59, May 12.
GLENNIE- HOGARTH-At Hatfield, Rev. A. H. Glennie, M.A. , Minor WHITE, Mr. H. , J.P. , at Palmyra-square, Warrington, aged 63,
Du VERNET, Colonel J. F. (late 87th R. Irish Fusiliers), at Bath, May 16.
Canon of Chichester Cathedral, to Lydia, daughter of Rev. H. aged 63, May 16. WOOD, Alfred C., son of the late Capt. S. , at Berbice, aged 46,
Hogarth, May 18. DUGDALE , Mr. H., of Craythorne , Yorkshire, at Nice, aged 33, April 15.
GOULD SHARPE -At Milton, near Gravesend, Mr. T. Gould, jun. , of May 13.
Sheffield, to Frances H. , daughter of the late Capt. J. E. Sharpe, WRAY, Mr. S., M.D. , M.R.C.P. , at Brixton, aged 77, May 12.
46th Bengal N.I., May 13. DYCE, Rev. A. , at Oxford-terrace, aged 70, May 15. YOUNG, Mr. D. D. , President of the Quebec Bank, at Quebec, aged 56,
EDGEWORTH, Mr. R. L., ofEdgeworthstown, at Naples, aged26, May8. May 6.
[ 314 ]
 MAY 28, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 3

question is, How will it accomplish those ends ? We have

no great belief in anything in the nature of open violence
THE PALL MALL BUDGET. or revolution on the part of the Opposition. In the first
place, the physical difficulties of such an undertaking, in particular
in Paris, are at present infinitely greater than they ever were before.
FRIDAY, MAY 28, 1869.
Paris has been so arranged that it may be regarded as being per-
manently in a state of military occupation . The vast barracks
which are studded about all over the town, and the enormous
thoroughfares which pierce it in every direction, have increased the
DEMOCRACY IN FRANCE.
power of the troops over the population to an indefinite extent,
THE result of the most important of the French elections is now and from the year 1789 to the present day there has hardly been a
known, and it is clear beyond all doubt that nearly all the principal single case in which troops when resolutely led have refused to act
cities in France have returned candidates who oppose the present against the people. Besides this, the very fact that the form in
Government either upon what we in this country might call which the Democratic party have shown their strength is that of a
Liberal- Conservative, or upon ultra-Democratic principles. No parliamentary election affords a considerable guarantee against
doubt it is possible to overrate the importance of this, but it any acts of downright violence on their part. Every one
is by no means improbable that it may denote the opening of a who enters the Legislative Assembly enters it of necessity under
new chapter in European history, as to the purport of which it more or less of a pledge to keep the peace and to obtain what he
is difficult to form conjectures beforehand. It is impossible, requires by constitutional means. Violence, if it is to be feared at
however, to feel any doubt as to the main inference which all, is to be feared in the shape of a coup d'état. We can readily
must be drawn from the elections. It is that the great towns imagine that the Emperor might find himself so much embarrassed
are opposed to the Imperial system, and that large parts of by the Legislature as to be obliged in his own opinion to get rid
their population go further and favour democracy in its more of it by force ; but this, again, could hardly occur unless there
advanced shapes. To draw from this fact any definite or positive were a parliamentary majority against him, and as yet he has
conclusion would be extremely difficult, but there is compara- not incurred that misfortune. Whatever the source of his power
tively little difficulty in estimating some of the circumstances may be, whether he has really won the hearts of the priests and
which are connected with it, and some of the inferences to which the peasantry, or whether the mere power of the great adminis-
it points. trative machine over which he presides practically enables him
In the first place it enables us to measure to a certain extent and his agents to procure the return of the candidates whom he
the true force of that reaction in favour of conservatism and sacer- prefers, it is at all events pretty clear that in one way or
dotalism of which of late we have heard so much. No doubt a another he is getting and will get a majority, and if he
certain number of the candidates who have put themselves forward, arrives at that result, the presence of a more or less active and
and some even of those who have been successful at the late more or less influential opposition will make very little difference to
elections, have been elected in the interests of what we should him . It will rather set off his real victory over his antagonists.
call extreme Toryism ; but, as far as we can judge from the These remarks bear rather upon the immediate aspects of the case
character of the returns, the great parties in France appear to than upon the wider and more remote and subtle consequences
be on the one hand the supporters of the Government, on the which may be apprehended from the comparative and modified
other its Liberal or Democratic opponents. Those who carry their triumph of the Democratic party at the elections. Nothing can in
Toryism so far as to oppose the Imperial system on the ground the long run be more desirable for the ultimate triumph of their views
of its being too liberal seem to be few. The real power of the than that they should not succeed too soon and, above all, by violence.
reactionary party in France probably lies in the hands of the clergy, A Democratic revolution gained by bloodshed would be the
and they are by no means unfavourable to Imperialism , because most disastrous of all defeats to the Liberal party through-
they think they can guide it in their own direction. The force of out Europe. For the last eighty years their own violence
the Democratic opposition in the great towns is, however, a very has been the greatest of their drawbacks. If the French
remarkable circumstance. In all times and countries the great had but contented themselves with defeating the coalition, and
bulk of the population are, generally speaking, prepared to sub- had resisted the temptation to become the conquerors of Europe
scribe the old formula, Whoever's king I will be subject. The under NAPOLEON ; if the revolutions of 1830 and 1848 had not
optimism which is natural to every one who is moderately com- been so conducted as to strike terror into the hearts of the whole
fortable ; the desire for a quiet life, which is one of the strongest and population of rural France, to say nothing of the shopkeepers of
most tenacious of all human desires, and which is one of the few the great towns, can any one suppose that Europe would still have
which grows stronger as people grow older ; the mere momentum of
been as much enslaved and obscured, spiritually and morally,
great establishments, which is powerful everywhere, and is more as many parts of it still are ? The French Liberals have a
powerful probably in France at the present day than it ever was in long road to travel, an immense amount of work to do, and
any other time or country- all conspire to make France in general most powerful enemies to contend against . The Liberals them-
a very conservative country. Moreover, the national temperament, selves are not so very wise, and the huge lumps of stupidity
which in the absence of special excitement is by no means adven- and bigotry with which they have to deal must be dealt with, if at
turous, and the recollections of war and revolution which have all, gradually, tenderly, and, above all, without the employment of
produced deeper effects on large sections of French society than terror or physical force. This may to a certain extent be done
in any other part of Europe, all weigh in the same scale, and all by a parliamentary Opposition . The work is by no means.
conspire to favour the stability of the power of the man whom so attractive. It is very slow, and particularly uncertain. It
many of his countrymen delight to honour with the title of the is, moreover, a sort of work in which there are tides which
Saviour of Society. The great towns, however, have deliberately by no means lead on to fortune, but rather to disappoint-
declared that after all, and with a full knowledge of the ment and vexation of every conceivable kind. Still it is.
various difficulties of the case, they do not love, and, so far practically speaking, the only mode yet discovered by which
as their powers of choosing go, will not have, Imperialism great political changes can be made safely and effectually, and,
and personal government. They have decided, as far as they though the advice to adopt it is the most commonplace of
are able to decide, to give another trial to the principle all possible commonplaces, it is still one which is so
which a great part of Europe is following, and attempting in tinually forgotten that it can scarcely be too often recommended
various ways to embody in a tangible shape. It is impossible not to notice.
to rejoice at this. A man need not be a very enthusiastic believer
in the progress of his species to see that, whatever may be the THE BIRMINGHAM PROTESTANTS.
special merits or demerits of particular schemes of government,
priestcraft and superstition are in themselves bad and degrading, IT is easy to treat the commonplaces of such speakers as Lord
whilst irresponsible personal government or despotism can be good HARROWBY and Mr. NEWDEGATE with contempt, and to say that
only for a time, and under circumstances which can hardly be the speeches which they made at Birmingham deserve no notice,
permanent. To be governed by priests is to be cheated . Το because we now hear for the thousandth time all about the domi-
be governed by soldiers may for a time and under circumstances nation of the Pope, and the theory that the disestablishment of the
be a necessary evil, but it is still an evil, and a great one existing Church will have for its effect the establishment of Roman
in comparison with almost any form of government of a more Catholic ascendency. It is perfectly true that this sort of eloquence
popular kind. is sufficiently vapid, and that the threats in which it deals so largely
However we may be glad to hear that the French have not as are for the most part in the nature of bugbears. There is, however, a
yet given up in despair the hope of something better than the good deal of force in the case which those who repeat them set
system which has prevailed so long, has cost so much, and has up, unless, indeed, we are prepared to take a line upon the whole
done so little for them that is really permanent or satisfactory, it subject, the true character of which is imperfectly apprehended by
still is impossible to look without grave anxiety at the prospect many Liberals, and which, if it were apprehended, would be
which
elsewher is opened by the elections at Paris, Lyons, Marseilles, and exceedingly unpopular with many of those half-and-half Liberals
e.
In some way or other the Democratic opposition who include in their political creed a considerable dose of Con-
will most undoubtedly make itself heard and felt, but the servatism. It is as well to miss no opportunity of giving its due
[ 319 ]
 4 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28, 1869.

prominence to this truth, even if the occasion for speaking of it the Roman Catholics, carefully respect their feelings, admit
arises from a matter so insignificant in itself as the Protestant in every possible way, and on all occasions political and social,
meeting at Birmingham . public and private, the full and unquestionable right of every one
The great argument used is in a few words as follows :-By to think as he pleases on these subjects, without incurring any
disestablishing the Irish Church you are making over Ireland to penalty, legal or social, for his opinions ; but legislate in a spirit
the priests, and are pledging yourselves to a course of policy which and upon principles diametrically opposed to the fundamental
can lead to nothing but the institution of a system of denomi- position of their creed, as it is at present taught and understood.
national education which would be exclusively in the hands and Recognize their religion as a respectable opinion, but never in any
under the control of the priests, and in a general confiscation of single instance legislate upon the assumption of its truth. Treat
the land of the Protestant gentry for the benefit of the Roman their clergy as members of an honourable profession, but never
Catholic peasantry. There is, no doubt, a good deal of rough give them the least scrap of power. Legislate independently
force in this way of putting the matter. Speaking broadly, it is and irrespectively of them upon all subjects, such as marriage,
certainly true that the destruction of the Established Church is a education, and endowments, which have a bearing upon morals
blow to Protestantism- a blow, by the way, which Protestants have or religion. Assert in every possible way the moral right and
brought on their own heads by forcing themselves into a false and duty of the laity of the United Kingdom to regulate these
untenable position - and an advantage to Popery. And no doubt matters throughout the whole of the United Kingdom according to
if it is assumed tacitly or expressly that throughout the British the principles which the majority for the time being regard as true,
Islands religion and government are to be closely connected, if it and as a pledge of sincerity apply these principles not only to
is admitted as a general principle that we must have Church Ireland, but to Great Britain as well. In this way, and in this
establishments of some denomination or other, that the State way alone, will it be possible to obviate the danger which the
is inadequate to the task of moral government, and that Par- ordinary Protestant arguments point out of making Ireland over to
4 liament cannot discharge any functions which involve on the priests. We do not, of course, say that the course which we propose
the part of the State anything which can be represented would be by any means smooth or easy, or that it would lead to any
as a spiritual authority over the individuals which compose it, speedy results. The seed may be sown in our time, but the
the effect of such a bill as the one now before Parliament would harvest would not, in all probability, be gathered for more than one
be to rid the Irish Roman Catholic clergy of an inconvenient rival, generation . We must expect in the meantime fierce party contests,
who at present prevents their claims from being recognized by the revision of many English institutions, bitter hostility on the part
law and embodied in public institutions, and it would thus go some of a powerful opposition ; but no great changes can be made except
way towards increasing and confirming the spiritual power which at this expense, and the examples of Spain and Belgium may
they at present possess . It must, indeed, be observed at the same show us how strongly they may set in in the most priestridden
time that the spiritual power of the Roman Catholic clergy, countries of Europe
Europe.. It will surely be disgraceful if the Liberals
whether in Ireland or in other parts of the world, is perfectly of England cannot do for Ireland what the Liberals of Belgium
independent of the State. It has its root in the weakness are doing for Belgium in the face of an opposition far more bitter
and ignorance of mankind, in the cowardice with which than any which we should have to encounter.
they refuse to acknowledge that ignorance, preferring to an
honest avowal of it belief in every sort of superstition, and it is
therefore not true that any Act of Parliament can make Ireland
MR. FORSTER ON THE AMERICAN QUESTION.
over to the Pope and his clergy. They have what they have by
virtue of principles which exist independently of all legislation MR. FORSTER must certainly be passionately in love with work if,
whatever, and it is probable enough that the unjust and foolish as he told his constituents at Bradford the other day, """there is more
steps which have been taken at various times to diminish their life and more youth given to one by such a meeting' as the one
power have had the effect of rooting it more deeply in some he addressed, " than by anything one can find on the moors." This,
directions. however, is a question for himself alone. The public in general are
The true answer, however, to Lord HARROWBY and Mr. NEW- bound to admit that he has employed what may be ironically called
DEGATE is one which is not the less true because they would his vacation after a fashion which to them at least is highly useful.
not wish it to be given, or because, when it is given, they may His speech at Leeds about education was a good one, but the
make use of it at any other Protestant demonstration which they whole tone and temper of his speech at Bradford about America
may think it worth while to attend. It is that the time has come appears to us excellent, whilst it is impossible not to feel that the
for keeping the clergy in order, not by setting up one Church argument which it embodies must go far to convince every one who
against another, but by enlarging our conceptions of the sphere of is capable of weighing the subject coolly that in the particular matter
the State, by claiming for and exercising by the State those just now in dispute between this country and the United States we
functions which the clergy have hitherto regarded as their are so completely in the right that it is practically impossible for
own ; and, in particular, the function of education. The Queen's us to consent to discuss the question. Mr. FORSTER points out,
Colleges and the national system of education have done more what is undeniably true, that he personally has always been con-
to diminish the power of the priests in a single generation than spicuous as one of the most unqualified and thorough-going
the Established Church did in three centuries. To try to set up adherents in this country of the Northern side of the American
or keep up one theological system against another by means of question, and he declares that as such he was not only strongly in
State endowments in days like ours is a complete mistake . It favour of the neutrality proclamation which has given such intense
recognizes a principle which has received from prolonged and offence to the Americans, but used his own influence to obtain it.
diversified experience a crushing refutation . The task before us, He says, " I most earnestly desired that proclamation, and did all
not in Ireland alone, but in Ireland more obviously and conspi- " I could to obtain it. In fact, it so happens, as I stated last year
cuously than elsewhere, is that of setting State legislation on its " in the House of Commons, that at that moment I had only just
own basis, clearing it from those associations with theology by which " been returned by you, and, although I was then an uninfluential
it has so long been hampered, and vindicating its right and power to " member, I felt it my duty to put myself forward more
take charge to a very much greater extent than has hitherto been the " than otherwise I could have felt I had a right to do, in putting
case of the moral and spiritual interests of the people, instead of con- " questions to Ministers on the subject, and bringing it before
fining itself, according to the theories which were so popular in the last ' them, and the real fact is that the first statement that there
century, and which still retain so much influence in many quarters, " should be a proclamation issued was made in answer to
to the protection of person and property. Parliament, in a word, " a question of mine by Sir GEORGE LEWIS, the then Home
and not the Protestant clergy, is the proper counterpoise to the Secretary ."
power of the priests, and it ought to legislate systematically with a He goes on to explain that the reason why he wished for the
view to the gradual establishment of a moral influence over the proclamation was that he feared that in its absence privateers
Irish people, which in the course of a generation or two might would sail from English ports under Southern letters of marque,
gradually produce a far more radical change in their character than and that the principles of international law would not permit our
could at present be produced by any amount of theological con- Government to treat them as pirates if they did. He goes on to
troversy. If the English people will only take the right course in point out at some length the injustice of those who insist on
the matter, they may make the abolition of the Irish Church judging the feelings of the English people towards America at that
the beginning of an attack upon the influence of the Irish priests time by the behaviour and language of a comparatively small part
far more likely to succeed than any which has been made hitherto. of the community, and he dwells in particular on the inconsistency
If the object is to change people's religious views, the most of the Americans, who, notwithstanding their democratic principles,
foolish course that can possibly be taken is to begin by making insist on identifying England at large with the fashionable London
it a point of honour with them to maintain them. Where the world, and leaving out of the account altogether the sentiments
employment of crushing force in the way of persecution, followed which prevailed under circumstances of peculiar trial and hardship
by eager zeal in the way of conversion, is out ofthe question, the only amongst the working people of Lancashire and Yorkshire. Finally,
course to be taken is the one which is indicated by the old fable he reminds the Americans that if the English nation, in its public
about the sun and the wind. We know which of the two made the and general capacity, had been really hostile to them nothing would
traveller throw off his cloak. The principle will apply to have been easier than to accept the invitation of the French
Ireland as well as to other countries. Do full justice to Emperor to recognize the South, a measure which, if it had not
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broken up the Union, would, at all events, have greatly pro- | Norwich and Exeter papers do not exchange defiances or
longed the war and increased the expense. There is not a word publish disquisitions upon the respective merits of the two
in the speech which is not thoroughly friendly and cordial towards counties. Surely this is the right attitude for nations as well as
America. It concludes, indeed, with a repetition of the esta- counties.
blished commonplaces--as true as they are commonplace -about Let us judiciously let each other alone, look after our own affairs,
the importance to the peace of the world of a firm and unbroken and if questions happen to arise between us let us discuss them
alliance between the two countries, but its general tone is just sensibly and quietly in the spirit of equals and men of sense. It
what it should be, firm, manly, and simple-minded ; dealing with is simply impossible to imagine a state of things more undignified,
the whole question as one of straightforward common sense between useless, and generally contemptible than one in which two great
two communities of rational beings, the reflecting part of which, at nations are continually strutting about showing their muscles,
all events, ought to be above the miserable littleness of treating making invidious comparisons between their respective national
matters involving the deepest interests of that section of the characters and institutions, and at intervals falling into each other's
human race to which they belong as if they were to be regu- arms and swearing eternal friendship. With all the talk about
lated mainly by inflated sentiment and appeals to national English coldness and the like we are often inclined to think that
vanity. It is only necessary to read the newspapers and to England and the United States are two of the most sentimental
look at the caricatures which fill our shop windows in order to and susceptible nations in the whole world. It is earnestly to be
appreciate the unpleasant truth contained in the cynical observation wished that they would cultivate more businesslike feelings.
that our common language and common descent are after all the
great obstacles to the establishment and preservation of a good
understanding between Great Britain and the United States. THE END OF THE ELECTION PETITIONS.
Whatever we have done with respect to the Americans the French
have done also, and, as Mr. FORSTER opportunely remarks, their THE last of the petitions arising out of the general election has
Government did ten times more than ours, for nothing but our now concluded in a victory for the sitting members, who appear to
refusal of their invitation to recognize the South saved the North have steered successfully through the perils which they incurred
from a contest far more trying and doubtful than that in which they from the indiscreet language of some of their supporters and from
were actually engaged ; yet neither Mr. SUMNER nor any one else the questionable hospitality of others. The election assizes, as one
lifts his voice against France, or thinks it necessary to propose of our contemporaries christened them, have lasted with hardly
to send in to the French a little bill for a few hundred millions any intermission for nearly six months, during which period they
sterling. The reason is obvious enough. There is no sting to an have found full employment for three judges in every part of the
American in an unfriendly act on the part of the French, nor have country. A full experiment, therefore, has been made of the merits
they any claim upon the French for special consideration or of the system from which so much was expected, and ample expe-
sympathy. The fact that it is otherwise with us cannot, of course, rience has been gained as to the character of the elections held last
be helped. For good and for evil the two nations are, and always year and as to the effect of the new enactments for the suppression
must remain, connected together after a manner to which hardly of corrupt practices from which so much was expected. What is
anything else in the whole world affords much analogy. There the general result ? As to the amount of bribery and corruption,
are, however, some things which we can and which we ought to properly so called, which still exists in the country, the result may,
help. we think, be described as on the whole encouraging. Reports have
We can follow the excellent advice which BALAK gave to BALAAM been made of the extensive prevalence of corrupt practices in very
on a memorable occasion, " Neither bless them at all nor curse them few cases, and in most of those in which such reports were made
at all." Blessing and cursing, indeed, have succeeded equally ill the sums actually proved to have been laid out were trifling in
with us. A good many of us, and in particular several of our most amount. In Norwich, Taunton, and Beverley, for instance, the
important newspapers, have tried their hands at each process, and price of votes was exceedingly low. Such gross cases of fat, rich
as they cursed them when they were in difficulties and blessed them corruption as were disclosed on some former occasions have
as they returned to prosperity, it may naturally be supposed that either not occurred, or, if they have, have now escaped detection.
both the blessing power and the cursing power were at a maximum The petitions, however, have by no means proved that the influence
when they were exerted. Since our press ceased to occupy itself of wealth in determining elections has decreased or is decreasing. In
with the subject, Mr. REVERDY JOHNSON took up the wondrous many instances the return of the sitting member was procured by
tale, and his precious balms appear to have excited a corre- what his friends called an " admirable organization," and by what
sponding desire in his countrymen to break the heads upon every one must have admitted to be a system of sowing money
which they were poured. Mr. SUMNER, again, has excited more broadcast. Many members who were seated on petition had
or less of a cursing fit on this side of the Atlantic, and has contrived to get rid of many thousand pounds in the course of their
called forth a whole crop of caricatures, in which the sturdy election, although they were able to show that the money had all
Briton is defying his truculent and sallow antagonist and refusing gone in expenses which could not be definitely called illegal, and
to eat humble pie, to say nothing of leading articles in the most although the amount of which the expenditure was made the
correct philosophical and philo-American of English journals, which subject of distinct question was comparatively small. Several of
count up in an amiable way the injuries which in case of war the elections were remarkable in this respect. At Westminster,
England could inflict upon the United States, and estimate the for instance, Mr. SMITH had a committee in every ward, each of
chances of our being able to break up the Union, which, it is which spent considerable sums and found employment in various
insinuated, is not by any means so thoroughly healed of its various capacities for a large number of people. At Stafford, again, the
wounds as its friends may suppose it to be. All this cannot Conservative candidate took committee rooms in about forty public-
exactly be described as calculated to promote friendship and houses at £ 10 a piece, and had nearly as many paid agents at £ 15 a
goodwill between the two countries. What then, it may be said, piece. It was not shown that there was any particular necessity
do you recommend ? Simply that matters of business should for such an expenditure, and Mr. Justice BLACKBURN, in delivering
be treated as such, and that England and the United States should, judgment, expressed his opinion that the object was to have ready
as far as they possibly can, cease to make invidious remarks about the means of systematic bribery if circumstances should require it.
each other, to draw comparisons between each other's institutions Yet Mr. SMITH retained his seat at Westminster, and Colonel
and national characters, and, in a word, to rub each other's backs the MELLER was unseated at Stafford only by a sort of accident, and
wrong way. Let us do our best to cultivate a judicious indifference, because at one of his committee rooms three specific acts of bribery
and to forget, if possible, all about our common language and our were shown to have occurred. The trials, in short, abound in proofs
common SIIAKSPEARE, and the Pilgrim Fathers, and the great of the fact that money can be spent to almost any extent at election
Anglo- Saxon race, and the English-speaking nations, and all the time without infringing the law, and that a judicious expendi-
rest of it ; and let us, if possible, learn to see in each other ture of it has an enormous effect upon the result of elections.
a considerable number of millions of reasonable human creatures We do not in the least believe that any legislation will ever prevent
who by the nature of things are obliged to have a vast deal this, or indeed that any serious attempt will ever be made to
of intercourse, who, whether they like it or not, must visit each prevent it. The ballot in particular, would have little effect upon
other, trade with each other, follow the same sorts of pursuits, take it whatever might be its effect upon intimidation. The unlimited
interest in the same sorts of subjects, read the same sorts of books, hire of committee rooms, of paid agents, and of professional
and in general live the same sort of life. All this, together with canvassers, immense expenditure in printing and advertising, that
prudential motives too obvious to dwell upon, affords excellent sort of entertainment which borders on treating and which was so
reasons for keeping the peace, but no reason at all for troubling largely made use of at the late elections, and has been dealt with
ourselves much about what we think of or feel towards each other. so leniently on the whole by the judges on the trial of the
Take two commonplace English counties, which have no special petitions, will go on with equal animation whether the candidate
relation-say Norfolk and Devonshire. The inhabitants of the two is or is not aware of the manner in which A. B. gives his vote.
are so much alike as to be practically indistinguishable. They live in The principal result will be that the indirect and not illegal
every one of the particulars mentioned above just the same life. bribery will be done on credit. This has been the case with
They trade with each other, visit each other, and are in a thousand most of the treating, and not a little of the bribery which has
ways closely connected . But no Norfolk or Devonshire man frets taken place at the past election .
himself about the feelings or temper of Devonshire or Norfolk. The The question as to the new court by which the petitions have
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been tried is perhaps hardly less interesting than the question as to had to be brought up to London. The hope that the judges would
the light thrown by the evidence on the proceedings at the elections. exercise any sort of inquisitorial jurisdiction and investigate the
Public opinion, as every one must have observed, has varied very state ofthe constituencies in the public interest has conspicuously
considerably upon the subject. The earliest criticisms made upon failed, if it was ever seriously entertained.
the proceedings of the judges were all in a vein of congratulation,
and there can be no doubt at all that the new courts have some
indisputable and very important advantages over the old Com- NEW ZEALAND POLICY.
mittees. In the first place it admits of no doubt at all that the
proceedings themselves are far more regular and satisfactory. The THE last accounts from New Zealand, though not really alarming,
old tribunals were by turns indifferent to legal principles and are in a high degree distressing. It is difficult, even at the other
exceedingly technical, as lay tribunals almost always are, and this extremity of the globe, to read of murder after murder perpetrated
fact often made it difficult to say in any given case how they would on helpless settlers, guiltless of any crime except that of having
proceed and by what rules of evidence they would be guided . trusted themselves too confidently in the neighbourhood of an
They used, for instance, to admit or reject evidence without giving unreclaimed population of savages, encouraged, we may say with
any hint as to the principles upon which their decision depended, truth, by our own forbearance and gentle dealing to reassume their
and the result was that one decision formed no sort of guide for ancient character of irreconcilable enemies. For whether there be
the next. The judges, as might have been expected, have always
or be not any foundation for the special grounds of complaint
given their reasons, and in that, as in all the other purely legal which some tribes have urged against us in reference to particular
aspects of the proceedings, the superiority is incontestably on their land transactions, there can be no doubt of the general mildness and
side. There is, perhaps, one limitation to this. The Committees equity-even overstrained in some particulars-which has character-
were less disinclined than the judges have shown themselves to ized our treatment of them for many years past. That several
be to put a harsh and strict construction upon what is and of these victims, including women and children, were members of
was meant to be a harsh and strict law. The principles
the cultivated classes of society, pioneers, as it were, of a higher
of the law of agency in regard to elections have certainly been far civilization in the wilderness, does not really add to the horror of
better explained by the judges than they either were, or indeed the occasion, for life is equally dear to all ; still it seems to bring its
could be, by the Committees, who, indeed, never gave any other terrors more home to readers of the corresponding class here. But
explanation than that which was involved in their decision itself ; the worst feature of the whole case seems to be the helplessness-
but instances might be mentioned in which a Committee would, temporary only, we trust- of the authorities, and of the colonists,
beyond all doubt, have unseated a member for acts done by his in the presence of an enemy really weak in numbers, but supplying
agents, whereas the judges mitigated the rigour of the law defect of numbers by daring activity and military instinct. We
from an opinion that it was on the whole harsh and exceptional. are brought back inevitably to reflect on the great political errors
One case, indeed, occurred in which a judge distinctly said which were committed in the establishment of this colony of New
that the principles of agency, as applied to election petitions, Zealand on its present footing ; errors to which it would be very
were so harsh that he considered himself justified in looking useless to advert, if there were no possibility of retracing our steps,
very narrowly indeed at the evidence which was adduced for but this, however difficult, is not impracticable.
the sake of fixing a man with the responsibility of acts of There are 200,000 whites in New Zealand - so we are reminded
which he was in fact altogether ignorant, and which he would every day by writers on the subject and only 30,000 or 40,000
have repudiated and prevented if he had been aware of them. Maories, of whom many are peacefully inclined, and many in armed
There is a sense in which this may be said to be creditable to alliance with us. Therefore, it is argued, nothing but a compara-
the judges, but it operates to relax what is and is meant to tively trifling display of energy and self-sacrifice is needed to
be a stringent rule of law. enable the colonists to get the better of their enemy. Those who
The principal point of comparison which suggests itself between argue in this way forget the essential conditions of the problem.
the old and the new tribunal is as to their respective merits as Three-fifths of the colonists now reside in the Southern island,
judges of fact. Upon this, after a good deal of observation and including the most industrious and " go ahead " portion of
experience, we are inclined to think that the old Committees were them . That island contains a mere handful of natives, who
decidedly superior to the single judges. It would be invidious, and have never given any trouble to speak of. The warlike
is unnecessary, to criticise particular decisions, but several general Maories inhabit only the Northern island, and of that only
considerations arise upon the subject which may be made without a part. New Zealand -as METTERNICH said of Italy- is
offence. In the first place a judge as to matters of fact, who has only a geographical expression. The gold-diggers of Otago,
to give his reasons for his decision, is in a fundamentally false the shepherds of Canterbury, are separated from the disturbed
position. The true reasons are too delicate and evanescent to regions of Hawke's Bay and Taranaki by many hundreds of miles
be given. It would sound absurd to say, I did not believe that of land and sea. They have no commercial or other connection
man because he looked and spoke like a rogue ; I did not like the with the North except that of political federation . They have no
look of him- yet the reason might be a perfectly good one. fancy to fight the Maori, or to pay for fighting him ; and how are
When a man has to give precise categorical reasons he is very they to be made to do so ? They have their own provincial govern-
apt to judge rather by what is specious and plausible and ments, pay their own provincial taxes, enjoy their own provincial
admits of being put into a definite shape than by what really jobs. The customs revenue is received , no doubt, by the Central
carries conviction to his own mind, and the inducement to take a Government, and the Central Government must make the most of
charitable, good-natured view of the case is to a good-natured man it, subject to the jealous and carping criticism of provincials,
so strong as to be almost irresistible in the long run. A committee who grudge (very properly in ordinary points) every farthing
of five members, which delivers only a verdict and no judgment, was of expenditure of which the local benefit to themselves
not under the temptation ; and it is difficult not to feel that it has is not demonstrable. We at this end of the world talk
prevailed on several occasions, which we need not particularly of New Zealand as a whole, inspired by a single spirit,
specify, during the last six months. It ought, moreover, to be added like England or France . Nothing can be further from the fact.
that in deciding upon matters of fact several persons are better New Zealand is a collection of small communities, independent of
than one. No human head can carry in it all the particulars of an and (save politically) unconnected with each other. And there
inquiry which lasts over many days, and ranges over an immense exists no means of making them act together as a united and
mass of details ; and if that difficulty is overcome by strenuous vigorous body, because the system of local self-government, under
note-taking, and by a mind carefully trained to sustained quasi-universal suffrage, keeps them as far as possible apart. Local
attention, still, in estimating the truth of a statement-which, self-government, under federal union, has been found in practice
be it observed, is a totally different thing from investigating by far the most effective means of promoting progress in young
a principle and applying it to facts- one man completes another. communities during ordinary times. But in seasons of pressure
To be able to marshal facts, to group them together, to show what affecting part only of the union it breaks down. Each several
are the principles upon which they depend, &c., is by no means the portion will not submit to self-sacrifice to aid other portions under
surest way to form a sound judgment upon them. Every man has his a calamity which does not affect itself. So the mother- country-
own fancies in such matters, and stands in urgent need of the lights which has only a distant and sentimental interest in the matter-
of others. If a good and trustworthy jury could be got, there can , is the Hercules unanimously invoked to get the wheel out of
we think, be little doubt that it would be an immense improvement the rut.
in the trial of election petitions ; we own, however, that we do not Let them have British troops at the rate of forty pounds per
sce whence the materials for a jury are to . come. After all has man seems just now the favourite suggestion . The colonists have
been done that can be done there must be a choice of evils, and, been hitherto disinclined to encounter this expense ; but necessity
though the present tribunal may not be a perfect one, no one we may drive them to close with the offer. We can only hope that
think could call it bad. no such expedients will be carried into effect. Of all the proposals
As to minor points no one, we think, can call the present courts which a false economy and a desire to " make things pleasant
speedier than the old committees. The cases have lasted just as have ever invented, this, of supplying colonies possessing free insti-
long. On the other hand, they are probably a little cheaper. tutions with British troops at their cost, is one of the most certain
Counsels' fees have no doubt been exceedingly high, but the to end in embarrassment and mischief. The Colonial Government,
expenses allowed to witnesses have been lower, and they have not which pays for the troops, will most assuredly, sooner or later,
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7

interfere with their disposal, and with the military operations may have been in the nature of a concession to the prejudices of
which they may have to engage in. The military commander part of his audience, but it is certainly difficult to imagine a more
sent out from this country will as certainly, and quite properly, idle apprehension. The answer which Mr. FORSTER gave, that
resent and resist the interference. Then will follow a constant and great public funds are already devoted to this purpose, and that it
wearisome struggle between the authorities which pay and the is the plain duty of the State, if a State can be said to have any
authority which directs, ending, probably, in all the evils of divided duties at all, to see that they are properly and systematically
government. applied to the purposes for which they are intended, is conclusive.
The true remedy, as it appears to us, is one which we can only There is, however, another observation which might as well have
point out, with very little hope of its adoption. In well-ordered been made, for it is equally conclusive and not quite so obvious. It
republics, in a time of crisis like the present, the established is that as matters now stand people ought to remember that the
resource has been the temporary appointment of a dictatorship . distinction between State help in education as in other things and
There is no hope that so loosely constituted a body as the New self-help is daily becoming less and less substantial, for, after all,
Zealand Federation will ever resort to so stringent but unpopular what is the State ? It is nothing but the aggregate of a vast
a measure as the concentration of the functions of government in number of selves, whose power to help themselves and each other
a ruler, or a board armed for the time with full executive and is enormously increased by the fact of their union. No doubt there
financial powers . But what New Zealand can scarcely do for might be a good deal of difficulty in saying so in one of the head-
herself, the mother country might, if so inclined, do for her, and, quarters of the party which advocates the voluntary system both
as we firmly believe, with the general approval of sensible people in religion and education ; but Mr. FORSTER would have told the
in the colony and out of it. Let the Northern Island, or so much people of Leeds one of the most important of all political truths
of it as is in peril of Maori insurrection, be separated from the if he had said that no bugbear in the world is more shadowy or
remainder of the colony. Let it be placed, for a time to be limited more mischievous, as far as its influence extends, than the bugbear
by law, under a governor armed with both civil and military which he was exposing the notion, that is, that the State
power. Aid him with a small permanent council for necessary interferes with individual energy and self-reliance whenever it
purposes of legislation . Place at his disposal, for that time, the attempts to confer moral benefits on individuals. There is no
provincial revenue of the northern provinces, and the federal doctrine which in these days requires such continual preaching on
revenue of the whole colony, imposing on him, of course, the every occasion as the doctrine that we have moral duties to
liability to return so much as properly belongs to their share to the each other in our collective political capacity as well as in
Southern provincial governments, which may be left to conduct. our individual capacity, or in our capacity as members of subordi-
their own affairs in their own way. Let all available resources , nate voluntary associations. It would, indeed, be a happy day for
subject to these conditions, be placed in the hands of the governor, this country and for the world at large if we could contrive to
who, for the time being, should be responsible to the Home substitute nationalism for sectarianism in every department of life,
Government only ; and, thus fortified, let the Home Government and especially in the matter of education . Tillthe moral character
undertake the charge of putting down the Maories, and preventing of the State is fully recognized we shall never really shake ourselves
the recurrence of outbreaks at once so disastrous and so really free from sacerdotalism.
contemptible. Having disposed of the question of public interference in
That the scheme of which we have given a mere outline would education, Mr. FORSTER went on to speak of the necessity of a
be the most effective we have little doubt ; and we are well systematic organization of the means of education in England, and
assured that it would be also by far the least expensive in the long in what he said on that subject we are happy to be able to agree
run, both for us and the colony. And we are much inclined to to a very considerable extent, though our agreement is rather on
think that it would be popular also . The old days of jealousy of the positive than on the critical side. Nothing, for instance,
the mother country have passed altogether away. Our colonists can be more true than that the universities, the grammar schools,
are quite as well aware as we are ourselves that there is no task and the elementary schools should all be related to each other,
which we should undertake with so much reluctance, and so with " bridges," to use Mr. FORSTER'S happy expression, from
exclusively from a sense of duty, as that of managing once more the one to the other, by which boys of unusual power born in
the affairs of an emancipated province of the empire. They the lowest class might have the opportunity of finding their natural
would know full well that the temporary dictatorship would be level. We doubt, however, whether Mr. FORSTER'S estimate of the
most joyfully relinquished as soon as the occasion was over. As defects of the existing arrangements- we cannot speak of the
for the constitutional means of carrying the change into effect, existing system- is correct. As the Times very properly observes,
an Act of Parliament would only be necessary if it were it is absurd to say that the grammar schools have failed because
determined to carry out the scheme against the will of the the education given in them has been " a mere aping of the
colonists ; if they were favourable to it, their own Constitution, education given to the children of the rich." The education
we apprehend, bestows on their legislature sufficient authority for which they gave was beyond all doubt the liberal education.
the purpose. of the age in which they were established . Latin in the
But we certainly are far from expecting that any such idea sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was the common language of
would be even seriously entertained in this our day. To grasp it learned men, and the indispensable key to anything that
requires a bolder and broader view of statesmanship than is at all could be called elevated knowledge. Not to know Latin was to be
likely to prevail either here or at the antipodes. Possibly the ignorant of theology with all its adjuncts, of law, of science, of
present danger may evaporate without serious consequences ; and history, and to be deprived of the means of communicating with
then the conduct of affairs will fall back into the old groove, until the educated class all over Europe. The grammar schools were
the next time. If, on the other hand, the insurrection should continue originally one of those bridges by which Mr. FORSTER wishes to
or become aggravated, and the mother country is teased at last into see the clever sons of poor parents introduced to a higher sphere
rendering assistance, that assistance, whether in the shape of troops of life than that in which they were born. The clever sons
or money, will be given only as a casual expedient, and without of poor parents would have little to complain of in these days
any serious effort being made either to put the Colonial Government if the facilities provided for them in the way of education
under strict terms as to the use of it, or to secure ourselves against were as great as those which enabled such men as WOLSEY,
a recurrence of the emergency. That we shall get the better of JEWELL, HOOKER, and many others, to rise to a very highfrom avery
the unlucky Maories sooner or later admits of no doubt ; but at low position in life. The objection to the grammar schools was
what expense of money to ourselves, if we are moved to undertake that they did not move with the age ; and though the same may be
the cost of colonial defence without taking in hand the powers of said of the few splendid foundations like Eton which have been
colonial government, or of suffering to the colonists if we withdraw practically appropriated to the rich, the fact is not that the rich got a
the remainder of our troops and leave them to defend themselves, good education there which the comparatively poor have missed, but
it were indeed vain to conjecture. that, while the established course gradually ceased to be of much real
use either to the rich or to the comparatively poor, the rich continued
to pursue it for the sake of collateral advantages which the bad-
EDUCATION. ness ofthe teaching did not destroy, but which were not of so much
importance to the comparatively poor. The Latin and Greek
MR. FORSTER was good enough to say at Leeds the other day which a boy learnt at Eton might be of very little use to him, but
of this journal that it " never allowed any of them " (public he was employed for several years, he associated with other boys
men, probably) " to come to grief for want of pointing out their of his own age and class, and kept up and developed the general
possible faults," and we should accordingly fail in our duty if we turn of mind and manners
which he had acquired at home.
were not to criticise certain parts of what on the whole deserves This might do well enough for a rich man's son, if rich men
to be described as the admirable speech which he delivered were contented with it ; but it was not the sort of course
on the question of education. He began by insisting at
rather unnecessary length on the danger that State inter- which an ambitious shopkeeper in a country town would regard
as eminently desirable for an exceptionally clever son . The great
ference with education might " sap the principle which lies public schools stood when the grammar schools decayed
because
" beneath the real strength of England-the principle of self-
" help This he regarded as a danger which " we must the poor the rich felt the uselessness of a bad education less quickly than
."
.
constantly bear in mind and constantly guard against," This We do not think that Mr. FORSTER'S criticisms on the univer-
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 8 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28 , 1869.

sities are by any means altogether satisfactory . He labours under

ENGLISH BOOKS AND RUSSIAN CENSORS.
the delusion, for such it appears to be to us, that they too are
sacrificed to the rich. " It was only very rich parents who sent WE lately printed a letter from " An Englishman in Spain," showing how
" their boys to these universities and who defined both the length of the old monks of the Peninsula were accustomed to mutilate the books
"time and the amount of labour that was done at the universities. of heretics, like Bacon , while time, drying up the ink of the erasures, fully
restored the suppressed passages for the benefit of succeeding generations.
" Well, what resulted from such a state of things ? First this
An amusing contemporary illustration of a still more futile system of
" most absurd result, that a young man who did not want
censorship is to be found in Russia at the present moment. The
" to spend his life as a scholar, but who went merely to obtain
intellectual movement which has arisen within the last few years
" the highest culture in the country, could not take his degree among the Russian youth, and the reforms introduced at the same time in
" before he was two-and-twenty. He never could look at
the Russian governmental system, seem to European people to be far more
"that regulation without being provoked at it." The words closely connected than they really are. No doubt the work of Buckle
which we have italicized are delightful . A man who wants was translated into Russian far sooner than into French, the work of Mr.
" merely " to " obtain the highest culture in the country " must Darwin nearly at the same time as into German, and the works of Mr.
recollect that he wants that which he cannot possibly get without Herbert Spencer sooner than into any other language, and even before
making very great sacrifices and undergoing very great labour to they began to be largely read in England. Translations of these and other
obtain it. It is impossible to give the "highest culture " which works of contemporary English thinkers, such as J. S. Mill, G. H. Lewes,
might and ought to be given in these days to lads of eighteen Huxley, and Tyndall, have induced everybody to presume that the Russians
or nineteen. The three years from nineteen to twenty-two have made considerable intellectual progress of late years, and that this
are those in which a man who wants a really high education has been achieved , if not under the patronage of the Imperial Govern-
ment, at least with its permission. In a recent number of the Revuedes
ought to make most progress, and the great difficulty of
Deux Mondes, for example, M. Emile de Laveleye says, 66 Russians are
putting the poor man's clever son on a level with the
rich man's clever son lies in this fact. far from being as free as their good friends the Americans, yet it does not
The expense in seem that scientific books are more readily proscribed in St. Petersburg
money, as we have often pointed out, is far less of a difficulty than than in New York." In this respect he pays too high a compliment to the
the expense in time. A man who goes on cultivating his mind up Russian Government, and underrates the bold efforts of the literary classes
to twenty-two has, or ought to have, no doubt, a great advantage of that country. The whole of the Russian intellectual movement within
over a man who takes to some form of ordinary business at the last ten years has been a constant struggle between the reading and
eighteen or nineteen ; but he is under this difficulty, that at twenty- writing public on the one side, and the Government on the other.
two he will have learnt nothing which will enable him at once to Shortly after the close of the Crimean war and the death of the
make his living. If, therefore, it is really intended to give very Emperor Nicholas the Russian Government came to the conclusion that
poor people of exceptional ability the chance of receiving the there existed a pressing necessity for a thorough reform of its domestic
highest culture which can be given in these days, means must be system. It began to do this slowly and unwillingly, but the need was too
great to allow of hesitation. Yet to carry out and even to plan reforms,
provided for maintaining them up to the age of twenty-six or
twenty-seven. If we were to say thirty, it would not be too much. however small, the Government wanted men and knowledge, and had
neither the one nor the other, the previous reign having never allowed
No doubt the difficulty of doing this is very great indeed, but to
the acquirement of knowledge or the development of any kind of human .
enter upon such a course as Mr. FORSTER proposes, and to stop faculties besides those of a rude soldier. Under these circumstances it
short in it, is like painting half a picture or making half a was deemed expedient to bid for the aid of men of mind and culture by
machine.
the concession of a certain liberty of speech. The censors received orders
We ought to guard ourselves against being supposed to think to be more liberal in matters the investigation of which might be useful to
that the education at present given in the universities is in any the Government, and the small stock of knowledge accumulated in society
way entitled to be regarded as the " highest culture " which can began to spread itself through the medium of the press. But, as a matter
or reasonably ought to be given to persons who, for whatever of course, the men whose services were now required would not stop at the
reason, wish to get that culture. No doubt it might be prescribed limits. The propaganda of parliamentary forms of government
immensely improved, but whatever improvements may be was the first thing to which they applied themselves. A Moscow review,
introduced into it, we do not in the least believe that it will ever called the Russian Messenger, obtained an enormous sale by its articles on
be possible to give anything worthy of the name at a much carlier the details of English constitutional history. A country which was not only
age than twenty- two, or to people who are under the necessity of without the elements indispensable for the formation of constituent bodies,
at once earning their living by the help of the education which but in which neither the person , property, nor speech of the citizens had
they may by that age have received . any kind of guarantees against the will of an absolute potentate, began to
dream about a civil independence acquired through a slow evolution of
several centuries.
Alarmed by this parliamentary propaganda the Government tried to
AN UNHEALTHY CITY.
withdraw the small share of liberty it had given to literary pursuits,
THE excessively high death-rate which has prevailed in Glasgow since the declaring that the press had misunderstood its intentions, and that, though
beginning of the present year gives exceptional importance to the report willing to grant some freedom of discussion in scientific matters, it could
which, in his capacity of medical officer of health to the city, Dr. Gairdner allow nothing of the kind in politics. The most sensible of the young
has presented to the sanitary authorities. The deaths in Glasgow during the literary men accepted the compromise, and began to translate and
first three months show an increase of nearly 31 per cent. over those of the study the works of the most advanced European thinkers. It is
first quarter of 1868. The following are the general conclusions at which doubtful whether, if the writing and reading part of the Russian people
Dr. Gairdner has arrived. 1. That the increased mortality was due chiefly had been able to overthrow, or even to weaken, the tenacious strength of
to causes acting upon the respiratory organs , in the form of acute or febrile the monarchical power, and to take a little share in the management of
disease. 2. That no class or section of the population was exempt from public affairs, it would ever have made the same mental progress as
the general unhealthiness. 3. That it was not due, in any very strict sense now, when, free from every kind of civil affairs as well as of theoretical
of the word, to local or removable causes. 4. That zymotic diseases had traditions, astonished and delighted by the plain sense and plain
no specially characteristic share in causing the augmented mortality. language of the new European thought as opposed to the old German
5. That, cæteris paribus, the ill-protected, ill-housed, and generally least metaphysics, it threw itself into the contemporary intellectual movement
comfortable classes suffered most severely. 6. That in the northern and with all the fervour of a young man full of hope, of lightness, and of vital
western divisions of the city the mortality was proportionately much higher force. The constitutional radicalism of the Slavonian race showed itself in
than in the other parts of it. Dr. Gairdner remarks that most of the this case in a very remarkable manner, and it is probable that many of the
important cities of Scotland exhibited an increased death-rate in March, conclusions at which the Russian pupils arrived in studying the works of
" probably due in some degree, though with modifications, to the their English teachers would greatly astonish those teachers, and in some
same causes that operated in Glasgow ;" ," but that in none of cases, perhaps, induce them to deny all community of thought with their
these places, excepting Greenock, was there any approach to the disciples. Just as in England booksellers will sometimes refuse to publish
excessively sudden and general increase of mortality observed in or to sell certain books as not being sufficiently orthodox, so you may
Glasgow, while in Aberdeen and Perth scarcely any trace of such increase easily find in Russia booksellers who will never publish a book unless
is to be found. The Registrar-General of Scotland has attributed the of well-pronounced realistic tendencies, and who obstinately refuse to
unhealthiness of Glasgow in March last to the influence of " northerly and sell theological works.
easterly winds," and Dr. Gairdner comes to a similar conclusion, but with The Government tried every effort to stop this movement, but failed
an important qualification. " Seeing," he says, "that
" that the type of
of disease completely. The start having been once given, no kind of official reaction
which produced the mortality was so distinctly respiratory, it is difficult to could even arrest it. Censors dismissed every week ; authors and trans-
avoid suspecting that the north and north-east winds may, after all, lators of censured books prosecuted and proscribed ; police sent during
have had something to do with the result ; not, however, directly by the night to ransack the papers and private letters of literary men- nothing
their meteorological influence, but by their carrying an air loaded could avail. The censors, seduced by public approval, a few of them
with noxious vapours and smoke into the northern and western districts corrupted by money, and the majority deceived by a variety of curious
of the city." Assuming the correctness of this conclusion, it is difficult expedients, and unable attentively to read the whole mass of manuscripts
to understand how, in any strict sense, the late unhealthiness can be they received, daily distilled a few drops of what the Government and the
said not to have arisen from " removable causes." Is there no smoke clergy regarded as the most dangerous poison. And if all attempts to
consumption Act in Glasgow ? As Dr. Gairdner points out, the liability pass a certain book through the censorship failed, it was lithographed
of a large town to sudden and excessive augmentations of the death-rate clandestinely and distributed gratis. So was it, at least, with the work of
will generally be found in the permanent causes of unhealthiness which Feierbach and with some of the original Russian papers.
predispose the population to any casual malady that may spring up Things had been going on in this way till the law of April 6, 1865,
amongst them. substituted for the system of preventive the system of repressive censure.
[ 324 ]
 MAY 28, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 9

The change was carried out partly as one of the elements of the whole father to be quite sufficient to paralyze the influence of the ideas systemati-
scheme of contemplated reforms, but chiefly as a more effective means cally developed in the two enormous volumes of the English thinker.
of controlling the tendencies of literature. The old system implied no This mode of avoiding prohibitions of ecclesiastical censorship has
legal punishment of authors for the publishing of books which were found pretty well established itselfwithin the last few years, and since the opening
to be pernicious, as they were required to have the approval of official of the new public tribunals it has become very difficult for the Home
censors previously to publication. The punishments inflicted in such cases Department or the Synod to prosecute an author or a translator on
were all arbitrary, and would probably seem more shocking on the intro- religious grounds, if he has taken the necessary precaution of bringing
duction of the reformed tribunals and the greater diffusion of legal notions his book under the protection of the above-mentioned article. Even
throughout society. Therefore the censorship has been abolished for all very recently this expedient ensured the appearance of Mr. Herbert
books of a certain size, and the authors, publishers, and printers of them Spencer's " First Principles." The ecclesiastical committee declared,
are liable to be put on their trial, the Home Department, which has a after a revision of the first part of the work, that it should be arrested and
special board for revision of all publications, being the prosecutor. prosecuted immediately after its publication. There remained for the
Then arose one of the most comical conflicts. The new public tribunals translator no other possibility of saving the book than by composing a
required, of course, new judges, well acquainted with the details of long theological preface which the monks themselves refused to write.
contemporary proceedings in Europe, but such men were to be found . "The first part of this book," said he in this préface-paratonnerre, " is devoted
almost exclusively amongst young men who had just finished their to a religious question, which requires the most attentive consideration. Our
studies, and were full of the very ideas they had to prosecute. The natural press laws prescribe that all inquiries like those contained in the first part of
result has been that nearly all the books brought before the court have been this work ( The Unknowable ' ) ought to be in full accordance with the
acquitted, and in many cases even the proceedings quashed. So was it, among doctrines of the Orthodox Church, or, in case of deviation, they must be
other instances, with the first series of Mr. Herbert Spencer's essays. It accompanied by suitable explanations and refutations. The author of the
was discovered that the essay entitled " Manners and Fashions " attacked present work belongs to the Church of England, and therefore, though
the divine right of monarchies and depreciated the monarchical religious in general, inevitably falls into some dissent from the doctrines of
principle. All the copies of the book were therefore seized, and the the Orthodox Church- dissent which we are bound to point out and to
Home Department summoned the court to inflict on the translator reprove." This pointing out and reproval consist of twelve pages of
the article of the penal code bearing on the offence-if we make no theological quotations from different Greek fathers, the selection of which
mistake, several years' hard labour in Siberia. The charge was so out- must have occupied a good deal of time, as the translator seems to have
rageous that the attorney refused to conduct any prosecution whatever ; taken pleasure in choosing sentences which strike the reader by a total
he intimated to the Home Department that in such a case the absence of common sense. " I have, it seems to me, reproved all the
translator could not be deemed answerable for the opinions of the passages which required reproof," he says in concluding his preface.
author, as he expressed no special sympathy with the impeached "If my task is found to be defective, it must in no case be attributed to a
points ; and that, if anybody must be sent to Siberia, it should be Mr. desire of breaking the prescriptions of law, but exclusively to the insuffi-
Spencer, as the original author of those ideas. The attorney added, ciency of my theological knowledge." The preface was, however, deemed
moreover, that the paper itself seemed to him quite pardonable, as it was satisfactory, and the book circulates without any kind of alteration in its
written, not with a revolutionary aim, but rather with a view to a historical text. Perhaps the most characteristic feature of the case is that the
and philosophical treatment of the subject. The book was kept under translator, being a foreigner, did not even belong to the Church the interest
a ban during eighteen months employed in the formal proceedings, and of which he was obliged to defend.
so the affair ended. The reader will now be able to judge whether there is any difference
An English work which has suffered more seriously is that of Mr. J. S. between the position of the press in St. Petersburg and in New York.
Mill, " On Liberty." It was condemned and destroyed ; but even this It may be remarked that every time the Russian Government receives
case was determined rather as a matter of form, the pamphlet not being of a compliment like that paid to it by the Revue des Deux Mondes, it
the size prescribed for books to be printed without the approval of a censor. considers itself perfectly justified in restricting more and more the liberties
The works of Messrs. Darwin, Lewes, Huxley, and Tyndall, as well of the poor and young Russian press. On the other hand, every serious
as the other works of Mr. J. S. Mill, appeared while the old system reproach, especially from the English press, makes it, if not more liberal,
was in force, so that they passed through the hands of censors, who yet at least more cautious in its proceedings.
made several alterations in them, but no kind of prosecution took
place. The translators, however, have been noted by the Govern-
ment as people of dangerous tendencies, and many of them are now PICTORIAL POPULARITY.
far away in exile. As to the books themselves, they are regarded
by the Government as very improper, several of them are prohibited in the THE passion for pictorial illustration of literary works seems to characterize
schools, but all of them are largely read by the public. two very different epochs in the mental education of a community. As
We now pass to a still more curious part of the Russian censorial children love to have the text of what they read accompanied with expla-
natory pictures, so do the reading public generally in those early stages of
arrangements. Besides civil censorship, there has always existed an
cultivation which, in a community, answer to childhood in man. Letter-
ecclesiastical one, which is still in vigour. All books touching in any way press, accompanied with rude woodcuts, constituted the common method
on religious matters must be sent to a special committee of monks, whose
of introducing works of narrative, historical or fictitious, to circulation for
task it is to allow or interdict their publication. Some years ago nearly
the first century or so after the discovery of printing. And an age of
every scientific book passed through the hands of those monks, and most
advanced intellectual refinement seems now to be resorting to the lavish use
of them perished there ; the geological for being in disagreement with the
of similar decorations once again. We want our literature spiced with the addi-
Mosaic tradition, the philosophical for discussing the theory of free will, the
tional condiments of art, not because, like our ancestors, we are so imper-
historical for praising the Reformation, and so on. By-and-by the pressure
fectly educated as to call in the eye to aid the perception of the intellect, but
of the time paralyzed this influence, and at present those books only are
because our interest in common reading has grown dull, partly from over-
presented to ecclesiastical censors which deal more directly with religious
indulgence, and partly from the over-supply and consequent badness of
matters. Being, like the clerical body in almost every country, anxious to
literary material. Pictures, however roughly executed, feed the mind
propagate their faith by depreciating the faith of others, the Russian clergy
introduced into their censorial code an article which allows an author agreeably on the whole as a relief from trashy and superficial writing. And
thus illustrated travels, histories, newspapers, and the like, of cheap and
to speak about all kinds of religious opinion, provided he denounce
flimsy material doubtless, but still showing a considerable advance in art
such as are in disagreement with the dogmas of the Orthodox Greek
beyond those of a generation ago, are the order of the day, not excepting
Church. This article has saved many a European book in Russia. The
great work of Buckle would probably never have been published there, if an those latest and too often unattractive creations of public taste, the monthly
old good-natured archimandrite, sitting in the above committee, had not woodcuts which accompany the serial romances of our magazines.
But passing from the ephemeral to the more permanent, these modern
consented, on the suggestion of the translator, to provide an antidote in the
fancies may lead one to inquire a little more closely into the connection
shape of some condemnatory remarks on the most " dangerous " passages
between art and literature. Why do we find, in all countries and times,
of the work. These were published with the translation, which the public,
that the representations of scenes and incidents taken from some works
taking no notice of the remarks, have read more than any other book
within the last ten years. of general interest are invariably popular, are repeated in thousands of
copies, are met with continually in every common collection of prints and
" This chapter," says the reverend censor, in regard to the fifth chapter of
the second volume, where Buckle analyzes the influence of the clergy in adorning the walls of ordinary rooms, while other works not only equally
Scotland during the seventeenth century, 66 proves most obviously the celebrated, but, perhaps, as much read, and deserving it as well, hardly
furnish a single specimen to the general repository ofpopular art? A question
difference in religious views of the orthodox Russian and the Scotch clergy.
which, fully investigated, may lead us a little beyond its own immediate scope
The Russian clergy has always been true to its high destiny to be the
into meditation on the true meaning and limits of literary fame.
enlightener and guide of the people in their religious life. The Scotch
clergy, on the contrary (nay, not the Scotch clergy alone, but the In order to achieve real pictorial popularity, and to become thoroughly
familiar to the minds of the general public, not only through reading but
clergy of the whole of Western Europe), took, before all other things, through the eyes, we suspect that a poetical or romantic narrative must
care of its secular interests, and with such a view perverted and misre-
possess three distinct qualities, besides the leading one of genius. It must
presented even the very truths of religion. " When Buckle says that
be of a kind to interest, not the cultivated classes only, but mankind in
" Religion is to each individual according to the inward light with which
general. Its special qualification must be that of a work of incident, not of
he is endowed," and that " in different characters, therefore, it assumes
different forms, and can never be reduced to one common and arbitrary sentiment. And its conceptions must be thoroughly genuine and original.
Let us go back to antiquity for our first example. The artistic relics of
rule," the ecclesiastical censor objects in the following terms :--" Religion,
according to the author, is not a connection with something external to the the classical ages which we possess, notably those of sculpture and of the
Pompeian paintings, represent chiefly mythological subjects. Of these a
world, but a certain connection of the man with his internal light. What
very large proportion indeed is taken from the writings of Homer. His
is this light ? Whence comes it? What is its direction ? What is its
final aim ? All this is unknown . By way of Buckle's religion a gods, his heroes, in their loves, fights, and adventures, meet us at every turn.
man connects himself not with light but with darkness." And a stock of Homer was evidently the great pictorial poet of antiquity. The Greek
șimilar refutations added to the work is candidly presumed by the reverend dramatists furnish some subjects to the wall decoration of classical houses
[ 325 ]
 10 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28, 1869.

also, but comparatively few. Virgil scarcely any. Possibly the phantasy. And therefore it is that they lend themselves so readily to
" motive " of the Laocoon may be found in his verses ; but possibly, reproduction by the pencil. And the same is true, of course in a less
also, in some unknown Greek original. There is, we believe , exalted degree, of the events and personages of Dumas's wild romance
only one Pompeian fresco (Æneas wounded) which seems from internal which we have indicated as having recently risen to the highest rank in
evidence to represent a scene in the Æneid. Yet Virgil was extremely respect of this particular function- that of conveying ideas and emotions to
popular in his way. His absence from the Pompeian heroes may no those who derive them, primarily, from pictures and not from study.
doubt be partly accounted for by the fact that Pompeii was a Greek city. Of course we are not instituting any order of literary merit by these
But Pompeii had a Latin-reading population too : Roman names prevailed remarks. Whether to be a favourite with the many or the few is the truer
among its citizens, verses from Roman poets are scribbled on its walls. test of literary genius is a very comprehensive question, and by no means
We suspect that the comparative proscription of Virgil was in accordance admitting of any general answer. But few can doubt that the tendency of
with the canons which we have laid down : he interested the cultivated critical judgment in the present day is over fastidious. Not a single one
classes, not the general public ; and his conceptions of incident had no among our living writers of high mark, except Dickens, is known or relished
originality, and therefore did not take hold of the fancy as creations. by the multitude. The fame of most of them has hardly travelled out of a
The world-wide notoriety of Shakspeare is, of course, displayed in the very narrow circle indeed. The time seems to be approaching when
frequency of pictures and prints taken from his plays, as it is in so many literature, Antæus-like, must renovate itself by a vigorous embrace of our
other ways. But in regard to him, as to other dramatists, there is so much mother-earth, or perish of over-refinement.
of the theatrical mingled with the purely imaginative in these representa-
tions that they do not exactly fall within the scope of our present inquiry.
Probably it is the case with all of us, that when we try to image to ourselves
THOUGHTS ON THE DERBY DAY.
a great Shakspearian character, he appears to us in the likeness of some
actor whom we have seen either on the stage or in pictures. But of modern BY A MAN WHO COULDN'T GO.
writers offiction, not dramatists, Cervantes was the first to attain that pictorial IT marks an epoch in human life when you have learned to stay at home
popularity of which we are speaking. The Knight of the Rueful Counte- with a contented, even a thankful, heart while all the world is making
nance and his philosophic squire have become in this way as familiar to holiday ; when , instead of sending your longings down by road to Epsom,
us all as personages whom we have known in the flesh. Even to this day and having to summon all your resolution in aid of your philosophy, you
series of prints from Don Quixote will be found among the commonest can resign yourself to moralize without an effort, and find the sweets of past
adornments of old parlour and bedroom walls, although more modern Derby days forgotten in their bitters. After all, on the morning of the race.
subjects have, of course, extensively displaced them. And next, perhaps, day-at any rate very early in its forenoon-you are on a par with most of
to Don Quixote, if not before him, in point of universal demand of this the holiday makers, and much better off than many of them. The more
sort, comes our old favourite Robinson Crusoe. The intense truthfulness thoroughly they are enjoying themselves, the more strongly must they
of De Foe's creation , and its thorough originality, have met in this their feel that all their pleasurable anticipations must soon be stifled
appropriate reward. Pursuing our search lower down, we find that scarcely in their non-fulfilment. There they go in drags, " shays," and busses.
any of our popular poets or novelists of the last century have left any They have only just started ; all the fresh , lively road is before them, and
trace of themselves in framed prints, which answer to the frescoes of they have had no foretaste of the dust as yet. But even already I fancy
antiquity. Their fame is not parietal, so to speak. Fielding and Smollett I can see the shadow of an impending blank settling down upon
were enormously read ; but few of us have ever seen a print representing a them. With the people whose holidays are rare, the anxiety to
scene in either, except in illustrated editions or in portfolios. They were secure the perfect enjoyment of each precious moment must inevitably
too artificial to attain to the honour of wall exhibition. Sterne was some- defeat its object. There are those whose anticipations turn to
what more fortunate, but not to any great extent. This peculiar honour disappointment as they find themselves less happy than they hoped
was reserved for one of whom the learned and the witty thought far less. to be. There are those who are thoroughly blasé of everything and
Scenes from the " Vicar of Wakefield " are comparatively abundant ; and go to Epsom because, the Derby being popularly believed to be the
the reason why is evident that most charming production has what acme of enjoyment, it is a chance of distraction not to be neglected-
Fielding and Smollett have not-that " touch of nature which makes the men on whom the good spirits of the world around them throw a deeper
whole world kin ; " its simplicity, pathos, and originality speak to us on gloom of boredom than before. There are those who from their
canvas as they do on paper. pecuniary interest in the event find it the most anxious day of all the
The literature of France, during the same period, affords an analogous year, from the Leviathan bookmaker with a trifle of half a million at
example. Very few compositions in any language have ever found so many stake ; from the man as much abroad among horses as among figures,
readers as Voltaire's Tales. And well do they deserve it, for their unrivalled who has been " plunging " madly on the faith of the tips of false prophets
union of wit with exquisite style and refined satire. But subjects for and the reports of ingenious touts, down to Bill the shop-boy, who has
popular art were never taken from Voltaire's tales. Rousseau's command borrowed a sovereign from his master's till, and hedges for a gaol and hard
over the hearts and feelings of millions was still more powerful than that of labour if the animal he fancies throws him off. Poll the Derby crowd by
Voltaire. But judged by the test which we are just now applying, he is the time they have reached the Cock at Sutton if going down by road, by
not a bit more popular with the masses. In old-fashioned parlours or the time they are disgorged from the trains at Epsom if they have been
bedrooms in France, Switzerland, or Germany, you may sometimes meet carried thither by rail, and my life upon it a full half would be more com-
with a print representing a lady in the costume of "the period," with fortable on the day, to say nothing of the morrow, if they had stayed at home
shepherdess hat and expansive paniers, rushing down a steep bank to grumble at sour grapes.
into some water. That is Julie jumping into the Lake of Geneva How thankful I should be that I'm not going. Our grand racing carnival,
to rescue the drowning child. No other example of Rousseau as the reporters are fond of calling it, ought certainly to be grand, indeed, to
occurs to us as likely to be met with in a similar situation. But the repay the trouble of reaching it. In their native Italian homes, the literal
honours of " hanging," which neither wit nor passionate sentiment could carnivals are held hard by your door. All you have to do is to engage
achieve for these two great men, were attained by a contemporary whom it your carriage or your window, and when you have had enough of the one or
would be profanation to name in the same day with them in point of literary the other, make your driver bring you back by a side street to your hotel,
merit. The simple idyllic creation of Bernardin de St. Pierre- his Paul or thread the crowd to it on foot, at the risk of a snatch being made at your
and Virginia- is incomparably better known, as far as art can make it so, breast pin. But once committed to Epsom you are out for the day. Pro-
than any ofthe productions of their genius. The charming figures of that bably the London and Brighton and South Western must, in the nature
pair of youthful lovers, alone with each other in their tropical wilderness, of things, run return trains sometimes during the earlier hours of the day,
have been reproduced until they have become as familiar to the eyes of most but it is a question whether they would infringe their bye-laws and carry any
of us as portraits of acquaintances. The slender romance which recounts. one so clearly insane as the man who asked to travel by them. If you
their adventures may be childish enough , but it combines the three qualities ordered your coachman to turn your carriage on the road, he would
which lead to this kind of success - naturalness, incident, and originality. mutiny on the strength of his rights as an Englishman, and throw himself
Our own times have been prolific in most extensively read works of on popular sympathy for support. Deliberately committed to the
fiction ; and yet it is difficult to point out any author who has realized what Derby day, you feel like a nervous old lady at the top of a well-
we have here called pictorial popularity. Scott has scarcely attained to it, packed pew in the church of a popular divine. The consciousness that
universal favourite as he is ; you will find him in illustrations innumerable, you can't get out of it if you wished, spoils alike profit and enjoyment.
but hardly on the tavern or cottage wall. Nor has Dickens, nor Thackeray. And that getting to the course ! The arrangements of the railway
One poem only of the present age can we name which has thoroughly companies are invariably admirable, of course, and never leave anything to
entered within the dominion of popular art, and even more so abroad than be desired, we are told. Yet, short of laying down a dozen parallel lines
at home, and that is Byron's " Mazeppa." And one romance may for the day, and providing unlimited carriage accommodation, how can
be said to rival it, Dumas's "Monte Christo." Many a time have they possibly make people comfortable ? The straits through which the
we noticed, in remote Gasthaus or primitive Locanda, that when ordinary thread of traffic draws itself are choked to-day with a
the proprietor has been adventurous enough to adorn his best rooms surging crowd. You may think yourself fortunate if you are only mangled
with specimens of taste, he has supplemented his prints of Saints of the in one sense of the word. You wrestle like a gladiator and so far
Church and reigning Sovereigns with a series out of " Mazeppa ”— prevail as to drop, bathed in perspiration, into the middle seat
Mazeppa and the wolves, Mazeppa crossing the river, Mazeppa and the of a carriage filled with corpulent licensed victuallers, who smoke rancid
wild horses, explained by letter-press in all the common European languages. tobacco, interchange pocket pistols, and positively decline to have the
It is in this instance a just homage to genius of the highest order. The windows down. Your long train crawls along the line like a broken-backed
fiery vigour of poetry such as that of " Mazeppa " is a good deal lost on serpent, its pace tamed down by a salutary fear of collisions and consequent
readers nurtured on Tennyson and Browning, but it is over-mastering to damages. If you go by road, certainly you can choose your companions.
less sophisticated minds. And it is most striking from the presence of that But you had no time for a personal inspection of the phaeton you hired
quality which we have insisted on as indispensable to similar success- from a mews in distant Camberwell, whose owner assured you it would
absolute originality. A short paragraph of Voltaire's " Charles the Twelfth " carry four luxuriously, and be horsed in a way to do you credit. Now, two
contains the whole " motive " of Mazeppa. All that wonderful succession of the party have to place themselves, with language only to be extenuated
of scenes, brought before us like a moving panorama, as we accompany the by the provocation, on a little seat constructed for a couple of infants. Not
hero in his deadly ride, arose without extrinsic hint or help in the poet's a spring is left in the carriage, within or without. By the time you get to
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 PALL MALL BUDGET. II
MAY 28 , 1869. ]

Clapham-common you find out that one of the horses is a roarer and the others it is a lottery, where the prizes are out of all proportion to the blanks.
other has a string halt, and you have the pleasant assurance that nothing For myself, I would rather chance the doubtful beer in the vans than
short of a miracle will land you at Epsom in time for the race of the day. the more questionable foreign growths that come tricked out in mendacious
labels and gold and silver foil. I have a recollection of some disclosures
Meanwhile the dust is silting you up in your carriage, rising round your
ankles like desert sands round the Sphynx. I say nothing of a thunder of Epernay's choicest vintages vended to the spirited proprietors of the
shower (and there is certainly a yellow sultry look in one corner of the refreshment rooms at the Grand Stand, for something over 1s. 6d. a bottle,
sky, only I do hope, for the sake of so many good people out for a holiday, and have no doubt, as wines go on the hill, these gentlemen did very fairly
it may mean nothing), that may convert the coach into a mud bath its by their customers. But those who can rely on their wine merchants
occupants have no means of escaping. Nor do I lay any stress on being generally decline to take any unfair advantage, and redress the balance against
themselves by an excess of indulgence. How can you help it ? A man
the butt of the road, riddled by the discharges of playful humour from each
costermonger's spring-cart that canters past. You may drive down on a is a fool who goes to Rome unless he intends to act like the Romans,
drag behind a team three parts thorough-bred, tooled by a workman and if you have no faith that head and constitution can defy the conse-
whose superb self-confidence is justified by a glance at his shoulders and quences of pledging all and sundry, you had very much better stay away.
elbows as you sit behind. The party is a picked and ought to be a pleasant No doubt, considering the quantity of fluids consumed and their quality,
one. The larder and cellar, stowed away with the servants inside, promise the general good-humour of the day is admirable. I should be glad
the grosser materials for conviviality and mirth. At this early hour the to believe that the holiday makers carry it home for family use on the
admiration of the crowd is still tempered with awe, and you feel yourself, morrow. After all, the more one thinks things over the more satisfied
indeed, at the summit of human glory. But even this is vanity. The one feels of the wisdom of staying away.
merriment is hollow, the talk forced. Two-thirds of the men have staked
their peace of mind for six months or longer on the chance of the day,
and till the great event is decided the soft cushions of the drag are "ALABAMA " CLAIMS AND CUBAN SYMPATHIES.
strewed with thorns for its occupants. And when it is decided, for how
many of them is it easier ? Everybody can't win. BOSTON, May 14.
In looking over the faces that rise tier over tier on Epsom hill, that swamp PERHAPS after the excitement which Mr. Sumner's speech has created
the stands and the platforms, and pack the course, one forgets how largely it in England, you will be surprised to hear that the American public
is leavened by people to whom all this is neither pleasure nor play. A study is not peculiarly interested at present in the question of the Alabama
of individuals helps to undeceive you on that score, and to remind you that claims. Yet the fact is so. For two or three days the newspapers all
no small number of them are following their industries, honest or dishonest, united in pronouncing it a great " effort "-Mr. Sumner's speeches are
as the case may be. First and foremost are those patrons of the turf always efforts and for two or three days the rejection of the treaty afforded
whose horses are there to make our holiday, and who have set money and a good subject for conversation in the cars and on the street. But the
honour on the pace and staying powers of the nominees. Imagine the interest then aroused has died away, and we have all taken once more
whirl of agitation in the man who dreams that another hour may decorate to stock-gambling, peace jubilees, prohibitory agitation, or whatever
him with the envied blue ribbon , and hail him the hero of to-day ; in the Occupation we usually engage in. It is a noticeable fact that since the
trainer who has sent the horse to the post that may make his name live first outburst of applause which followed the rejection of the Johnson
in history linked to the Derby of 1869 ; in the jockey who has the mount treaty the tone of the better part of our press has been much more critical
he longed for, and sees fame and bank-notes fluttering before his eyes. of Mr. Sumner's argument than enthusiastic over it. The Nation, a paper
There are the men who know that the next half-hour may swell the read with more thought than any newspaper in the country, has pointed
dwindled balance at their bankers to five--it may be to six- figures, or out the absurdities of the speech with great skill ; the Times is by no means
send their establishments to the hammer and themselves to the Levant. ready to accord to Mr. Sumner the praise of understanding his subject ;
There are others who have not gone quite so far as that, but whose and, so far as I am aware, the only really influential journal in the country
books or bets ensure them for once in their lives a sensation with a which is at all bellicose in tone is the Tribune. It would be idle to deny
vengeance. One buries himself in the crowd on the stand, shrinking away that the Tribune has an enormous circulation and a great influence among
from any one he knows, and steadies himself by a pillar, while his face the rural population of New York ; but in the city, and at Washington,
blanches and the race-glass quivers in his trembling hands, as with heart Mr. Greeley is not only an uninfluential man, he is laughed at.
bumping against his set teeth he waits to know his fate. The nervousness So far as private talk goes, I have heard but one expression of opinion
of another dreads to look at all, and takes refuge in bumpers of champagne -and that from Republicans too- that Mr. Sumner's speech was a
and a boisterousness that bullies thought. Below is a whole mob of people mistake ; that it puts us in a false position ; that we got all we had ever
following their avocations and thinking of anything but pleasure-waiters, asked by the Johnson-Clarendon convention ; and that if our unfortunate
stable-men, correct card merchants, coat brushers, &c. Of the proprietors Minister had not been so foolish in his " ways and manners," the conven-
of booths, owners of Aunt Sallys, peripatetic dramatists and showmen, many tion might have been ratified. It turns out, according to an article by
have trudged half across England on the chance of a harvest to-day, and are Mr. Henry Brooks Adams in the last number of the North American Review
naturally anxious about getting in their crops. There are the police, who (Mr. Adams is son of our former Minister, and was on his Legation), that
have no sinecure, each member of the force, moreover, having no very the treaty of 1853 was taken as a model at the suggestion of our Govern-
desperate prospect of figuring in to-morrow's papers as the victim of a ment, in order to permit a broad admission of evidence which might
brutal assault. There are the objects of special anxiety to the myrmidons include the documents relating to the question of recognition or anything
of the law, representatives of the light-fingered kleptic schools of England else. Now, Mr. Sumner, apparently oblivious of this fact, found in the
and France, to whom the day is momentous as exciting-one that may form of the convention a special ground of objection, and asserted
send them home loaded with loot, or be the Waterloo to consign them to that the arrangement of 1853 was taken as a model in order to exclude all
prison or exile. Hovering on the outskirts of the crowd is the light brigade claims except private ones.
of the pea and thimble - Bedouins of the downs, whose hands are against The idea seems to have got abroad that Grant is an inveterate and
every man and most men's hands against them. It is a depressing reflec- unscrupulous " annexer," and that if he was not held in with a tight rein he
tion that, hard as all these classes may toil, competition is so rife that their would be fighting away, like a wild Irishman, all over the globe. This is a
general labour can only result in a balance of disappointment against them. mere delusion, and, so far as one can discover, is founded upon the assertion
Once in a way, no doubt, the vast crowd is worth seeing, but then it of the World that at the end of the war General Grant wanted to drive the
is always the same. And taken individually, it has, as I have said, its French out of Mexico at the point of the bayonet. Most probably he did
interest too, but how saddening ! As for the race itself, even supposing you wish it, and most probably he would have done it, had not the French left
see it, the horses once away, a minute or two have disposed ofthat. The more Mexico in an unusual hurry ; and no one would have thought it a peculiarly
conscientious spectators who found tolerable places go through unwonted wild thing to do either. It was the general understanding of both countries
intellectual efforts with imperfect success, in endeavouring vainly to dis- that the French were either to go out peaceably or be driven out.
tinguish the different animals. A series of false starts have tried patience Whether or no there is any insurrection in Cuba ; whether or no the
and impatience alike beyond all bearing, and send some frondeurs prema- people who in the daily papers go by the name of insurgents are mere
turely to their luncheon hampers in indignant protest. By craning your bands of rioters, without army or supplies ; whether or no the Spanish
neck till the vertebra well nigh cracks, with a neighbour raising himself on Government has great difficulty in governing the island-these are questions
each of your feet, a third precipitating himself on your shoulders, and a to which there is still no answer. That a vigorous insurrection is going on
fourth falling back on your hat, you do succeed in getting a glimpse or two at 71 , Broadway, New York, there is no doubt whatever. That building
of a mass of colour something like an ill-arranged tulip bed seen through is the head-quarters of the Cuban Junta. There recruits congregate, and
the small end of a telescope. A tremendous shout comes to jar your there the chieftains, male and female, feed the flames of revolt. An attempt
feelings, as it tells you the horse you backed for a fiver didn't win, and has been made to get up a great Cuban movement, and a few days since a
you are borne in a rush of unsavoury mortality to the trap in the roof of meeting of the most inflammatory character was held, at which it was
the stand, and precipitated with it down by the staircase. urged that the Cuban people were a downtrodden race, that atrocities of
Well the scene that greets you as you extricate yourself below every kind were being daily perpetrated by the cruel Spaniards, and
ought to gladden the heart of a cynic. Hampers are being opened and that if the United States did not do something very soon, they
cloths spread all down the long lines of vehicles. Roast chickens fall on would certainly be covered with shame and dishonour in the eyes
them thick as quails in the wilderness, with pies of every grade, from the of all those who agreed with the speakers. The Tribune meanwhile has
aristocracy of Strasbourg and Ruffec, to the veal and ham dear to the been writing up Cuba at a most tremendous rate, representing the
caterers for British palates. The file-firing of champagne corks comes fast terrible nature of the conflict now raging, the conviction of all people
and furious from the carriages, while among carts and vans the gurgling of who had any horror of vice in them that the yoke of the Spaniard must
countless rills from beer jars carries you off to meadows, mountain-locked now be taken off the necks of the devoted islanders, and accounting for
among the melting snows ofthe Alps. Were it free from arrière pensée the the lack of any authentic news of battles or even skirmishes by elaborate
philanthropist need ask no higher, holier pleasure than marking the play of descriptions of the physical geography of the country. What " the friends
knives and forks in the hands of a host of hungry countrymen slipped of freedom " want apparently is a recognition of the Cuban Government ;
simultaneously on unwonted dainties. But the reflection will obtrude meanwhile, the Democrats desire a proclamation of neutrality. Why they
itself, how will they all feel after it by this time to-morrow ? The clients of desire it is not so clear ; but the most natural reason would be that it
Fortnum and Mason, Morell, &c. , are safe as far as quality goes, but with the would involve the Administration in difficulties in the Alabama
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 12 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28, 1869.

question, which would not be unpleasant to the party whom Mr. Johnson Nothing can be truer as a general rule, and the same may be said of
represented . Once proclaim neutrality as between Spain and Cuba, they physicians. They ought to be looking after their pills and their patients
say to themselves, and you are in a pretty position with reference instead of practising upon the constitution of the State. We do not
to England. Thus the Administration has been between two fires, disqualify physicians, for the simple reason that their own interests are
and had it been any other than it is, we should have had some bunkum amply sufficient to keep them to their duties ; and the law should certainly
performance or other of the most scandalous kind. One of the last things be made so stringent as to enforce upon clergymen, who have not the
Congress did, as you will remember, was to pass a resolution of sympathy same personal interest, the duty of attending to their cures. The tempta-
with Cuba, under the lead of General Banks. But we have in General tion to go into Parliament is, indeed, one amongst a thousand far more
Grant and Secretary Fish two men who can be trusted alone for six months. probable temptations to neglect his duty. Any rule which sufficiently prevents
Urged on the one side to recognize, and on the other to proclaim neutrality, him from abandoning his task from a love of travelling or of fine arts or
they did something very different- they sent a special agent to Cuba to of London society or of general indolence, would probably be sufficient
obtain information. This agent returned a few days ago, and reported to keep him to it in spite of parliamentary ambition. The disqualification
that whatever troubles there were would speedily be quelled by the Spanish regarded in this light is merely stopping one very small hole in a sieve ;
authorities, and that the insurrection was a farce. Of course, under these it removes the least probable of all opportunities of neglect ; and, in so
circumstances, there is nothing for the Government to do ; but how much doing, injures Parliament by excluding a certain number of unemployed
wisdom and bravery it requires to remain inactive just now it is difficult to parsons who might bring really useful experience to many important
express. The game is not over. The World, by far the ablest and by far questions of social legislation. The argument points to enforcing a proper
the most unscrupulous daily paper in New York, came out last week with discipline ; and implies not that clergymen, as such, should be disqualified,
a most detailed account of the sailing of a fully armed, equipped, and but only those who hold some cure. The public has a perfect right to
manned vessel of war-the Arago- from that city, under the very eyes of insist that no incumbent shall be at the same time a member of Parliament,
the United States authorities, bound for Cuba. Every detail was so but it does not follow that the same exclusion should operate in case of
circumstantially given that it seemed impossible that the story should those who have no active duties to perform.
prove a hoax. Of course, it furnished a convenient theme for a new If it should be said that the plan would lead to political intrigues on
attack on the gross hypocrisy of the Administration . People were the part of the clergy, and that bishoprics would be won, like legal
bewildered, and asked themselves what it meant. But in three days it appointments, by steady and discreet voting, we can only say that there is
turned out that the Arago had been bought by the Peruvian Govern- a sufficient safeguard in the general tone of opinion. Clergymen are being
ment, and cleared in the usual way, without any men except the crew confined within ever-narrowing limits of respectability. They are being
on board, her papers being all right, and that the Spanish Minister had driven from the hunting field and even from the cricket ground. Even the
never made any objection. Another vessel, however, to whose move- bishops, much as we all revere them, have ceased to take much action in
ments he did call the attention of our Government was immediately politics, except in special questions. Public opinion will reduce the ordinary
looked after. clergyman to a state of existence at least sufficiently neutral ; no special
legislation is required to tame him. Even in America, the clergy of all sects
keep themselves clear of politics ; and here we might be quite certain
CLERGYMEN AND PARLIAMENT.
that a gentleman who had taken a share in ordinary party conflicts
WHEN we set about severing the bonds which have hitherto connected would be regarded as having abandoned the distinctively clerical line
Church and State, it is no wonder that we come upon some unexpected of preferment. Nor is it perhaps perfectly certain that a man who had
results. The process is like cutting down a tree in a tropical forest which been knocked about in parliamentary warfare would not at times bring
is joined by so many parasitical creepers to its neighbours that the fall of a useful atmosphere of business habits into some offices connected with
the main mass involves the destruction of many less conspicuous growths. the Church.
One singular result of the disestablishment of the Irish Church has come out The ostensible reasons for the exclusion are perhaps somewhat different
through a question addressed to Mr. Gladstone. Clergymen, as it is known, from those which will have real weight. We respect the clergy sincerely :
are at present excluded from Parliament bythe Act passed in the case of but we are not free from certain prejudices against their capacities for
Horne Tooke. According to Mr. Gladstone and the law officers of the active life. Convocation is not a body whose action tends to impress one
Crown, one effect of the present bill will be to remove this restriction in the with the common sense of the class from which it is drawn. Clergymen
case of the clergy of the disestablished Church of Ireland . Roman may scold at Colenso and may shout down heretics in a place where
Catholic priests will still be excluded by special provision ; but the clergy they can do little harm to anything but their own character ; but
of all other sects are at present admissible, and, indeed, have not unfre- we do not want to have such displays in a really powerful assembly.
quently held seats in the House of Commons. The privilege will hence- Mr. Whalley is bad enough by himself, but if Mr. Whalley were backed
forth be extended to the Irish clergy, who, it is to be hoped, will consider up by half a dozen vigorous Evangelical preachers and opposed by
it as some infinitesimal set off against the lowering of their position in as many energetic Ritualists, the Speaker would require the support of a
other respects. Mr. Gladstone remarked that the law would thus be in an select body of police. There are popular clergymen who would bring
anomalous state, and would require some alteration , though he was not texts from the Apocalypse to bear upon the Budget ; and the mere mention
prepared to determine its nature. Meanwhile Mr. Thorold Rogers has of such questions as have been debated during this session would make the
written to a contemporary, suggesting another conclusion . Hitherto, he orators of the Convocation type foam at the mouth. Nonsense enough is
says, there has been only one Church of England and Ireland . If one talked in Parliament in all conscience, and the eloquence of our present rulers
part of it is disestablished, and the clergy of that part obtain the removal is sufficiently discursive ; we do not require to take in an additional field
of the disqualification, all the clergy ought to have the same option. They for rhetorical display, and to have theological heresies confuted as well as
might elect to belong to the disestablished fraction and claim the privilege political. Ministers have a good deal of trouble, as it is, in responding
of standing for seats in the House of Commons. The simple remedy, he to the interpellations of the ordinary member ; but if they could be invited
says, for the difficulties which may arise would be to pass an Act declaring to explain the bearing of their opinions on the Thirty-nine Articles their
that all natural-born subjects of her Majesty are free to sit in Parliament fate would be hard indeed.
if any constituency chooses to elect them. The particular anomaly which To all this, and much more which might be said, we have already
brings up the question for settlement might doubtless be surmounted in answered by anticipation . Undoubtedly the clergy have some weak points.
other ways ; but, regarding it as a matter of general policy, Mr. Rogers's We should not like to see many members displaced by a detachment from
proposal seems to deserve consideration. Convocation, neither should we care to see them ousted by as many
There is a prima facie presumption against any disqualification directed Dissenting preachers. The safeguard in one case would be that which already
against a particular class. If a constituency chooses to elect a lawyer or exists in the other- namely, the common sense of the constituents. Things
a doctor or a costermonger, he has a right to take his seat. They may be might be altered if female suffrage were adopted , but as matters stand we
very foolish to elect persons from any of those ranks in life, but we cannot cannot imagine that many of the clergy would be invited to exchange the
undertake to guide their judgment by legislation. There can be no doubt pulpit for the benches of the House of Commons. The great majority are
that they have ample opportunity to select men utterly unfit for their sufficiently disqualified by considerations of money or of duty ; no clergyman
places, and that they avail themselves of it with perfect freedom and who was not in an exceptional position could stand on the hustings against
readiness. Ifthey should take it into their heads that a parson is sometimes the cry which would be raised of " Go back to your pulpit." If a few
as good as a country gentleman or a railway director, why should. reached the House, they would soon be reduced to sufficient order by the
they not indulge their fancy ? Sensible people are generally agreed that tone of that very secular assembly. They would feel very distinctly that
it is a mistake to disqualify a man absolutely from giving evidence in a The
they were losing in character by joining in merely political contests.
court of justice on the ground of his having some special interest in the public sentiment may be trusted to enforce in all cases where it is really
result, and prefer that the jury should hear what he has to say and make any wanted the exclusion of the clergy from duties of incongruous character.
allowance they please for his presumable partiality. In the same way, it But there are also cases in which this does not apply. There are many
may be said, we ought to leave clergymen to make their own case with clergymen who have abandoned their spiritual character from conscientious
constituents ; they will be sufficiently handicapped by the spontaneous motives, some of whom are now admitted to the bar. There are others
prejudices of their hearers against political parsons, and the result will who do not find a suitable field of exertion in any of the ordinary clerical
probably be more satisfactory than a hard and fast line which makes no posts. Undoubtedly, the number of such cases is limited , though
allowance for exceptional circumstances. they include a good many men of ability and character. It is,
Among the objections which may be urged for taking the case out again, only a minority of these few who would in any case be
of this general presumption cannot consistently be included any supposed ambitious of a seat in Parliament. But as there are some such persons,
incompatibility of the spiritual and temporal offices, for, to say nothing and as they complain of a grievance, which is not the less sensible in
of the House of Lords, we already admit into the Commons all kinds of their case because it only affects a few, the grievance might as well be
Dissenting teachers, and shall probably admit the clergy of the Irish removed. The difficulty which has arisen in consequence of the Irish
Church. A more serious objection to the admission of the English clergy Church Bill seems to afford a simple opportunity for doing an act of
to Parliament is that they are State officials, and cannot be in Parliament justice, which would radically remove the anomaly noticed by Mr.
without neglecting their duties. A clergyman, it may be said, ought to Gladstone. Why any one should wish to sit in Parliament who is not
be visiting the sick, performing religious services, and looking after his called by manifest destiny to such a position is a question which need not
parish, instead of spouting to constituents or obeying the calls of whips. be at present discussed.
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MAY 28, 1869.]

account bythe officials, who have it then all their own way. There is no
FRANCE. uglier feature in our elections than the calumnies and the vile insinuations
(FROM A PARISIAN . ) which are trumped up at the eleventh hour against men who cannot reply.
May 26. Nearly half a million of public functionaries of one sort or another were
THERE are some people who are said to be so sanguinely brave that they at their post, and the signal had been sent through the whole line that the
do not know when they are beaten ; the moderate Liberals of France must Government expected every man to do his duty. Jailors in the prisons,
be singularly gifted in this respect if they do not acknowledge that they tobacconists, licensed publicans, schoolmasters, road-menders, above all, the
have suffered a signal defeat at the elections. Universal suffrage has soldiers, were told clearly what that duty was, and what would be the penalty
divided its favours --very unequally- between Imperialism and Socialism ; of failing in it. If you add to this that the vote takes place on two successive
Imperialism in the rural districts, Socialism in the great towns. The inter-
days, and that during the intervening night the ballot box in the rural
mediate shades of opinion have been rudely rejected. In my last letter I
communes remains in the keeping of the mayor-generally an ignorant and
spoke of the aspect of affairs as very disquieting to all thoughtful politicians, zealous, and sometimes an unscrupulous Government nominee- you will
but the event has gone much beyond my forebodings . As far as public appreciate to a certain degree the weight of what we call " administrative
opinion may be ascertained by the elections , parties are at the present day pressure. " Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the Emperor has still get
pretty nearly in the same situation as they were seventeen years ago, when the peasants-the bulk ofthe army of universal suffrage with him. They
Napoleon III. " saved France." We are no forwarder , and the Emperor are not Socialists, and still less Liberals.
is past sixty. As to Paris, its verdict against " personal government " is unmistake-
In a review of the slain, the first place must be given to that most able. Whatever else the elections may mean they mean that. They are
notable
the fraction
elector of the Opposition,
al battle-field. thehad
Their hopes Orleanists.
been highThey lie
at one in heaps
time, on
and they decidedly against the Emperor. I called your attention particulary in my
last letter to the election of the third circumscription, where MM. Ollivier
put forward numerous candidates. Even those for whom they had no fears and Bancel were the rival candidates, and where the possibility of a recon-
have failed. M. Thiers, their chief and leader, who offered himself to five ciliation between the Emperor and liberty was the question at issue.
different constituencies, and who, it was supposed, would have only to Exactly 10,000 votes, a curiously round number, out of about 36,000
choose his seat among these, and might dispose of the others in favour of voters, constitute the majority which Bancel, the exile of December, 1851 ,
his followers, has been elected nowhere. If he succeeds in getting a seat has obtained over Emile Ollivier, whose election would have been secure
in Paris it will be thanks to the co-operation of M. D'Alton-Shée, his had he not attempted to conciliate his undoubted liberalism with confidence
Socialist opponent, who at the second ballot may induce his followers to in the Emperor's good intentions. This defeat will go far to damp the joy
transfer their votes to Thiers. As to the chiefs of the second degree, which the general result of the elections will produce at the Tuileries.
they are, literally, " nowhere." MM. Casimir Périer, De Broglie, Rémusat, Bancel, I must add, has been also elected at Lyons.
Lasteyrie, Falloux, Duchâtel, Decazes, Pasquier, with many others whose In the fourth, eighth, and ninth circumscriptions the Opposition candi-
names are less familiar to Englishmen, have all failed hopelessly. These dates who were also the ex-members- MM. Picard, Jules Simon, and
are men of birth and landed property, well known in their respective Pelletan, have been elected by large majorities, being only opposed by
departments, and having generally rendered services to their humble Government candidates, and having no Socialist influences arrayed against
neighbours, yet not one has been able to compete successfully with official them.
and administrative influence. As to the younger lieutenants of the party,
In the first circumscription, Carnot and Gambetta were opposed to each
MM. Prevost-Paradol, Hervé, Cornélis de Witt, and others, their defeat has other. Carnot was the son of Carnot the regicide, the member of
been crushing. Prevost-Paradol at Nantes only polled 1,959 votes on the Convention, the " organizer of victory " for the fourteen armies of the
nearly 31,000 voters ; M. Cornélis de Witt, M. Guizot's son-in-law, suc- great Republic ; he bore a name which is dear to French democracy ; he
ceeded scarcely better in the circumscription of Lisieux, where his father-
had been himself a member of the Government of the second Republic,
in-law lives and did his very best for him. As for M. Hervé, who is a
and as Minister of Public Instruction he had proposed that primary
clever writer in the Journal de Paris, he is entitled to your sympathy as
instruction should be gratuitous and obligatory. In fact he only fell from
being one of the very few French journalists who thoroughly understand, power in consequence of his supposed Socialist propensities. Though
and can clearly explain, English politics. elected in 1852 and 1857 , he refused to take the oaths, and did not sit.
But it may be argued that Orleanism is a somewhat narrow political Since 1863 he has been a silent member of the Legislature, but his votes
sect ; that, as its name indicates, it is anti-dynastic, and that France, have been unexceptionable in a democratic point of view. M. Gambetta,
desirous of repose, may well wish for liberty while fearing to upset the on the other hand, was completely unknown until his famous and really
Imperial Government, and that its distrust of the Orleanists is therefore
eloquent speech as a lawyer in the Baudin testimonial case brought him
justified . It may be said, moreover, taking M. Thiers as a type of his into notice ; but he bid higher than Carnot for Socialist favours, made no
party, that a man who upholds the temporal power of the Pope, who is profession of his own, and bound himself to accept the programme which
against free-trade, who defends huge armaments as a means of asserting the the Democratic-Socialist committee should draw up, and so he was elected.
pre-eminence of France at the expense of the independence of other nations,
People who know M. Gambetta well say that he will prove more reasonable
whose ideas of the liberty of the press-as shown by his acts when in than his constituents suppose ; that he is a clever man of business who
power- are, to say the least, very restricted ; and who, in his love for
will be useful in the Chamber, and that his socialism was only the means
administrative unity, approves the constitutional clause which secures the to an end. That may be ; but if he is reasonable, he was certainly not
inviolability of all public functionaries, and places them above the common elected on that account, either in Paris or at Lyons.
law ; it may be said, I admit, with reason that such a man may not satisfy In the fifth, sixth, and seventh circumscriptions there will be a second
the legitimate aspirations of democratic France, even though the liberties ballot on Sunday week. I have only space to add here that there is little
he declares " necessary " (and does his best to obtain by his untiring zeal doubt that Rochefort will be elected in the seventh. The votes of the
and lucid eloquence) may be great boons in her present state. Let us look
other Socialist candidate, M. Cantagrel, will be transferred to him, and will
beyond Orleanism.
probably give him a great majority against M. Jules Favre-his Liberal
Four men, whose names are connected with the revolutionary period of competitor. Rochefort, the author of the Lanterne, a mere pamphleteer,
1848, MM. Jules Favre, Carnot, Marie, and Garnier-Pagès have all lost witty if you will, but whose chief claim to popular favour is his scurrilous
their seats.
Whatever may have been their errors of judgment when they
attacks on the Emperor, winning against Jules Favre, who has been for
were in power, they had done their duty well in Opposition. Beyond them years the most eloquent and indefatigable advocate of political liberty !
it seemed that democracy-with any respect for political forms- could Have I not reason to say that the Paris elections are disquieting ?
scarcely go. But the fact is that the Democratic Opposition which has
triumphed in some of the great towns is not political but socialist, and
politicians -even republican politicians - are distanced. DEAF AND DUMB.
Indeed, the efforts made by the ultra-Democrats against the triumvirate,
so called, of 1848 - Carnot, Jules Favre, and Garnier-Pagès- have been AMONGST those who should be well informed upon the subject it is
singularly persevering and acrimonious ; while, on the other hand, the said that there is some idea of consecrating a church where the deaf and
moderate Liberals and the Orleanists, burying in oblivion the old grudges dumb may meet together in isolation, and public service may be conducted
of 1848, have voted for them to a man. Who could have believed twenty by means of signs. Before that which appears to many competent judges
years ago that such a state of things could come to pass ? a grievous mistake becomes irretrievable, it is well that a few facts should be
The elections in Paris and in the provinces should properly be stated and a few suggestions considered. It may or may not be generally
considered quite apart ; but before going further a short explanation is known that there is even now on Sundays a special service for the deaf
necessary to make sure that I am intelligible to all your readers. and dumb. It is conducted according to the ritual of the Established
To be elected, a candidate with us must obtain an absolute majority of Church, and the minister uses only signs and the finger alphabet. The
votes -in other words, he must poll half the votes plus one ; moreover his place of worship is a lecture room of the Polytechnic ; and in another
votes must amount to one quarter of the number of the registered electors. room, hard by, the stentorian lip-service of Lord Radstock's congregation
If these two conditions are not fulfilled, however much ahead he may be of contrasts with the voiceless devotions ofthe deaf and dumb. The stage,
his competitors, he must submit to the chances of a second ballot, or and the foot-lights, and other accessories redolent of Professor Pepper
ballottage, as it is simply called here-the word ballot not being applied at and his ghost, suggest rather a mundane exhibition than a religious.
all to the first electoral contest. You will understand that this frequently solemnity ; and the gestures of the minister might lead to the belief
occurs, but there have rarely been so many ballottages as on the present that he is merely acting up to the traditions of the place by " practi-
cccasion. In fifty-eight circumscriptions there has been no decisive vote. cally exemplifying a new system of telegraphic signals." His exertions
The second ballot takes place a fortnight after the first election, that is to must be very tiring. His motions are so rapid as to call to mind the Psalmist's
say, on the 6th and 7th of June. At this second trial, the candidate who prayer, "make them like unto a wheel." It is evidently a severe race
obtains most votes carries the day without regard to numbers. It is, between the hand of the signer and the eye of the spectator. An
therefore, impossible to say at present what the majority of the Government ordinary looker-on would say that the expression of the spectators' faces
will be,ulfor the missing circumscriptions are, it is needless to say, the most is rather that of those who are watching with detective curiosity the
do ubtf ones . dexterity of a skilful performer than that of those who are in mind and
That the majority will be overwhelming is certain. There has been no heart, though lacking voice and language, following the unmistakable
mere leader. It is worthy of remark further that the
lack
whichofnzeal,
o and the five days immediately preceding the elections, during guidance of a
speeches or canvassing is allowed, have been turned to good service is considerably curtailed, for it takes a long while to spell even
[ 329 ]
 14 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28, 1869.

upon the deftest fingers ; nevertheless, the sermon, which is really no for Deaf and Dumb Jews, where no compound system of signs such as
part of divine worship, is retained. The minister, who is by no is in vogue at the Old Kent-road establishment is allowed, and no spelling
means deaf and dumb, but quite the contrary, is called the chaplain upon the fingers practised ; and there, although the principal labours
of the Association in aid of the Deaf and Dumb, and is said under the disadvantage of being a foreigner (the foreign pronunciation,
to have been admitted to holy orders by the present Archbishop of however, being only faintly discernible) children may be heard to speak
Canterbury (when he was Bishop of London), for the express purpose of simple English sentences, and answer from the lips of a questioner simple
fulfilling this peculiar ministry. The association and the minister are, English questions, in a by no means perfect but sufficiently surprising
so far as anything has hitherto appeared to the contrary, both excellent ; manner. The head at that particular place regretfully announces that
but it is notorious that many excellent societies and persons ride objection- the pupils are more apt at picking up low songs, which depraved persons
able hobbies into inconvenient places. And having got their hobby into ofboth genders no doubt take a delight in repeating to them, than anything
the Polytechnic, they are desirous that it should stand at livery in a regu- of a more improving character.
larly consecrated church. But what are the objections ? Many. The whole It should be mentioned , also, that the voices of the dumb (by the Irish-
system of signing, except as a means towards an end, except as a crutch man's leave) are for the most part so harsh, nasal, and peculiar, that a
to be thrown aside so soon as the cripple can walk without it, is bad certain time must be allowed before a stranger can apprehend more than
in principle and bad in tendency. Especially is this the case in religious a blur of sounds ; but sometimes, as in the case of a little boy at the
matters. Clergymen who can speak with authority will tell you that there Jews' Home, there is a voice which would be noticeably sweet and clear
are awful names which cannot be signed with reverence, and holy mysteries amongst a company of ordinary children. There is a notion, not
and solemn sacraments and important doctrines of which it would be altogether unfounded, that the deaf and dumb are of a generally weak
impossible to convey an adequate idea by means of signs. Again, it is mental organization ; but it is worthy of record that at the present time
surely at times and places of public worship that all phases of humanity there is a deaf and dumb barrister of considerable practice (though not, of
should be gathered together ; strong and weak, halt and maimed, the course at nisi prius), and that visitors to the exhibition at Burlington
blind, the deaf, and the dumb, all as one family. There is also House look (with pleasure, most likely) upon two pictures painted by a deaf
the difficulty of securing a succession of regularly ordained ministers. and dumb gentleman who twice gained the silver medal of the Royal
When the present able minister leaves his post vacant shall we look Academy.
And now to what end is all this talk ? To induce excellent
upon his like again ? His equal may be found in other respects,
but if not equally " nimble with his fives " (to borrow a graphic expres- people to pause before they aggravate an isolation which it should
sion), the loss will be irreparable. There is, further, the question of be their great aim to prevent. The deaf and dumb are taught to read
sensationalism ; and the extent to which that is in danger of being carried and write, and it is pretty certain that whatever deaf-mute is intelligent
may be discovered from the perusal of an article in the March number of enough and quick enough to follow the minister's signing, is suffi-
Fraser. The writer of the ' article attended a service at the Polytechnic ; ciently advanced to read a printed Prayer-book ; and at the Asylum in
and the regular minister being away at a deaf and dumb wedding (which, the Old Kent-road, at any rate, if nowhere else, exposition of the liturgy
one would have thought, might have been postponed to a week-day ; is professedly part of the education. And those who are not so far
only then there would not, perhaps, have been so many persons to see the advanced are but in the position of children, who are not debarred from
pantomime and the pantomimist), a deaf and dumb layman took the joining in public worship because they do not perfectly understand all that is
vacant place. The Fraserian appears to have been so bewildered by going on. It may be objected that even if the deaf-mutes would know from
what he saw, and, nevertheless, so determined to produce an effect upon the labial movements of a neighbour and other indications how the service
his readers, as to have discarded sober reality and given the rein to an was proceeding, they would most likely, if not certainly, miss the sermon
excited imagination. According to him the deaf mute was " a Gamaliel, altogether, for the preacher would most probably not be near enough to
an Isaiah, a Job, a Jonah, " and " so moved by the poetry of the them or speak slowly enough to enable them to follow him ; and the
thoughts he was communicating, his head, arms, and whole body answer to that, according to general experience, is that in that particular
were idealized by it ; and he was a picture in every attitude respect the deaf-mute would be at no great disadvantage.
that he assumed. No Oriental could give a painter or a sculptor
more delight." It is quite clear, then, that the deaf and dumb
layman was not imitating the regular minister, who behaves in a perfectly THE PARISIAN STAGE.
sober and sensible manner, and indulges in very little posturing.
The Fraserian also seems to have been much edified at seeing JUST now the eyes of theatrical Paris are directed towards the Gymnase,
immediately after the service " young ladies in chignons and silk dresses, and where, in the presence of the Emperor and Empress, a new comedy has
with feathers in their hats,"and " smart young men anxious to get to them, and been brought out, the ostensible author of which is M. Alphonse Jalin,
being received with undoubtedly favourable smiles ; " but it may appear to but which is freely associated by public rumour with the name of the
many persons that flirtation is not the best way of concluding public younger M. Alexandre Dumas. It is entitled " Le Filleul de Pompignac,"
worship, and is rather to be discouraged than encouraged, even amongst and the younggentleman thus designated is Paul Dornan, who, after a juvenile
deaf and dumb worshippers. And the discouragement might be effected by attachment to Marthe, an orphan brought up under the care of her aunt,
interspersing a few deaf-mutes amongst congregations of the ordinary kind. Hersilie, has left college to indulge in a course of Parisian dissipation. Letters
The flirtations without which even deaf and dumb humanity cannot be have passed between the two lovers till the arrival of one fatal day,
expected to live might be reserved for occasions and places not specially when , all of a sudden, Paul grows tired of writing. But there is no
dedicated to the Almighty. interruption to his taste for expensive pleasures, and his debts would
But some one will say, Are signs, which make intercourse between embarrass him to a formidable degree were it not for the good offices of
the deaf and dumb so easy, to be altogether abolished ? Not alto- his godfather, the Chevalier de Pompignac. This chevalier is a very
gether ; they are useful as a means of instruction, and commendable as respectable old bachelor, who before he settled in Paris became acquainted
a system of communication between the afflicted. The object of bene at Metz with the family Dornan, to which his godson legally belongs, and
volent society, however, is, or ought to be, to prevent as far as possible likewise with a military officer, an intimate friend of the family, who has
the isolation of any defective body of fellow-creatures, and to bring become a general when the piece begins. With all his liberality, the worthy
them to the greatest possible extent into a position of equality with chevalier finds himself unable to meet the extensive demands of his
the great bulk of the community. And this object can never be effected godson. He has already lent him 35,000 francs, and when the young
by signs ; for the majority will not learn the sign language ; you might as gentleman wants 40,000 francs more he thinks that the time has come to
well expect a whole nation to learn a foreign tongue out of deference for look out for some other source of ready money. The general,
a few sojourning aliens. But can the deaf and dumb be taught to speak who has recently come back from Cochin-China, seems just the
and hear? Yes ; to articulate with the mouth and to perceive with the sort of person who might be useful on a pressing occasion. Unfortunately,
eye, so that sight will tell them what the tongue of another says. In the however, the same general has met Marthe at her country residence, and
Cornhill of December, 1867 , an excellent writer, whose article has few, has been sufficiently captivated with her to make her an offer of his hand,
66
if any, assertions of a questionable kind, writes thus of an institution although she is altogether sans dot," and has told him the story of her
in Brussels :- " The conventional system of teaching to speak by signs innocent but unhappy love for Paul. Thus placed, he is not in position to
is totally and unexceptionally abandoned, and each individual patient part with ready money. Moreover, he has never seen the young prodigal,
is successfully taught to speak with his lips. " And the same writer says, nor can he understand why he should choose him as a special object for
" There can be no reason why our own dumb should not be taught his bounty.
to speak, and so be rescued from that terrible isolation which has In the meanwhile the necessity for cash grows imperious. Paul's debt
been hitherto accepted as their destiny." The writer, to a certain extent, was contracted on the turf, and unless it can be satisfied within four-and-
resembles a man who looks abroad for the spectacles which are on his twenty hours he will be disgraced. The general, therefore, must be attacked
own nose. He goes to Brussels to see a wonder which he might to a again, and an opportunity presents itself when he calls upon his old friend,
modified extent (for not every pupil is brought to the articulately whom he has instructed to draw the outline of his marriage contract. The
speaking degree of perfection ) have seen at home in the Old Kent- scene, showing the interior of the old bachelor's residence, has been greatly
road, at the Asylum for Deaf and Dumb ; which is, if not the parent, admired. Pompignac is represented as thoroughly comfortable, and
at any rate the prototype, of all similar institutions in England. thoroughly
thoroughly an epicure. He likes his cook to be not only mistress of her
The writer in the Cornhill was requested to say something in English art, but likewise young and pretty, not from any licentious motive, but
to a deaf-mute at Brussels, and he writes :-" Accordingly I selected from a conviction that his eyes ought to be gratified as well as his palate.
one of them, and said to him, Clergy-man.' ' Clergy-man ' immediately Paul, calling on his godfather, meets the general, who is well known to
said the youth, with a perfect articulation, but without having the him by reputation, the warlike deeds of their military friend having
faintest idea of what he was talking about." Well, the present Principal been frequently recounted with pleasure by the family at Metz. However,
of the Old Kent-road Asylum had a visit from the Japanese ambassadors the impression which he makes upon the general is by no means
when they were in England, and they spoke to him several words of favourable. The old officer is disgusted at the levity with which
Japanese (of which he is as ignorant as an unborn babe) ; he by the the youth talks about spending money not his own, and refuses to
mouth transferred the sounds to a deaf and dumb child, and the child by understand the pantomimic gestures by which Pompignac implores him to
the mouth gave them back to the Japanese to their perfect compre- save Paul from destruction. A crisis arrives when Mdme. de Bussy,
hension and amazement. Moreover, there is in Burton-crescent a Home a lady of odd reputation, calls for the money which Paul has lost to
[ 330 ]
 MAY 28, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 15

a certain viscount, her agent on the turf, and is willing to allow time if most diverse opinions, provinces, professions, and tastes. Jacob Grimm,
the debtor will sign an acknowledgment. The ugly position of Paul in his preface to the first published part, enumerates no less than eighty-
touches the heart of the general, who writes a cheque for the required three coadjutors in this way. Then special directions were forwarded to
money, and Mdme. de Bussy is politely conducted off the premises by the each. On a piece of paper of prescribed size and shape he was to set
chevalier. down each word which struck him as employed by his author in any way
Paul's first impulse is to throw himself on the neck of his benefactor, unusual, characteristic, or for any reason worthy of attention ; and with it
but he also feels bound to make him acquainted with the story of his life, the passage, prose or verse, in which it had occurred.
and thus to show that he is not so worthless as he appears. We learn from After a while, a mighty mass of material poured into headquarters, from
his narrative that he passed a happy childhood till the death of his mother, east, west, north, and south - about a million of billets in all, it is roughly
but that immediately after her burial he was roughly sent from home by his computed. To sort them was the next business, and to arrange them
father, whom he scarcely ever saw during the eleven years he passed at under alphabetical heads. Two men were thus employed during a period
school, and who always appeared irritated by his presence. Strange to say, of six months, working from early morning to late evening, collecting for
the narrative affects the listener as much as the speaker, and the harshness each word the various citations applicable to it, and fastening them in a
ofthe former towards Paul has altogether evaporated. bundle together, then placing the whole in two gigantic chests ready for
Paul's father, M. Dornan, is still alive, but he does not appear till the the further process of deciding the proportion of quotations and authorities
third of four acts, when he repays the advances made to his son, letting the to be retained, and tracing chronologically and otherwise the shades and
general understand that he is actuated solely by a regard for the honour of transitions of meaning. The genius and taste of individual writers had to
his name, and not in the least by affection for the prodigal. He has be considered as influencing the value to be attached to their testimony.
recognized his old friend at a glance, but is not recognized in Of the authors in the sixteenth century, with which the range of investiga-
turn, so much is his appearance altered by long-continued grief. The tion begins, the greatest weight is attached to Luther, to Hans Sachs, and
cause of his woe and of his dislike to his son, as he explains to the general, to the remarkable satirist Fischart, who, indeed, for this early period of
is the discovery that Paul is not veritably his offspring, but is the result of the literature, is considered the most valuable of all. The seventeenth
an intrigue between some unknown person and Mdme. Dornan, who, on century, a period of stagnation, or rather of retrogression in Germany,
her deathbed, confessed her crime, but refused to name her lover. Eighteen owing to the effects of the Thirty Years' War, furnishes no more eminent
years have elapsed since the dismal avowal, and Dornan, who has suspected authorities in the use of language than Gryphius, Opitz, and Lenau ; while
every possible person, even the good Chevalier de Pompignac, is still on the for the eighteenth century the foremost rank is assigned to Lessing, Jean
scent for the despoiler of his honour. A change that takes place in the Paul, and Schiller. On the whole, the three authors most carefully collated
general's countenance prompts Dornan to put the home question, and analyzed for the purpose of determining the changes and legitimate
" Jurez moi que ce n'est pas vous." 66 "Je le jure," replies the general. uses of the written language are Fischart, Luther, and Goethe.
"Sur l'honneur ?" presses Dornan. Eh bien ! non," is the answer, For a time much doubt was entertained as to the practical success of
which is equal to a confession. the scheme. It was thought too vast in its proportions to be carried out
A duel between the two old friends now seems inevitable, but Paul, by men who, like Jacob Grimm and his brother, had other pressing literary
informed of the danger, endeavours to prevent it by insulting the general, avocations to occupy their time, and the appearance of the first part of it
and thus taking the quarrel into his own hands. An exclamation on the in print was something of a surprise to the sceptical. In 1854, however,
part of the officer leads him, however, to suspect the relationship between a whole volume was completed and published ; in 1860 a second made its
them, and with a cry of despair he is on the point of acknowledging his real appearance ; in 1862 a third. Soon after this, Jacob Grimm, the chief
father. Second thoughts are best ! Rushing into the arms of Dornan he promoter and manager of the undertaking, died ; he had been preceded a
shows that in spite of obstacles he looks upon him as the more eligible short time before by his brother, his inseparable companion throughout
parent, and thus conquers a hatred of eighteen years' standing. The general almost the whole of life, but had laboured on with undiminished energy,
feeling that his presence in France is no longer expedient, sets off for the till, while occupied with the word " Frucht," he too was called away.
wars, resigning his pretensions to Marthe in favour of Paul, and bidding a Happily, the impetus given by these famous scholars did not die with
last adieu to poor old Dornan. them. Their undertaking was carried on with vigour by the contributors
The piece is strongly cast, Dornan being played by M. Landrol they had enlisted in the task. Hildebrand of Leipsic, Weigand of
Paul by M. Berton, the general by M. Pujol, and Pompignac by Giessen, and Moritz Heyne of Halle, have had the chief hand in it since.
M. Ravel. Professor Hildebrand is now busily occupied with the letter K.
The Italian tragedian, Signor Rossi, has reappeared at the Salle- No similar work had previously existed in the literature of any other
Ventadour as Hamlet, and has since played Struensee in a tragedy of that nation. The Great Dictionary of the Paris Academy came nearest to it,
name, written in German by Michel Beer (brother of Meyerbeer), and perhaps, in importance ; but then the Paris dictionary was a record of
translated into Italian by Andrea Maffei. words in legitimate use only- a kind of statute book of the French
Verdi, it is said, is about to compose an opera on the subject of language. The labours of the Grimms were directed to the compilation
"Patrie !" of a historical repertory of words present and past in all their
changes. But the idea has worked by example on other nations since.
(6 The Dutch literati are engaged on a "Woordenbock der Nederlansche Taal,"
THE GERMAN WÖRTERBUCH"
the tenth volume of which appeared last year ; and the French Academy
THE great " Wörterbuch, " or dictionary of the German language, set on have published two numbers of a " Dictionnaire Historique de la
foot by the Brothers Grimm has now reached about the midway of its Langue Française," which, however, since 1865 has stood still at the word
"Actuellement. " Another French dictionary, by Littré, on the same
course towards completion. It is seventeen years since the first instalment
appeared, and its progress has been carried on continuously and methodi- plan, is making more rapid progress, having reached its twentieth part
cally ever since. The work itself forms an important era, not only in the and the word "Perdre." Of the English dictionary projected on so
history of German literature, but in that of other European nations also, grand a scale by Archbishop (then Dean) Trench and the Philological
and it is not uninteresting to glance back over some particulars of its origin Society, we fear there is nothing but an account of unfulfilled promise to
be recorded.
and execution, as we find them stated in a recent number of the German
periodical the Gartenlaube. The German " Wörterbuch " has been restricted throughout to the
In 1837 seven professors of Göttingen University had to give up their High " German dialect, the " Low " German being left aside as material
chairs and quit the territories of Hanover on account of the part they took for a separate dictionary ; but during the progress of the work a much more
in upholding the Constitution against the arbitrary measures of King varied range of the High German has been included than was at first con-
Ernest.
Among these were Jacob and William Grimm, both deeply templated ; the spoken as well as the written language has been taken into
account. Moreover, the range of time has been extended backwards,
skilled students in philological lure, whose researches had led them into
much curious discovery concerning the antiquities of the German language. many examples being now taken from the medieval and Gothic forms.
The leisure which was now thrust upon them found them happily provided There is, consequently, a defect of symmetry in the work, and an inevitable
with a subject of literary interest which their professional duties incompleteness, for the spoken uses of thelanguage, past and present, must
would never have left them time to prosecute. At the suggestion needs be too manifold, too changing, and too evanescent to admit of
of the publishing firm of Wiedmann, they undertook the compila- perfectly faithful registration. These, however, are but small drawbacks to
monument of German
tion of an exhaustive dictionary, which was to embrace the history of set against the eminent merits of this grand
every word used in German literature since the time of Luther inclusive, nationality.
giving its origin, its derivation , and its different applications and modifica-
tions as the individual mind of different writers or the changes of custom CONCLUDING VOLUME OF NAPOLEON'S
mayhave produced them; the terminus ad quem of the range of inquiry being
fixed at the end of the third decade of the present century. Some years CORRESPONDENCE.
after their expulsion from Hanover, the King of Prussia gave the Brothers THE Imperial Commission charged with the collection of Napoleon's letters
Grimm seats in the Academy of Sciences at Berlin ; and the first instalment has just terminated its task in a rather abrupt and unsatisfactory manner ;
of their dictionary, which was published in 1852, had thus the advantage it is evident that a great many letters must have been suppressed out
of appearing with more honour than if it had issued from their comparative of consideration for families who support the present régime, and for
retirement at Cassel.
the régime itself. The twenty-eighth and last volume embraces the
Fourteen years had been taken up with preparations for the work. The period generally known as " The Hundred Days," during which time .
result, as seen in this first instalment, fully justified the pains with which Napoleon pleaded in appeal, and tried to quash the judgment which
the material had been collected and sifted. The method pursued was this. had sent him an exile to Elba. Before landing in France he drew up
The brothers took a general survey of all known authors, great and small, various manifestoes to the army he spoke of the victories they had
who had contributed to German literature since the era of the Refor- gained together, and complained of the defection of Marmont and
mation. They then made application to a vast number of students Augereau, which had compromised everything. He made a concession
throughout Germany, requesting them to read such or such books carefully, to the Republican party which he had always hated more than the
and annotate or extract for the purpose in hand. Many offered their most rabid chouans- he called the French people, " citoyens," and
services spontaneously ; and it was a proof of the the national interest accepted the proffered services of Carnot. Convinced of the necessity
excited by the project, that among the volunteers were literary men of the of conciliation, he then held out his hand to the constitutional party,
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 16 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28, 1869.

and offered the country the famous " additional act " which was drawn On the 7th of June Napoleon opened the Chambers, and portions of
up by Benjamin Constant, and was certainly a more liberal instru- his speech have lost none of their interest. He commenced by stating
ment than the charter which Louis XVIII. conceded as an act of his that he had been clothed by the people with unlimited power, that now the
sovereign will. dearest wish of his heart was accomplished he had commenced a constitu-
The first letters in this volume show that great difficulty was experienced tional monarchy. He declared a monarchy necessary to France in order
in getting men and arms and money to pay the artisans engaged in mending to guarantee her liberty ; his ambition was to see France enjoy all possible
damaged firelocks. Napoleon even proposed to purchase 100,000 stand freedom- he said possible, because anarchy always brought back an absolute
of arms in England , and in default of men he took lads from school to government. The liberty of the press he considered inherent to the present
fight his battles. Whilst his Majesty was yet at Lyons he wrote the follow- constitution, nor could any change be made without altering the whole
ing note to Ney :-" My cousin My adjutant-general will send you your political system. He then alluded to the threatened invasion of France
marching orders. I feel sure that on hearing of my arrival in this city you which might soon call him to the frontier, and he asked the two
have persuaded your troops to return to the tricoloured flag. Execute the Houses to show an example to the nation, and, like the Senate of
orders sent by Bertrand, and come and join me at Chalons. I shall receive a great people of antiquity, to prefer death rather than survive
the dishonour and degradation of France. We know that this
you as on the morning after the battle of Borodino- NAPOLEON ." Ney
few days before had accepted the command of the royal troops, and language fell exceedingly flat on the ears of the two Chambers, either
had promised to bring back " that madman in an iron cage." owing to the unimpassioned manner in which it was delivered, or by
But if Ney was pardoned proceedings were ordered to be taken reason of the unpleasant nature of the concluding paragraph. On the
against " le sieur de Talleyrand," Minister in Switzerland, and others. On same 7th of June Soult, who had replaced Berthier, was ordered to repair
the 10th of April, 1815, Napoleon wrote to Marshal Davoust, Prince of to Lille incognito ; he was to create a spy office , and collect intelligence
Eckmuhl : " My cousin, you will efface from the list of marshals the Prince from the wood-rangers of the Ardennes. A few days later Napoleon left
of Neuchatel and the Dukes of Ragusa, Belluno, Castiglione, and Valmy," Paris, and placed himself at the head of his troops. On the 12th of June
men better known as Berthier, who had long been Napoleon's chief he wrote to Davoust to say that he had found at Soissons 500 Polish
of the staff and intimate friend ; Marmont and Victor, both pretty well cavalry without horses, and a depôt of Polish infantry in bad order. He
known to Wellington ; Augereau and Kellermann, who reappeared directed his War Minister to recruit two battalions amongst the Polish
at Quatre Bras. This order, be it remarked, was addressed to Davoust, prisoners. He concluded his instructions with these curious words :—
who three months later, listening to the advice of Fouché, Duke of " I attach great importance to having the 500 Poles mounted as soon as
Otranto, and President of the Provisional Government formed in Paris possible, for by placing them in the advanced posts they will aid other
Poles to desert ! "
after Waterloo, preferred a capitulation to accepting the offers made
by Napoleon to serve as a simple general, and stop the Allies on their On the 15th of June, Prince Joseph received a letter from Baron Fain :
march to Paris. --
" Monseigneur,- It is nine in the evening. The Emperor, who has
Murat, of the snow white plume, was to be brought back to the Imperial been on horseback since three in the morning, has just entered, overcome
fold if possible. On the 23rd of March the Emperor wrote to Caulaincourt : by fatigue. He has thrown himself on a bed for a few hours' sleep. He
" I desire to have an analysis of all the despatches of M. de Talleyrand and is to be on horseback again at midnight. · The army has forced
the King against the King of Naples, so as to be able to communicate the Sambre near Charleroi ," &c. &c. On the 16th of June we have only
them to him." three letters- a short note to Prince Joseph, in which the Emperor regrets
the loss of General Letort in the body of the letter, and says he is better
In spite of all the weighty matters of State with which his Majesty had
in a postscript ; an order to Ney telling him to hold himself in readiness to
hourly to deal, his old habit of meddling with trifles was still strong in him.
march on Brussels, and acquainting him with his own movements and
He must know every piece produced on the Paris stage ; and on the 25th
of March he wrote this highly characteristic letter to the same General those of Grouchy ; and finally, a despatch to Grouchy directing him to
Count Bertrand who had sent orders to Ney :-" M. le Comte Bertrand , - march on Sombreffe with the right wing, and evidently written early in the
morning. On the 17th, there are no letters ; on the 18th, merely an order
There are disputes amongst the members of my household. My first
' maître d'hotel ' shall be the one I had at Porto-Ferrajo. The sieur to the army, dated 11 A.M. , directing the attack on Mont Saint Jean by
d'Erlon's corps .
Dousseau shall be my chief cook, the sieur Pierron my head scullion .
Dismiss all individuals pretending to the contrary. Present me a simple There is something tragical in the way this volume ends with the
organization for my household. I do not wish to see any persons filling two sudden collapse of a great empire ; on the 20th the Emperor, who had
offices," &c. &c. stopped in his flight at Laon, wrote his account of the battles.of Ligny and
On the 29th of March his Majesty took a more important step. He Waterloo. He attributed the loss of Waterloo to Ney sacrificing his
issued a decree, the first article of which was thus couched : :-- From cavalry. " After eight hours ' fighting the army saw with satisfaction," he
On the said, " the battle won and the field in our power. At 8.30 P.M. the four
the date of the present decree the slave trade is abolished."
battalions of the middle guard which had been sent up the plateau beyond
same date he despatched a curious note to Fouché, ordering him to
Mont Saint Jean to sustain the cuirassiers, being harassed by the enemy's
recover some pictures " which belonged to Prince Joseph ; I had them
grape, marched forward to carry his batteries with the bayonet. The day
brought from Spain. " It is needless to ask how the ex-King Joseph came was drawing to a close when a charge made on their flank by several
by them.
squadrons of English threw them into disorder ; the fugitives repassed the
On the 1st of April Napoleon wrote to the Emperor of Austria in these ravine ; the neighbouring regiments who saw some of the guard retiring in
terms :-
confusion thought that it was the old guard, and broke. Cries of ' All is
Monsieur my Brother and very dear Father-in-Law, -At a moment when Providence lost ' and ' The guard is repulsed ' were heard." Then came a frightful panic,
brings me back to my capital and my States, my most ardent desire is to see again the and it was found impossible to re-form a single corps ; everything was swept
objects of my tenderest affection, my wife and my son. As a long separation has away in dire confusion. The Emperor in his report made no complaint of
afflicted my heart, so the virtuous princess united to my destiny by your Majesty is Grouchy not coming up to save the day ; he stated that after the manner
impatient for a reunion. If the dignity of the conduct of the Empress during the time in which the cavalry had been employed a decided success was not to be
of my misfortune has increased the tenderness of your Majesty for a daughter already hoped for, " but Marshal Grouchy, having learned the movement of the
dear, you will understand, Sire, how much I desire the moment to arrive when I may
Prussian corps, was following it, and this assured us a brilliant success the
show her my gratitude. My efforts tend solely to consolidate this throne, which the
next day." It is clear that Napoleon's impression two days after Waterloo
love of my people has restored to me, and to leave it one day to the infant which your was that Grouchy could not have reached the field in time to have taken
Majesty has surrounded with paternal care. The duration of peace being essentially any part in the action of the 18th of June. As regards the Prussians, the
necessary, &c. &c.
Emperor said that early in the morning he was made aware that a column
The Emperor of Austria having refused to desert the Allies and send 15,000 strong had quitted the main body, and might be expected to come
back his daughter and the young King of Rome, Meneval was directed to into action towards evening, falling on his right flank. About 3 P.M. this
draw up a report of the conduct of Austria, which was to be placed before column commenced skirmishing with Lobeau's division, and Napoleon was
the Chamber. Napoleon furnished such notes as these :-" Meneval will afterwards obliged to send his young guard and several reserve batteries to
mention the pain which the Empress experienced when she was torn from attack it before marching against the British centre. He makes no mention
the Emperor. She was thirty days without sleeping after his Majesty of more Prussian troops arriving after Bulow's corps had been driven
embarked. He will dwell on the fact that the Empress is really a back.
prisoner, since she has not been permitted to write to the Emperor, and On the 21st Napoleon alighted at the Elysée and sent a message to
has been forced to promise not to write, &c. &c. Meneval is to give the Chambers announcing the result of his campaign. The next day he
colour to his report," as if the thirty days without sleep required an extra abdicated in favour of his son. On the 25th of June Bertrand writes by
coating. order of the Emperor to Barbier, the Imperial librarian, for various works,
The following letter will give a fair idea of the offhand manner in especially works on the United States, and a complete collection of the
which Napoleon treated mere artists :- " The Count de Montalivet will Moniteur. His library was to be consigned to some house in America.
testify my satisfaction to Vernet for his fine picture of the battle of On the 14th of July Napoleon wrote his memorable letter to the Prince
Marengo. I think that this picture was ordered by me and belongs to me. Regent, in which he compared himself to Themistocles, and desired to
Give Vernet a gratification of 6,000 francs. " place himself " under the laws of the most powerful, the most constant, and
As early as April, Napoleon seems to have divined the intentions of the most generous of his enemies." The collection closes with the
the Allies ; he ordered Davoust to prepare Paris for fear of an attack, but protest written on board the Bellerophon, in which Napoleon takes history
assured him that the month of May would pass over quietly, and that to witness that, having for twenty years made war upon the English people,
nothing was to be apprehended till June. In the meantime every nerve he came of his own free will to seek an asylum in England ; " and what
was strained to fill up the ranks of the army. On the 20th of May the greater proof could he give her of his esteem and confidence ? But how did
Emperor wrote to his War Minister :-" My cousin, let me know when England respond to this magnanimity ? She feigned to stretch forth a
one will be able to place the Spanish, Piedmontese, Belgian, Polish, hospitable hand to this enemy, and when he had surrendered himself she
and other foreign battalions in line ; " and on the 22nd his Majesty immolated him." In spite of the note to Barbier, and the consignment to
demanded six engineers well acquainted with Belgium and the left bank of an American house, it is intended that we should believe that Napoleon
the Rhine. did not contemplate crossing the Atlantic.

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 MAY 28 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 17

of Verdi's and Donizetti's operas - as the Count di Luna in " Il

THE OPERA. Trovatore," as Renato in " Un Ballo in Maschera," as Alphonso in
MDME. ADELINA PATTI and Mdlle. Nilsson are now dividing between " La Favorita " he is heard to the greatest possible advantage. In the
them the honours of the Opera House. Of Mdme. Patti what can be unsuitable and, to tell the truth, unmusical, almost anti-musical, part of
said except that this great lyric artist has progressed when progress Mephistopheles this admirable Italian vocalist is heard to the greatest
seemed impossible, and that, having already attained perfection, she has possible disadvantage.
shown that that perfection was capable of still further development ?
Amina would seem to be Mdme. Patti's favourite impersonation. It
was in the character of Amina that she made her début in London THE THEATRES.
seven years ago. It was also as Amina that she first appeared in
THE success of M. Lafont's remarkable personation of Montjoye has
Paris, and it is in this charming part that she has now returned to us at the
induced the manager of the French company at St. James's Theatre to
commencement of what may be regarded as the second period of her
career. If Amina is Mdme. Patti's favourite sentimental part, depart from his usual practice of producing a new piece every three days,
and to replace M. Feuillet's comedy in the bill for the present week.
Rosina is certainly her best comic character ; and Amina and
M. Lafont has also appeared as the Marquis in M. Jules Sandeau's
Rosina together give a fair idea of what Mdme. Patti's ordinary
dramatic version of his novel, " Mdlle. de Seiglière," and as the Baron in
dramatic range has hitherto been. She has occasionally extended it, as in
M. Sardou's " Nos Bons Villageois." The former is, we believe, entirely
the rôle of Margherita, which includes passages, and, indeed, whole
new to the English stage in any form. That it has escaped the adapters'
scenes of a purely tragic character ; but even then she has scarcely gone
beyond the light-soprano répertoire, the limits of which, now that we have hands is not, perhaps, surprising. It is altogether too simple and quiet to
so many light sopranos of high merit, have indeed become wider and more please the appetite for strong effects to which they usually pander. It has,
elastic than ever. To be sure, Leonora in " Il Trovatore," who has indeed, nothing to recommend it save its wit and the intellectual interest
attaching to a clever study of characters and manners. M. Lafont's
more than once found an admirable representative in Mdme. Adelina
marquis is a perfect picture. The candid, unconscious egotism and
Patti, is not a light-soprano heroine, and it is still more certain that
almost infantile vanity of the old aristocrat, who thinks himself the centre
" Semiramide " is nothing of the kind, though Mdme. Patti has lately
appeared as Semiramide in Paris. If it be true, as we believe it to be, of the social system, and fancies that M. de Bonaparte kept on winning
that Mdme. Patti is to be heard this season- in London, not Paris- as splendid victories in the vain hope of forcing the admiration of a De
Seiglière and so winning him over to his side ; his mingling of genial
Valentine, in " Les Huguenots," then it will be evident that this most
selfishness and insolent levity, the succession of moods through which
versatile artiste is seriously determined to increase her répertoire, already
singularly extensive. he passes when required to deliver up the property, are admirably rendered,
Mdme. Patti is now the only great prima donna who ever attempts the with the firm, vivid touch of an accomplished artist, who produces his
music of Rossini ; and Mdme. Patti is never more at her ease than when finest effects in the quietest and apparently most easy and natural way.
she is singing the difficult airs (difficult, that is to say, to all but very M. Sardou's piece was played by the French company last season, and
accomplished vocalists ) which belong to Rosina in the " Barber of an attempt was also made to produce it in English at the Haymarket
Seville," and to Ninetta in " La Gazza Ladra.” Rosina, one of the Theatre. It is a lively picture of village life illustrating the well- worn
most charming parts ever written, is certainly one of the two or three contrast between the supposed innocence and harmony of rural society,
very best included in Mdme. Patti's extensive répertoire. The music and the miserable jealousies, dissensions, and cupidity which underlie the
of the " Barber," if not comic, is at least lively all through. It is surface. The compromising relations between young Morisson and the
nowhere relieved, after Almaviva has once sung his cavatina, by the baronne, and especially the gleeful confidences of the former to his father
slightest touch of sentiment ; but it is so thoroughly graceful, and there on the subject of his gallantries, impart a whiff of Gallic flavour to the plot.
is so much variety in the melodies, that the maintenance of the same tone A striking situation , effectively rendered, is afforded by Henri's seizure of
of levity throughout produces nothing like a monotonous effect. It is the diamonds, and surrender of himself as a robber, in order to account for
his presence in the lady's boudoir. It is only towards the end that
comic, however, even in a comic opera, to see all the love-making done
humourously, as though it were the most laughable thing in the world. M. Lafont has much scope in the character of the baron ; an original
In " Don Pasquale " the lover really behaves as such, taking offence creation of his own, full of vigour and finesse. Mdlle. Léonide Leblanc, for
when he thinks the beloved one is deceiving him, and exclaiming, with the whose benefit on Tuesday the comedy was produced, represented Geneviève
usual logic, against the falseness of women in general, and making love to with graceful vivacity ; and M. Daubray, as Floupin, the village apothecary,
her again in earnest when a reconciliation has taken place. Indeed " Don decidedly shared the honours of the evening with M. Lafont.
Pasquale " abounds in sentimental music. In spite of this, however, the Although it can by no means be confidently affirmed that burlesques
work as a whole is deficient in that geniality which is so engaging a quality are declining in public favour, it seems clear that entertainments of the
in all Rossini's comic music, and notably in that of the " Barber." class are undergoing certain processes of change and development, and in
There is a striking want of picturesqueness in the subject which two or three recent instances differ notably from the productions of some
has, no doubt, something to do with it ; and the treatment inflicted years ago. Mr. Burnand's burlesque, " The Military Billy Taylor," now
upon poor Pasquale is really atrocious. Then Norina, to tell the truth, is a playing at the Royalty Theatre, being written in prose, is, perhaps, to be
little shrew, of whom Don Pasquale might well say, in giving her up to his considered rather as a monstrous specimen of farce-although deficient
rather feeble nephew, " My turn to-day, yours to-morrow ! " It requires in that regard for nature and reality which should underlie all the excesses
all the softness and grace of Mdme. Patti to reinstate the boisterous of farce- than as a member of the recognized family of burlesques. The
young lady in our good opinion after we have once seen her upsetting work has been received with a fair amount of applause, but the
pieces of furniture and boxing the ears of her temporary husband, who success of the experiment can hardly be said to be decisive. There is
becomes permanently her uncle. Of the debutant Signor Bottero, who genuine fun of a broad kind in " Billy Taylor," but this would probably
represented the Don, it can only be said that he acquitted himself have been both pointed and lightened if the speeches of the characters
respectably. Don Pasquale is not placed in any situations that had been garnished with rhymes.
are essentially comic in themselves, and if the impersonator of that At the Gaiety Theatre, in honour of Whitsuntide, has been produced
unhappy old man wishes to raise a laugh, he must import a little humour " Christopher Columbus," an extravaganza with what may be called
into the representation himself. This Signor Bottero failed to do . Signor operatic and spectacular complications. But that its music is selected
Bottero has also appeared, without producing much effect, as Don Basilio from other works, and not, except in the case of one or two of its
66
in " Il Barbiere." numbers," composed expressly for the occasion , " Christopher Columbus "
The first appearance this season of Mdlle. Christine Nilsson in the might claim to be classed as an opera bouffe of the Paris pattern. The
character of Margherita drew a numerous and brilliant audience to the Royal performance, however, rather suggests the saying, " Je n'aime pas les
Italian Opera. The accident of having been born in Sweden does not prevent bouffes qui ne me font pas rire." There is a surfeit of spangled nudity
this thoroughly accomplished artist from singing with equal facility and and some lively music from the latest operatic productions of Jonas,
success in English, French, and Italian ; and after sustaining with admirable Boullard, Offenbach, Hervé, and others. But the burlesque is weak in
talent for two successive seasons at Her Majesty's Theatre and Her fable, and its situations are wanting in dramatic force and interest, while
Majesty's Opera the part of Margherita in the Italian version of " Faust," they afford few opportunities for comic acting. The scenery and dresses of
it is known to all amateurs of music that Mdlle. Nilsson has also appeared " Columbus " are certainly gorgeous .
as Marguerite in the original French version , or rather in the revised and At the Strand and Globe Theatres burlesque is to be found in a more
enlarged edition of the same as prepared by M. Gounod for the Académie. vulgar and degraded form. The Strand has come to be recognized as
Our opinion as to Mdlle. Nilsson's suitableness for the representation the especial home of horseplay, and Mr.W. Brough has deemed the story of
of this charming character, with which she absolutely identifies herself, Joan of Arc an advisable subject for travesty upon its boards. The
has been expressed often enough. She sings the music perfectly, while as heroine is, of course, played by a low comedian dressed as a girl of the
regards the impersonation generally we can only repeat, " She is Margaret period, wearing an extravagant chignon and flourishing a slim umbrella.
herself." She has the disadvantage just now, at the Royal Italian Opera, The burlesque is furnished to redundancy with slang songs and nigger
of not being very well supported. Mr. Santley as Valentine is admirable; dances ; but it must be added that these seem in no degree to weary or
but the new tenor, Signor Corsi, has not yet proved himself qualified for offend the patrons of the theatre. On the contrary, bereft of these adorn-
the important and difficult part of Faust. ments a burlesque at the Strand would probably be regarded by its
Signor Graziani, on Monday night, played the part of Mephistopheles audience as insipid from want of seasoning and flavour.
in a coarse style. It should be impressed upon him that "the prince of For the Globe Theatre Mr. Byron has written a burlesque founded
darkness is a gentleman "-a character which, in spite of numerous over- upon the famous melodrama of " The Corsican Brothers. " Mr. Byron has
refined definitions of the word, is quite compatible with the performance thrown the melodramatic dialogue into doggrel of somewhat forced face-
of infamous and diabolical actions. Signor Graziani has no subtlety ; his tiousness, has sprinkled in songs and dances, and left the rest to the actors.
attitudes are most ungainly, and when he wishes to be grotesque he only The result is rather dreary and depressing, although no pains are spared by
succeeds in proving himself clumsy. It was, to be sure, Signor Graziani's the management or the company. It is difficult to see why the characters
first appearance in this difficult character a fact of which we were in " The Corsican Brothers " should be dressed like the princes in theatrical
reminded from time to time by his forgetting the business of the part. fairy tales, except that it is probably de rigueur that the actresses in a
Then the music of the part is not suited to his voice, In some burlesque should make an indecent show of their legs.
[ 333 ]
 18 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28, 1869.

section of the Act of 4 and 5 Will. IV. under which they now receive
OCCASIONAL NOTES.
pensions. There is a difficulty here which the authors of the bill-viz.
The Nation, which is audacious enough to mock at most of the conceits Mr. Dodson , Mr. Gladstone, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer (in this
of the Americans, and to treat with ridicule some of their most cherished order do the names appear on the back of the bill) -should look to during
illusions, touches upon a point already raised here, namely, whom the holidays.
does Mr. Motley represent ? He is only nominated by the President
and approved by the Senate, the very process by which Mr. Reverdy It is announced in most of the French papers that the principal shops
Johnson was chosen. The treaty which Mr. Johnson concluded embraced in Paris will henceforth be closed on Sundays. This important social
all the terms, and more, which Mr. Adams demanded. What guarantee reform is not the result of a religious movement, but has been brought
can we have that Mr. Motley's acts will not be repudiated ? The United about by the same kind of agency which, in England, has introduced the
States treats its foreign Ministers as if. they were postmen. They are now Saturday half-holiday. The Society of the Employés de Commerce inform
and then ordered to deliver a despatch ; but even when they are strictly the public that, with few exceptions, all the linendrapers, vendors of ready-
following positive instructions in a negotiation their work is contemptuously made apparel, silk mercers, and hosiers of Paris have consented to close
set aside. their shops on Sunday, and the employés " appeal to the goodwill of the
public to aid them in making the measure general. "
The latest news from the Sydney labour market seems to suggest that
the directors of the new colonial emigration movement should, as far as
New South Wales is concerned, confine their attentions for the present Those very ingenious gentlemen, the Washington reporters, have
to the exportation of women. The Sydney Morning Herald of March 25 recently discovered a new field for their operations. The White House
gives decidedly discouraging news for male emigrants. The demand for was as good a hunting ground as they could desire under the last two
most classes of men-servants for town and country is, it says, unusually Presidents. Mr. Lincoln was always ready for a good-natured chat, and
limited for the season of the year. Stockmen, shepherds, fencers, gardeners, if a conversation with Andrew Johnson was invented by any imaginative
agricultural, dairy and general servants, and also clerks, storekeepers, writer everybody believed it. It was " so like " Mr. Johnson. But now
butlers, and grooms are reported in excess of the current requirements. the market is supplied under greater difficulties. President Grant is
" Orders for mechanics of most descriptions are promptly executed, in in the habit of holding his tongue, and the whole country knows it.
consequence of the good supply. " But there is a deficiency of the female It would be a waste of time to fabricate an " interview " with
sex. " The demand for female servants for the city, suburbs, and interior him. In this strait the correspondents have in the most obliging
is considerable, and persons of this class readily obtain situations. " Wages manner turned their attention to the British Legation. They tell us what
for female servants are stated to be from £20 to £30 a year. the " British Embassy " thinks on all the questions of the day. Indeed,
we were favoured here recently with the opinions of the " Embassy " by
telegraph. Any one who knows the familiar footing Washington corre-
A correspondent at St. Petersburg, writing on the 18th inst. , says :-- spondents are on with the British Minister, as a rule, will appreciate these
"The negotiations with Rome are entering into a new phase. It is stated little attempts to amuse us. But why it should be thought necessary to
here on good authority that the Pope has of late shown a very friendly send word back to England what a Washington correspondent imagines
disposition towards the Czar, and has requested that permission may be that Mr. Thornton thinks is more than we can explain.
granted to the Roman Catholic bishops in the empire to attend the
Ecumenical Council. This request, it is added, will be complied with, but
only on the condition that his Holiness shall direct the Polish clergy to The Rev. Michael Cody, the Roman Catholic chaplain to the Mountjoy
read prayers and deliver sermons in Russian. It is not yet known whether Male Prison, in a letter to the directors of convict prisons in Ireland,
the Pope is disposed to accept this condition. - Count Bobrynski, who strongly urges that it would be advisable to shorten the term of separate
has just been appointed Minister of Communications, is one of the wealthiest confinement to which the prisoners in that institution are subjected.
of the Russian nobles, and belongs to the Conservative party, which, under Mr. Cody states that on entering Mountjoy Prison the prisoner is kept
Count Schouvaloff, is still dominant at Court. It is hoped that he will eight months in separate confinement. He is locked up in his cell about
introduce some much needed reforms in the railway administration , which twenty-one hours daily with work which is little better than idleness;
is in a very disorganized state. During the last few months there has been although this may produce a good effect at first, yet after a time the mental
an enormous number of railway accidents, owing chiefly to the negligence faculties of the prisoners show signs of debility, and the system tends
of the officials.--The Emperor, whose health and energy have been to enfeeble and make a wreck of the " moral man." He attributes the increase
continually failing since the attempt of Berezowski, is going next month with of returned convicts in great measure to this cause--they are latterly about
his family to the Crimea." one-fourth of the entire number, whereas nine or ten years ago they were
only about one-eighth. Although the short convictions are only one half
After much delay twenty- nine election judgments, extending from what they were ten years ago, Mr. Cody says that the re-convictions are
January 15 to March 23 , were published by the House of Commons about doubled or trebled ; and in his opinion this is caused by the enfeeblement
three weeks ago. We are still without the judgments delivered in April in of the mental faculties consequent on protracted separate discipline, which
the cases of Brecon, Northallerton, South-West Riding, Hastings, South- renders the convicts unable to resist temptation when released from prison.
ampton, and Bewdley. Why there should be any delay in the printing and He also refers to the suicides that have from time to time been attempted and
publishing of these judgments from the shorthand-writers' notes baffles occasionally accomplished, and the tendency to insanity manifested by pri-
soners, all of which he lays to the same cause. The directors in a note state
comprehension, for they come when issued from the House of Commons'
Journal office, whither they go immediately after the close of each that they do not concur with Mr. Cody, and that the treatment is the same as
trial. Surely it would be better to publish every judgment at once. that pursued in former years. Whether Mr. Cody or the directors are right
It has been quite impossible to understand from the meagre newspaper is impossible to say ; but if prisoners are shut up alone for twenty- one
reports of the last judgment delivered by Mr. Justice Blackburn in the hours daily during a period of eight months, with little or nothing to do, it
Stafford case what was the exact overt mode of undue influence of an would be strange if they did not become insane occasionally ; it must be a
agent which disqualified Mr. Chawner, the petitioner, and unseated at the toss up between madness and reformation.
same time his co-candidate Mr. Pochin ; but the authentic report, when-
ever it may be published, will, without doubt, clear up obscurity and fully The interests of the Tornado claimants do not appear to have been
vindicate the judge. When Mr. O'Reilly moved for the Dublin Com-
benefited by revolution in Spain or change of Government here. Two
mission, long after the trial, objection was taken to his reading from a
newspaper report of the judgment. What was he to do, when the authentic years ago, when Lord Stanley had obtained from the Spanish Ministry an
acknowledgment of the nullity of the judgment of capture now stoutly
shorthand writer's report was still lying useless and unseen in the Journal
office ? upheld at Madrid, and was waiting for a promised new trial, the present
Attorney-General, Sir R. P. Collier, delivered himself in the House of
Commons as follows (July 23 , 1867) : -
The Political Offices Pensions Bill, which has lain dormant for a long
while, would probably have been moved into Committee at a late hour on Whatever had been done in the past, he hoped the noble lord ( Stanley) would insist
the eve of the adjournment of the House of Commons but for Mr. on the termination of all proceedings within a reasonable time, because the time was
Fawcett's objection. The bill now lies over for discussion when the approaching when the delays which had arisen in the case would amount to a denial of
House meets again. The return issued from the Treasury on Mr. Ward justice ; in a short time the owners would be in the same position as if there had been no
Hunt's motion states that, under this bill, the largest amount of pensions trial at all. The time had now come for entering on a new course of negotiations ; it
must be distinctly understood that there should be limits to the arrogance and imperti-
payable at any time in one year will be less by £5,600 than what it
nence of the weaker Power, and some limit also to the forbearance of the strong.
might be now. But this statement requires further explanation, and is
probably fallacious. Under the existing Act, 4 and 5 Will. IV. , c. 24 , and When these strong words were spoken by the chief legal adviser of the
under the fourth section of it, five Under-Secretaries of State and a present Government the Tornado grievance was hardly a year old-the
Secretary to the Admiralty, who do not sit in the House of Commons, vessel was captured in August, 1866 ; the question will soon be entering on
come within the category of pensions of £ 1,000 a year earned its fourth year. We know not what the Foreign Office may now think of
by ten years' service, of which there must not be more than six going Señor Lorenzana's eulogies of the treatment of the crew after capture.
on at one time. These six offices are excluded from the proposed Lord Stanley said in the House of Commons, on the same day on which
bill, in which the corresponding category is that of pensions of £800 Sir R. Collier fulminated, that he rejoiced in having obtained the release of
a year, earned by five (not ten) years' service ; of these pensions the crew, apart from all considerations of law and justice ; " for, if they had
not more than four are to exist at once. But nothing is said about been longer detained, or if their harsh treatment had been continued, such
the six unparliamentary or unpolitical officials, as to whose pensions there a state of feeling would have been produced in this country as must have
is no provision in the bill for reduction of amount or limitation in number, rendered it very difficult for the House or the public to look at the matter
and their pensions may clear away any possible saving. Their pensions calmly, and so the chance of an amicable settlement would have been very
will not be governed by the new bill, which applies only to " offices in the much diminished." It seems to be time for Lord Clarendon to think of
Civil Service of the State which are usually held by members of the House " a new course of negotiations," after the fashion, perhaps, of that in which
of Lords or the House of Commons ; " and the bill repeals the fourth Lord Stanley amicably settled the Victoria question ; our Mediterranean
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 PALL MALL BUDGET. 19
MAY 28, 1869. ]

squadron suddenly flitted by accident to Gibraltar, which is still a British kings for the repose of their souls by the shrill cries of hawkers and
possession ; there was no menace, but, somehow or other, our business, bidders, the project creates we hear, quite a furore at Madrid. None of
which had before hung on hand, was then promptly transacted at Madrid, the other exhibitions can cope with this in point of quaintness, and the
with the free will of the Ministry, and in the pleasantest conceivable interest which must always attach to thorough originality. We need, more-
manner. over, scarcely wonder that a nation which has started and sanctioned a
series of dances in the grandest of its many fine cathedrals should set up a
The Chief Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police has, under fancy fair in the most dismally grand of all possible mausoleums.
30 & 31 Vic., cap. 134, sec. 19, appointed several places as standings for
commissionaires or messengers, licensed by the Commissioner, and has
directed that the number of commissionaires or messengers who may stand The Controller of the Stationery Office will be interested in the
at any one of the appointed places to exercise their calling shall be the following abstract of an account " delivered into ye Office belonging
number, and no more than the number, allotted by him for the standing in to Mathew Locke, Esq., His Majesty's Secretary at Warre, from
question. He reserves to himself the right at any time to alter or revoke ye 25th of March 1673 to ye 10th of December following :-7 best pen-
the regulation thus laid down, and the withdrawal or alteration of the com- knifes, I bagg of pounce, 1,300 of large Dutch quills, 4 duble bottles of
missionaire's placard or signal at any appointed place shall be notice to all inke, book 2 qrs. of medyam ruld in vell. , 1o reames of Ioly post, 2
licensed commissionaires or messengers of such revocation or alteration. quires of Dutch medyam, 1 dousin of ye largest pencells, 1 bagg of sand,
½ a pound of the best vermilion, 6 rullers, I box and a thousand of
wafers, 9 quire of the best demy, I hone, I penknife blad fitted in a haft,
Herr Formes is announced to appear in a series of Shakspearian per- 2 sandboxes, 2 inke glases, 1 quire of superoyall." It should be added
formances to be given as nearly as possible in the English language. Herr that the total of the account is but £ 14 9s. for the period of almost
Bandmann is already favourably known as an English actor ; so also is nine months.
Monsieur Fechter, while Mdme. Céleste has long been renowned among
our actresses for her piquant delivery of broken English-an art in which
More than four years ago complaints were made of the dearth of
she at one time stood alone, though she has of late years met with formid-
trustworthy information about South America and the war then "raging
able rivals in Mdlle. Rose Stellas and Mdlle. Beatrice. We have long between Brazil and Uruguay. " War has been raging ever since,
depended on foreigners, almost exclusively, for our dramatic literature, so Uruguay having in the interval gone over to the side of Brazil, and
that it is, perhaps, not unfair that foreign actors should now personally take
it having become a war of Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay, who
footing on our stage. If they can achieve success in the higher walks of came forward originally to help Uruguay against Brazil. There has
the drama where so many English actors and actresses fail, they certainly do been in the interval a prodigious quantity of contradictory newspaper
so in spite of very great obstacles, one of which, inability to pronounce the
accounts ; but it has been always difficult to test the quality, and
English language, seems, unfortunately, to be insuperable. winnow out the abundant chaff. In the meantime we have been
furnished by instalments with a consecutive, intelligible, though not by
A great number of Czech families are now establishing themselves in any means always impartial story, from the correspondence of the
British diplomatic agents at Rio Janeiro and the River Plate. But in the
the Caucasus, where special advantages are given them by the Russian
Government. One colony, consisting of thirteen families, has settled on the present year this source of information has failed ; the Government has
river Tchub, and another of twenty families on the river Tuapse, where presented Parliament with no River Plate correspondence. Perhaps, when
they have built a village called Pilenkova, after General Pilenko, the Parliament reassembles, some member from the seats of commercial industry
Russian governor of the district. Thirty other families are now on their most interested in South America may be led to ask whether the Government
way to the Caucasus in the schooner Redout Kale, and nearly 5,000 more are propose to continue the publication of correspondence respecting hostilities
expected from Bohemia and Moravia. The settlers have much greater in the River Plate, the hostilities not being yet terminated .
privileges than are allowed to colonists of other nationalities. To each family
is given 30 dessiatins (about 70 acres) of fertile land gratis, and if it
accepts the Russian nationality it further becomes entitled to a gratuity of Among the acquisitions to the British Museum which are mentioned in
40 roubles (£6) and an advance of 100 roubles, repayable in fifteen years. the annual accounts and estimates of that institution which have lately
In the event of a bad harvest during the first two years of their residence been printed is " a decree of the Senate and people of Ephesus, granting
the Government binds itself to supply them with provisions, the value of the citizenship to Agathohles, a Rhodian, for selling 14,000 measures of
which is repayable in the same period as the advance of money. Wood and wheat at a rate cheaper than the market price in Ephesus." If Agathohles
stone for building houses are also supplied without payment. had lived in our day and done a retail business in fish and meat, allowing
himself only a fair profit on the market prices, how many a British house-
keeper would have dealt with him and blessed him. If he had undersold our
The Spectator appears to be labouring under a misconception with fishmongers and butchers, would the City of London have granted to him its
regard to the conditions under which degrees are conferred at Oxford freedom ? We fear not ; rather do we fear that Agathohles would in this
and Cambridge. In its impression of last Saturday it says :-"Mr. Forster, Christian age and country have adulterated his Christianity with competi-
in the course of his speech on education , objected to the age which the tion, and cheated his customers with deleterious compounds and unjust
universities have fixed as the earliest for taking a degree. Com- weights and measures. Compare the conduct of Agathohles with that of
petence is competence. Why fix an age ? " Mr. Forster, though he William Russell, a butcher of Tyler's Market, who, at the Guildhall on
objected to the length of the university course, and, consequently, to Saturday, was fined £ 5 and costs for having fastened to the bottom of the
the age at which degrees are practically taken, certainly did not scale a ram's-head hook weighing four ounces, and had just sold some meat
imply that the universities fix an age, before which they refuse to to a poor woman, which was short weight to that extent, when he was
grant a degree. So foolish a restriction as this would be utterly without detected by Mr. Ledger, one of the inspectors of weights and measures
meaning, and has, we believe, never existed. Much has recently been said for the City, and pleaded guilty to the charge. Russell is our Christian
of the more advanced age at which the B.A. degree is now usually taken, brother ; yet what householder in his heart does not pine for Agathohles ?
but we question whether the average age is much greater now than it was We cannot place the two on a level, except that as Agathohles' good deeds
thirty or forty years ago. There are, perhaps, fewer exceptional instances are recorded at the British Museum, it would be only fair on Russell that
of men who take their degree at a very early age, but the majority of the decree of Aldermen Causton and Owden, fining him £ 5 for his com-
students have, during the greater part of this century, come up at the age petitive weakness, should be deposited in the City Museum for the edifica-
of eighteen or nineteen, and taken their degree at the age of twenty-one or tion of posterity.
twenty-two, nor does any high standard of education seem compatible with
an earlier age.
The death of Lanney, the last male aboriginal of Tasmania, has already
been announced. The colonial newspapers call him " King Lanney,"
Nothing shows more strongly the vast change which has come over although he has for some time had no subjects ; but the most extraordinary
men's minds in Spain since the late revolution than the spirit in which a part of his history has been the fight over his remains. Dr. Crowther
proposal to hold an International Exhibition at the Escurial is said to have applied to the Colonial Secretary for the body, in order that he might
been received . The plan, purpose, situation, and ornaments of the send the skeleton to the London College of Surgeons. The Colonial
building all stand in grim and somewhat comical contrast with the object Secretary had previously promised it to the Tasmanian Royal Society,
to which it is now sought to devote it. Nowhere perhaps does a structure but Dr. Crowther was determined not to be baffled by a mere official
bear so vivid an impress of its founder's disposition ; standing alone in refusal. He invited the hospital surgeon, Dr. Stokell, to take tea at his
austere and desolate grandeur, it seems a very emanation from the house. Dr. Stokell went, was kept in conversation by Mrs. Crowther
gloomiest recess of a mind morbid, bigoted, and restless like that for a considerable time, but did not see Dr. Crowther. Suspecting
of Philip II. Successive generations of Spaniards have handed . that he had been deceived, he went to the hospital where he had
down the traditions of the spot : they have revered it not merely left the body of Lanney, and found that some one had been there,
as the birthplace, dwelling, and tomb of kings, but because in it that Lanney's head had been cut off, that another body had been similarly
were enshrined the relics of numberless saints, and because its very treated, and that head number two had been attached to Lanney's body,
shape recalled one martyrdom- viz. that of St. Lawrence—whilst the num- and covered with Lanney's scalp. Dr. Stokell thereupon cut off the
ber of its windows recalled another, that of the Virgins of Cologne. hands and feet, and retained them for the Royal Society, so that the burial
Whether from a want of sympathy with the latter, or owing to some service was read over Lanney's trunk, footless and handless, and furnished
other cause, the late Court certainly never relished the sojourn of the Escurial. with another man's head. The mutilated remains were subsequently removed
Perhaps the Queen's gay and cheerful disposition not unnaturally shrank from the grave, it is said, by Dr. Stokell's orders. But now comes what
from contact with an abode so rife with stirring and gloomy asso English people unversed in colonial ways will consider the most curious
ciations.
At any rate what the expulsion of the monks may be supposed part of the story. Just at this time Crowther was a candidate for the
to have begun, that of the Court has evidently completed. The spell is Upper House. He accused the Ministry of getting up the tale against him
broken, the magic of the name has ceased to awe, and now, when it is for political purposes. He won his election, and at the declaration made
proposed to degrade these hallowed halls into a raree show and a shop, to a defiant speech against the Government, which had summoned him to
replace the masses and dirges that were daily sung at the graves of the appear before a commission appointed to inquire into the facts, and
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 20 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28 , 1869.

acknowledged the capture of the skull. His partisans took the horses out the extant remains. It may not be superfluous to add that, though I found extremely
of the cab in which he sat and drew him in triumph through the streets. well-preserved painted frescoes in Phoenician tombs, all the stone-marks just alluded to
On the box sat a black man, while another went through the pantomime of were cut, not painted. I think all attempts to determine the exact meaning of each and
cutting off his head. It is unnecessary to characterize the whole of the all of these technical signs would, at least at this stage, be premature. If the excava-
proceedings as disgusting and disgraceful. tions are properly carried on, I venture to predict the occurrence of similar signs on
corresponding rows of the wall- signs which conjointly with those now discovered may
contain not only a full explanation of their own purport, but also solve perhaps some
The Khirgiz rebellion announced by the Russian papers the other day other vital question regarding the plan of the whole building.
appears, by the last accounts, to have spread to the country of the Don
Cossacks, who are stated to have united with the Kalmoucks and the
Khirgiz in their attempt to cast off the Russian rule. Several thousands The usefulness of small birds as destroyers of insects is thoroughly
of Don Cassocks have crossed the Volga above Sarepta to join the other recognized by the Saxon Government, as is shown by a curious scene
witnessed last week on the market-place at Dresden. A body of police
rebels on the left bank of the river, a large body of whom have gone to
attack the town of Ouralsk, on the river Oural, and the Russian garrisons suddenly made their appearance, and, without any previous warning, seized
on the Orenburg frontier, together with those of Kazan, Simbirsk, and all the cages containing singing birds exposed for sale and released their
inmates. A decree has also been issued forbidding, under penalty of a
Saratoff, have been ordered to march against them. The scene of this
rebellion is the same as that of the famous insurrection of Pougatcheff, fine, the killing or trapping of these useful songsters, and containing espe-
who gave himself out to be the Emperor Peter III., and obtained so many cially severe regulations with regard to birdnesting. In France, notwith-
adherents to his cause that he nearly penetrated to the gates of Moscow. standing all the efforts of Government, the slaughter still continues. At a
rook-shooting party last week in the Bois de Boulogne no less than 5,000
of these useful birds were destroyed, though at the very time the trees were
Mr. Ingham, the police magistrate, has decided that it is cruelty to swarming with caterpillars.
crop a dog's ears, and has inflicted a fine of 5s. each on James Bye and
George Hudson for this offence. Two veterinary surgeons said it was cruel.
Sir E. Landseer was of the same opinion, and stated that the Queen pro- The petitions over, taxation of costs in masters' offices is beginning.
tested against cropping and had never had a dog's ears cropped in her ChiefJustice Monahan, in Dublin, has affirmed an appeal from the Irish
life. Under these circumstances, unless the defendants could have master's allowances as being too liberal ; and the decision seems to imply
brought up more veterinary surgeons, another great artist, and another that 100 guineas with brief to leading counsel, and 75 guineas with brief
monarch to say it was not cruel, they naturally had no chance and to juniors, are held by the Chief Justice to be excessive. In a conversation
were accordingly convicted, Mr. Ingham saying that if he had followed lately reported as occurring in the Common Pleas Office between the
his own feelings he would have sent them to prison, but for the English taxing master and the agents on both sides in the Hastings
argument which he could not resist, that they were foolish persons. The petition, 100 guineas with brief to leading counsel appears to have
practice of cropping puppies' ears is probably, as Mr. Ingham remarked, a been admitted, and the only question discussed was whether the daily
barbarous relic of a barbarous age ; so is the practice of docking horses' refresher should be twenty-five or twenty guineas. Law in the Irish Court of
tails, ringing pigs' noses, boring ladies' ears before they come of age. It is Chancery is, it appears, cheaper than in the English Court, and the principle
cruel and barbarous to array a footman in plush breeches and make him of Chief Justice Monahan's judgment is that the master did wrong in taxing
uncomfortable and ridiculous ; but when we are summoned before Mr. on the scale of the English Court of Chancery, and should have followed
Ingham to give an account of these barbarisms, would it not be sufficient the practice of the Irish Court. In Scotland, where the taxation under the
Election Petitions Act is according to the rules of the Court of Session,
for him to fine us on our first conviction without threatening to imprison
us unless we can prove ourselves fools ? We might not always be ready there has also been an appeal to the court, in the case of the abandoned
with the proof, and at all events should have due notice that we are liable Dumfriesshire petition ; but here the complaint was that the auditor's taxation
to imprisonment for fashionable barbarities. was too severe, the bill of costs sent in having been reduced by him nearly
a half. The court in this case confirmed the vigorous taxation of the
Edinburgh auditor. It will be an English grievance if election petition
While emigration to the United States is going on at its present rate any costs are heavier in England than in Scotland or Ireland. But Ireland
information with regard to the most favourable points of the country is will have then a grievance the less in striking a balance.
worth having. At a meeting of the " American Institute Farmer's Club "
held recently, several facts were stated which deserve to be generally known.
The police authorities seem to be of opinion that as the law does not
A farmer writing from Monroe county, Iowa, sent word that the soil generally
is not six inches deep, and that in many parts of the State it is already give a constable proper protection against brutal assaults, he ought not to
exhausted. Manure will have to be used very shortly. In Monroe county be hastily prevented from seeking that indifference to coming dangers which
is supplied by spirituous liquor. Whether a policeman who appears at
there is an average soil of eight inches. We doubt whether so good an
account could be given of some parts of New England, and yet we may parade in a state of helpless drunkenness on the very day on which he
all see how those six States have succeeded in the world. There can be joins the force should be allowed to remain in it may be an open question.
But when, within the next two or three weeks, he has twice been guilty of a
no question that the opportunities open to emigrants in the Southern
States have been too much lost sight of. Old prejudices still retain their similar offence the time for dismissal might be thought to have come. This
is not the view taken of the case at Scotland-yard. The erring constable is
force, and even Virginia, which has provided homes for many Englishmen.
only " transferred to a suburban division." In other words, he is banished to
of former generations, is left neglected . English immigrants would Kentish-town. This district being but slenderly provided with policemen,
be well received there, and there is no State in the Union where
172 E might long have indulged his taste for drinking without the fact
the farmer with a little ready money to help him would be more
certain of making a good position. General Imboden , at the becoming unpleasantly patent to his superiors, if he had not allowed pride
to get the better of prudence. He scorned a post which he doubtless
meeting above referred to, stated that excellent land could be had for
felt to be beneath his merits. " Instead of going to the Kentish-town
from 5 dollars to 15 dollars an acre (now about 15s. 10d. to £ 2 75. 6d.).
station to report himself, he again got drunk, and on the next pay-day
The average price is 8 dollars an acre (£1 5s. 4d. ) . It must be remem- drove up in a Hansom cab to demand the week's wages which he
bered that the soil is rich and fertile, that the climate is temperate and had not earned . " For this indiscretion he has been fined 40s.
healthy, and that at least 25,000,000 of acres are to be had at prices
Whether on payment of this penalty a square mile or two of
within the means of men possessing only moderate means. Moreover,
London, together with the people and property therein contained, will be
life in Virginia is not attended with the loneliness and hardships of life in
the Far West If five or six farmers with a few hundred dollars each again entrusted to his care, is not stated, but judging by the leniency with
which he has been hitherto treated, we should think it extremely likely.
agreed to work together, they could not fail to make a profit. Machines
After all, it is only at Kentish-town.
worked by white hands are fast superseding negro labour.

Mr. Emmanuel Deutsch, the writer of the Talmud article in the How many of us go to the Zoological Gardens without ever thinking
of what must be endured by the beasts who minister to our enjoyment of
Quarterly, has prepared a report on the operations of the Palestine Explo-
ration Fund in Jerusalem and elsewhere. He holds that, important as are that popular resort ? When we see the care bestowed upon them, and the idle
life which they lead, we almost envy them their fate, and, barring the fact
the results already obtained, the labours of the explorers are only in their
that they are not human creatures but beasts, we fancy how pleasant it
infancy, and ought to be carried out on a far more extensive footing. The
must be to be thus comfortably provided for, and be the object of admira-
chief interest of Mr. Deutsch's report lies in his observations on the singular
marks discovered on the foundation courses of the great wall of underground tion to thousands. It is only fair on the beasts themselves to call attention
to the evidence given by Mr. Alexander Carte, M.D. , Director ofthe Natural
Jerusalem, 90 feet below the present surface :-
History Museum in the Royal Dublin Society, before the Science and Art
I have come to the following conclusions :-1 , The signs cut or painted were on the (Ireland) Commission, from which it appears that a wild beast's
stones when they were first laid in their present places ; 2, they do not represent any existence in an imprisoned state has its drawbacks as well as its
'
" inscription ; 3 , they are Phoenician. I consider them to be partly letters, partly enjoyments, and that the duty of attracting visitors to the Zoological
numerals, and partly special masons ' or quarry signs. Some of them were recognizable Gardens is not the sinecure we imagined it to be. It seems that wild
at once as well-known Phoenician characters ; others, hitherto unknown in Phoenician epi-
beasts, having served the Zoological Society of Ireland in a living state,
graphy, I had the rare satisfaction of being able to identify on absolutely undoubted antique
were formerly, when dead, handed over to the Royal Dublin Society, and
Phoenician structures in Syria, such as the primitive substructures of the harbour at Sidon.
No less did I observe them on the " bevelled " stones taken from ancient edifices and did duty for the museum of that institution in a stuffed condition.
built into later work throughout Phoenicia. For a most striking and obvious instance of Their skins and bones, however, were generally in so bad a condition
that it was found necessary to excuse the unfortunate animals from further
this I would point to the ruined " citadel " standing above Saida, the stones of which--
exhibitional duties after their decease. Mr. Carte attributes their diseased
old Phoenician stones to wit, immured in their present place at subsequent periods- teem
with " Fantasias " identical with those of Jerusalem. These signs have, to my condition to confinement and want of air and exercise. He states that
knowledge, never been noticed before, as, indeed, I was the first to point animals kept long in confinement get rickety. The bones become quite
them out to the very excavator of the famous Ashinunazar Sarcophagus him- soft, and bend under them until they grow crooked. Would it not be
self-a Syrian gentleman resident at Saida, and well acquainted with all possible to rail off an enclosure in the Zoological Gardens for lions
[ 336 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 21
MAY 28, 1869. ]

and tigers, and let them stretch their limbs occasionally ? It would add of feeling, the felicity of expression, and the exquisite serenity " which
immensely to the pleasure of the gardens, more especially if they were always characterized him. All Lamartine's friends know that he retained
to fight. Only fancy two or three lions chasing a sheep ; half London this serenity of disposition till his death ; if he really owed it to a vege-
would flock to see the fun. table diet it is a pity that the potato does not seem to have the same
desirable effect on the agricultural classes in Ireland.
There are very many who will regret to hear that Mr. Peabody will
leave England, probably for the last time, on Saturday next. He has been The Figaro corrects the popular notion that M. Thiers was the son of
for some little time past in declining health, and in yielding to a natural a blacksmith of Aix. It says that his father was an advocate of the Par-
desire to return to his native place, every one will hope that he will regain liament of Marseilles, and his mother, Marie Madeleine Amie, the
his strength, and that the symptoms which have occasioned uneasiness will daughter of a delegate of the commercial population at Constantinople
pass away. Mr. Peabody has recently given away additional sums of under Louis XV. The latter was married to a lady whose sister was the
money for the benefit of various charitable institutions in America, and has wife of Louis de Chenier, so that M. Thiers's mother was cousin to the cele-
declared his intention of maintaining a free library for Georgetown, adjoin- brated poet André Chenier, who perished on the guillotine in 1793. She
ing Washington. The statue which the merchants of London resolved to was a warm supporter of the Comte de Chambord, and always regretted
erect to his memory is, we believe, nearly finished. that her son did not join the Legitimist party.

A correspondent at Florence, writing on the 16th, says " There is The session of the Swedish Diet which has just come to a close
not much confidence in well-informed circles here as to the success of the has been chiefly occupied by a discussion of the question of religious
new Ministry. General Menabrea's whole victory consists in this, that tolerance, and the revision of the Act of Union between the two Scandi-
there has been a split in the Permanente party in consequence of the navian kingdoms. The exclusiveness of Lutheran orthodoxy, which for
coalition of the Moderates under Mordini with Signor Ferraris and his so many years had established in Northern Europe a Protestant Spain ,
friends. But the veteran statesman, Count Ponza di San Martino, and was modified for the first time in 1860. By a law then passed certain
others of the same side, still hold aloof from the Ministerialists. He said liberties of worship were conceded to the various dissenting bodies.
at a banquet the other day that the negotiations between Ferraris and the Since then, however, public opinion has made such rapid progress that
Minister of Finance were such as he could not approve, as the promised the hardly won toleration of 1860 is looked upon as intolerance in 1869.
reforms on which they are based are far from fulfilling the programme ' of his During the present session , therefore, a bill was presented to the Swedish
party. It appears that the Count asked for guarantees of a determined Diet, by whom it was referred to the Legislative Committee for their
policy in the Roman question, but that all he could get was a report. The principal modifications proposed by the committee relate
vague promise of a new application to France for a withdrawal of the to civil marriages, liberty to every one to change his form of faith,
troops from Rome after the elections. The Government majority is now and the opening of places of worship for the celebration of services
nominally 168 to 99 ; but there are so many various shades of political other than those of the orthodox Lutheran Church. Sharp debates in both
opinion in the Chamber, that probably the working majority will be much Chambers followed the report of the committee. In the First Chamber
less. The only members on whom the Ministry can rely are those ofthe the Minister of Justice made the remarkable declaration that, inasmuch, as
Right. Next come the Tuscans, who, though they usually support the certain of the propositions related solely to canon law, it would be the
Government, are dissatisfied with the introduction of Ferraris into the duty of the King to call together an Ecclesiastical Synod to discuss the
Cabinet, and the appointment of Minghetti to so unimportant a portfolio whole question. The bill was finally adopted in the First Chamber by 54
as that of Agriculture. Then there are the Moderates, the Neapolitan votes against 8, and in the Second Chamber without a division. Although
Conservatives, the Venetians, and the Ferraris section of the Permanente- by the King's sanction the bill has now become law, it remains to be seen
all with different interests, inclinations, and views. " whether the threat of convoking a synod will be carried out, and if so how
far the ecclesiastical body will be able to thwart the liberal tendencies of
the laity.
The British Anti-Tobacco Society, which has just held its annual
meeting, gives us one really valuable piece of information. It has long Our Vienna correspondent, writing on the 22nd inst. , says :-" The
been an admitted fact that the British Constitution is on its last legs, but progress effected by Austria within the last two years is strikingly shown
we never knew before exactly who was to blame in the matter. Last year by a statement, which now lies before me, of the commercial and industrial
we thought it was the Reform Bill ; this year it was said to be the Irish measures passed in the Reichsrath during the past session. Among the
Church Bill. The Anti- Tobacco Society tells us plainly that it is smoking . treaties are the commercial treaties with the Zollverein and Switzerland
which threatens to " overthrow the empire. " The first question which ( 9th of March and the 14th of July, 1868), the International Telegraph
arises is, can nothing be done to avert this calamity ? We fear not. This Treaty of the 21st of July, 1868, the Shipping Treaty with Great Britain
useful society has for sixteen years endeavoured to put out everybody's of the 30th of April, 1868 , and postal treaties with Switzerland , Roumania,
pipe, and regrets the result of their exertions to be that smoking is more and Servia. Concessions were granted for four important railways-
general than ever. It is, however, a great consolation in trouble to feel the line from St. Michael to Leoben, estimated to cost 2,038,000 florins ;
that other people are in the same fix as ourselves. Though England is that from Prague to Weipert, on the Saxon frontier, with branches to Carls-
going to ruin at the rate of 70 oz. per head per annum, the United States bad and Franzensbad ; that from Vienna to Pardubitz and Trautenau ; and
are in a worse predicament, and may look for an earlier political extinction that from Laibach to Tarvis. The following railways are also to be con-
than the mother country, for their consumption amounts to 120 oz. per structed, the plans having been approved by the Reichsrath : 1. Completion
head. Poor old France and Germany are in for it too, to say nothing of of the Francis Joseph Railway from Abtsdorf to Krems, and Pilsen to
Russia. In fact, we are all going to the bad together, and surely the Eger. These lines are to be ready for traffic by the 31st of December,
common destruction to which we are doomed should give us kindly feelings 1871 , at the latest. 2. The railways from St. Peter to Fiume, and from
towards one another. It seems that it is not the actual smoker who feels Villach to Brixen. 3. Connection by railway of Hungary and Galicia
the effects of strong tobacco, it is his children. We only suffer from the between Przemysl and the Hungarian frontier. 4. A line proceeding from
nasty snuff our fathers took ; on the other hand, our children suffer from the Hungarian railway system via Gratz over the St. Gothard. All these
our pipes. The report refers to " the pale faces and slender build " of the railways are by a new law exempted from taxation, but by another law
rising generation , which explains the term " mean whites " in America . It severe penalties are imposed for accidents causing personal injury, when
is a bad business altogether, and the society, having failed to do any such accidents are the result of negligence on the part of the company or
good, may as well take to smoking itself. It has at all events one grief in its officials. "
common with the majority of mankind- it " deplores the want of funds."
Alas, for this eternal want ! The Church question, which of late has been somewhat eclipsed by the
greater prominence assumed by the land question, is again engaging
popular attention in Dublin and Belfast. A rumour that Lord Derby
Monsieur Cabasson has presented to the French Academy a curious has called on his followers to support him in giving a direct opposition to
essay on the effect of diet on the moral and intellectual faculties of man. the bill in the House of Lords, coupled with the success of the meetings
Its influence is, in his opinion, so great that it would scarcely be an in the north, and especially in Belfast, has raised the spirit of the No
exaggeration to parody a well-known proverb, and say, " Dis moi ce que Surrender party, who are intent on defeating the spoliation bill. The more
tu manges, et je te dirai ce que tu es." In a passage of the " Misérables " sober Conservatives, however, foresee that these bold tactics will simply
Victor Hugo likens French vivacity to the light French wines, and English result in splitting up their party, and that the Ultras and Moderates irre-
ponderosity to " portarebeer ; " and many Frenchmen are convinced that mediably separated will be easily defeated by Mr. Gladstone, and will not
the distinguishing traits of the two nations may in a great measure be even secure those amendments which under the guidance of Lord Cairns
ascribed to the use of these beverages. But M. Cabasson has dived they feel assured of carrying. They are also reasonable enough to
far more deeply into the subject, and experimentalized on his own person perceive that the rejection of the measure by the House of Lords would
with various articles of food -coffee taken on an empty stomach seems to not save Protestant ascendency, though it might endanger the privi-
have produced most startling effects. He informs us that immediately leges of the Upper House, while the democrats would make capital out
after imbibing it his ideas acquired unusual profundity, his style in writing of the temporary delay in bringing in the bill again to rouse the Fenians
was cold but correct, while, on the other hand, his temper underwent a and their sympathizers to action, and to influence the priests by repre-
pernicious change ; he became morose, egotistical, and generally disagree- senting to them that the whole thing is but a delusion and a spare. How
able. A moderate breakfast restored him to his normal state, and the far the influence of the priests can affect the flocks remains to be seen, but
disappearance of intellectual profundity was compensated for by an influx there can be no doubt that in the archdioceses of Dublin and Cashel the
of genial and generous ideas. The theory is as yet too undeveloped to Roman Catholic clergy are exerting themselves against the Ribbonmen.
admit of the prescription of a particular diet for every vice, but, as a Thoughthe story that a denunciation against assassins has been transmitted
general rule, M. Cabasson assures us that a diet of milk and vegetables is to Ireland from Rome is said to be untrue, it is believed that some com-
conducive to moral and intellectual superiority, and quotes Lamartine, munication has taken place on the subject between the Cardinal and the
who, in one of his prefaces, states with that complacency with which only Pope, the mere rumour of which has exasperated the loyal but violent
a Frenchman can talk of himself, that he attributes to this diet " the purity Orangemen into a general denunciation against all foreign interference.
[ 337 ]
 22 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28 , 1869.

THE ORDNANCE DEPARTMENTS. banks and ditches, opened fire at 1,000 yards from two guns, using common and
shrapnel shells, fitted with time fuzes, the whole of the latest pattern. During
It will not perhaps have been forgotten that the late Government thought the first day's practice thirty-six rounds were fired, eighteen of which burst.
proper during the last days of its existence to undertake the complete to all appearance in the most favourable manner. The result, however, was
reorganization of the Ordnance Departments. The then Director of
in the last degree insignificant. One dummy was judged to have been
Ordnance disappeared on a philanthropic mission to St. Petersburg ; a killed and three were wounded. The committee were evidently unprepared
Director-General of Ordnance was appointed, who was to assume the duties for such an unlooked-for event, and they repeated the trial on Monday last.
of Commandant of the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich (whatever those In this case the failure was even more conspicuous. Every expedient was
duties might be) ; the Ordnance Select Committee was abolished ; resorted to. The shrapnel shell were even fired with greatly reduced
and several little committees on all sorts of subjects were brought charges, so as to have a high descending angle, contrary to one of the first
into existence. We thought it our duty at the time to point out
principles on which the efficacy of this projectile depends ; but the
that more than one of the proposed changes was of very doubtful dummies, if not the living, are the uninjured witnesses of this abortive
expediency and directly opposed by the recorded opinions of some attempt to dislodge troops from the most ordinary cover. In point offact,
of our most eminent administrative authorities ; and we insisted upon the this is one of the most difficult operations that artillery have to perform.
importance of making no organic change without fuller consideration than
Many of our readers will doubtless remember the Russian rifle-pits in
appeared to have been bestowed upon the measures at that time announced. front of the English left attack at Sebastopol, and the difficulty that was
Especially did we dwell upon the impropriety of precipitately introducing experienced in dislodging the riflemen. Shot after shot was fired at them from
a radically new state of things exactly at the moment of a surrender of many guns with full charges without any effect. The parapet of the rifle-pit
office and responsibility. Other voices besides our own were raised in oppo- was only a few feet above the level of the ground , and it was most difficult
sition to the contemplated reorganization ; and the result of these united to hit such a small object. The projectiles either struck just short and
remonstrances was a suspension of a great part of the scheme, and its ricochetted over, or went beyond, in either case doing no harm. Our
reference to the council at the War Office which Mr. Cardwell has deputed artillery at last hit upon the following expedient. They fired shells with
to consider broad questions of principle and administration. The result very small gun charges, and time fuzes ofthe full length. These projectiles
which has been arrived at after some months cogitation amply justifies the were spherical, and were directed so as to hop like cricket balls towards
distrust with which the original propositions were received. The proposed the rifle-pits. Of course there were many misses, but every now and then
reorganization down almost to its smallest details has been abandoned, and a shell would lazily roll up the side of a rifle - pit and tumble
the contemplated scheme exactly reversed. The establishment of a local, into the middle of the unfortunate Russians. It was impossible to remain
individual, semi-military control of the manufacturing departments , in the in the pit with the unwelcome visitor, and the occupants had to clear out
shape of a commandant of the Woolwich Arsenal, has not only been given in double quick time, but it was only out of the frying-pan into the fire,
up-as, indeed, it has always before been given up on due consideration-
for as they crawled from their cover they became so many targets for the
but the departments have been wholly removed from the Director-General English riflemen in the trenches. Presently the shell burst and the
of Ordnance, to whom the office of commandant had been in the first Russians immediately darted into their hole again. It was a species of
instance assigned, and placed under the Controller in Chief. And ferretting- in went the shell, out bolted the riflemen. These tactics, how-
we understand that the Ordnance Select Committee is likely to be ever, were most effective. The attention of the enemy was engaged, and
revived on a somewhat improved and extended footing. The announce-
the accuracy of his aim impaired. One can readily understand that it
ment is one with which we have no reason to be otherwise than
cannot be conducive to good shooting to be obliged to keep one eye on
well pleased. The decision implies the distinct recognition of the
a fizzing spluttering shell, hopping leisurely at you, with the chance of
two great principles for which we have always contended - direct
dropping unexpectedly between your legs.
personal responsibility in the management of the large departments con- In these days of rifled guns we fear the above expedient cannot be
cerned, and the establishment of these departments upon a sound com- imitated, but we should like to see the effect of shells fired with con-
mercial as opposed to a military basis. The acceptance and development cussion fuzes to burst on graze. Shells thus fitted appear from the evidence
of these principles must, we believe, conduce to efficiency and economy, taken before the Armstrong and Whitworth committee to have done good
as certainly as their rejection must ultimately have proved subversive service in China when fired at troops under cover, and we do not see why
of these important ends. We may, therefore, congratulate Mr. Cardwell
the committee on field artillery equipment for India should confine them-
on having ventured to adopt this policy, and avoided the dangerous selves to the exclusive use of time-fuzes fired to burst in the air. They
path which his predecessors in office had announced their inten-
cannot ignore the fact that they fired for two days against a position which
tion of following. It is more than ever important to place the
might easily have been thrown up in a few hours, that they knew the range
departments of manufacture on a sound footing now that the true principle to a yard, and that the effect was simply nil. If this is a specimen of the
of depending upon our means of production rather than upon a reserve ammunition to be sent to India to satisfy all the exigencies of service , all
store has been affirmed and for the first time deliberately acted upon.
we can say is we heartily congratulate those who may chance to be our
With regard to the abolition of the Ordnance Select Committee, we con- future enemies.
fess we have always been puzzled to know how the duty of deciding upon the
merits of different inventions could be carried out without the assistance of
some such body. It was no answer to say that special committees THE LEGAL LANGUAGE OF INDIA.
would from time to time be formed to investigate particular inventions,
because this answer ignored the difficulty of deciding in the first instance AN " Ex-High-Court Judge, N.W.P. " has sent us the following communi-
when the establishment of such committees was requisite. It is necessary cation on an interesting and important subject :-
to have some body of experienced officers to hold the thread of invention , " I trust you will permit me, through your columns, to invite the notice
the two extremes of going over old ground of the India Office authorities to the subject of the language at present in
so to speak, in order to avoid
on the one hand, and of summarily rejecting worthy novelties on the other. use in the courts of Northern India, as being one of the greatest importance
It is quite possible that, given such a body, the practice of referring to our Hindoo subjects, and deeply affecting the popularity of British rule
among them.
the detailed experimental investigation to separate or sub-committees
may be attended with good results. But without a Select Committee of " I may premise that among the languages current in India on the
some sort our experiments must assume an intermittent, unscientific Mahomedan conquest the Hindee, written in the Nagări character, occupied
character, highly prejudicial to the interests of the service. And therefore the first place, being spoken and written with little variation by about
we are glad to hear that a new Ordnance Select Committee is likely to be 100,000,000 scattered over an area of about 1,000 square miles. The
appointed, in which the defects of the original body will be remedied and Mahomedans forced the Hindoos to learn Persian, the language of their
the omissions in its constitution supplied. Altogether the six months or so conquerors, and made it the sole language of the courts. Hindee, how-
which have been devoted to the reorganization of the Ordnance Depart- ever, retained its hold as the language of Hindostan proper, and all
ments (and for which we pleaded last winter) have not been thrown away. business continued to be transacted in it. In the course of time Persian
words and phrases became extensively incorporated with the Hindee, and
hence arose that mixture of both languages, termed Urdu , which is now
spoken and understood more or less from the Himalayas to the sea. Still,
FIELD ENTRENCHMENTS.
the mass ofthe Hindoos retained exclusively the Nagări character, and never
WE have repeatedly pointed out the value and necessity of cover in future learnt the Persian.
operations in the field. Over and over again have we urged the importance " The British Government on its accession to the supreme power in
of instructing our soldiers in the art of throwing up simple earthworks, and India retained Persian as the language of our courts, until about forty years
of taking advantage of such natural obstacles as are usually met with. It ago, when it substituted Urdu, retaining, however, the Persian character.
is a mistake to imagine that field fortifications cannot be constructed except The result has been that Persian phrases and Arabic terms have been so
by engineer officers and a staff of sappers. We can easily dispense with an copiously introduced into legal documents and phraseology that the mass
elaborate profile, and do not require the dimensions ofparapets, escarps, and of the people are totally ignorant of the language in which documents
counterscarps to be strictly adhered to. We want the soldiers of the line to are written and their depositions recorded, and have frequently to attach
know how to use a spade and pick as well as a rifle, and the officers to be their names to papers written in characters which are hieroglyphics to
capable of instructing their men in the formation of simple field works. them. Hence, also, the Mahometans of Upper India have to a great
Why are we the only nation that persistently refuses to teach its soldiers extent superseded the Hindoos in obtaining situations under the Govern-
how to protect themselves ? Our Red-book contains an infinite number of ment, so much so that nearly three-fourths of the offices assigned to natives
drills more or less complicated, but not a word on the subject of " spade are at present held by Mahometans. To suit themselves for Government
drill," which is about the most important. We sincerely wish
employment they have only to acquire a thorough knowledge of Persian,
that some of the authorities who pull the wires in these matters their own national language, whereas the Hindoos are required to master
had been present at Shoeburyness the other day when the special one quite foreign to them.
committee on field artillery equipment for India tested their new muzzle- " In Bengal and Orissa the Persian character has been abolished, and
loading field guns against a few open earthworks and entrenchments, such Bengallee and Ooryah introduced into the courts. All classes in these
as rifle-pits, &c. , the whole covering an area of about 100 yards square. populous provinces are therefore now
able to read and understand official
The committee having posted a number of wooden dummies to represent documents, and to become independent
of legal practitioners, as well as to
men behind these rough obstacles, that really were little better than so many
make themselves acquainted with the laws under which they live. The
[ 338 ]
 MAY 28, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 23

knowledge of the laws and the rules of procedure, which is thus being we care to draw from the affair is one that has to do with the
widely diffused, is producing in these parts of our dominions the most public rather than with Mr. Kemp. The theory of auditing is that it
beneficial results, engendering feelings of security among all classes, and enables the shareholders to ascertain that for every entry in the books
consequently of attachment to the presiding Government, whose object they there are proper vouchers forthcoming, and consequently that, unless these
see is to extend equal protection and rights to all its subjects indiscriminately. vouchers have been forged by the directors, the transaction really took
It seems but an act of simple justice to extend a similar measure place as stated. Take the case of the £ 18,000 alleged to be paid for the
to the millions of Hindostan proper, and to cause the character purchase of the Nottingham bank. Whether this was a prudent or an im-
used in the courts to be that known to and used by the mass prudent outlay is a point which the shareholders must leave to the
of the people-the national Nagări. The change would be hailed as a judgment of the directors, but there is nothing to hinder them
national blessing, as it would enable the people to make themselves from satisfying themselves that the purchase was really agreed upon,
acquainted with their own legal transactions, and set them free from the and the purchase-money really paid. There are proper legal documents
thraldom of the legal practitioners under which they now groan ; it by which each of these stages in the transaction can be verified,
would also open up to the Hindoos, without the necessity of acquiring a and as it is inconvenient to submit these to the inspection of
foreign language, their fair share of situations under the Government. the shareholders as a body, the alternative has been adopted of appointing
Among other important advantages to be gained by the substitution of the auditors to represent them. Without some such protection as this
Nagări for the Persian character in all court documents and laws would be the shareholders have absolutely no guarantee that the £ 18,000 which
that a knowledge of our laws and the principles on which they are framed appeared in the books as paid to certain bankers at Nottingham as the
and administered by our Government, would extend to the native States of consideration for the transfer of their business did not go to the
India, where the Nagări character is exclusively used, thus leading them to mistress of one director or the wine merchant of another. If they had
adopt many ofour measures, and so to improve their systems ofadministration. such confidence in their directors as not to feel any wish to see the agree-
"The sole objections which can be urged against the change is, that it ment or the receipt there would, of course, be nothing to be said. But the
would throw out of employ numbers of court officials and legal very fact of their taking the trouble to appoint auditors seems to imply that
practitioners ; but they are an inconsiderable minority as compared with their trustfulness stopped short of this extreme. As the case of the
the millions who would profit by the change, and to secure the greatest English Joint Stock Bank may be the case of any other similar concern,
good for the greatest number should be ever the policy of our Government. we recommend shareholders to make up their minds forthwith what
Besides, the objection can be obviated by fixing the date for the change they want auditors to do, and to take some additional pains to see that
to take place at three years subsequent to the date of the order, which they really do it.
would afford ample time for all who desire it becoming acquainted with
the Năgări character.
"Finally, the change would check what is a great and growing evil, the WHITSUNTIDE AT BADEN-BADEN.
approximation of the Urdu more and more to the foreign language THE usual routine of the season at Baden-Baden, which, notwithstanding
from which the character is borrowed , so as to be unfit as an exponent of
the mind of the mass. the preference of cockneys for Homburg, of bilious diplomatists for Ems
But Urdu written in Nagari would gradually
and Carlsbad, and of our omnipresent American cousins for Wiesbaden,
retrace its steps, and become divested of the purely foreign element, so as
still maintains its proud position as the most delightful of German watering-
to be a true exponent of the mixed language of Upper India. This would, places, seems this year destined to undergo a complete revolution.
no doubt, lead also to a restoration of a Hindoo nationality, and cause a
Hitherto, the intelligent tourist who, avoiding the crowd and heat which in
separation in sympathy, interests, designs, and views between them and the height of the season make Baden-Baden a second Epsom during the
their fellow-subjects, the followers of Islam, a result which might be pro
Derby week, ventured here as early as May was, indeed, " monarch of all
ductive of the most important results to the maintenance of our power in he surveyed. " He could roam through forest scenery unsurpassed in
India."
Germany without being disturbed in his daydreams by the importunities of
flower girls and donkey men ; whip miles of trout streams in the
WHAT AUDITING IS NOT. solitude so dear to the disciples of Izaak Walton ; get a whole waiter to
attend to his wants at dinner, and read the papers in the excellent Kursaal
Ir must be useful to the public to know the precise value they are
to attach in future to the signature of Mr. Charles Fitch Kemp. reading- room without having to await the waking up of the fat old
Το
Englishman who, in the season, goes to sleep there every evening sitting
himself, we learn from the proceedings at the Mansion House on Monday,
on one paper and with another firmly clenched in his right hand. Mais
it is worth exactly twenty guineas ; to the people in whose interest he has
nous avons changé tout cela ! For the last fortnight the trains have been
been supposed to act, it would have been dear at twenty pence.
Certain of the directors of the English Joint Stock Bank now stand pouring in an uninterrupted stream of pleasure- seekers ; the tables d'hôte
are open in every hotel ; the promenade is thronged with solemn swells
charged with a conspiracy to defraud the shareholders by making
false entries in the books, and by publishing false reports and and toilettes tapageuses ; even losing your money at the tables has
balance-sheets. It will at once occur to the uninitiated reader that in become a difficult undertaking, as it involves first elbowing your
way through the triple row of gamblers which surrounds them.
this, as in all other banks, the shareholders were represented by two The cause of this unprecedented invasion is a happy thought
auditors, whose duty was to exercise a strict supervision over the accounts
of the bank. Or, perhaps, as Mr. Kemp tells us, that the public of the spirited proprietor, Monsieur Bénazet. This enterprising gentleman
has imported from Paris the whole company of the Italian opera, including
have mistaken ideas as to what auditing is, we ought rather to say
that this was assumed to be their duty. sixty choristers, who have inaugurated the season of 1869 by the perfor-
If such a supervision
mance of the " Messe Solennelle," by Rossini, never yet heard in Germany.
had been maintained, it is difficult to see how any ground could
On the merits of this composition I shall abstain from making any remarks,
have arisen for the present charge, unless the directors against whom it
not being a competent judge ; but as it was received with enthusiastic
is brought had been guilty of downright felony. It seems clear, however,
applause by the auditors, and as I had to pay two louis for an exceedingly
that whatever auditing may mean it is not in the least identical with a rigid uncomfortable seat, I am bound to suppose that it is a chef-d'œuvre. The
examination of the accounts which are popularly said to be audited . There
grand illuminations on Whitsun Monday proved a great attraction to the
is nothing to show that Mr. Kemp pursues a different system from
peasantry, who flocked in thousands to the Kursaal gardens, and con-
that common among auditors, and in that case there is certainly sumed an amount of beer in the restaurant which would have thrown the
no reason why the office should not at once be abolished. Mr.
young lady who so seriously alarmed Mr. Weller, senior, by imbibing
Kemp contented himself with examining the totals in the ledger, and
eleven breakfast cups of tea completely into the shade. By the by, I hear
if the directors had been fools enough to allow any inaccuracy to be visible
the German Reichstag have hitherto voted every other tax proposed, but
in these, they would have been subjects for a commission of lunacy rather
than for a criminal prosecution . He compared them with no other book, utterly refused to lay an impost on beer. The German is a long-suffering
mortal : you may fetter his press, tax the very bread he eats, circumscribe
and took no steps whatever to ascertain the correctness of the entries.
his liberties in every possible way, and beyond giving vent to an occasional
When once the impossibility of testing the directors' figures was growl, and indulging in the musical expression of a determination to
accepted everything went on smoothly. Mr. Kemp's evidence as to
particular items is characterized by a pleasing and uniform simplicity. Siegen oder untergehen
Mit Ferdinand Lasalle !
"In the Purchase of Old Banks' Account ' I see an entry ' Weller,
£4,000.' I did not look to the minute book to see if there was any he will probably submit with all desirable peacefulness. But do not touch
authority for the payment of that sum. There is another entry, his beer! the whole Fatherland would rise like one man in defence of the
'July 6th, Goodwill, Bideford, £ 12,000,"" referring apparently to the national beverage. While on this subject I must remark with regret that
purchase of the Bideford bank. " I did not see any voucher or reference the aforesaid bold peasantry do not seem to have derived much benefit to
to this payment as far as I can remember. There is a further entry their manners and morals from contact with the fashionable habitués of
on September 2 - Nottingham Bank, £ 18,000.' I did not at the time see a Baden. Refined they never were ; but in days not very long since they
copy ofthe agreement in order to know whetherthe purchase had been made." were at least civil and decently behaved in public ; whereas on Whit- Monday
This, says Mr. Kemp with engaging frankness, "is not a satisfactory evening I was sorry to see they appeared to be fast degenerating into
audit ; " but for all that it is the kind of audit which he would have something between a Parisian voyou and a Whitechapel rough, and
applied to any other bank " under similar circumstances." The " circum- conducted themselves in the garden almost as disgracefully as a London
mob at an execution . Turning from them to the more aristocratic inhabi-
stances " alluded to seem to be that, as he had only five or six days allowed
him for the work, " it was impossible to do otherwise than take the entries tants, I find in the Fremden Liste an array of nobility which would gladden
in the ledger for granted. In the London office alone there are 200 the heart of the editor of the Morning Post. The Queen of Prussia, half a
books kept, and there must be a very great many books in the branch dozen Royal princes, and a host of the upper ten have already taken up
banks." their quarters here. The coming racing season promises to be most
Mr. Kemp evidently considers that he has a perfectly good
brilliant. The Duke of Hamilton, whose intended retirement from the turf
defence against any imputation of having done his work carelessly. " To
have made a thorough audit," he says, " a long time would have been would have been a serious loss to continental sport, will probably be
required, and I am afraid twenty guineas would not have remunerated represented, as the last reports mention that he has determined on still
me." How far it is consistent with morality to undertake a trust keeping some horses in training at Chantilly, Rocambole and Gouvernail
in the first instance, and then to leave it unperformed on the plea being among those bought in. Altogether, the prospects of the season
that the pay is insufficient, is a question for casuists ; the only lesson never looked brighter,
[ 339 ]
 24 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28, 1869.

Rotherhithe, 5s. 9½d. -total rates, £34,000 ; Greenwich, 6s. 134d. -total
THE ROYAL ACADEMY AND " OUTSIDERS." rates, £ 109,000. Passing over places of intermediate condition we note
MR. T. J. GULLICK, himself an exhibitor in this year's exhibition of the a few parishes and unions where the pressure of local taxes is exceptionally
Royal Academy, has written on behalf of less fortunate artists a vehement light : St. George's, Hanover-square, 2s. 8d.- total rates, £ 118,000 ; Ken-
protest against the selection and placing of pictures. We believe that a sington, 35. -total rates, £ 110,000 ; City of London, 3s. 34d. - total
great deal of disappointment has been felt in relation to both these rates, £ 295,000 ; East London, 3s. 8d. -total rates, £ 37,000 ; Padding-
matters, and that there may possibly be some grounds for it in certain ton, 35. 2d.- total rates, £ 115,000 ; St. Margaret's and St. John's, 35. 32d.
cases. We cannot, however, sympathize with the tone or admire the taste -total rates, £ 76,000 ; and Lewisham, 3s. 62d. -total rates, £ 53,000.
of some of Mr. Gullick's remarks. Nor can we agree with him in the The figures before us, like all we have seen touching upon metropolitan
views which he incidentally expresses on matters of purely artistic interest. assessments, reveal when compared with other official statements serious
He thinks that the French school does not seem to suffer from showing, discrepancies. In December the Poor Law Board made a contributory
in the national display, mediocre as well as good native works. Now, it is order upon the unions and parishes for 2d. in the pound to form the
the opinion of an eminent French critic who came over this year to see common poor fund. Now it appears that twelve of the unions were rated
our Academy that the immense number of pictures exhibited at the Salon too low and that five were rated too high. We make the comparison and
is a very serious injury to French art, and he has expressed this view in a exhibit the result hereunder :-
French art periodical since the opening. It appears also that the public feel
this, for the Chronique des Arts reports that the visitors are " wearied and Year ended Lady Day, 1868.
less numerous." We are inclined to fancy, too, that an exhibition arranged Union, &c. Valuation. Deficient as regards
by Mr. Gullick would be even less to our taste than the present one, faulty the Common
Common Poor Fund. By New Return. Poor Fund.
as that is ; since he has a very slight regard for Mr. Watts, who, from his
love of the old masters, " cannot be expected to feel much interest in £ £ £
modern phases of art," and would be, consequently, " of all judges one of Bermondsey 216,868 252,786 35,918
the least appreciative of national characteristics, and therefore one of the Fulham 256,980 271,198 14,218
least desirable." Mr. Leighton finds still less favour in his eyes, and Hampstead . 204,772 215,564 10,792
Kensington 713,459 739,810 26,351
is saluted with the epithet-less dishonourable in this matter than in some Lambeth 761,028 786,482 25,454
others- of "un- English ." Mr. Gullick's admiration seems to be reserved Lewisham 292, 149 298,840 6,691
for " figure pictures of domestic, English, homely interest." London, East 187,895 200,420 12,525
Paddington 729,838 740,686 10,848
At the same time, many of the things Mr. Gullick says are both true
Pancras, St. 1,049,417 1,009,766 20,349
and important, and it is high time, as these columns have more than once Poplar ... 473,359 480,740 7,381
borne witness, that the Academy should take them into consideration. Saviour's, St. 216,545 226,227 9,682
And first, why should the Academicians have the privilege of exhibiting as Whitechapel 267,071 285,700 18,629
many as eight pictures apiece, of any dimensions, and the Associates of Both valuations, be it noted, were for the same period. Assuming the last
exhibiting six ? Sir F. Grant himself told the Royal Commission of 1863 published to be the correct assessment, then the twelve unions contributed
that he considered " four quite sufficient to show to the world what a man's to the Metropolitan Poor Fund on a basis £ 199,000 short of the truth,
abilities are as an artist ; " and when that artist is a painter of life-size and thereby saved their pockets by £ 1,600 or £ 1,700 at the cost of the
portraits, the justice of this view is sufficiently obvious. The same other unions.
president's unfortunate promise last year that " in the spacious The five unions which appear to have paid more than they were
galleries of the new building, the Academy would have room for the equitably liable for were these
just and effective exhibition of all the works of merit which might
be offered " has, no doubt, been falsified by the result ; but much might Year ended Lady Day, 1868.
be done (without hanging pictures where they are not seen ) towards Unions, &c. Valuation. Excess as regards
redeeming it another year, if, as we suggested the other day, the worse the Common Poor
kind of fashionable portraits were excluded, the claim of Academicians Common Poor Fund. By New Return. Fund.
reduced from eight to four, and that of Associates from six to three. £
£ £
Another point on which we think Mr. Gullick's criticism reasonable is the Camberwell 414,314 386,638 27,676
time which the council allow themselves for the examination and selection St. George's, Hanover-square 995,812 882,724 23,088
of pictures. He proves, on premisses which we are bound to say rest on Greenwich 368,892 353,072 15,820
City of London 1,836,135 1,811,457 24,678
his own assurances, but which we see no reason to question, that “ it is West London ...... 33,066
170,035 136,969
physically impossible the council can give more than a few instants of
time or a single momentary glance at an immense majority of the works The excess upon which these places made their quotas was £ 124,000. They
submitted to it." Considering the importance of the decision to the consequently paid upwards of £ 1,000 more than they were properly liable
" outsiders," and the absolute responsibility of the Academy, we think for, and by which the other unions benefited. Not only are London rate-
it would be both more just and kind if this arduous duty were payers called upon for heavier sums day by day, but, by reason of the
discharged more at leisure. Finally, though we believe that English confused state of the valuations, they can never be satisfied that they are not
painters have much to learn from foreigners, and that the converse is by bearing a portion of the burden which justly belongs to their neighbours.
no means equally true, yet we agree with Mr. Gullick that the Academy
have this year extended their hospitality a little too far, and that some of
the foreign works exhibited are not even average specimens of the schools PRUSSIAN TAXES.
to which they belong.
A LONG debate took place in the North German Parliamenton Friday
and Saturday on the Government proposal for meeting the deficit by the
imposition of new taxes. The principal speaker on the Opposition side
LONDON RATES AND RATING.
was Herr Lasker, one of the ablest and most popular of the Prussian
A VOLUMINOUS Blue-book purporting to give the local taxation statistics deputies. He sharply criticised the financial statement of the Govern
of every parish and township in England and Wales has been just printed ment, arguing that the probable revenue from the existing taxes was
and published by order of the House of Commons. We cannot attempt considerably under-estimated, and that by exercising economy in certain
in our brief space to convey to the reader an adequate notion of the branches of the expenditure the deficit might be greatly reduced, or
value and bearing of the multitudinous figures here found, ranging over even be made to disappear altogether. The financial policy of the Govern-
some 700 folio pages, but we may note a few useful facts about the ment, he said, was not of a kind to inspire the people with confidence,
interesting topics of metropolitan rates and rating. The rateable or to induce them to bear cheerfully the imposition of new taxes whose
value of the kingdom - the basis on which the larger part of necessity was at least doubtful. He ended by strongly condemning the
the local taxes is laid - in 1868 was £ 100,613,000, by far the present practice of empowering the Government to levy taxes for an
highest assessment hitherto returned. The three metropolitan counties indefinite period, instead of granting them by a parliamentary vote from
alone were valued at £ 22,700,000, namely- Middlesex at £ 14,326,000, year to year, as in England. This speech was received with great
Surrey at £4,556,000, and Kent £ 3,818,000. Hence
Hence these
these counties
counties. applause, and its arguments were repeated by numerous deputies of the
yielded more than one- fifth of the aggregate for England and Wales. liberal side. Count Bismarck spoke several times, but he utterly
The rates incident on this value were poor rates, county, borough, and failed to bring the House over to his views. His answer to Herr
police rates, highway rates, church rates, lighting and watching rates, Lasker was very characteristic. "We ask you for bread," he said , " and
improvement, district, and local government rates, sewerage, drainage, you give us a stone, Instead of agreeing upon some means of
and embankment rates- in a word, all those taxes which are severally covering the deficit, you criticise the Federal Constitution . . If you
imposed upon assessable and defined areas. The average rate in the pound, blame the Government so far as to deprive them of the means of doing
counting all these local taxes for England and Wales during the year their work, you should also take upon yourselves the duty of acting for the
ended at Lady Day, 1868, was 35. 34d. Each of the metropo- Government. Are you ready to do this, gentlemen ? Conduct like yours
litan counties was above that average, the rate in Middlesex being is only reasonable if you wish to overthrow the existing Government and
35. 1134d.; in Surrey, 4s. 6d.; and in Kent, 35. 9d. Restricting our take its place." As to the demand for the right of granting supplies from
observations to the London unions, far higher rates than these are year to year, the Count opposed it as being unpractical. The Ministers,
found, especially at the East-end. Thus the total rate in Bethnal he said, have a greater feeling of responsibility than the deputies,
Green was 75. 72d.; the total amount raised, £85,000 ; St. George- who are mere dilettanti. " For four months the deputy knocks the State
in-the-East, 75. 934d. - total rates, £72,000 ; Hackney, 6s. 0½d.— about and settles it to his liking ; for the remaining eight months of the
total rates, £112,500 ; Poplar, 5s. 8d.-total rates, £137,000 ; Shore- year he leaves it to the Government to patch up the torn garments as well
ditch, 5s. 1034d - total rates, £ 108,000 ; Stepney, 6s. 6d. total rates, as it can. This is the consequence of Parliament only sitting for
£80,000 ; and Whitechapel, 55. 1134d. -total rates, £85,000. In part of the year ; if it is to be a permanent assembly, it might as well
metropolitan Surrey, among the heavier-weighted districts we find rule as the ministers now do." Count Bismarck concluded by declaring
St. George-the-Martyr, 6s. 12d -total rates, £51,000 ; Lambeth, 5s.-- that he could not enter into a bargain with the House by purchasing
total rates, 196,000 ; Newington, 55, 10d -total rates, £69,000 ; and supplies with new parliamentary rights.
[ 349 ]
 MAY 28, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET.
25

FOREIGN AFFAIRS. staffs stuck firmly in the ground ; in all cases taking care to select the most
shady places. Ere long the ring is crowded, and speculation is at its
(FROM OUR PARIS CORRESPONDENCE. ) height. Hundred-franc notes fly about, and the chink of napoleons is
incessantly heard. The stands are crowded, and the lawn in front is
The elections in Paris have passed off in the quietest possible manner,
but the verdict of the citizens has been not the less decisive as a protest pretty nearly blocked. There are the poules, the Paris mutuels, and Paris
generals, with their bureaux formed of old diligences newly painted and
against the present constitution of the Empire. All the deputies who have
furbished up, each having some ten or twelve wire gratings through
been re-elected belong unequivocally to the Left. The two new deputies,
which one may thrust two, five, ten, or twenty francs, and receive
MM. Bancel and Gambetta, represent a still more extreme shade of oppo- a bit of coloured cardboard in exchange. One noticed that at the
sition. Only in four out ofthe nine divisions have regular official candidates twenty-franc gratings it was always some stylish female who issued
appeared, and in only two of these cases has the candidature been more than the billets. The crowding, elbowing, shouting, and touting in the
nominal. M. Devinck, the chocolate maker, profited by the rivalry between
now immediate vicinity of these vehicles is equal to anything on the
M. Thiers and Count D'Alton Shée, ex-page of Charles X., and
Epsom course on the Derby day. For the Derby the betting was even
Socialist and Republican, to obtain a place in the race for the second
on Count de Lagrange's lot-Le Saphir, Berger, a dark horse, on which
circumscription, which being undecisive will have to be run over again. A
the stable had a good deal of loose cash, and Consul, whose position in the
similar contest between Democrats in the sixth circumscription favoured betting had improved in the morning. Only 1½ could be obtained against
M. Augustin Cochin, who, however, was distanced by the more violent
Consul and Glaneur ; Baron de Nexon's Glaieul was at 4 to 1 ; M. Delâtre's
oppositionist, M. Ferry, notwithstanding his personal and hereditary Cerdagne at 10, and Pandour, belonging to M. Reiset, 20 to 1. The
connection with the municipality, and the warm support of the clerical
party. On the second vote either M. Ferry or M. Guéroult is almost horses ran well together, and without much shifting of places, past the
Equally significant is the number of votes Condé stables, after which Le Saphir fell back, and Glaneur and the other
certain to be returned.
recorded for the author of the Lanterne, now under sentence of favourites began to move forward. On coming into the straight the
Lagrange and Delâtre colours showed in advance, and it was soon
imprisonment for seditious writing. M. Rochefort had 10,033 votes,
while M. Jules Favre had only 1,995 more ; and as the ballot will have clear that the Count was at length destined to win a Derby. Consul ran
to be renewed, the former may yet be elected. M. Thiers announces his in a winner by several lengths, Čerdagne second, and Pandour third. The
winner was cheered on returning to the paddock, although Count de
intention of going to the poll again, and his eventual return is hardly doubt-
supported D'Alton-Shée now lend him Lagrange can hardly be called a popular sportsman.
ful, as the radical journals who
their aid. M. Jules Ferry must likewise take another turn at the ballot, but
M. Guéroult retires from the contest and leaves him the goodwill of his (FROM OUR ROMAN CORRESPONDENCE. )
electors, so his return is nearly certain. The other still undecided seat in ROME, May 19.
Paris will no doubt fall to the implacable Henri Rochefort. The Govern-
The Pope is relieved from the tedious duty of receiving deputations and
ment estimates that the Opposition has only gained four seats, but forgets delivering speeches, which led him to call the last few weeks his " little
to mention that it opposed with all its strength such members of the tiers-
Lent," and the doctors consider it absolutely necessary that he should go
parti as Messrs. Goerg, Riondel, de Gramont, Laroche-Joubert, Richard, into the country. But he refuses to make a stay there, and will only consent
Latour du Moulin, &c. &c. , who have been returned, and will not be likely to undertake short excursions which do not involve more than a few hours'
to forget the kindness. As regards the undecided elections, the probability absence from Rome. His Holiness is opposed to the scheme of a camp
is that three more Opposition members will be brought in for Paris, that at
Havre the official candidate will be beaten, that the Gironde will elect at Mentana, in observation of the projected Italian camp at Colfiorito.
Lavertujon and Larrien, that Guépin will pass in the Loire, and that other The other day he remarked that his army cost him 15,000,000 francs a
year, and that it was not worth his while to spend a million more in order
Liberal victories will be gained in the Seine et Oise, Haut-Rhin and
Yonne. To this list must be added the double elections. Messrs. to fling a defiance at Italy. Notwithstanding this disposition to count
the cost, however, the Pope has decided on adding a German
Gambetta, Jules Simon, Raspail, and Picard will most likely have
seats to give away ; and it is already stated that Jules Simon intends to legion to his forces. This corps will be composed entirely of Prussian
subjects, or of Germans belonging to the Confederation of the North. It
sit for the Gironde, and so make room in Paris for Jules Favre. will form a legion exactly corresponding with that of Antibes. Since the
The country elections have generally been in favour of the Govern-
demonstrations on the 12th of April, the Holy Father has felt more
ment ; but the verdict of the capital has been strongly endorsed by Lyons,
confidence in his position , and, in consequence, has ordered the removal
the second city of the empire, which returns M. Bancel and M. Raspail, of the barricades erected at Porta Pia and Porta San Lorenzo, as a
both Reds, the latter being victorious by a large majority over M. Jules precaution against a Garibaldian inroad.
Favre. Still, the police talk of new
plots, and have lately renewed their arrests, which they say include several
The success of the " Reds " at the French elections gives peculiar revolutionary agents.
importance to the political programme so emphatically endorsed by the The International represents Cardinal Antonelli to be seriously ill. This
electors of Paris and Lyons. A bitter indictment against the Empire has
is an exaggeration, as the Cardinal is suffering only from his usual gout,
just appeared in the Rappel, the spirit of which may be gathered from the and
is able both to give audiences and to take the air in his carriage, which
following passages :-
he does daily. Cardinal Patrizi is in much the same condition . The
Yes, gentlemen, the Empire can be liberal ! What do I say ! It is, and ever has Sacred College is a little troubled by the
been ! death of Cardinal Haulick,
primate of Croatia, as there is a popular superstition at Rome that
Paris, France, Europe-the whole world is full of its liberalities. To France it has Cardinals
die in threes, and many of the body are now ailing.
given a Government which is strong and dear .. to all taxpayers a Government
The Marquis de Banneville has again represented to Cardinal
which swallows up annually 2,400,000,000, as it were a glass of water, and yet gets into
debt. Antonelli the necessity of coming to a friendly arrangement with Italy
preliminary to the withdrawal of the corps of occupation, though the
It has given us a Privy Council, and to each member of this Privy Council it gives
100,000 francs. It has provided us with a Conservative Senate, and to each French troops, far from preparing for such a measure, have recently
occupied Allumiere, a locality outside of Civita Vecchia. It is also the
member of the Senate it gives 30,000 francs. To each member of the Imperial family
it gives annuities, and this family, by the blessing of Providence, is numerous. To all opinion of General Dumont, who is now staying in Rome, that the
Emperor has no intention of withdrawing the corps. Nevertheless, the
young, strong, and healthy Frenchmen it has given Chassepots, besides board and
lodging, during nine years and a half, in barracks. To the clergy it has given the Pontifical Government sees reason for showing a little of its mettle, and
Cardinal Antonelli has addressed a circular to the French bishops, enjoining
Pantheon, the upper hand in primary education, and the almost exclusive privilege of
them to support at the elections only those candidates who are nominated
instructing our daughters ; and besides, since 1852, a sum of about 800,000,000 for the
estimates of public worship. by the Catholic committees, and who are all opponents of the Bonaparte
It gave us the Crimean war which cost 1,348,000,000. It gave us the Italian war, dynasty. The Cardinal is said to be preparing also a circular to the
which cost 378,000,000. It gave us the occupation of Rome which has cost until now Pontifical agents abroad, in the style of his protest against the September
46,000,000. It gave us the pleasure of going to China, to Cochin-China, to Japan- Convention on the 18th of November, 1865.
pleasure which created a Comte de Palikao, and cost 292,000,000. It gave us the Several English clergymen are here for the purpose of obtaining a
Syrian campaign, which cost 20,000,000. It gave us the Mexican expedition, which cost recognition of their Anglican ordination, when, they say, they will be ready,
1,000,000,000, or thereabouts. with a number of their brethren, to unite themselves to the Church of
To-day it gives us peace ; but as peace is invaluable and cannot be too highly paid Rome. The Pope, however, absolutely refuses their request, and has
it takes from us to maintain this peace 1,300 men, and every year 800,000,000 to ordered some theologians to draw up a paper containing the reasons for
900,000,000 in the army and navy estimates. this non possumus ; at the same time, he urges the applicants either
Out of France it has given Italy to Victor Emmanuel, and Victor Emmanuel to to be content with the position of Catholic laymen, or to receive
Prussia. To the Pope it has given millions of money and gensdarmes. To M. de ordination in the Roman Church. The clergymen have expressed their
Bismarck it has given Germany and the gauge of its political foresight. In the East it has determination to attend the Council. The Vatican continues to be
given influence to Russia. To Mexico it has given the blood of thousands of Frenchmen,
disturbed by the pamphlet about the Council ascribed to General
an Emperor, and that emperor to Juarez. To the United States it has given a hatred to Menabrea, and Monsignor Nardi is preparing a reply, which, among its
France and a preponderating influence wherever, on the other side of the Atlantic, France other assertions, denies the right of the Catholic Powers to intervene, and
was once beloved, listened to, and hoped for.
also the claim of their representatives to a deliberative vote.
Yes, gentlemen, the Empire can be liberal. It is, it always has been, and the proof
Rome is losing its taste for good music, and the concerts at the Capitol
is, that without reckoning a deficit of 2,000,000,000, it has spent in fourteen years,
28,853,152,485 francs 88 centimes. were a complete failure. The " Moise " was hissed at the Argentina. That
theatre, however, is about to produce a new opera, by a Roman lady,
On Sunday last, the French Derby Day, all Chantilly seemed to have Mdlle. Senaki, governess to the children of Prince Torlonia, which is
turned out to welcome its visitors, and, as usual, all the beggars from the expected to prove a success. The censor has compelled M. d'Ormsville ,
surrounding districts waylaid them at the entrance to the little wood, the the author of the libretto, to change one of the scenes from the Italian
footway through which leads directly on to the course. On entering the camp at Solferino to the French camp in the Crimea.
betting - ring behind the " tribunes " we find groups of early comers break- Fresh " finds " are reported from the Emporium Romanum, and great
fasting leisurely under the trees. The betting- men are busy preparing their admiration has been excited by two blocks of antique yellow marble of
lists, which they fix against the trunks of the young oaks, or mount upon exquisite beauty, and two blocks of the rare marble called porta santa.

[ 341 ]
 26 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28, 1869.

a "Lady Abbess " common in Protestant novels. Thus, she sent a novice
SISTERHOODS AND CONVENTS.* of eighteen suddenly on a journey to a distant town, where she arrived at
MOST people open a book of this kind with the same sort of suspicion midnight, waited an hour outside the house she was sent to before she could
get in, and was insulted by drunken men. To endure such absurdities was
with which they would receive the evidence of an approver or a deserter.
As the author has chosen to conceal her name, she cannot be surprised if a proof of " perfection." A shocking relation is given by the author ofthe
this feeling is intensified in her case by the additional prima facie discredit circumstances attending the illness and death of a young lady whose
that attaches to anonymous autobiography. But having fairly read her strength broke down under the hardships of Miss Jones's personal service.
book, we are bound to say that she appears to be not only a person of That such things should be said to the discredit of a person who still enjoys
keen observation, but also of excellent sense and good temper. So far, the confidence of a party in the English Church as a " restorer of the
therefore, as it is possible to form any opinion without hearing the other religious life " is certainly a scandal, and should lead to an inquiry on the
side, and making some allowance for her strong bias in favour of Catho- part of some of those whose characters are associated with that of the
licism, we are inclined to accept her statements, and will give some account High Church party.
of the most important of them. After experiences of this kind the author was not unnaturally estranged
We are carried back to a time when Ritualism was not, and Puseyism from Anglican sisterhoods, and shortly found her way into a Catholic
was stammering out its infant heresies on baptism and orders. The author convent. She argues in defence of these institutions with great ingenuity,
lived among extreme Evangelicals, the supporters of a chapel-of-ease in a and she is probably right in urging that they have a less arbitrary con-
fashionable watering- place. She describes excellently the sway of a stitution than communities existing in defiance of all consistency, based in
bustling matron over the congregation, and even over the pastors who a negation of Protestantism, and supported by systematic evasion and
came, married well, and went away one after another. From this uncon- concealment, within a Protestant Church. If she fails to prove to our
genial medium she passed naturally into the society of Puseyites, and satisfaction that it is wise to organize and encourage a contemplative life for
indeed it would seem of the eponymous divine himself, who is called persons desiring perfection, it is because she assumes a number of premisses
throughout Dr. Smithson. When she desired to enter a sisterhood it was which lead to that conclusion . The " miracles " alleged in evidence of
Dr. Smithson who admitted her into one of which the nominal Superior the divine favour attending the conventual life appear, from the singularly
was a 66 Miss Langdon," but the real manager himself. The influence and unsatisfactory reports given, to be such miracles as have been ascribed to the
example of Miss Langdon were in favour of moderation and gentleness ; late Dr. Abernethy, and to other physicians who had the gift of breaking off
the sisters were active and useful among the poor, and the elements of by a sharp nervous stimulus a state of hysterical oppression. The Saurin
happiness were there. But behind Dr. Smithson there now looms the case is, however, keenly analyzed by this writer who believes so much, and
formidable figure of " Miss Jones," of whom he " was often heard to she makes a defence of nunneries which, as we said, is convincing enough
regret deeply that she was not a bishop," and who will be recognized if you admit Catholic principles as premisses.
without difficulty as the heroine of Miss Goodman's reminiscences. This
lady was a centralizer of the stamp of Richelieu, and regarded it as highly
desirable for the progress of the Catholic movement that all Anglican " OLDBURY.” *
religious houses for women should be united under her rule. Dr. Smithson
THE infliction of vicarious punishment in this world has not been left an
supported her in this project, and even induced Miss Langdon to make
a solemn promise of obedience to Miss Jones, and that without consulting open question for man to decide ; but the manner in which we bear the
the sisters, who had promised obedience to the former. The effect of this burden when it is cast on us does to a great extent lie in our hands to
was felt in the less " advanced " community. A dangerous maniac choose it may be resisted , endured, or accepted, but it cannot be wholly
evaded. It seems hard that the crimes and vices of ill-doers should
was handed over to Miss Langdon by her taskmistress, and left in her
sole charge for three weeks. At the end of this time Miss Jones's have the power to wreck the prospects and darken the happiness of
health required a visit to the house where Miss Langdon and her the innocent, but if the action of the pendulum is true, so far as it moves in
one direction so far must it move in the other. Those who suffer most
charge were staying, a peremptory order preceded her that the maniac
should be immediately removed, but giving no hint as to where she was to from the faults of others would not deny that, had matters been reversed,
be bestowed. The county asylum refused to receive her on the ground they would experience a just pride and comfort in the reflection of the
that she was incurable, and Miss Langdon removed her patient to lodgings, fame or virtues of their kith and kin, just as they are now disquieted by
"while Miss Jones enjoyed herself in the very beautiful house and grounds the shadow of their fathers' sins. The knowledge that he will bequeath to
which they had left." This is a fair specimen of the conduct which the his son an unstained name is an undoubted inducement for a man to lead
author, corroborating Miss Goodman's statements, ascribes to " Miss Jones." an honourable life, and not unfrequently what deters men- and women
Shortly after this virtual change of rule, Miss Langdon gave up the nominal even more often- from the commission of actions definitely evil or
authority which remained to her, and went to the Crimea in charge of a disgraceful is the thought that their own shame must be inherited by their
party of nursing sisters, leaving her community to be absorbed into the innocent children. As we have said, there are more ways than one of
group of religious houses over which Miss Jones was superior. The author meeting vicarious punishment. There is the haughty, sullen protest of
resolved to remain, in spite of the strange stories which she had heard of dumb rebellion, not the less obstinate because it is unspoken, which
this lady's management. From this time her experiences were very curious. clothes itself in mystery and entrenches itself in pride, which disdains
Miss Jones did not demand obedience, as Miss Langdon had done, with a sympathy and repels all enjoyment, consolation , or mitigation of pain as if
reservation in favour of regular episcopal authority whenever that should be they were so many additional injuries. These sufferers elect to be martyrs,
obtainable, but on her own sole authority, and to herself as self-appointed. and it may be said of them that they put their punishment to the worst
Nor was she contented with a sisterhood of mercy, but attempted to possible use. Both men and women occasionally act thus ; sometimes
institute orders of various kinds, the only common bond between which they die of it ; failing this, they ossify or shrivel up. Then there is the
was to be their union under herself. Her charitable work was, we are philosophical or indifferentist manner. The evil is examined critically ; its
assured, much exaggerated. There was an " orphanage " containing three dimensions, weight, power, and probable duration are calculated, and then it
or four orphans badly cared for ; a poor school of twenty or thirty is put aside out of sight and out of thought, and , oddly enough, it is often
children ; a " home for aged men of good character," which con- the case that from that moment, practically speaking, the grievance has all
but ceased to exist. Fear created it, to fear it was indebted for its
tained precisely three inmates of doubtful reputation ; and a college
for boys. This last was comparatively flourishing, but how unsuit- power, and, the fear gone, the evil grows shadowy as a ghost in the noon-
able an undertaking for women may be judged by the author's day sun. Those who do this begin by saying Never mind, and go on
account of a flogging administered to a boy of sixteen in the pre- never-minding to the end of the chapter. Again, with a healthy, genial
sence of one of the sisters, at a time when that sister and the author nature, or a temper innately sweet and buoyant, with what Goldsmith
were the only women in charge of the boys and their master. Her calls 66 a good knack at hoping," a misfortune of the kind in view
colleague being suddenly called away by the superior, the author refused is accepted as the inevitable sequence of certain conditions of our
to stay, and this was the occasion of her leaving Miss Jones's community existence, and in the confidence of overcoming ill-luck and unmerited
for the first time. The gradations of rank in the society were six. The obloquy, in receiving that kindliness which the world, after all , is com-
novice was, like the postulant in Catholic convents, a probationer ; but monly ready to extend to those who are kindly with the world, and in
with this difference, according to the author, that whereas a Catholic the sympathy and support of the loyal tenderness and friendship which
postulant is instructed in her future obligations and duties, the novice was men of this stamp are always able to inspire. These last find good even
carefully kept from knowledge of them. in evil, and in the struggle have more pleasure than pain, and win more
than they lose.
The next step, taken at irregular intervals, and regardless of the lady's wishes or We have been led into these reflections by the perusal of “ Old-
feelings, was to make the novice a " Child." She was then promoted to a black dress bury," because the whole history and moral hinge on circumstances
and small white muslin apron and cap, the apron being intended, I was informed, as of this sort, and the principle we have discussed underlies the
a badge of servitude ---I suppose to Miss Jones ; and, indeed, I knew one poor novice motives and actions of all the dramatis persone. Herbert Lefevre
whose life, I fear, was sacrificed to the personal slavery she endured in waiting on that was married to a beautiful and expensive wife, by whom he had one
lady. The third step was to make a Sister. The fourth and fifth steps were a compound little daughter. He was also guardian to a Miss Connington, and
of episcopacy and dissent. From episcopacy Miss Jones borrowed the title of Dean, was tempted to speculate (unsuccessfully of course) with certain moneys
and made it feminine with an e ; from dissent Miss Jones borrowed the title of Elder, belonging to his ward. This young lady ran away with Walter Neale,
and made it feminine with an ess.
the brother of Herbert's wife. Disputes not unnaturally arose afterwards
Above the Eldress was a Mother Eldress, and then the Lady Mother, as when money matters required to be made clear. One day the two gentle-
Miss Jones wrote herself. men were returning from shooting, when a quarrel on this subject unfor-
In this community, the author tells us, the " religious " life was held to tunately arose. Neale struck Lefevre, who, maddened by the provocation,
consist in obedience--that is, in abject submission to Miss Jones's will and instantly shot his brother-in-law dead. For this Lefevre was tried,
His
pleasure, without reference to any rule or to any superior ecclesiastical convicted, and sentenced to twenty-one years' penal servitude.
authority. The author ingeniously suggests that Miss Jones's views wife died, and his father, mother, and sister renounced the name
of her position and duties were derived from the conventional figure of of Lefevre, and assumed that of Blake. The tale opens with
their arrival at the obscure little town of Oldbury, where they
*
"Five Years in a Protestant Sisterhood, and Ten Years in a Catholic Convent. "
(London : Longmans and Co. 1869. ) Oldbury." By Annie Keary. (London : Macmillan and Co. 1869.)
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 MAY 28, 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET.
27

have resolved to reside for the future, and they have brought with discursiveness in the subject and manner of her discourse was, as
them Herbert's child Elsie, and intend that she shall be brought up in may seem, very great, and her tendency to parenthesis absolutely incor-
entire ignorance of her father's miserable history. Margaret Blake, Elsie's rigible. In fact, Elderberry did on one occasion so muddle and involve
aunt, is represented as a beautiful stony-looking woman, truthful to the core, her statements and mix up her conclusions that, quite unintentionally, she
and given to good works, but gloomy, inexorable, and severe in demeanour. nearly succeeded in separating the young couple for life. However, all
Now it may be inevitable that a woman whose brother is imprisoned ends well. Steenie Pierrepont marries Elsie, Herbert Lefevre dies as
for murder should be gloomy and austere, especially if her disposition soon as he is released from Dartmoor, and Margaret, determined neither to
is tenacious and brooding ; still it is not a merit but a failing to succumb to forget the family misfortune, nor to cease from further penance, refuses
this sort of temper, and practically it deepens and perpetuates the shadow several eligible offers of marriage, enters a community, and becomes a
cast by the crime, and gathers it around the future of his child. The motto " sister of the poor."
prefixed to the book prepared us for this : " It is only with renunciation.
that life begins." To renounce self, i.e. selfishness, is indeed right, but it
is not the duty of either man or woman to renounce happiness for them- THE HIGHLANDS OF TURKEY.*
selves because others have done amiss, since by such action they not
No rational man will dispute that the increased facilities for locomotion
only destroy their own comfort but create unnecessary misery for
perfectly innocent persons. Once a year old Mr. and Mrs. Blake, which the present century enjoys have added a great deal to the sum of
with Margaret, perform a painful duty, and take a long journey to visit human happiness. But, as there is no good thing without its drawback, so
Herbert at the convict prison at Dartmoor. They set forth in sadness. it is undeniable that railways and steamships, besides being intimately
and depression, and return in quiet despair, and poor Elsie feels there connected with " the thoughts that shake mankind ," are answerable for a
good many which only worry and fatigue it. In other words, the multipli-
is a dreadful mystery somewhere, and has not a very joyous life on
the whole. Of course, it is all found out at last, and by a happy touch of cation of books of travel which is one result of these improvements,
has its inconveniences as well as its advantages. Of the many people
buman nature it is shown that the Oldbury people were quite as indignant
now drawn abroad by the ready means of transit everywhere placed at
that they should have had a family living familiarly among them under an
assumed name as by the discovery that these persons were nearly related their disposal, to say nothing of the ease with which a reputation may
to a murderer and a convict. Steenie Pierrepont, the rector's son, had, be gained by the publication of their adventures, only a very small
however, a good faith in himself and a heart sufficiently noble and hopeful proportion are qualified to give a good account of what they see
to marry a girl in spite of her father's misdeeds, and Elsie, who had or to understand and explain the habits and laws of foreign nations
developed into a very charming woman, found in her old playmate both where they are in any way novel or peculiar. Especially is this true of
friend and lover. such a country as Turkey. And though it is only partially true of Mr.
Tozer himself, who is a man of learning and ability, still we cannot
It is in the watching and fostering of this young love affair that we
make acquaintance with our favourite, Miss Berry, with whom we confess exonerate him altogether from the class of faults we have in view ; a habit
of broad assertion founded on very narrow information ; a proneness to
ourselves to have fallen half if not wholly in love-" Poor dear Elderberry,”
as the boy Steenie was saucy enough to call her. It is true she was an old believe exactly what he wished to believe, no more and no less ;
and to take upon trust from interested sources statements which he ought
maid, but then was she not the best and most delightful of old maids ?
She wore a front, too, of a very undisguised kind. "Now, Steenie to have investigated for himself and to have compared with rival versions.
By the side of many of those travellers who, since Western Europe has
dear," she was wont to urge in expostulation, " I have confided to you
been used up, have fallen tooth and nail upon the same unhappy country,
frankly that it is a front, and gone the length of showing you exactly
Mr. Tozer's book is honest and trustworthy. Compared with what it ought
how I fasten it on, so you need not look so curiously at it every time."
"It is such an odd concern," returned Steenie, "and you are such to be, it is prejudiced, crude, and full of errors.
a dear Elderberry. I like you up to your front better than all the other We shall confine ourselves in this article to the exposure of a few of the
sour Oldbury people put together- you know I do." " But, my dear, when worst of these, illustrating at the same time the general looseness of state-
there are others so much more worthy," & c. With the smallest of incomes ment in which the author permits himself to indulge. In his capacity of
scene-painter, antiquarian, and ethnologist, Mr. Tozer is worthy of all
she had the largest of hearts, with her intense reverence for the clergy in
constant charity and praise, though his disquisitions are not unfrequently overloaded with a
general and for Mr. Pierrepont in particular, her
humble-mindedness towards others and habitual distrust of herself, she was rather superfluous display of learning. But in his capacity of political
observer he is only superior to the general run of tourists as an able man
at the beck and call of all who needed her, and bore with something more
is superior to one less able. He has been hoaxed in just the same way,
than patience the tyranny of even her own servant, who was frequently though not perhaps
to the same extent.
afflicted with what is known as a " temper ache." No one knew the flutter
of pleasure it gave to her foolish generous soul when, after carefully Mr. Tozer begins, of course, with the old grievance-the persecution of
she herself could do without, she the Christians and gives vent to much strong language on the subject in
calculating how many fires and dinners
reliance, it appears, on the monks of Mount Athos and other " less pre-
felt, as she said, " justified " in offering some delicacy to a sick person or to
judiced " authorities. These are his own words. Now, if Mr. Tozer
the rector, and in dispensing her simple hospitality to her young friends.
It takes very little to bind some hearts for ever, and Miss Berry's was of admits, as he most unaccountably does, that the monks are prejudiced, will
he have the kindness to inform the public in the next edition of his work
this kind. The aureole of the priesthood reflected its glory in her eyes
who the other authorities are whom he describes as less prejudiced ? Are
even on Steenie, who, though the bitter-tempered Mrs. Lutridge believed he
was not and never would be " a folded lamb," was undeniably a rector's they the Consuls ? And, if so, why is no mention of these atrocities ever
to be found in their Reports ? We may be quite sure of this, that considering
son, and as well loved by Miss Berry as if she had been his mother. She
looked after his morals too. One day Mrs. Lutridge, finding Elsie and the position of the Turkish empire, and the feelings entertained towards her
Steenie eating almonds and raisins and preserved ginger at Miss Berry's byvarious powerful neighbours , no act of oppression which came to a
Consul's ear would ever be allowed to slumber. But if the sufferers do
little dinner-table, delivered her testimony with great severity.
66 not complain to the Consuls, who are Mr. Tozer's informants ? It may
My children have gone home to a plain, wholesome dinner, such as I consider it my be doubted whether they can be produced in the flesh.
duty as the head of a Christian household to provide for my family. Luxuries and
Mr. Tozer complains of the Turkish roads, and charges their con-
dainties " (with a severe glance at the preserved ginger) " do not come within my means. dition upon the apathy or ignorance of the Government. And he tells
Other people, I suppose, make their own calculations, and I can only hope that no carnal
a story of a Pasha who invited all the consuls to witness the " inauguration "
love of display or desire to vie with their superiors leads them into unjustifiable expenses. '
"We have dessert every day at our house, " struck in Steenie, " almonds and raisins of a road from Salonica to Monastir, resulting in the formation of a piece
subsequently allowed to go to
and preserved ginger and guava jelly and prawns and-and " (searching his memory some two or three miles long, which was
desperately for further items, and stumbling by mistake on the principal products of ruin. But, as a matter of fact, for some years past the work of roadmaking
St. Petersburg) " isinglass and caviare. We have all that every day for dessert at our has been going on all over Turkey, and many thousands of new roads have
house;" whereupon Mrs. Lutridge recommended him " to learn the third chapter ofJames been constructed during this and the preceding reign. In the teeth of
by heart so as to better bridle his unruly tongue, " and then departed in wrath. these well-known facts, we again ask Mr. Tozer to produce his authorities.
" Steenie dear, " Miss Berry began as she divided the ginger, " you know quite well We are informed in the beginning of the second volume that once upon
that I never like to cast a gloom over the time we are together, but I am so very much a time a new Lazaretto was required at Salonica ; that the consuls urged on
afraid you went beyond the truth about the guava jelly and the prawns, and those other the Pasha the necessity of the case ; that the Pasha telegraphed to Con-
things you mentioned. I am sure I don't pretend to judge as to what a gentleman might stantinople, and received for answer that nothing could be done ; that
fancy for dessert, but isinglass ! I wish I could think you had not gone beyond the truth. " this occurred twice ; and that thereupon the consuls built one at their own
" She should not have begun jawing at you, then, " said Steenie, gloomily. expense for £ 120. We have heard another version of the story, which
"Oh, my dear Steenie, but if you knew how it hurts me to think that for my sake is probably nearer the truth. Some years ago the consuls insisted upon
you should have told a
having the management of the Lazaretto transferred from the Government
"Cram," interrupted Steenie. " Well, Elderberry, I'm very sorry. " to themselves. The Government consented , and an arrangement was then
And the kind little woman was instantly comforted. Then , again, finding made by which the harbour dues were to be chargeable with the whole
that Tom Lutridge was hanging about after Elsie, then a visitor with her, expenses of the institution, and the Porte was relieved from all responsi-
Miss Berry made one of her characteristic little speeches " Oh, my dear, bility in the matter. When the consuls applied to the Pasha they were
very thankful I was when I came in to find you had not seen him. It was merely doing what in England is called " trying it on ; " and when they
extremely prudent and self-denying on your part, and I hope it will come spent 120 in building the new hospital themselves they were only using
to Mrs. Lutridge's ears and soften her heart towards us both. Still it does the fund expressly provided for the purpose.
make me nervous to think that the young man may still be prowling about. With regard to the courts of justice Mr. Tozer reports, on the authority
I may as well confess it to you at once, my dear. I have made a sort of of Mr. Read, the British consul at Scodra, that the evidence of Christians
promise to his mother not to encourage --though really how am I to set about is not received in courts of justice ; that the Pasha desires them to be
discouraging- in fact, it was just that set me wishing for a director, whose
advice I might follow without fear of being reproached with it afterwards." * " Researches in the Highlands of Turkey. With Notes on the Ballads, Tales, and
Miss Berry had to speak, and she used to make many timid fluttering Classical Superstitions of the Modern Greeks. " By the Rev. Henry Fanshawe Tozer,
efforts in the cause of peace and goodwill . She always wondered whether M.A. , F.R.G.S. , Tutor, and late Fellow, of Exeter College, Oxford. With Map and
it would be given her to say anything when the right moment came. Her Illustrations. (London : John Murray. 1869. )

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 28 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28 , 1869.

heard, but that as soon as he proposes it the Cadi gets up and leaves the which the fire rests should be of fire-brick pierced with holes, and not of
court, though without his signature the verdict is void. We cannot of iron. A screen pierced with small apertures should be fixed in front ofthe fire,
course in this instance undertake to say with whom the mistake has origi- and a regulator below to prevent the entrance of air not required for com-
nated-with the consul or the traveller ; but on one side or the other there bustion, which, according to Count Rumford, is a thief that steals the heat and
is clearly a misconception. The Cadi is the old-fashioned Mahometan escapes with it up the chimney. Coal should be supplied from below, in which
judge, invested with a religious character. The Mahometan religion forbids. case the brick bottom becomes superfluous ; thus the waste of fuel by
evidence to be taken upon oath ; and the consequence is that where the smoke is almost entirely prevented. The ovens should be situated above,
Cadi presides Christians cannot be examined, as they attach no sanctity to and not below, the hot-plate, by which means the bottom of the oven
anything except an oath. But the Cadi never does preside in trials where a would be, as it should be, hotter than the top. The oven door should be
Christian is involved. There lies the gist of the matter. There are three covered with white tiles to prevent heat from escaping where it is not
classes of courts in Turkey : one for the trial of causes in which both wanted. The plan of heating the boiler by the main current of air from
parties are Mussulmen ; a second for the trial of causes where one is a the back of the fire is open to the objection made by Mr. Edwards, that
Mussulman and the other a Christian ; and a third for the trial of those servants frequently leave this passage wide open-omitting to put down
in which both are Christians. Christian evidence is of course taken in the the damper-at a time when so fierce a draught of air is not wanted for
two last. And if any Turk, in litigation with another Turk, desires to the purpose of kindling the fire, and consequently produces immense
avail himself of the evidence of a Christian, he can carry his case, if he waste. For the purpose of foiling these ingenious wasters of our substance,
likes, before the mixed tribunals where that evidence will be received. It whose reformation he apparently regards as impossible, Mr. Edwards pro-
is difficult to see what injustice is inflicted upon any one by such a system poses to bring the heat to the boiler last, after having applied it to all the
as this. cooking vessels and ovens. There would thus be no direct communication
But the most amusing specimen of Mr. Tozer's resolution to find fault with the chimney at all, and the most wasteful kitchen-maid would be unable
with everything Turkish is his indignation at the treatment of the pigs, to produce " a good clear fire " for the mere purpose of æsthetic grati-
which, he says, are unmercifully taxed because they are Christian animals. fication. The hot plate disappears in this system, and the heat of the fire is
If this were so it would be no worse than the old German practice, not conducted by a number of flues to various cooking vessels of fixed size
very long since abolished , of weighing all Jews who desired to pass the fitting into openings made in the upper surface of the stove, which is to be
frontier, and levying an ad valorem duty on them. It has been a great composed of some non-conducting substance, such as tiles. If by thus
oversight hitherto on the part of those good and zealous men who have immersing the vessel in hot air the heat gained should be more than is
laboured so earnestly in behalf of the Turkish Christians that they have required, the former can be placed upon the segmentary hot plate formed by
neglected the condition of these orthodox and persecuted creatures. the metal lid of the opening. " If it be considered," says Mr. Edwards,
Could not a subscription be raised, or a society be formed, for the relief " that the number of covers represents as many vessels as can be
of our grunting co-religionists ? The question should really be taken up. used at one time, it appears inevitable that the substitution of such
Will no independent member ask a question about it in the House of a system will be represented by coal in the cellar instead of
Commons? Why, here is a grievance which might last a man for years, coal in the fire." The outer surfaces of the boiler, ovens, and other
while the choicest hams of Thessaly would doubtless find their way to his parts of the stove should also , Mr. Edwards thinks, be covered with tiles
table in return for his services to the animal whose person they adorned instead of, as at present, presenting an expanse of heated metal. A further
in life. suggestion made by Mr. Edwards is destined, as he sees, to remain fruitless
Mr. Tozer, we suspect, went out willing to be deceived ; and he has for the present, in consequence of the opposition of his enemy, the domestic
certainly not been disappointed. We could mention half a dozen other servant. In a perfect or Rumfordian system there would be three fireplaces,
statements, were it worth while, illustrative of his readiness to swallow one for the hot-plate and vessels, another for the boiler, and another for
everything which chimed in with his preconceived ideas. Of Montenegro, the ovens ; the two latter to be lighted only when required . Among the
for instance, he tells us that such and such a battle secured her " inde- numerous plates, by means of which he has illustrated his ideas, there are
pendence. " Montenegro has never been independent any more than the several showing this principle. Architects might with advantage consult
highlands of Scotland were independent before the year 1745. But there is another of them, in which a simple plan is exhibited for supplying hot water
no need to pursue these criticisms any further. We have said quite enough from the kitchen boiler to the upper floors of a house.
to illustrate the general character of the book as far as it touches upon The name of Count Rumford is known to few persons of the present
political or social questions. We desire to part with Mr. Tozer in perfect generation except in connection with his method of eating hasty-pudding.
good humour, and will merely remind him in conclusion of the Spanish He was, however, a very remarkable person, and Mr. Edwards, who is
proverb which Dr. Johnson quoted with approval, " He who would bring indebted to him for the principles of his proposed improvements, has done
home the wealth of the Indies must carry the wealth of the Indies with him." well in giving some biographical details about his predecessor. Benjamin
By which is meant that for a traveller a country like Turkey to bring back Thompson was born in 1752 at Rumford, in New Hampshire, a province
any trustworthy information , he must take out with him a sufficient knowledge of New England. He received a scientific education through the charity
of her laws, customs, and the recent reforms she has adopted to prevent of a clergyman, and a rich marriage enabled him to devote himself
his being duped by a class of grievance mongers, whose inclination to to science. During the War of Independence he was sent by the
deceive is only surpassed by their ability. English authorities on a mission to London, where he was detained
We should mention that Mr. Tozer has some very interesting chapters by the Ministry, and finally appointed Under- Secretary of State. He had
on the modern superstitions of Thessaly, such as lycanthropy, vampires, seen a good deal of service in America, and attained the rank of colonel.
&c.; and likewise on the Romaic ballads and fables. During one of his journeys abroad, he made the acquaintance of the
Elector of Bavaria, who employed him to reorganize his army, and finally
made him Minister of War and Police. As an army reformer, he antici-
pated the best proposals of the present moment, having established indus-
KITCHEN FIRES.*
trial and other schools for soldiers and their families, and employed the men
MR. EDWARDS is a man with one idea, and among such men are to be in public works. As Minister of Police he dealt successfully with the
found some of the greatest benefactors to society. There seems a question of professional beggary, and established manufactories in which
probability that he may be destined to be useful, but a preacher of persons chargeable to the public were employed. In preparing food for his
improvements has to learn the lesson of patience, and Mr. Edwards com- paupers he was led to make experiments, by which he finally succeeded in
plains, not with too much bitterness though with some indignation, that reducing the cost of the fuel used to one per cent. of the cost of the food.
during the five years which have elapsed since the publication of his Mr. Edwards quotes a certificate signed by persons in authority, recording
first book the press has not helped him sufficiently to propagate his views. the fact that he had provided a soup dinner for 1,000 persons at an expense
We would endeavour to avert such a censure from this journal. Mr. Edwards for fuel of less than 42d. He was rewarded by the gratitude of the poor,
writes excellently, without technicality or obscurity, and may fairly say who thronged the churches to pray for him when he was ill. After the death
that he has done his part towards making the subject intelligible to of the Elector he settled himself in London, where he exercised much
unscientific persons . influence among men of science. Later, he went to live in France, and
The cooking apparatus most in use among us is the kitchener, and it died at Auteuil in 1814.
is so rapidly superseding older contrivances that we need not enter into
the archæology of the subject, and quote Mr. Edwards's decisive criticism
GREENWELL'S " CARMINA CRUCIS." *
of the open range. But the kitchener itself is open to various objections.
In the first place, the outer surfaces being composed of metal, a great deal THESE are poems of a somewhat visionary character, the products of an
of heat is given out into the room. Secondly, from the chimney being imagination that would not merely gratify us by easy representations, but
closed above, a foretaste or foresmell of dinner is apt to pervade the house. convince us by its fervent broodings. Miss Greenwell has accustomed
Thirdly, the inner parts are burned away far more rapidly by the semi- herself to a kind of violence in her confessions of belief and her reasonings,
closed fire of the kitchener than by the old open fire. Lastly, its which, while it may alarm the common understanding, seems partly to
economical reputation is to some extent a delusion, since a far greater untune her mind for the exercise of a fine poetic power. Her faith not
proportion of fuel to the space is burnt in a half-closed than in an open only claims to be grounded on miraculous histories, but dismisses natural
fire ; besides which the flues carry off an extravagant quantity of hot air. evidences, as if nature showed it only disorders and incoherences ; hence
The improvements which Mr. Edwards suggests appear to him likely " to comes an almost Manichæan disdain of what is actual and material in the
transform the kitchener in a great measure from a dashing and improvident human world, and much unwillingness to see beauty through its shadows,
servant into one that bears some evidence of possessing a regard for or goodness through its struggles and developments. Her piety has the same
economy and care," and he promises that if they are adopted we shall save desperation as the scepticism of others, and seems equally suited to take
two-thirds or, perhaps, three-fourths of our present consumption of fuel root in an indulged egoistic chagrin. Her arguments abound in vague
for cooking. The principal of them are as follows : -The fireplace should be analogies, and are addressed to the undisciplined aspirations that demand
reduced from 10 or 12 inches to 6 or 8 in perpendicular depth nowthat roasting the best of worlds possible or impossible. Her illustrations include a
before an open fire has been superseded by the use of ovens. The bed on quaint motley of texts construed in a preternatural sense ; there is a kind
* of biblical potichomania in them. (See especially how the mention of
" On the Extravagant Use of Fuel in Cooking Operations." By Frederick
*
Edwards, Jun. ( London : Hardwicke. 1869). " Carmina Crucis." By Dora Greenwell . (London : Bell and Daldy. 1869. )
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 MAY 28 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 29

"weeds " is improved in her description of the Limbo of the Fathers, in in which the author condemns practices having the " sanction of great
the piece called " Si descendero in Infernum, ades.") With all this the classical composers," and being themselves the natural result of a desire to
authoress is clear-minded enough to state a doubt sometimes with startling free the art from unnecessary bonds. In particular cases, and as a matter
force and candour ; nor can we anywhere read far in her collection without of taste, he may be right ; but it is clear that the fewer restrictions
feeling some touches of true eloquence or poetry. Indeed it is rare to the better upon a process which, after all, can only be justified or
find a short piece so complete and impressive as her " Desdichado " condemned by results. True to his conservative instinct, Sir F. Ouseley
(unhappy one), which speaks simply of the misery of having no belief in has adopted the old system of making syncopated counterpoint a distinct.
God, of seeing in the earth and heavens an objectless pageant or (fourth) species, instead of treating it as a branch of the second. How
mechanism, giving no home to the heart of him the "two notes to one " of the latter can be combined with the
Who hears amid the dense (syncopated) two notes to one of the former as a department of study
Loud trampling crash and outcry of this wild is not less obvious than the advantage gained. We must further object
Thick jungle world of drear magnificence that in aiming at the simple and concise Sir F. Ouseley has occasionally
No voice which says, my child. achieved the meagre. The manual is intended to be complete in itself,
Yet even here her fancy is so self-engrossed that it loses the very silence of but any student using it alone would find scant nourishment here and
the starry midnight in a dreamy association of noise with multitude. And there. It is easy to bring forward examples by way of proof, and we will
most ominous, too, is the very vigour of this passage, for we find elsewhere take first the author's directions with regard to cadences- not the least
that it is the poetess herself, much rather than her atheist, who is so important matter upon which he treats. In the first species of counter-
point we are told- "The last note but one of the canto fermo should
uncomfortable in this world as to impute to it a drear magnificence— always be a a whole tone above the concluding notes, and the
Behold the heavens are strong, the earth is old, counterpoint should always rise to the final by a semitone." Here
And all that comes between is dim and cold.
Sir F. Ouseley does not so much overlook the fact that these positions may
There is, besides, a manifest exaggeration in the last stanza of the be lawfully reversed as absolutely forbid the option. In the chapter upon
description- the second species we read that the " correct cadence " for upper counter-
Weep, weep for him above
point is perfect fifth, major sixth, and octave ; the equally correct sub-
That looks for God and sees unpitying Fate,
stitution of a minor tenth for the perfect fifth being ignored. Again, in
That finds within his heart, in place of love,
counterpoint of the third species two cadences only are given, but no
A dull, unsleeping hate ;
hint that there are at least seven others quite as allowable. The same want
for men do not easily hate a power whom they have reduced to a mere of sufficiency is elsewhere apparent ; in the section, for example, which
fatality, nor have they even a constant motive to hate nature, or else they treats of combining the various species. These shortcomings are made
would fall into the sects which refuse to procreate ; they could but blame more noticeable by contrast with the thoroughly satisfactory character of
her for bidding them to eat and be full, but not wish to eat for ever. But many parts of the work.
we must contrast the poetess's own view of the case. Sir F. Ouseley may fairly demand credit for the arrangement of his
Speak not unto me, Life, matter. To give instances, he takes the student through all the species of
Thy voice that loves and grieves counterpoint in two parts, before making him face the difficulties of those in
I hear ; the gentle strife three. So, again, he leads on from the simplest form of imitation to the most
Of birds among the leaves ; difficult study of fugue by well arranged gradations which materially help.
Fond tones, that in their flow the progress. Another great merit of the book is the clearness of its language.
Make sudden pause and grow The best manuals hitherto published in English have been translations
To sweeter silence. giving only a more or less hazy view of the author. No complaint can be
The blow, the scoff, the jeer, made in this case. What Sir F. Ouseley has to say he says unmistak-
The curse, the maddening whip, the clanking chain, ably an immense advantage when minute technicalities are discussed.
The bitter laugh far sadder than the tear : But the greatest merit of all is found in the union of copious information
All these alike are thine. I know upon canon and fugue with a series of really admirable examples. The
Not what thy language means- confused and vain. earlier chapters present a good many illustrations taken from Cherubini,
Now let death talk with me : its speech is plain. which would have more importance if they were the master's work and
Now let death speak with me, Thy death, my God. not that of his pupil Halévy. No qualification, however, attaches to
Song of Joy and Pain. the later examples, some of which Sir F. Ouseley has obtained from12
Here are the views that filled the East with hermits and undermined the recondite sources like Sala's " Regole del Contrappunto pratico ;'
social and political virtue of its Christian populations. Azopardi's " Il musico pratico," and Martini's " Esemplare osia saggio
We must own that on the difficult subject of " Election " our authoress fondamentale di contrappunto. " In addition there are entire movements
has written with good taste and conscientious moderation. Among her less by Scarlatti, Marcello, Leo, Bach, and our own Purcell, as well as others-
doctrinal pieces there is a sweet melancholy smile in one called " The not the least useful - by Sir F. Ouseley himself. For all these good features,
Playfellows," which tells us how Hope, Joy, and Love used to have games and notwithstanding shortcomings, we can approve the work as one likely
at hide and seek with a child among the ferns and heather, until one to do excellent service at a time when the study of musical theory is fast
evening the first two could not be found anywhere, and it was soon appre- spreading.
hended that they were gone for ever. " The Sunflower " is a well managed
emblem, and there is another in the stanzas beginning " Die to thy root,
sweet flower." The opening poem, poem , "The Garden of Proserpine," is NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS.
attractive, but enigmatical to us ; we suspect some misprint or over-refined It was probably inevitable that the Rev. R. W. Dale's " Christ and the
correction in the lines- Controversies of Christendom " (Hodder and Stoughton), as the annual address
Yet here joy comes not, but the exquisite delivered from the chair at the recent meeting of the Congregational Union ,
Brief thrill of rapture in a pang that dies. should contain more words than thoughts, more sound than sense. The style
Here walks a Queen with steadfast eyes unwet. of the address cannot be commended. Its theology is a weak decoction of
We should have thought that neither joy nor the " exquisite brief thrill " Maurice. There is apparent, however, an appreciation of the real difficulties of
came to the bride of Pluto. Altogether there is much in this collection men about religious questions in the present day, in which clergymen often fail.
that may be read with pleasure, though perhaps leaving a precarious Mr. Dale appears to advocate compulsory education as warmly as he denounces
impression ; there is much guessed and little realized. The verse is State establishments of religion- a fact which is worth noting, seeing that the
throughout remarkably sweet and flowing. Congregational Union did more than any other ecclesiastical organization to
prevent the establishment of national education a quarter of a century ago.
In his " Old Vegetable Neurotics " (Macmillan and Co.) Dr. Harley gives some
COUNTERPOINT, CANON, AND FUGUE. * curious information in regard to hemlock. He has found that preparations from
THE appearance of an addition to the already long list of contrapuntal the dried plant or fruit are quite inert, but that the fresh plant, and preparations
manuals seems to require justification . On the other hand, no one could from the unripe fruit, are potent poisons. A table spoonful of prepared juice,
have a greater right to make such an addition than Sir Frederic Ouseley, containing a quarter-part of spirit of wine, was sufficient to paralyze a healthy
who is not only a learned fugist, but one of the most distinguished pro- woman ; sixteen ounces of the same was nearly sufficient to paralyze a horse.
fessors of the art upon which he treats. For a man holding an eminent Three grains of an extract from the unripe fruit induced great muscular weak-
place the author of the work before us advances modest claims. He ness in Dr. Harley's own person. With regard to hemlock as a remedial agent
says, "The present work does not pretend to any great originality of design. he believes it is valuable in a variety of nervous diseases, especially chorea,
The only advantage which the author hopes he has been able to secure in epilepsy, and the convulsive diseases of children. He is of opinion that it was
it consists in the methodical arrangement of its various parts, and the spotted hemlock with which Socrates and Phocion were killed.
the character of the examples with which it is illustrated." If we take The success of Mr. Palmer's " Index to the Times " (Palmer, Catherine-
this statement in connection with the avowed obligation to Cherubini,
street) has encouraged him to continue it. Six volumes have already appeared,
and a gracefui acknowledgment of indebtedness to Dr. Stainer of Mag-
dalen, the treatise commends itself as having been made more for the good and a quarterly
compilation need issue
hardlyis benow regularly
pointed out. produced. The usefulness of the
of art than self-glorification. You want to find a parliamentary
debate, election, law case, railway or other meeting, some item of naval or
On some points we can praise Sir Frederic Ouseley's work without
reserve ; on others we are conscious of decided shortcomings. Let us military news. To turn over the voluminous files of the great journal in
first glance at the latter. The chapters which treat of counterpoint, as search of the required bit of news would be a serious and probably fruitless
distinct from canon and fugue, show a decided leaning towards restrictions labour unless you had the date on which it appeared, and this clue it is the
by no means universally admitted. We could quote several examples object of Mr. Palmer's Index to supply. It is carefully, and, as far as we have
been able to test it, accurately prepared, and is a most convenient hand - book
* " A Treatise on Counterpoint, Canon, and Fugue, based upon that of Cherubini. " for the library table. We should add that, though specially an index to the
By the Rev. Sir F. A. Gore Ouseley, Bart. , M. A. , Mus. Doc. , Professor of Music in Times, it is, as a register of events, in a great degree an index to the daily news-
the University of Oxford. (Oxford : at the Clarendon Press, 1869. )
papers generally,
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PALL

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1869
28
390

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visit to Leghorn might be dangerous to him. Fourteen persons, the Minister
Summary of the Week's News . said, had been arrested on suspicion . The Viceroy of Egypt, with his son and
a numerous suite, arrived at Florence on Sunday, and was received by the King,
FOREIGN NEWS. who came from Turin on purpose. His Highness is staying at the Pitti Pitti
The French elections took place on Sunday and Monday last. The extreme Palace.
section of the Opposition were successful in all the large towns, while in the A private letter from Rome gives some extraordinary details of the loss of
rural districts the Government candidates have in most cases large majorities. the steamer Abbatucci, between Marseilles and Civita Vecchia. A Norwegian
In Paris the Opposition candidates obtained large majorities, but in four out of collier ran her down ; some seamen were sent to the collier for assistance,
the nine divisions a second ballot will have to take place. The five deputies and reached her, but they never returned , and the collier went on her way.
who are elected are M. Gambetta, a young advocate of the Paris bar, who The ship was two hours in sinking ; the fires were burning nearly
suddenly became famous by a speech he made as counsel for the persons pro- all the time ; but the captain does not appear to have thought of running
secuted for the Baudin affair, and who obtained a large majority over her on shore, although she was but two miles from the Italian coast ;
M. Carnot, Minister of Public Instruction under the Provisional Govern- and there were barrels full of petroleum on board, but no one thought
ment of 1848 ; M. Bancel, who defeated M. Ollivier by a majority of emptying them and making a raft. Just before the ship settled
of 10,000, M. Ernest Picard ; M. Jules Simon, and M. Eugène Pelletan. down for her final plunge a number of ladies rushed up to the bridge
The four divisions in which a second ballot will be necessary are the between the paddle-boxes. It gave way. Most of the ladies fell through the
second, in which M. Thiers obtained the greatest number of votes ; the skylight into the fire of the engine-room, their dresses ignited , and several of them
fourth, in which M. Raspail, a veteran republican and conspirator, obtained were burned to death. The captain writes in his report : -" Seeing that all was
a larger number of votes than M. Garnier Pagès ; the sixth, in which lost, I called out, Sauve qui peut, et pour donner l'exemple I jumped overboard.”
M. Ferry, the democratic candidate, had the majority of votes, M. Gueroult He got hold of a spar, and was soon after picked up by another Norwegian
obtaining some 8,000 less than the official candidate ; and the seventh, in which merchantman. Some of the sailors and male passengers were also saved, but
M. Jules Favre had a majority of 2,000 over M. Rochefort. Several of the all the ladies and children, without exception , were lost. A million and a half
democratic candidates have been returned for two places. M. Raspail and of francs, a present for the Pope, also went to the bottom. Among the
M. Bancel have been elected at Lyons, M. Gambetta at Marseilles, passengers lost were the French Intendant- General Cauchois and the Pontifical
and M. Jules Simon at Bordeaux, as well as in Paris. The moderate Consul at Marseilles, one of the most zealous and able functionaries in the
Liberals have been very unsuccessful. M. Thiers and M. Jules Favre service of the Holy See.
are both at present without seats, having been defeated in several
districts in the provinces, as well as failed in obtaining an absolute majority It is expected that the Prussian Diet will be convoked for the 15th of June,
in Paris. M. Henon failed at Lyons ; M. Glais - Bizoin was beaten at in the event of no arrangement being arrived at with the North German Parlia
St. Brieuc. M. Prevost-Paradol was at the bottom of the poll in the ment on the subject of the bills for new taxation to cover the deficit. The
second circumscription of the Lower Loire, but a second ballot will be German Customs Parliament has been summoned to meet on the 3rd of June.
necessary there. M. Emile Ollivier has secured a seat for the first circum- It is officially announced that the King of Prussia will visit Bremen on the
Ist of June.
scription of the Var. M. Arago has been rejected both at Toulon and at
Perpignan. Two Legitimists have been elected, one in the Morbihan and one The Concordat seems to have been virtually abolished in Austria. A
in the Maine et Loire ; but Viscount de Falloux has been defeated in La secular priest, the editor of an Ultramontane paper, was recently sentenced to
Vendée. In the second circumscription of the Jura the Opposition candidate, a term of imprisonment for attacks against the law. This sentence has been
M. Grèvy, has been elected. Of the deputies elected 41 have never before had confirmed by the Supreme Court of Vienna, and the punishment will be carried
seats in the Corps Législatif, and in 59 cases a second ballot will be necessary. out in an ordinary gaol notwithstanding a clause in the Concordat which stipu-
The total number of Opposition candidates elected is 28, and, as several lates that a priest can only be imprisoned in a religious house. Cardinal
of these have been returned for two places, and as it is expected that in most Rauscher interceded on behalf of the offender, and claimed for him this privi-
cases where a second ballot is required there will be a coalition between the lege, but the Minister of Justice referred the Cardinal to the Constitution
different sections of the Opposition to defeat the official candidates, it is and the decision of the Supreme Court, and declared that the provisions of
thought that the total strength of the Opposition in the new Chamber will be the Concordat had been abrogated, and were null and void. The Supreme
about 70 or 80, in a house of 290 members. Court at Pesth has liberated Prince Karageorgeovitch on bail, in order to allow
him to prepare his defence against the charge of complicity in the assassination
The interest taken in the elections appears to have been very great, and the ofthe Prince of Servia.
number of voters unusually large. In Paris the proceedings were orderly,
but in some parts of the provinces there were disturbances. At Marseilles on General von Kaufmann, the Governor- General of Turkestan, at a banquet
Sunday night, groups of people marched through the streets shouting " Vive la given to him in St. Petersburg, on Monday, declared that Russian conquest in
Republique ! " and all the shops were closed, but order was sood restored by the Central Asia had ceased. The war with Bokhara, he said, was undertaken by
police. At Amiens, on Tuesday evening, a large mob assembled, and broke several Russia in self-defence, to protect herself against the hostility ofthe Emir of that
windows before it was dispersed. At St. Etienne, on Monday, a crowd marched country, and did not invalidate his assertion that the policy of Russia in Asia
through the streets, uttering anarchical cries, and singing the " Marseillaise," was now a policy of peace.
after which the Jesuits' seminary was attacked, the school sacked , the superior A letter from Copenhagen states that the 27th of July is fixed for the
assaulted, and the porter's lodge set on fire. The crown afterwards attacked the marriage of the Crown Prince of Denmark with the Crown Princess of
Capuchin chapel, and did not disperse until the gendarmes arrived and made
Sweden. The marriage is very popular with the Danish people, being looked
several arrests. An unsuccessful attempt was made to release one of the upon as the first step towards the union of the two kingdoms. The young
prisoners, and a sergeant-de-ville was wounded . At Angiers the mob assembled
Princess is possessed of a large private fortune, derived from her mother, a
in front of the town hall and the prefecture, singing the " Marseillaise." Here, Princess of the House of Orange. The repudiation of the treaty between the
again, several arrests were made. There were also slight disturbances at Lille, United States and Denmark for the sale of the Danish Islands in the West
Dijon, and Toulouse. Indies is said to have caused much irritation at Copenhagen.
It seems to be settled that the Empress Eugenie will go to Suez to the The Atlantic cable has given us no political news from America this week,
opening of the canal, and it is now stated that the Prince Imperial will accom- and there is nothing of much interest in the New York papers received by the
pany her Majesty. The French Government have, it is stated received no mail. The general tone of public feeling on the Alabama question appears to
confirmation of the statement in a telegram published last week that the French be very pacific, so much so, says the Times correspondent, " as to almost
Ambassador at Pekin had had his face slapped by a Chinese official. astonish the reader, after the belligerent editorial utterances that accompanied
Senator Sumner's speech." The New York Times ofthe 14th inst. says :-" It is
The Spanish Constituent Assembly has finished the discussion of the draft said that Mr. Motley is to have ' instructions ' on going to England-
of the new Constitution . The monarchical principle was adopted on Thursday, but they do not seem likely to be very important. It seems he will be
the 20th inst.- or rather early on Friday morning- by 214 to 71, and that point instructed to watch the progress of events, and to report the communications
being settled, the remaining clauses were rapidly got through, and on Wednes- which the British Government may make to him.' We presume he can do that,
day the last of the clauses was adopted. In the course of a discussion on the but it seems scarcely worth while to arrest the completion of his books about
colonial clauses on Tuesday, Señor Castelar said that if Spain had acted towards the Dutch Republic for such a service. Mr. Greeley, or for that matter Mr. Jay,
Cuba as England had done towards Canada, there would have been no insur- might have been sent as minister to England after all." The Tribune of the
rection in the island. Marshal Serrano replied that General Dulce had
same date entertains its readers with 66 It the following announcement, which
granted the liberties required, but that party passion had blinded the purports to come from Montreal :-" is stated that information has been
inhabitants to the intentions of Government. The insurrection, as regards received here to the effect that the Privy Council in England is taking into
its physical strength, was almost suppressed, and 600 filibusters had
consideration the advisability of relinquishing all her colonies except India."
lately been defeated, nevertheless the " moral disorder " was likely to dis-
appear more slowly. As soon as the normal state of things was re- According to news received at Rio up to the 29th of April, Count d'Eu, the
established the Government would, in conjunction with the Cuban deputies, new Commander-in- Chief of the allied armies, had arrived at the camp, and
suppress slavery by a well-considered measure, and proceed with inexor- had been received with enthusiasm. Lopez was said to be avoiding the allied
able severity against all persons engaged in the slave trade. Señor troops.
Ayala, the Minister for the Colonies, has resigned in consequence of having
given offence by a speech in which he gave the whole credit of having effected The papers received from India by the Overland Mail report that the
the revolution to the army and navy, and asserted that the people were apathetic Ameer Shere Ali's position both in Afghanistan and Turkestan seems to have
and showed no sympathy with the movement. His duties have been entrusted been much strengthened by the Umballa conference, and a telegram from
temporarily to Admiral Topete, Minister of Marine. A new candidate for the Bombay of a later date states that the Meer of Badakshan is collecting an
vacant throne has been mentioned- Prince Augustus of Portugal, the brother army of 4,000 men in the interest of Shere Ali, hoping to subdue Turkestan
of the King. The Prince is in his twenty-second year, and is, it is stated, to without the Ameer's assistance. Shere Ali reached Cabool on the 10th inst.,
marry a daughter of the Duke of Montpensier. According to the Corre- and had an interview with Yakoob Khan in the presence of all the Sirdars and
the army. Mr. Tayler, formerly Commissioner of Patna, had been sentenced
spondencia, the discussion of the question of the election of a sovereign is to be
postponed till October, and a regency appointed in the interim. by the High Court of Calcutta to a month's imprisonment and a fine of
£ 50 for contempt of court, and the editor and printer of the Englishman have
The Italian Senate has passed the law abolishing the privilege hitherto been called upon to show cause why they too should not be punished for con-
enjoyed by the clergy in Italy of exemption from the conscription. Ninety- tempt of court in their criticisms on the judgment passed on Mr. Tayler
seven members voted, and of these sixty- seven were in favour of the measure and in having opened a subscription list to pay the fine inflicted on him.
and thirty against it. Signor De Filippo, Minister of Justice and Public The Calcutta papers state that the widow Begum of Nawab Kurreem Shaw, a
Worship,has resigned, and has been succeeded by Senator Pironti. M. Inghirami, brother of Tippoo Sultan, died on the 17th of April, at the age of 114. She is
the Austrian Consul at Leghorn , was stabbed by an assassin and killed on Monday said to have possessed to the last the full exercise of her faculties. She was
nightwhile walking with the Austrian General Crenneville. General Crenneville married in the lifetime of Hyder Ali. It was rumoured that the Amcer of Bokhara
was also wounded. It is believed that the Consul was struck by mistake, the real had been killed by his eldest son, but the report is said to require confirmation.
objectofthe assassins beingto murder General Crenneville from motives of personal One ofthe Somalis sent into the interior of Africa from Aden in March last to
vengeance connected with the General's command ofthe city during the state of inquire about the supposed survivors of the St. Abb's had returned after visiting
siege in 1849. Signor Malechiori, the member for Leghorn, stated in the a large number of the tribes. He expresses his conviction that no Europeans
Chamber of Deputies on Tuesday that during the Austrian occupation in 1849 are now in the country. Captain Sladen's court at Mandalay has at length been
General Crenneville had excited a deep and terrible hatred, and the Minister of opened, and provided with the means of enforcing its decrees. An assistant
the Interior added that the authorities had warned General Crenneville that his political agent is to be appointed at Bhamo. The ship Bolingbroke, bound for
[ 346 ]
 MAY 28, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 31

London, with a valuable miscellaneous cargo, was totally wrecked on the 28th courtesy, condescension, and munificence which he displayed towards men of
of April in the Hooghly off Hooghly Point. arts and letters. Sir Henry Rawlinson proposed the President's health, and in
acknowledging the compliment, Sir Roderick said it was more than probable that
A telegram has been received from Adelaide, vid Galle, announcing the his powers would fail him before his term of office expired ; but when the
arrival at Port Darwin, on the 5th of February, of the Northern Territory Council and many friends urged him to remain, saying that he must be in the
party. All were well, and it was stated that there was a good port, good land, chair at a time when it might be expected that his dear friend Livingstone
good water, and a healthy climate. The opposition to the Queensland Poly- would return to this country, acquiescence on his part became a sacred duty ; and
nesian labour scheme has extended to Brisbane, the capital of the colony, where so he hoped to live to see the ardent hopes of the British public realized, and
a large meeting against the scheme was recently held. to preside as their president for a second time at a great National Livingstone
Festival. The last of the toasts proposed was the health of the Duke of
HOME NEWS. Sutherland, who on rising showed the company a specimen of the gold found
on his estate, and said he should be happy to grant licences to diggers at the
The great event of the week-if we may judge by the amount of attention rate of a pound a field ; the holders might, at any rate, depend upon enjoying
devoted to it by thousands of people-has been the race for the Derby on fresh air and pleasant scenery.
Wednesday. It was won by the favourite, Mr. Johnstone's Pretender, the
winner of the Two Thousand Guineas. Pero Gomez was second, and The Mr. Roebuck has been invited by a deputation of Conservatives to offer
Drummer third. The struggle between the first two horses was very close, and himself as a candidate for Marylebone in the event of the anticipated vacancy.
the race was only won by a head. The weather was very fine, a heavy fall of Mr. Roebuck said that, having been for some years in the House of Commons
with Mr. Harvey Lewis, he felt a delicacy in coming forward as a candidate
rain on the previous evening having laid the dust, while a cool breeze prevented
any inconvenience being felt from the heat. The Prince and Princess of until Mr. Lewis resigned. As to his principles, he was strongly opposed to
Wales, the Crown Prince of Denmark, and the Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Mr. Gladstone's Irish Church scheme, considering it robbery and spoliation,
his suite were present. The scenes on the road and on the course were of the and that it would not satisfy the Irish people. He was opposed to the
usual character, and in the evening the fineness of the weather tempted a large Permissive Bill, and in favour of opening museums and galleries on Sundays,
and he would not spend money in a contest. Mr. Daniel Grant has also
crowd to assemble in the principal roads on the Surrey side of the river to see
the people coming home from the races, and the uproar and noise is said to promised a deputation to offer himself as a candidate, and it is stated that some
have been even greater than is usual on the " return home." A number of of the Liberals are desirous of bringing forward Sir Sidney Waterlow.
accidents occurred, but none of a very serious character have as yet been
reported, and the charges at the police courts arising out of the festivities The John Bull of Saturday last contains a long report of the marriage, at
appear to have been fewer than usual. Neston, Wilts, of the Rev. Benjamin Speke to Miss Fuller, eldest daughter of
Mr. J. D. Fuller, of Neston Park. The church, which was tastefully decorated
The Queen is living in strict retirement at Balmoral. Her fiftieth birthday, for the occasion, was crowded in every part, and large numbers were unable to
on Monday, her Majesty spent with her family. In the morning the Queen gain admittance. The service was choral, An archway of evergreens
invested Prince Arthur with the Order of the Thistle, and Prince Leopold was erected at the entrance to the churchyard, and a temporary floral
with the Garter, and afterwards planted a tree in commemoration of the day. corridor led up to the church door. The villagers also displayed floral
After dinner her Majesty received the Ladies and Gentlemen of the Household. devices and decorations. Miss Fuller, it is stated, had much endeared
herself to the villagers by the kindly interest she ever manifested in their
The Prince of Wales visited Sandringham on the 21st, to see how the works welfare. She was a hard-working Sunday-school teacher, established and
on the house and grounds are going on. It is thought the place will not be in maintained the efficiency ofthe choir, and presided at the harmonium. The bridal
a state which will allow the Prince and Princess to spend any time there this presents were both numerous and costly, and not the least prized amongst them
Summer. The Crown Prince of Denmark arrived at Marlborough House on
were a handsome silver candelabra given to the bride by the tenants on the Neston
Monday on a visit to the Prince and Princess of Wales. estate, a silver card- case from the teachers and children of the school, and several
A Manx newspaper states on authority that there is no truth in the report tokens of regard from the poor of Neston. The bridegroom was also presented
that the Queen intends to visit the Isle of Man. with a silver inkstand from his father's tenants in the parish of Dawlish, a
bronze garden- seat and silver dessert spoons from the rev. gentleman's own
There is a rumour that an arrangement has been made by which the Prince parishioners and school children, and a marqueterie table from the servants at
ofWales is to receive a considerable addition to his income without any appli- Jordans.
cation being made to Parliament on the subject. It is said that the Queen is
going to allow the Prince £30,000 or £40,000 a year out of her private purse The death of Lady Firth by drowning has, it appears, given rise to so many
"in consideration of the duties imposed upon the Prince and Princess by the stories, that the family surgeon, Mr. J. C. Ellis, of Heckmondwike, has sent to
state of her Majesty's health and the comparative retirement in which she is the papers a letter on the subject. He states that no married couple ever lived
compelled to live." No authority, however, is given for this statement. more happily together than did Sir Charles Firth and his wife, that Lady Firth
about three years ago became affected with a painful neuralgic affection ; and
The assertion that Lord Derby intends to move the rejection of the Irish latterly, though she was relieved from pain, she became the subject of vertigo,
Church Bill on the second reading still meets with little credit. It is said that syncope, absolute faintness, and this coming on at any moment, and without
Lord Cairns has been despatched to Dublin for the purpose of trying to talk any warning, to such a degree as to cause her to drop down in a moment and
over Archbishop Trench, Sir Joseph Napier, and other influential persons of become quite insensible. Mr. Ellis has no doubt in his own mind " that one of
the Church, who still urge that it is the duty of their party in the House of these attacks came on while her ladyship was walking on this most dangerous
Lords to use the power they undoubtedly possess of throwing out the bill. part of the banks of the river ; powerless to scream or assist herself, she slid or
Lord Cairns is authorized, it is said, to state that substantial modifications of rolled into the water and was drowned."
the bill will be insisted on in Committee, and that should the Commons disagree
when the bill is sent back to them, all sections of Conservatives in the Lords Mr. Forster, M.P., addressed his constituents at Bradford on Thursday night,
will then concur in rejecting it. the 20th inst., and referred to the leading political topics of the day. Speaking
of the Alabama claims, he said that he believed the danger of a rupture with
The Daily News says that Mr. Gladstone has just been elected a member America on the subject was much exaggerated, but if there was any danger
of the Reform Club, under a rule specially passed to provide for cases in which at all, it was on the side of America. Mr. Sumner, who was a personal
unusual personal merit or valuable party services might be fitly recognized and friend of his, he thought was mistaken on the grounds on which he based
rewarded. Two members only can be admitted annually in accordance with his charges against England. The proclamation of neutrality was not
this rule. The second person selected for the honour is Earl Granville. issued as an act of hostility to the United States ; it was necessary, and
The death is announced of Mr. Peter Cunningham, son of Allan Cun- could not under any circumstances have been delayed many days longer than
it was. Mr. Forster expressed his conviction that if England and France
ningham the poet, and himself well known as the author and editor of several
works and a contributor to many periodicals. The deaths are also announced had recognized the South, the North would still have conquered , such was the
of the Dowager Lady Paul, daughter of Dr. Halifax, Bishop of St. Asaph, and power of freedom and of free men ; but her cost would have been
widow of Sir John Dean Paul, the first baronet, who died in 1852 ; and of quadrupled and quintupled. Mr. Sumner had said "the truth must be told."
Captain Scobell, R.N., formerly M.P. for Bath. The truth must be told, and he ( Mr. Forster) had told what he believed to be
truth, and he did not believe that any American would complain of him for
Judgment was given on Monday in the case of the North Norfolk election telling it. They had not a monopoly of patriotism in America, and we had as
petition. Both the sitting members, Sir E. Lacon and the Hon. F. Walpole, much right to be proud of our country as they had. There was a point beyond
were declared duly elected, and the petitioner was ordered to pay the costs which concession would be a crime, because it would be a sacrifice of our
(which will, it is said, amount to about £6,000). This concludes the petitions position amongst civilized nations. Mr. Forster concluded by assuring his
arising out of the general election, and some of the papers have been summing hearers that he had no fear that war would come.
up the results. It appears that the petitions against 24 Liberals and 20 Conser-
vatives were withdrawn, 24 Liberals and 17 Conservatives have been confirmed At Bradford on Monday night between 4,000 and 5,000 women met in St.
in their seats, and 9 Liberals and 13 Conservatives have been unseated. Mr. George's Hall, and presented to Mr. Miall, M.P. , a handsome testimonial,
Justice Blackburn unseated 9 members out of 17 whose cases he decided . Mr. consisting of a library of reference of 520 volumes, a handsome timepiece
Baron Martin, 5 out of 17 ; and Mr. Justice Willes, 3 out of 16. In addition and candelabra for Mrs. Miall, and a pianoforte worth 115 guineas for their
to these cases, there were four petitions which were made special cases, and daughter. The total value of the testimonials was £600. With the exception
of the hon. gentleman , the speakers, and the representatives of the press,
which were not decided by the new tribunal. Meanwhile, the Brecon Conser-
vatives are going to give the judges some more work, for they have lodged a the audience consisted exclusively of ladies ; but, after the first feeling of
petition against the recent return of Lord Hyde. novelty and nervousness wore off, those present became enthusiastic and
clapped their hands and waved their kerchiefs with an earnestness which would
A test ballot is going to take place at Stafford to decide the claims of Messrs. have done no discredit to the male sex. Mr. Titus Salt, the well-known
Whitworth, Evans, and Odger to the support of the Liberal party, those three manufacturer, occupied the chair. Mr. Miall, in returning thanks, expressed
gentlemen having agreed to abide by the result of the ballot. The other two a hope that a time was coming when the lot of woman in these factory
Liberal candidates, Messrs. Lamport and Jenkins, have withdrawn. districts would be improved ; when husbands would be sufficiently remunerated
for their toil, and men do the work of men, so that women may be spared that
The annual dinner of the Royal Geographical Society took place on
work in order that they may more fully preside over the work of the household.
Monday evening, under the presidency of Sir Roderick Murchison. The Prince
of Wales was present, and there was a great gathering of learned men, as well A meeting, at which about 3,000 persons were present, was held in Bir-
as of men more distinguished in society than in science. The Prince of mingham on Tuesday night, to protest against Mr. Gladstone's Irish Church
Wales responded to two toasts to that of his own health and that of the policy. The Earl of Harrowby was in the chair, and his lordship and Mr.
army. He spoke of Sir Samuel Baker's expedition to suppress slavery on the Newdegate were the principal speakers. Mr. Newdegate said Mr. Bright had
White Nile, and expressed his confidence that whatever difficulties Sir Samuel declared that the connection of the Church and State was an adulterous
might have to encounter, he was certain, if it lay in his power, to attain the connection . He evidently thought the State was a man and the Church
end of his mission . Some of the most interesting speeches of the evening a woman. Suppose a man had so committed himself as to be be-
related to the Prince's recent tour in Egypt. Professor Owen gave an elabo- trayed into an intrigue with his neighbour's wife, it would be said that
rate account of the scientific observations the journey had enabled him to he did perfectly right if he gave it up. This was what Mr. Bright
make ; and Mr. W. H. Russell , who was next called upon, said he was glad that said the State should do with the Church. But suppose, in breaking
the literary results of the expedition were not of a character to require such a offthe connection , the man robbed the woman. That was Mr. Bright's idea of a
long report from himself. Mr. Russell expressed his high sense of the intelli- just termination of an adulterous connection . Mr. Newdegate also referred
gence, courage , and force with which the Viceroy of Egypt was seeking to to the refusal of the Government to produce the O'Farrell papers. He
advance the civilization and develop the resources of his country, and of the
said O'Farrell repeatedly confessed before his death that he was directed

[ 347 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28, 1869 .
32

by conspirators to murder the Duke of Edinburgh ; but the night before declare that they received a smaller sum for the building of the ship than they
his execution a Roman Catholic priest brought a paper declaring that O'Farrell get from her Majesty's Government for similar vessels ; and as a proof that
was actuated by no conspiracy, and the unhappy man signed it. He they were not, as has been asserted , regardless ofall interests but their own, state
believed it was in order to conceal this fraud of the priest that the that in 1864 they refused an offer from the Confederate Government, though the
Government refused to produce the papers. In conclusion, Mr. Newdegate arrangements for payment would have made them perfectly safe, and they were
said it was in deference to the terrorism produced by priestly intrigues with advised that they could legally execute the order. They add that Mr. J. Laird ,
Fenianism, producing murders in Ireland following up the attempt upon the M.P. for Birkenhead, was not the builder of the Alabama, inasmuch as his
Duke of Edinburgh, that the courage of the Prime Minister and the House of interest in the firm ceased before the Alabama was built and some time before
Commons had failed, and the House of Lords were called upon to find a little his election. Mr. Laird knew, however, that the vessel was being built and for
courage. He had been called obstinate and contumacious, and he was resolved whom she was being built.
to be both obstinate and contumacious in resisting the bill. Resolutions and a The spring annual meeting of the members of the National Rifle Asso-
petition to the House of Lords against the Irish Church Bill were adopted ciation was held at Willis's Rooms on Thursday afternoon ; the Duke of
unanimously. Cambridge in the chair. His Royal Highness said that the camp at Wimbledon
On Saturday a great open-air Orange demonstration against the bill was would open on the 3rd of July, and it had been decided that the review should
held at Belfast. It is said to have been the largest demonstration that ever take place on the 5th . The amount which had been set aside for prizes was
took place in Ulster, and eclipsed completely the famous Hillsborough £ 10,423, of which sum the association had given £ 5,598. The Council
meetings. Special trains were run from every part of the province, all of which thought that, though the time had arrived when the expenditure of the society
brought with them heavy freights, and at the lowest computation, it is said, ought to be diminished, it was not desirable to touch this item of
there could not have been less than 40,000 persons present. Mr. William prizes, and this decision the Duke held to be a wise one. He was
Johnston , M.P., of Ballykilbeg, occupied the chair, Orange lodge flags deco- sorry to say that the circular which had been issued by Lord Elcho had
rated the platform, the members of the brotherhood wore the regalia of the only produced fifty-six new members, and the consequent additional income
order, Conservative bands played party tunes, and everywhere throughout the was £ 188 135. One of the most liberal of the contributions came, as it were,
gardens Orange banners were waving. A body of police from the outlying out of the cradle, for a grandson of Sir William Martin, a boy who could
districts arrived in Belfast to be in readiness to supplement the town force not yet walk, had sent a donation of £ 100. Sir W. Martin himself
should there be any breach of the peace, but the proceedings were very orderly. had subscribed between £600 and £700 in all towards the association. A
Petitions to the Queen and the House of Lords were adopted. long discussion afterwards took place on matters of detail connected with the
coming review at Wimbledon.
The election of a new mayor of Cork, in the room of Mr. O'Sullivan, took
place on Friday, the 21st inst., in the court-house, which was crowded by a The borough of Sunderland , which Mr. George Hudson represented in his
noisy and turbulent mob. Mr. O'Sullivan presided, and was enthusiastically days of prosperity, has commenced a subscription for the purpose of providing an
cheered, but the reading of his letter of resignation and the allusions annuity for the ex- Railway King. At a meeting of the River Wear Com-
in it to " constitutional measures " evoked loud hisses. A vote of thanks to missioners on Wednesday it was stated that Mr. Hudson is suffering great
Mr. O'Sullivan was carried with acclamation, and in response the late mayor destitution, and had scarcely the means of subsistence. Two sums of
made a temperate speech, declaring that his errors had been unintentional, and 100 guineas were given, and it is proposed to raise about £3,000, which will
that he had always counselled his countrymen against breaking the law. He provide an annuity of £400.
had confidence in the intention of the Liberal party to rule Ireland in accord-
Captain Charles Gibbons, R.N., has been appointed one of the Government
ance with Irish interests and opinions, and all he wanted was to see the law as Emigration officers.
it stood fairly administered. The election was then proceeded with. Alderman
Hegarty and Councillor Nagle, both Liberals, were proposed, the latter being The Liverpool masons are out on strike. Six months ago they gave notice
the popular candidate. On a poll twenty-seven members of the council, of a reduction of the hours of labour, but subsequently withdrew it. In the
including the ex-Mayor, voted for Mr. Hegarty, and eight for Mr. Nagle. The meantime, however, the masters had demanded the introduction of the system
former was thereupon declared elected. The audience expressed its strong of payment by the hour, and the settlement of disputes by arbitration . The
disapproval, denounced Mr. O'Sullivan as a traitor, and accused him of having men refused to comply with the demands, and are leaving work. Some hundreds
sold his country and the people. Mr. O'Sullivan tried to explain , but the audience of joiners and others will also be thrown out of employment.
would not hear him, and he was hissed out of the building. The " unemployed houseless poor" were invited to meet in Hyde Park on
The Dublin Gazette of Saturday contained a letter conveying the Queen's Saturday afternoon for the purpose of taking into consideration the propriety
commands to the Lord Lieutenant to express her Majesty's deep gratification at of " legislating for themselves," with a view to the improvement of their con-
the warm-hearted reception given to Prince Arthur in Ireland. dition. In response to this invitation about fifty or sixty persons, who are said
to have belonged to " the class which nightly fill the casual wards of the
By way of proof that property is not depreciated in value in Tipperary, it metropolis," assembled, under the presidency of a Mr. Johnson. Some violent
is mentioned that a nobleman has just purchased a demesne on the banks of speeches were made, and resolutions passed to the effect that " a self-
the Suir for £ 30,000, which was bought fourteen years ago for £ 17,000, and supporting system on the soil " should be substituted for the present system
had been in the interval resold for £24,500. of poor-law relief, and that twenty out of the thirty millions of acres of
It appears that the recent riot in Kerry, near Tralee, was a drunken quarrel, waste and uncultivated land in the kingdom should be appropriated
to the use of the unemployed. The chairman said that the Govern-
and in no sense a party affray. A number of peasants had met at the village of
Ballyheigue to see off emigrants. They dank heavily during the day, and in the ment and the Parliament were all of one kidney, no matter what their
evening came to blows. Three of the five policemen in the village made two politics-all rogues together. Two or three whole sessions had been wasted
about a rubbishing Irish Church Bill, whereas what Ireland really
arrests, and the crowd to release the prisoners stoned the constabulary, who
were driven back to their barracks, one being severely wounded . The other required was a settlement of the land question. Should a war break out with
two men, taking their rifles, pursued the crowd, when stone-throwing commenced America the speaker advised his hearers that unless they had immediate redress
again, and the police fired, shooting through the right lung an Irish-American for their grievances, they should not only aid the Irish in an outbreak of
named O'Hara, who is stated to have been the ringleader. Fenianism in Ireland, and in a raid upon Canada, but assist the Americans
against the Government and aristocracy of this country by every means in their
The Earl of Sandwich and his tenants in Limerick are at variance. His power.
lordship has announced his intention of selling certain of his estates, and some The number of deaths registered in London last week was 1,281 , being less
forty of his tenants protest against his determination as one likely to cause them by 70 than the estimated number. The mean temperature of the air was
great inconvenience, and as having been formed because of their inability to
50.0 degrees, which is 3.2 degrees below the average of the last fifty years.
pay the exorbitant rents demanded of them. They conclude by suggesting that
Government might try the experiment of a peasant proprietary by purchasing The Times having remarked in a review of Mr. Rassam's book that Dr. Beke's
the property of Lord Sandwich. mission to Abyssinia was ill-timed and mischievous, Dr. Beke has addressed to
the editor a letter, in which he undertakes to prove that the news of his arrival
At an influential meeting ofthe Liberals of Belfast on Wednesday, presided had nothing whatever to do with Mr. Rassam's disgrace, but, on the contrary,
over by Lord Dufferin, Mr. Thomas MacKnight, editor of the Northern Whig, his mission had a beneficial effect. The proof is contained in a very long
was presented with a tea and coffee service and a purse of sovereigns, 66 in
etter from Dr. Beke to the Earl of Clarendon.
grateful recognition of the valuable services rendered by him to the Liberal
cause in Ulster." The will of Sir Arthur William Buller, Knight, M.P., formerly Judge of the
Dr. Norman Macleod has been elected Moderator of the General Assembly Supreme Court at Calcutta, has been proved in London by the joint acting
of the Church of Scotland for the current year ; and the Rev. Sir Henry W. executors, Mr. E. R. Wodehouse and Admiral Sir R. Spencer Robinson , C.B. ,
Moncreiff, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church . Controller of the Navy. The personalty in England was sworn under £ 35,000.
The will is dated April 29 last, and the testator died the following day. He has
A correspondent of the Manchester Guardian gives a curious illustration bequeathed to his daughter, Annie Kate Buller, for her own use absolutely,
of the over-sanguine temper of Mr. Reverdy Johnson : " Though deputed on 80,000 rupees of the currency of India, and leaves the residue of his property to
a difficult mission by an administration which had but six months to live, his executors, for their own use, equally between them.
Mr. Reverdy Johnson, on his arrival here in August last, forthwith entered
into a contract for a residence in Portland- place for a period of five years, at a
much higher rent than that which had been paid by his more phlegmatic prede- THE CHURCH AND THE UNIVERSITIES .
cessor. The agent of the owner, though little of a politician, had shrewdness A conference of churchmen, clergy, and laymen, summoned by the Arch-
enough to introduce a covenant in the lease providing for the payment of bishop of York, assembled at Sheffield on Monday. The conference is one of
a very large sum as compensation in case the minister plenipotentiary should a series which is to be held in the diocese, and the Archbishop, in opening the
find it convenient to leave England before the period had expired ; and under proceedings, explained that his object in arranging for these gatherings was that
this stipulation Mr. Johnson was obliged to pay ere quitting England a Church people might meet and discuss matters relating to Church interests.
forfeit to the amount of upwards of £2,000." He hoped that by frank and cordial interchange of opinion the difficulties of
Messrs. Laird Brothers think that the time is come to explain and justify the Church would be diminished. At an evening meeting on the same day the
their building ofthe Alabama. They have, therefore, addressed a long letter to Archbishop cautioned Churchmen against a feverish excitement touching the
the papers to prove that the contract to build the ship was entered into by them future of the Church. " The calculations of prudence," he said, “ which were
in the usual course of business as a mere commercial transaction, that they appropriate to manufacturers, were not requisite for clergymen, who should go
were not paid a high price for the vessel, and that there was no secrecy what- about their business unhindered, knowing that, whether the Church as an
ever observed during the building. The Alabama was built in Messrs. Lairds' Establishment endured or not, the Church of Christ will endure while the world
works, where about 2,500 men were at that time employed, and during her lasts."
building was constantly inspected by visitors from various parts of the world, The Bishop of Peterborough, at a meeting of the Northamptonshire
and bythe officers of her Majesty's Customs. Had there been anything illegal Society for the Promotion of Church Education, held at Northampton on
in the build or the fitting of the ship, there was ample time and opportunity for Friday, the 21st inst., expressed his regret at not being able at present to
the Government to have seized her, but they did not do so. Messrs. Laird attend to the work pressing upon him in his diocese, owing to his being obliged,
draw special attention to the fact that they did not supply or engage to as junior bishop, to perform the duties of chaplain to the House of Lords- an
supply the Alabama, either before or after she left the Mersey, with any arrangement which he thought was a singularly unfortunate one, as it took away
part of her armament, or engage any men to serve on board her or to join from a diocese, it might be for several years, that one bishop who, above all
her after she left the port. They merely completed a contract to build and others, ought to be in the midst of his diocese, learning his work and
deliver an unarmed and unequipped ship in the port of Liverpool, The writers making the acquaintance of his clergy. Speaking on the subject of education,
[ 348 ]
 MAY 28, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 33

the Bishop said he believed it was possible to have a system which was at once the 30th of April, and sentenced to lose three years' seniority, to be dismissed
national and denominational, and he thought it would be wise for all who were the ship, and severely reprimanded.
interested in the religious and social progress of the people to endeavour by The cruise of the Naval Reserve is finished, and onWednesday the Agincourt
mutual concessions to prevent what would be, in his opinion, a most unhappy arrived at Spithead, having on board the First Lord of the Admiralty, Mr.
division between secular and religious education, and to show that there was no Childers, M.P.; Vice-Admiral Sir S. C. Dacres, K.C.B.; and Captain B.
incompatibility in the combination of denominational with national education. Seymour, A.D.C. to the Queen, and private secretary to the First Lord. No
The Hon. Francis Godolphin Pelham, of Trinity College, Cambridge, a son accident is reported to have occurred to any ship, officer, or man in the fleet. A
of the Earl of Chichester ; and the Hon. Frederick George Dutton, of Christ correspondent of the Times, who has been reporting on the cruise, expresses his
Church, Oxford, a son of the Earl of Sherborne, were ordained deacons on opinion that there is no room for fault-finding with the men of either service, so
Sunday last- Mr. Pelham by the Archbishop of York, and Mr. Dutton by the far as pure seamanship goes, but the work might in many instances have been
Bishop of Oxford. Mr. Pelham has been licensed to the curacy of Doncaster, done in less time. The writer accounts for this without at all detracting from
on the nomination of the Rev. Dr. Vaughan ; and Mr. Dutton to the curacy of the men's professional merits. Merchant seamen, he says, do not as yet quite
Sonning, near Reading, on the nomination of the Rev. H. Pearson, M.A. comprehend the necessity for jumping off to execute an order almost before
the last word has left the officer's lips.
Sir William Browne's Medals at Oxford have been awarded as under :-
For Greek elegiacs- Richard D. Hodgson, Trinity College. Latin ode- Mr. Frederick Attenborough, who recently died at Nottingham, has left to
Tristram Frederick Croft Huddleston, scholar of King's. Greek epigram- the hospital of that town the sum of £4,200 Consols. Mr. Attenborough was
Alfred Stilgoe Newman, scholar of Pembroke. Latin epigram- Walter William an in-patient of the hospital some fifty-three years since, and considered that to
Radcliffe, scholar of King's. The Porson Prize for the best translation of a the skill and kindness there shown him he owed his life. Mr. Attenborough,
proposed passage from the works of any standard English poet into Greek after leaving the hospital, enlisted in the 3rd Dragoon Guards, and served in that
verse has been adjudged to Richard Darce Hodgson, Trinity College. The regiment as a private for thirty-three years and six months. On his discharge he
Chancellor's Medal for English verse has been adjudged to Francis Henry was presented with a service of plate by the officers of the regiment as a mark
Wood, of St. John's. The Powis Medal for the best exercise in Latin hexameter of their approbation of his conduct and character." Since his discharge he has
verse has been adjudged to Tristram Frederick Croft Huddleston, scholar of been living a retired life in Nottingham with a pension of Is, 4 ½d.
% a day. The
King's, the successful competitor for Sir William Browne's Medal for the Latin whole of his legacy to the hospital has been accumulated by careful saving
ode. during a period of fifty-three years.
Mr. S. Waymouth, B.A. , bracketed second in the Mathematical Tripos of Corporal Peake, of the 1st Manchester Volunteers, who obtained the highest
1869, has been elected a Fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge. score in the contest for the Queen's prize at Wimbledon last year, but was
Mr. John Winfield Bonsor, scholar of Christ's College, Cambridge, has been afterwards disqualified, carried off the Grand Challenge Cup of the County
elected a student in common law at Lincoln's Inn by the governors and trustees Association at Altcar on Saturday. An objection was raised on the ground
of Tancred's Charities. that Mr. Peake had cut his cartridges, but it was overruled.

THE ARMY AND THE NAVY. LAW AND POLICE.

Major- General Sir David Wood, K.C.B. , has been appointed to the command An application was made in the Court of Queen's Bench on Wednesday for
at Woolwich, in succession to Major- General Warde, C.B. a new trial in the case of Taylor v. the Peninsular and Oriental Company, in
which Lieut.-Colonel Taylor, of the Madras army, obtained £ 3,750 damages as
The second and more important report of the Royal Commission on Courts-
compensation for injuries sustained by him in consequence of falling through a
martial will shortly be made public. The Army and Navy Gazette states that hatch on board the steam-vessel Pera while it was in dock at Southampton.
among the more important recommendations are the reduction of our military The application for a new trial was made on the ground that the verdict was
laws to a more simple and comprehensible shape ; the institution of vivå voce against evidence and that the damages were excessive. The Lord Chief Justice
examination, unless where either prosecutor or prisoner requires that the present
system be adhered to ; better measures for the instruction of officers in the mili- said the case was eminently one for a jury, and he did not think that their
verdict, which was given after long deliberation , should be disturbed. The
tary law they have to administer ; the immediate promulgation of the sentence
other judges being of the same opinion, the rule was refused.
in case of acquittal ; the publication , for the guidance of future courts, of
the reasons for not confirming the finding and sentence. No clear change has A case of considerable importance to travellers to and from the Continent
been made in the position of the legal " friends " of prosecutor or prisoner ; but with " through tickets " issued by English railway companies, was decided
a minority of the commissioners are believed to have been favourable to the in the same court on Saturday. The plaintiff, Mr. Zunz, took a ticket
presence of a man of judicial experience, who would act as assessor to the from London to Paris issued by the South Eastern Railway Company, and
court in matters of evidence. there was this condition printed on the ticket- " The South-Eastern Company
The same journal understands that the 1st of July next is fixed for the full will not be responsible when the passenger is travelling in the boat or in France."
and formal development of the new control system. General Balfour and Sir W. The plaintiff's luggage was lost in France, and the question was whether the
South Eastern Railway Company were responsible for it. The company argued
Tyrone Power will be Sir Henry Storks's chief assistants, the former officer
taking charge of the ordnance stores. that the Great Northern Railway of France received the money for the journey
beyond Calais, and that they, and not the English company, were responsible for
A large committee has been appointed in Dublin to raise a testimonial to any loss or injury which occurred in France. The Lord Chief Justice said that,
Lord Gough . however hard it might be to hold a man bound by terms printed in small type at
the back of a ticket which he received under such circumstances that he was
The Morning Post says that the reductions ordered in our cavalry regiments,
which consisted in the gradual absorption of four cornetcies and the adoption not likely to be able to read it, yet such appeared to be the effect of the decisions.
ofthe squadron, instead of the troop integer, are found to be impracticable. It That being so, the terms of the condition precluded liability for loss or injury
was proposed to organize each squadron with its own staff, so as to be able to occurring out of this country. The other judges concurred, and the judgment
take the field at the shortest notice and to act independently. The squadrons of the court was therefore in favour of the company.
were to be formed of two troops, which were to be called divisions, and to be The Master of the Rolls gave judgment on Wednesday in a case in
commanded by one of the four senior captains, who was to be responsible which the Incorporated Law Society had made serious charges of misconduct
to his commanding officer for its interior economy, discipline, and drill. against Mr. James Gray, solicitor, of Dudley-street, City. His lordship
The four junior captains were to be division leaders, and as the control said that one of the charges against Mr. Gray was that he had entered
and responsibility of their troops would be shifted from them to their four a false date in the will of a person named Wilkins. He regretted to say that
seniors, they would practically be reduced to the level of subalterns. It is now by the evidence that charge was fully established. Another charge against
understood that the old system of troops will be reverted to in consequence of Mr. Gray was that without receiving any authority from a Mr. Jingle
the authorities having discovered that the care of the arms and the management he filed a bill in his name to enforce specific performance of an
of his troop is vested in the junior captain by the terms of her Majesty's com- agreement relating to a public- house. That bill was dismissed with costs ,
mission. and the result was that Mr. Jingle was ruined. Mr. Gray's defence to that
Sir W. G. Armstrong has called attention to the insufficiency of our harbour charge was that he was induced by a person named Mostyn to suppose that
defences. He suggests that a class of small " floating gun carriages," similar Mr. Jingle authorized the filing of the bill. If Mr. Gray could be so easily duped
to the gunboat Staunch, should be placed at our various ports, to be ready for by one person to file a bill in the name of some one else, he was unfit to be
their defence against the sudden inroads of hostile ironclads in time of war. a solicitor, and the court thought it would be neglecting its duty if it did
The proposed defence boats would each carry a 12 -ton gun, and, being pro- not suspend him for the space of ten years from acting as a solicitor. The court,
pelled by twin screws, would have such facility for turning that a large vessel however, would be ready at any time to diminish the severity of the sentence
could not overtake them , and their safety lies in their smallness, which renders if it found that Mr. Gray had made some reparation to Mr. Jingle.
them difficult to hit. The cost of a couple of iron-clad frigates would, it is Vice- Chancellor Stuart gave judgment on Thursday on the motion made
stated, furnish 100 gunboats like the Staunch. Moreover, Sir W. Armstrong recently on behalf of a large portion of the shareholders of the London,
does not despair of a class of naval volunteers being established capable of Chatham, and Dover Railway Company, for an injunction to restrain the
managing such gunboats, so that each port would be rendered self-protecting. directors from further promoting the arbitration bill now before Parliament
relating to the affairs of the company. The Vice- Chancellor said that as
The death is announced of Admiral Sir Charles Howe Fremantle, far as he knew there was no case in which, pending legal proceedings,
G.C.B. , a brother of the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Fremantle, the first
baronet. He was born in 1800, and at thirteen years of age entered the Parliament had interfered with the course of justice in the proper
Royal Navy, and served in the Mediterranean, at the Cape of Good Hope, and tribunal, and if such a precedent were established it did not require much
on the North American stations. He served with much distinction in the sagacity to say that disastrous results would ensue ; nor did he understand that
Russian war, and for his services was created K.C.B. in 1857. He was for the bill in this case would have proceeded so far if the committee of the House
some years Commander- in- Chief at Devonport. of Commons had not been induced by a misrepresentation to believe that
this court could not give adequate relief. His honour then made an order
The death is also announced of Vice- Admiral Francis Decimus Hastings, who to restrain the persons mentioned in the application from further promoting
was born in 1795, and, entering the service in 1807 , served with distinction in the bill before Parliament, and from using the seal of the company for any
the Syrian and Peninsular wars. In 1823 he graduated B.A. at Cambridge. such or the like purpose.
He was appointed Rear-Admiral in June 1859 , and Vice- Admiral in 1865. He
An application was made to the Dean of Arches on Thursday by Dr.
was younger brother of the late Sir Charles Hastings and of Vice-Admiral Sir
Thomas Hastings . Tristram, on behalf of the Bishop of Winchester, desiring him to accept letters
of request against the Rev. Hooke Edward Wix, Vicar of St. Michael and All
General Joseph Darby died a few days ago in his eighty-third year. Angel's, Swanmore, in the Isle of Wight, who is charged with certain illegal
The general entered the Royal Artillery in 1802, served in Hanover in 1805, at ritualist practices, and with contumacy in disobeying the formal monition
the siege of Copenhagen in 1807 , and the Corunna campaign in 1808-9. "He of his bishop . The learned counsel said that the bishop had three reasons
had received the silver war medal with one clasp for Corunna. for desiring to send the case to the Arches Court- viz. that from bodily
The Greenwich Hospital pension of £50 a year, vacant by the death of infirmity he was unable to hear the case ; that it would save great
Mr. W. Folds, Deputy Inspector of Hospitals and Fleets, has been granted to expense ; and that it would be more convenient and expeditious. Sir R. Philli
Dr. John W. Elliott, retired Deputy Inspector of Hospitals and Fleets. more said that the bodily infirmity of the bishop was, he felt, a sufficient reason
why he should accept the letters of request. On a recent occasion he had
Mr. Benjamin Freeman, engineer ofthe Warrior, was convicted by a court- declined to accept letters of request from the Bishop of Bath and Wells, because
martial held at Portsmouth on Monday of being drunk on board the ship on no reason was assigned why he should do so ; and there was therefore no incon-
[ 349 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28, 1869.
34

sistency between his decision in that case and the present. His lordship Guildhall on Friday, the 21st inst. , with stealing a ton of coals, belonging to their
accepted the letters, and ordered a citation to be issued against Mr. Wix, as the employers. Boyd was instructed to get four tons of coals and Milson two
case under the new rules would be expeditiously heard. tons, and take them to Mr. Du Pré, of Portland-place. Milson was sent off
about an hour before Boyd, but arrived at Portland-place shortly after him,
A case arising out of the Higgs frauds (Gibson v. Higgs, Poole garnishee) drew up by the side of Boyd's van, and commenced unloading. Mr.
came before the Lord Mayor's court on Thursday. Soon after the frauds of Du Pre's butler, having observed that there was only one_ton_of_coals
Higgs became known it was stated that the Guarantee Society was responsible in Milson's van, refused to sign the receipt for two, but signed Boyd's
for a certain amount. The plaintiff, who was a builder, had been engaged by receipt for four tons. One of the men asked him to look over it that
Higgs to carry out certain building operations, which already amounted to the time, and Milson would bring him another ton the next day, but the butler
sum of £ 1,500. The garnishee, acting under some instructions, had sold the refused to do so. Milson pleaded guilty, and Boyd pleaded not guilty. Sir
furniture in the house occupied by Higgs, and it was urged that this proceeding Robert Carden committed them both for trial. The prosecutors' solicitor said it
did not deprive the plaintiff of his rights at law, but that he was entitled to was a common thing for the men to steal a sack or two at a time, but now they
attach any money in the hands of the garnishee. The Recorder, after hearing had become so emboldened by success that they were stealing them by the ton.
evidence, directed a verdict for the garnishee.
A singular action against a surgeon and a police inspector was tried last The Herefordshire magistrate, Mr. Thomas Lechmere, of Fownhope Court,
week at the Hitchin county court. On the 3rd of November last a newly born who was in custody on a charge of having violently assaulted his wife, was on
child was found abandoned near the house of a Mr. Joyner, at Hitchin. the 20th inst. brought up on remand, and ordered to be imprisoned for
Inspector Young, of the Herts constabulary, went to Mr. Joyner's house, and one day, and to enter into a bond of £100 to keep the peace for twelve
months.
questioned Mrs. Joyner as to her own and her daughter's health, and afterwards
returned with a surgeon named Shillitoe, who subjected mother and daughter to Captain Hunt, of Boyston House, Wilts, whose fight with the sheriffs' officers
a medical examination . The ladies thereupon brought an action against the who went to his house to arrest him was reported last week, was examined on
defendants to recover compensation for the indignity to which they had been Monday before the local magistrates, who dismissed the charge on the ground
compelled to submit, and to vindicate their character. The jury found a verdict that the evidence failed to prove that the pistol was discharged with intent to
for the plaintiffs , damages £ 20 in each case. shoot the officer.
Mr. Richard Summers, surgeon, of Cwm Harrold, near Haverfordwest, An extraordinary charge of assault came before the Hertford county magis-
Pembrokeshire, sued in the county court a carpenter for 13s. 6d., for riding five trates on Saturday. Mr. John Bruce, of Astwick Manor, Hatfield, was charged
miles on a dark, wet night, to see the defendant's wife- 10s. was charged for with assaulting and beating Angelina Prior, his housemaid. It appeared from
"the visit," and 3s. 6d. for medicine. The judge (Mr. Terrill) considered the the evidence that on the night of Saturday, the 8th inst., Mr. and Mrs. Bruce
charge exorbitant, and reduced the debt to 5s. The plaintiff expressed a wish came down into the scullery, and , calling the cook out of the kitchen , told her
that all persons were paid for their work on a similar scale ; whereupon the that the housemaid had spoken disrespectfully of her. The cook said she could
judge had him taken into custody for contempt of court. After being detained not believe it, and the complainant went into the scullery to her
till the close of the day's business, the doctor apologized for the " objectionable mistress and told her she was a " wicked woman " for telling such
remarks, if any," made by him, and was released. untruths of her. Upon this, Mr. Bruce said, " I will settle her," and
The case of Roswell Sabine Ripley, late a general in the Confederate rushing at the complainant, struck her across the face and knocked her down.
army, came before Mr. Commissioner Bacon at the Court of Bankruptcy on On her getting up he struck her again, and she then struck him twice in her own
Monday. The bankrupt is described as late of the Alexandra hotel, Hyde defence. After that, Mr. Bruce knocked her down again ; and on her attempting
Park, since of the Grosvenor hotel, Pimlico. On his last appearance before to get up, he kicked her three times. While she was lying, half insensible, she
the court he boasted of being the man who fired the first shot from Fort Sumter. heard something said about her being in a fit, to which her mistress replied, “ Oh,
His liabilities are stated at £ 36,920, covered by securities valued at over never mind, Johnny dear, she is only pretending ; that is how the others have
£50,000, and consisting principally of plant and machinery, which the bank- gone on." Mr. Bruce then went out of the room, but soon returned, and ordered
rupt had purchased from Fraser and Co. , of Liverpool, but which had not been the complainant to get up, and threw water and beer over her. Ultimately
delivered to him. There was no opposition, and the bankrupt received his he lifted her up, and she lay down on her bed all night, but could not sleep
discharge. being in great pain. A solicitor who appeared for the defendants, said he was
instructed that it was the complainant who assaulted his client. He merely
On the same day, before Mr. Commissioner Holroyd , Eliza Holland, the
widow of Lieutenant- Colonel Holland, of the late East India Company's attempted to remove her from the room, which she refused to leave after she
service, applied for her discharge from debts of £970. She ascribed her had insulted Mrs. Bruce, when the girl flew at him like a fury. There was then
failure to the " undue influence " which had been exercised over her by her some sort of struggle, and the girl fell. The magistrates held that the charge
medical man, with whom she had boarded and lodged at four guineas a had been fully proved, and fined the defendant 10, which was paid. Mr.
Bruce's solicitor then applied for a summons against Angelina Prior, but this
week, and who had obtained possession of the whole of her pension of £ 220
was refused. In a letter to the papers, the solicitor states that if this summons
a year, besides some £400 or £500, the proceeds of shares. No opposition
had been granted and his client allowed to give evidence on oath, a different
was offered, and the lady received her order of discharge. result would probably have been arrived at. Mr. Bruce denies the statements
The charges against the manager and three of the directors of the English of the complainant and her witnesses, and says that he is determined to follow
Joint Stock Bank were further investigated at the Mansion House on Friday the matter up and to put himself right with the public.
and Monday last. One of the witnesses, Mr. Thomas Edmund Weller, said
At the Middlesex sessions on Tuesday Sydney Powell, photographer, of
that he was engaged by Mr. Finney from March, to November, 1865, in amal-
gamating the bank of Olding and Co. with the English Joint Stock Bank. Chandos-street, pleaded guilty to the charge of selling obscene prints, and was
sentenced to eighteen months' hard labour.
He received from Mr. Finney for negotiating the transaction £4,000 in four
£ 1,000 notes, two of which he handed back to Mr. Finney. Being asked why The charge of embezzlement against Mr. Valentine Norrington Coombs,
he returned £ 2,000 of the money, the witness replied that the conversation one of the relieving officers of St. Pancras, was on Wednesday withdrawn at
took a peculiar turn, which showed that Mr. Finney would expect two of the the Clerkenwell police- court.
£1,000 notes. He said to Mr. Finney that the secretary at the bank expected
to be similarly remunerated , and he asked Finney to return him £200 of the At the Birmingham police- court the other day, Henry Stephenson , a butcher,
money. This sum he got and paid it to the secretary. Being asked why he was fined £20 for having a quantity of measled pork in his possession with
which he was about to make sausages.
had assumed that the secretary would require a douceur, the witness replied,
the reporters state, with a significant gesture, " There was no precise authority ; William Rogers, the man in custody at Birmingham charged on his own
but it was everywhere, all about." Mr. Lewis, the counsel for the pro- confession with poisoning George Tullett, has been visited by a chemist named
secution, told the Lord Mayor that at the conclusion of the case he should Slann, who remembered selling a small quantity of prussic acid to a manin July
have to apply for a summons for perjury against Mr. Finney, and his lordship last, shortly before the finding of Tullett's body, but could not identify the
would then probably be surprised at the statements Mr. Finney had made on prisoner.
oath in the Court of Chancery. The Lord Mayor said he never allowed an
application of that kind to be made in public. On Monday one of the witnesses A shocking wife murder was committed on Sunday at Ashburnham, a few
examined was an accountant named Kemp , who had been auditor of the bank. miles from Hastings. Early in the morning, when it was scarcely light, a boy
He admitted that all he had done in auditing the bank's accounts was to com- of eight years of age, the son of a farmer named Jeremiah Stubberfield, who
pare the news in the balance- sheet with the totals in the ledger and the slept in the same room with his parents, saw his father kneeling upon his
certified returns from the branches. An auditor, he said, must always rely mother and squeezing her throat. Hearing his mother scream as if in pain, he
said to his father, " You're hurting mother." The father replied , " You hold
a good deal on the statements of the manager. To make a thoroughly effective your tongue, I'm only tickling her," and said that if the boy didn't hold his
audit, it would be necessary to go to every branch, investigate every customer's
account, and also every item of expense. It was impossible (he continued) in tongue, he would " see to him." Stubberfield then dressed himself, and having
kissed his wife and child , left the house. Other members of the household
an audit of a general description like this, where the time was very limited, to
examine every voucher, and, in point of fact, if I did , I should have to obtain had been disturbed by the noise, and when they came to the bedroom they
found Mrs. Stubberfield lying dead in the bed. The murderer was captured
the proof ofthe signatures to each receipt. The case was adjourned to Saturday, in the afternoon in a wood ; and from a mark round his throat and the state
the defendants being admitted to bail as before.
of his clothes it is supposed that he had attempted to commit suicide both by
The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals are going to attempt hanging and drowning. He has, it is stated, shown symptoms of insanity.
to put a stop to the practice of cropping the ears of terriers. At the Hammer-
smith police-court on Tuesday, two men named Bye and Hudson were charged On Friday night, the 21st inst., a man named McBready, a dyer, living in
with cutting the ears of the dogs . Mr. Fleming, of Chatham, veterinary surgeon Main-street, Calton, Glasgow, cut the throat of his daughter, a child of three
years of age, and threw himself out of the window, which was in the fourth
to the Royal Engineers, and Professor Pritchard, of the Veterinary College, stated story of the house, into the street. He was severely hurt, and has since died.
that the operation would cause the dogs extreme pain, and condemned the
practice as cruel and inhuman. The attorney for the defence said that the He also is said to have shown symptoms of insanity for some time past.
operation was performed merely in order to beautify the appearance of the The Manchester papers report that a young gentleman from Bury,
dogs and make them more valuable. He referred to Sir Edwin Landseer's named Ingham, had been spending a few days in London, and at the
pictures of her Majesty's dogs which were painted with cropped ears ; but Sir Alhambra Music Hall he fell in with two men of gentlemanly appearance,
Edwin Landseer, who had been sitting at the solicitors' table, rose and said the with whom he seems to have formed a very friendly acquaintance. They
Queen protested against the practice of cropping, and never had a dog's ear went to different places of amusement together, and on Mr. Ingham's
cropped in her life. The attorney then produced a copy of Sir Edwin Landseer's return to Manchester they accompanied him. On Tuesday afternoon they went
picture of " Dignity and Impudence," and pointed to the face of the little terrier to a hotel, where Mr. Ingham treated his two friends to some champagne.
in the corner, which had its ears cropped. Sir Edwin said it was the only one he While enjoying the wine the conversation turned on the Derby. A large bet
had painted, and it was done to showthe custom . Several years ago he withdrew was made, and Mr. Ingham produced £430, and laid the sum in notes upon the
from the umpireship of a dog show because he objected to the admission table. One of the men produced notes to the amount of £64, which he laid
of mutilated dogs, and this led to some correspondence on the practice against the larger sum , and the other, under pretence of holding the stakes, got pos-
in the newspapers. Mr. Ingham said he had no doubt the cutting of the session of the whole, and then, inventing some excuse for a momentary absence,he
ears caused the dogs great pain, and he looked upon the practice as a barbarous went out. The other shortly afterwards made an excuse to go out, and Mr. Ingham,
relic of a barbarous age. He fined the defendants 5s. each , and Bye 2s. costs, after waiting some minutes for their return, began to feel a disagreeable
in the hope that it would be a warning, and that they would not do it again. suspicion that he had been " sold. " This turned out to be the fact, and he
Two carmen named Milson and Boyd, in the employ of Messrs. Lockett found, when too late, that the entertaining companions of his travels were a
and Judkins, coal merchants, of Upper Thames-street, were charged at couple of sharpers, who had succeeded in possessing themselves of his £430.
[ 350 ]
 MAY 28, 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET. 35

MISCELLANEOUS NEWS. judicious, but before he had time to communicate his decision it was discovered
that Miss Littlehales had cut her throat in her bedroom with a sharp pocket-
The report made by Captain White, master of the ship Blue Jacket, which was knife, and had apparently died instantaneously. The jury returned a verdict
recently destroyed by fire on the voyage from Lyttelton, New Zealand, to of " temporary insanity."
London, states that the names of the passengers and crew who were
picked up by the Pyrmont, were : -- Saloon passengers- Mr. and Mrs. On Tuesday evening a drummer named Newell was examining a Snider
George Saxon, Mr. and Mrs. B. D. Campbell, Mr. E. M. Wakefield, Mr. rifle belonging to one of the Grenadier Guards in the infantry barracks at
W. E. M. Brownsker, Mr. Francis Clay, and Dr. Dalgleish (ship's surgeon). Windsor, and trying to fit it with one of the Henry- Martini cartridges, when
Second cabin passengers- Mr. S. Crompton, Mr. W. Antell, Mrs. Anna the cartridge slid down the barrel, the muzzle of which was held downwards.
Carson and two children ; Mr. T. H. Liffett and son ; Mr. George Faulkner, Newell elevated the muzzle to check the progress of the cartridge, and the latter
wife, and three children ; Mr. A. Edmunds, Miss Sarah Sheffield, Mr. John slid back and exploded with the concussion against the breech. The bullet
Ellis, Mr. George Williams, and Mr. R. Milner. Crew- Frederick Williams, struck the ceiling and rebounded, wounding a soldier on the temple, but not so
chief officer ; Thomas Perritt, chief steward ; J. H. Kelly, second steward ; seriously as might have been expected. He is at present going on favourably.
Miss Hunt, stewardess ; George Bobin, able seaman ; W. Jones, boy ; and On Saturday morning a Dublin solicitor of respectability, Mr. John Vincent,
R. Grimshaw, or Grimstead, able seaman. The names of those who died on
deliberately prepared to commit suicide by putting away his umbrella, taking
board the Pyrmont from the effects of the long exposure and suffering in the off his hat, and sitting down on the sleepers of the Dublin and Kingstown line
boat were Mr. F. Farrington, fourth officer ; Mr. John Ellis, second cabin as the train was approaching. The buffer of the engine striking him on the
passenger ; and Thomas Apsey, third steward. The ship Yorkshire, on speaking head, he was carried for some yards and then cast aside by the fender of the
the Pyrmont, took off two passengers and one seaman, who were desirous to engine. He sustained a compound fracture of the skull and other injuries, but
return to Melbourne, to which port that vessel was bound- Mr. G. Williams and is still alive. Grief for the death of a son is said to have deranged his mind.
Mr. R. Milner, second cabin passengers ; and R. Grimshaw (or Grimstead), sea-
man. No tidings have yet been received of the missing boats, in which two boxes A destructive fire took place on Friday, the 21st inst., in the Folly Hall
of bullion containing 8,000 sovereigns were placed. It is the opinion of Captain Mill, Wibsey, near Bradford -a mill first erected in 1622, but subsequently
White and his chief officer that in the event of the two boats not being picked rebuilt. The loss of one of the occupiers is estimated at £20,000, and it is
up they would make for the Falkland Islands. The amount of gold which feared that 400 hands will be thrown out of employment by the disaster.
went down in the ship was £48,000 ; the value of the other cargo, with the ship, A good deal of interest is felt with regard to the arrival of the Essex, which
was about £130,000. A telegram from Gibraltar states that the burning of the
left Port Philip Heads on the 27th of February. It was stated in some of the
Omar Pasha, bound from Brisbane for London, took place on the 22nd of
papers on Saturday last that she had arrived off Plymouth, and had brought
April, and that the crew and fifty passengers abandoned her the same day. with her £72,000 in gold, but the announcement was premature, and no tidings
The second mate and twelve men were landed at Gibraltar on the 11th inst. of her has yet been received. She has now been on her voyage eighty-
from the Spanish brig Maria Rosa, the remainder being on board the Italian
eight days. The Somersetshire, belonging to the same firm, which left
barque Anita Tagliavia, bound for New York, and the British barque Queen Melbourne a considerable time after the Essex, ran the homeward voyage in
ofthe North, bound for London.
fifty-nine days. The Essex has on board the Hon. Charles Sladen, the head of
Matthew Chatterton, the private in the Bilston Volunteer Corps who was the late Victorian Government, and family, and it is believed other distinguished
shot at target practice last week, is dead, and on Saturday an inquest was held colonists.
on his body. It was shown that his death was purely accidental, and a verdict Dr. Cumming lectured in Manchester on Wednesday on his favourite topic-
to that effect was returned, but the jury recommended that in future markers prophecy ; and divulged another singular discovery. The Marquis of Bute has
should be dressed in red, so that they would be more quickly discerned. The given to the Pope 1,260 sovereigns in the shape of Peter's pence ; and
coroner drew attention to a contrivance which he thought would prevent such
Dr. Cumming declares that it is " marvellous to find that that precise number
accidents. It consisted of a seat in the mantlet, to which was attached a danger
had been selected, because it represented , in the opinion of students of prophecy,
signal. The marksman should occupy this seat. While he did so the signal the duration of the Papacy on earth.”
was not seen, but as soon as he left it the signal appeared.
Major Clement Heigham, late of the 17th Regiment, has been elected Chief
An herbalist at Liverpool named Martin Flannery went into the fields on Constable for Suffolk.
Sunday morning and gathered a quantity of herbs. On his return his landlady
complained of rheumatic pains, and he persuaded her to eat some of the herbs Cliefden, the residence of the Duchess of Sutherland on the banks of the
he had brought in. He also ate some himself, Directly afterwards he and the Thames, near Maidenhead, has, it is stated, been purchased by Lord Grosvenor.
woman became dangerously ill. Flannery died in a few minutes, but a powerful A West of England paper says that it has now become "a familiar incident"
emetic being administered to the woman, she recovered. The medical evidence to see the country postmen going their rounds upon velocipedes.
showed that both had eaten of the root of wolf's bane, the active principle of
which is aconitine. A verdict of accidentally poisoned was returned. Some idea may be formed of the state of education in a village in Hamp-
shire when it is stated that out of thirteen jurymen summoned at an inquest last
Another distressing poisoning case has occurred in the Isle of Man . On week only four could write their names.
Saturday last Captain Bawden, of the Foxdale mines, together with three miners,
one of whom is named Thomas Christian, went out in search of a vein of lead What some of the newspapers call an " Enoch Arden case " has just occurred
which is supposed to be in the neighbourhood. After a while, feeling tired, at Port Glasgow. In 1864 a painter of that town went to America, and joined
the Federal army. For twelve months afterwards he regularly corresponded
they sat down to take rest ; and while sitting on the ground, Christian pulled
up a shrub by the root that was growing close to him, and seeing that the root with his friends, and the last letter they received informed them that he had
was like a carrot, he ate a portion of it, and gave a piece to each of his com- been promoted to a sergeant in the American army. About two months after
panions, two of whom, Captain Bawden and another man, ate a small portion that another letter came to his wife in Port Glasgow, stating that her husband
of it. A few moments afterwards Christian was seized with violent convulsions, had been killed in battle. His relatives mourned for him as dead, and about a
and Captain Bawden and the other who had tasted the root also began to year afterwards his supposed widow married again, and lived happily with her
feel similar symptoms. So deadly was the power of the poisonous plant that in second husband till last week, when her former husband arrived at Port
less than ten minutes after Christian ate it he was a corpse. Captain Bawden Glasgow, alive, and well. The wife refuses to leave her second spouse, while
and the other man have recovered to a certain extent, but they still suffer the first threatens to take legal proceedings for the restitution of conjugal
severely from the effects of the poison. The plant proved to be the deadly rights.
nightshade. The Dundee Advertiser learns from a midland district of Perthshire that
An explosion of fire damp took place on Tuesday night in a colliery at the grouse on the moors there present a most promising appearance of sport in
Cwmnantddu, about two miles from Pontypool, belonging to the Ebbw Vale the coming season. The birds are now beginning to burst the eggs, and the
number of birds found in each nest averages from seven to eight. The season,
Company. Ten men were down in the workings at the time making roads, and
seven of them were killed instantaneously. Three who were working at some so far as it has gone, has been extremely favourable, and should no severe
distance from the others escaped. One of them pushed his hat into his mouth, weather occur excellent sport may be anticipated.
and managed to get to the bottom of the shaft and give the alarm. Another was
blown behind some timbers, and says he had given himself up for lost, when he
was discovered and extricated. The three survivors seem to have suffered no ART, LITERATURE, AND THE THEATRES .
other injury than a severe shock. Mr. Emanuel Deutsch, the writer of the Talmud in the Quarterly, has
returned to London from his Eastern journey, not only richer, generally, in
A telegram from Wick states that another fishing boat has been lost in
Shetland, in North Mavine, and that three or four of the crew were drowned. knowledge of Semitic countries, but with curious additions to the special
knowledge of scholars in Semitic antiquities. Mr. Deutsch has deciphered the
A serious accident occurred at Oldham on Tuesday. The coping-stones of inscriptions on the " great stones " of the Temple platform , and finds them
some buildings in High-street fell into the street below and killed a police- to be Phoenician masons' marks. Thus, we have an end of all doubts
officer and his child, who were passing at the time. Another person was so as to the original builders of that side ofthe Temple wall. They were of the age
seriously injured that his leg had to be amputated. of Solomon, and probably the craftsmen of Hiram, King of Tyre. Mr. Deutsch
has also recovered the lost letters of the Maccabean Hebrew alphabet. Two
The " captive balloon " at Ashburnham Park broke loose from its moorings
such " finds " rarely fall to the lot of a single traveller.
on Tuesday afternoon, and sailed away in a north-westerly direction. No one
was in the car at the time. It appears that the rope by which the balloon was Mr. Longfellow is prolonging his stay in Florence. During his stay there
held captive became entangled round its roller, and this causing too great a his features have been modelled by Hiram Powers, the American artist.
strain upon the rope, it broke, and the balloon ascended like a shot out of a gun,
the end of the rope knocking down a policeman who was on duty. The fugi- Mr. J. Bass Mullinger, of St. John's College, Cambridge, is collecting
materials for a history of the University of Cambridge.
tive balloon was captured in the evening on Sir Harry Verney's estate in
Buckinghamshire .
A large collection of books and manuscripts relating to America- and
The door of a carriage in a fast train on the Edinburgh and Glasgow especially to Spanish America-belonging to an officer in the household of the
Railway suddenly burst open a few days ago, and a little girl, five years of age, Emperor Maximilian, is about to be sold. It is especially rich in illustrations of
who was leaning against the door at the time, was thrown out, and killed
instantaneously the late French invasion, and of the fate of Maximilian.
.
86 Messrs. Longmans, Green, and Co. have published an edition of Scott's
A widow named Rachel Jones, who was believed to be 108 years of age, Marmion," with introduction, notes, map, and glossary for the use of schools,
and who lived in a small cottage on Horfield-common, near Bristol, last week by Edward E. Morris, M.A.
accidentally set her clothes on fire, and died a few days after from the burns. The Bodleian Library, at Oxford, is to be enlarged, as it has not room for
An inquest was held last week respecting the death of Annie Maria Little- all its books and manuscripts, The university are going to build new
hales, aged thirty-seven, daughter of the late Dr. Littlehales, of Winchester, examination schools on the site of the old Angel Inn ; and they will then give
who committed suicide by cutting her throat. It appeared from the evidence up the whole ground floor of the present Bodleian building to the Library.
that since her sister committed suicide about seven weeks ago, a great alteration
Dr. J. E. Gray has been elected an honorary member of the Royal Physio-
had been observed in the demeanour of the deceased, and on the morning of graphical Society of Lunde, in Sweden.
the day on which she destroyed herself the rector of the parish had suggested
the propriety of putting her under restraint, but the family doctor deferred A request has been presented by the ladies of St. Petersburg to the
sanctioning such a step till he had had a short time for consideration. At authorities soliciting permission to found an establishment for the publication
twelve o'clock he had come to the conclusion that such a course would be of literary works written by women.
[ 351 ]
 T
36 PALL MALL BUDGE . [ MAY 28, 1869 .

The subject of the prize essay for the gold medal of the Cobden Club for the Friday Morning.
year 1869 is-" Free trade in its relation to the colonies and dependencies of
Great Britain." Postscript.
The British Archæological Society of Rome has ended its proceedings for FRANCE .
the season. The weekly lectures and excursions were continued as long as
Further details are given in telegrams from Paris of the election riots which
there were any English or Americans in Rome. Mr. Parker concluded the
series with an account of recent excavations, and announced that, for want of have taken place in France. At Amiens two soldiers were wounded in the
funds, they would not be continued during the summer. The latest discovery effort to disperse the rioters, and subsequently the people made an unsuccessful
was of remains of the Therma of Severus and Commodus, on the opposite side attempt to erect barricades. There have been disturbances at Lille, Toulouse,
of the Via Appia to those of Antoninus. and Calais, and large numbers of persons have been committed to prison. The
The council of the Royal Geographical Society have awarded the following Government journals of last evening assert that the result of the elections
medals and distinctions to the scholars in " public schools." In political has been to extinguish the old parties in the Chamber, leaving only
geography, they give the gold medal to H. C. Richmond, of Liverpool College ; "the Liberal Empire and some revolutionary representatives " face to face.
the bronze medal to J. D. Wilde, of Manchester Grammar School. They also They also say that during the late disturbances in the provinces Govern-
report the " other candidates who have eminently distinguished themselves in ment avoided any collision with the people while energetically main-
the examination " as E. Crabb, of Manchester Grammar School ; J. H. Collins, taining order, and that the military did not make " even a single bayonet
of Liverpool College ; M. L. Lewis, of the City of London School ; Harold stroke." M. D'Alton Shee, who did not obtain the required majority at the
B. Dixon, of Westminster School ; and B. S. Boutflower, of Rossall School. In first election, and M. Jules Favre, who was not decisively defeated , have both
physical geography, they give the gold medal to W. Grundy, of Rossall School ; announced their determination to insist upon a second balloting, the latter
the bronze medal to G. W. Gent, of the same. They report " other candidates against M. Henri Rochefort, and the former against M. Thiers. M. Raspail
who have eminently distinguished themselves in the examination " as G. G. also maintains his candidature against M. Garnier- Pagès for the second
Butler, of Liverpool College ; M. Stewart, of Rossall School ; A. S. Wilson, of balloting.
Glasgow High School ; G. B. Brown, of Uppingham School ; and E. C. Thomas, Mr. Washburne, the new American Minister, was received at the Tuileries
of Manchester Grammar School. yesterday, and made a speech expressive of the desire of the United States to
The United States naval authorities have organized a scientific expedition maintain a good understanding with France. The Emperor replied in terms
to go to Alaska and observe the total eclipse of the sun on the 7th of August equally friendly.
SPAIN.
next. This eclipse will also be total in various parts of the United States .
Some differences with regard to the clauses in the Constitution relating to
The managers of the Royal Alfred Theatre have resolved on the exclusion the judiciary have led to the resignation of the Minister of Justice. The France
of all children under five years old from the theatre. For the reception of such says that Queen Isabella has declared that she will not abdicate in favour of the
children, while their mothers are at the play, a babies' cloak room has been Prince of Asturias.
established in one of the large rooms at the theatre. The charge is 2d. for each ITALY.
baby ; and nurses, feeding bottles, milk, and all the necessary etceteras of a
nursery, are provided for that sum. The Viceroy of Egypt left Florence yesterday for Vienna via Venice.
A telegram from Rome states that on Wednesday the Pope delivered "a
The statement that Tamberlik, the singer, had opened a manufactory of powerful discourse, condemning the errors which menace the Church and
arms at Madrid is contradicted. It is his brother, Achille, who is chief of the society." Yesterday being the Feast of Corpus Christi, there was a splendid
establishment in question. procession through the streets. His Holiness carried the sacrament, and gave
benediction in St. Peter's, a large concourse of people being present.
Mdme. Rossini is about to part with her interest in all the posthumous com-
positions of her husband. They are valued at more than 50,000 francs.
It is stated that the Pope has given M. Gounod three commissions-the The House ofCommons resumed its sittings last evening. There was a very
composition of a mass, a national song, and an oratorio. The last must be in thin attendance of members, and the discussion on the Budget resolutions was
three parts and be written for three choirs-a terrestrial choir upon the stage, conducted in rather a languid manner. Mr. Ward Hunt repeated his general
an infernal chorus below it, and a celestial choir behind the scenes. objections to the Budget Bill on account of the pressure with which it
would bear on people of limited means who had hitherto paid their taxes in
A monument in honour of Gluck is proposed at Weidenwang, the native instalments, and the disturbing effect it would have on the money market. Mr.
place of the composer ; and a monument to Chopin is about to be erected in Lowe defended his proposals, and the bill was passed through Committee with-
Warsaw. out any amendment of more importance than the exemption of brood mares
Sheridan's " School for Scandal " in a German form on the Munich stage from licence duty. The Civil Service Pensions Bill was amended in Com-
has attained extraordinary success. This play is an old friend on the German mittee by the addition of provisoes that not more than one pension should be
boards, but apparently the present rendering, by Genée, is unusually happy, and granted in any year, and that no pension should attach to any office hereafter
it is expected that the play will make the round of the German theatres. established, unless with legislative sanction. The House of Lords does not
meet till Monday.

COMMERCE AND FINANCE . Another motion relating to the affairs of the London , Chatham, and Dover
Company was made in Vice- Chancellor Stuart's court yesterday, in addition to
The English Funds continued steadily to improve until yesterday, when a the one noticed in another column. This was an application on behalf of the
slight fall took place, which is attributed to the speculation for a fall induced by debenture-holders, to compel the directors to pay into court the sum of
the higher figures which had been reached. Consols, which closed on Friday, £ 150,000, the balance in their hands on the 31st of December last. The Vice-
the 21st inst., at 93 % to 93 % for money, and 93 % to 93 % for the account, Chancellor made an order that the amount should be paid into court within
closed yesterday at 93 % to 93 % for money and for the 7th of July. Reduced fourteen days.
and New Three per Cents. were at 92 % to 924 ; Indian Ten-and-a- Half per The Master of the Rolls gave judgment yesterday on a motion to restrain the
Cents., 211 to 213 ; India Five per Cents., 114½ to 115 ; Indian Four per Peruvian Government from dealing with the bonds of the Peruvian Loan of 1862
Cents., 100 % to 100 % ; Indian Bonds, par to 10s. prem.; Indian Debentures, in this country. His lordship dismissed the bill with costs, on the ground that
102½ to 103 ; Bank Stock, 244 to 246 ; Exchequer Bills, 5s. dis. to par. the order was one which it would be impossible to enforce, and that it was unde-
Foreign Stocks have been generally firm, but there have been some fluctuations sirable to create difficulties with a foreign Government.
in Spanish. In home Railways a considerable business has been done at
advanced prices, but there have again been some sharp fluctuations in Metro- In June last year a City clerk who had entered Mdme. Rachel's shop was
politan. In Indian Lines there is a slight improvement. East Indian are suddenly arrested at her instance, and charged with having assaulted her.
quoted at 108 % to 109 ; and Great Indian Peninsula, 106 to 106½ . There is The magistrate dismissed the case, when Mdme. Rachel caused a placard to
a fair demand for money, and good three months' bills are taken at 44 to 4 % be issued, charging the plaintiff with conspiracy. He brought an action
per cent. The stock of bullion in the Bank of England is £ 17,381,231 ; in the against the printer of the handbill for libel, and the case was tried in the Bail
Bank of France, £48,700,000. Court yesterday. The jury awarded the plaintiff £ 10 damages.
The Imperial Continental Gas Association has declared a dividend for the A series of velocipede races, one of which was entitled the " Velocipede
half-year of £2 10s. per share and a bonus of £ 1 per share. The Trust and Derby," took place in the Crystal Palace grounds yesterday. The weather was
Loan Company of Canada announces a dividend of 8 per cent. per annum less very wet, but a considerable number of people assembled to witness the sport,
income tax. and for some of the races as many as forty competitors were entered . There
At a meeting of the proprietors of the Land Mortgage Bank of India were several upsets, but no serious accident occurred.
(Limited) held on the 21st inst. the directors' report was adopted. The chair- As the House of Correction at Coldbath-fields does not provide adequate
man ( Mr. Boyson) said that, as all the financial requirements of the undertaking accommodation for the increasing number of prisoners convicted by the county
to June 30, 1870, and indeed to the end of 1871 , had been provided for, no call magistrates, the Middlesex visiting justices have recommended the construction
would be necessary. Nevertheless , it was becoming an important question of a new prison, capable of receiving 2,800 inmates. This report will be taken
whether it would not be expedient to make a call for the purpose of increasing into consideration on the next day on which county business is discussed.
the working capital of the concern, as such additional capital could be very
profitably employed in India. He added, however, that no action would be Robert and Charles Traves, the two men who are charged with having
taken in the matter without the full consent of the proprietors. murdered Enoch Goldy whilst they were out on a poaching expedition , have
been committed for trial by the Grimsby magistrates.
The report of the British Indian Submarine Telegraph Company ( Limited),
states that the whole of the capital required from the public-viz. £550,000 A coachman in the service of a gentleman living at Twickenham was found
—has been subscribed ; that the order for the cable has been given to the dead in the stable yesterday with his throat cut. He had, it seems, betted heavily
Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company, and the first payment of on the Derby, and lost.
£50,000 made to them, as provided by the contract ; that 250 miles of core The dockyard emigrants who were sent to Canada in the Crocodile have all
have been completed, while about 500 miles are in the various stages of found employment. The authorities of London- a town in the south-west of
manufacture, and that there is every reason to believe it will be completed Canada - made extensive preparations to receive them, but before they had got
within the contract time. With regard to the prospectus issued in March last so far they were very nearly all absorbed by the demand for labour.
of a proposed " direct English, Indian, and Australian Submarine Telegraph
Company," to lay light cables between England and the East, it is mentioned Powers have been given to the new French Atlantic Cable Company to con-
that " the scheme has been withdrawn and the deposits returned, so that the struct a land line between Ponlizar and Brest, in continuation of the telegraphic
threatened opposition is at an end." communication which is about to be opened between France and the United
States.
At the meeting of the North British Railway Company on Tuesday in
Edinburgh, the consultation committee reported the failure of their endeavours
to arrange a settlement with the Caledonian Company. The meeting empowered ADVERTISEMENTS.
the board to endeavour to make a settlement, and, if they were unsuccessful, to FOR INDIGESTION. - MORSON'S PEPSINE HAVRE EXHIBITION , October, 1868, a PRIZE
terminate the joint purse agreement. WINE, Powder, Lozenges, and Globules adopted by MEDAL was awarded to TOOTH'S LIEBIG'S
the Profession. -Southampton-row, London. EXTRACT of MEAT, sold everywhere in hand-
The Suez Canal Company has concluded a convention with the Egyptian THE LADY OF LATHAM, by Mdme. Guizot some white jars, fitted with patent stoppers.
Government by which additional pecuniary assistance to the amount of de Witt, is Now Ready. -London : SMITH, Elder W. J. COLEMAN and Co. , Sole Consignees, 13,
and Co. St. Mary-at-Hill, London.
£800,000 is assured to the undertaking.
[ 352 ]
 MAY 28, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET 37

LIST OF PASSENGERS.
CLERICAL APPOINTMENTS.
The following preferments and appointments have been made :-The Rev. John Richard Baldwin, M.A., The following persons have engaged passages by the Peninsular and Oriental Company's
to the perpetual curacy of St. Paul's, Norwich, on the nomination of the Dean and Chapter. The Rev. steamers during May and June :-
Philip Carlyon, M.A. , vicar of Widdecombe-in-the-Moor, to the vicarage of St. Mary's, Wisbech. The May 29.
Rev. A. J. Cummings, M.A. , to a minor canonry in Bristol Cathedral. The Rev. John Ellershaw, B.A. ,
curate of Ashburne, Derbyshire, to the rectory of Chewstoke. The Rev. Richard Goodisson, M.A. , SOUTHAMPTON TO MALTA- Mr. Swainson, Mr. SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Mr. A. R. Hen-
rector of Shrule, to the rectory of Kilcurwin. The Rev. Reginald John Hibbert, D.M. , rector of Cunliffe, Lieut. Tuckey, Mr. J. Roffey. nell, Mr. Jackson, Mr. and Mrs. Strachan,
Middleton St. George, Durham, to the vicarage of Wormleighton, near Leamington, on the nomination SOUTHAMPTON TO GIBRALTAR Capt. Kinloch, Mr. C. A. Stephenson, Mr. Macpherson, Major
of Earl Spencer. The Rev. Henry Lansdell, M. A. , curate of Greenwich, to be Metropolitan Association Capt. Henderson, Mr. W. Glassford. Pond.
Secretary of the Irish Church Missions. The Rev. James Ogilvy Millar, LL.D. , vicar of Tamworth, SOUTHAMPTON TO ALEXANDRIA- Mr. Hart, Mr. MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA- Lieut.-Col. J. E.
to the vicarage of Cirencester. The Rev. Henry Morris, M.A. , incumbent of Holy Trinity Church, T. R. Watts. Fraser, Lieut. - Col. Sir A. P. Phayre.
Reading, to the vicarage of Withcall, near Louth, on the nomination of the Lord Chancellor. The Rev. SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY-Mr. Carpenter. SUEZ TO CALCUTTA- Mr. and Mrs. J. Janssen,
J. O'Sullivan, M.A., rector of Cong, to the prebendal stall of Killybeggs, in Tuam Cathedral. The SUEZ TO BOMBAY Mr. C. Hawkins, Captain Capt. Ford.
Rev. C. F. G. Pigott, M. A. , rector of Edgmond, to be rural dean of Edgmond. The Rev. Robert Bolton John Stewart, R.A. SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Capt. F. D. Chat-
Ransford, M.A. , curate of St. Matthew's, to the vicarage of St. Jude's, Brockwell Park, Brixton. The SOUTHAMPTON TO GALLE-Mr. and Mrs. R. W. terton, Mr. S. Short, Mr. H. Stanley Raw-
Rev. John Steel, jun. , M.A. , curate of Great Horkesley, to the rectory of Harrold, Bedfordshire, on Jenkins, Mr. H. C. Bury. ford.
the nomination of the Countess Cowper. The Rev. Henry Thompson, B.A., to the perpetual curacy of MARSEILLES TO GALLE-Mr. H. T. Irving, Rev. SOUTHAMPTON TO SHANGHAI - Mr. and Mrs.
Farnham, Suffolk, on the nomination of Mr. W. Long. The Rev. H. Vereker, M.A. , of Trinity College, H. L. Mitchell. D. D. Inglis and infant.
Dublin, to the vicarage of Oranmore. The Rev. John Warren Corbould Warren, LL. B. , late curate of MARSEILLES TO MADRAS-Mr. F. Kindersley, Dr. MARSEILLES TO SHANGHAI- Mr. Brodie.
Danby Wiske, to the rectory of Tacolneston, near Wymondham. on his own petition. The Rev. William Morphew, Mr. W. W. Munsie, Mr. and Mrs. MARSEILLES TO YOKOHAMA- Mr. Andreis.
Whitworth, M.A. , of
incumbent M. L. White.
on the nomination trustees. ofThe
St. Rev.
Saviour's, Bacup,
William JohntoWise,
the vicarage ofthe
M.A. , to Rawtenstall,
rectory of near Manchester,
Shipham, in the
room of the Rev. J. N. Garland, who by exchange has succeeded to the rectory of Thanington, Kent. June 5.
SOUTHAMPTON TO GIBRALTAR- Lieut. Lynch. SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY -Assist. -Surg. Maun-
MARSEILLES TO SUEZ- Captain Castles. sell, R.H.A., Lieut. J. Richards.
MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Col. Rivar.
THE GAZETTE.
CIVIL. June 12.
SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY- Capt. Eyre, Mr. James SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG - Mr. W. S.
WHITEHALL, May 20.-The Queen has been pleased to present the Rev. George Anderson to the church Strachan, Mr. Thomas Pendlebury. Macleod.
Carmylie, in the presbytery of Arbroath and county of Forfar, vacant by the death of
parish ofBell.
and Patrick MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Major Barton. SOUTHAMPTON TO SINGAPORE- Mr. R. R. Purvis.
Dr. SOUTHAMPTON TO GALLE- Mr. Ralph Tatham, MARSEILLES TO HONG KONG-- Mr. and Mrs. P.
NAVAL. Mr. W. G. Kortright. Karberg, Mr. C. S. Craig.
ADMIRALTY, May 19.-G. Duncan, Esq., M.D., has this day been promoted to the rank of Staff Surg. SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS-Mr. and Mrs. A. R. MARSEILLES TO BATAVIA- Mr. Otto Sielcken.
in her Majesty's Fleet, with seniority of the 11th of May, 1869. Thomson, Miss Dyer, Mr. F. J. Chambers, Mr. SOUTHAMPTON TO SYDNEY - Mrs. Thompson,
ADMIRALTY, May 24.--Lieut. Walter Stewart has this day been promoted to the rank of Commander, J. Sandy, Mr. A. F. Cameron. daughter and son, Mr. J. Thompson, Mr. Le
SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Mr. Lamb, Mr. Breton, Mr. Daubeny.
with seniority of the 13th of May, 1869, in the hauling down vacancy of Vice-Admiral Lord C. Paget. H. F. Todd.
June 19.
NAVAL APPOINTMENTS. Marseilles TO BOMBAY- Mr. Herbert.
Commander-Henry Hand, to the Endymion. Lieutenants-C. R. T. Russell, to the Minotaur ; June 26.
C. L. Oxley, W. J. C. Bolder, J. H. Robinson, J. W. Wilkins and P. C. Johnstone, to the Endymion. SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Mr. and Mrs. Colin | SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA Mrs. S. Cooper,
Navigating Lieutenant- Silas Vicary, to the Endymion. Sub-Lieutenants- C. J. Michaelson, to the McIsaac, Mr. G. R. Byron. Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Stokes, Mr. R. N. Mell.
Endymion, as supernumerary ; L. T. Jones, F. G. Lillington, J. M. Bance, and C. G. Russell, to the MARSEILLES TO MADRAS - Mr. and Mrs. C. R. SOUTHAMPTON TO SINGAPORE. - Mr. J. Vaughan.
Endymion J. R. Gow (navigating), to the Endymion ; C. E. Bell, to the Euphrates in lieu of navi- Pelley. SOUTHAMPTON TO PENANG - Mr. and Mrs. Thomp-
gating sub-lieutenant. Surgeon -Dr. Alexander Fisher, to the Endymion. Assistant Surgeon - James son and child.
Trimble, to the Impregnable. Acting Assistant Surgeon -L. Dunlop, M.D. , to the Endymion.
Paymaster W. F. Alexander, to the Endymion. Assistant Paymaster W. A. Dangerfield, to the
Endymion. Midshipmen - H. H. Sabben (navigating), D. E. B. Henderson, P. J. D. Hawker,
T. T. D. Jefferson, J. St. C. Bower, and G. R. Stapleton, to the Endymion, as supernumeraries : FOREIGN CATTLE.
W. H. B. Graham, G. H. Walley, H. R. Adams, and E. G. White, to the Endymion, in
lieu of naval cadets ; J. L. Eagles, A. T. Turner, G. Y. L. Paterson, and W. L. Rundle, The Chamber of Agriculture Journal says the Home Cattle Defence Asso-
to the Endymion, as supernumeraries ; James Brant and Thomas Hadley, to the Scylla, as ciation do not approve three years' freedom from cattle plague or sheep pox
supernumeraries ; G. A. G. Grant and Amyand Haggard, to the Cadmus, as supernumeraries ; being sufficient to exempt a country from the rule that the animals it sends to
Dudley Court, to the Liverpool, as supernumerary : John Ledgard and B. J. Adamson, to the
Endymion, as supernumeraries ; G. V. Hegan, to the Cadmus ; and R. W. Gore, to the Liverpool, as us shall be butchered or quarantined at our ports. They hold that leaving the
supernumerary . Clerks -W. S. Richardson and T. W. A. West (assistant), to the Endymion. Chief Privy Council any option or discretion is wrong in principle and likely to prove
Engineers- J. H. Keane, to the Endymion ; Benjamin Barber (additional), to the Indus, for the Terrible. disastrous in practice. The amendments they would make in the Government
Engineers- Thomas Bramley, Joseph Minkimick, T. E. Richards, Frederick Skelton, and George
Duncan, to the Endymion . bill are to the effect- 1 . That all animals from foreign parts shall be treated
as foreign animals unless they have been pronounced free from disease
SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE . and have been imported from countries which have never been infected
ARRIVALS . with cattle plague, and which are not transit countries. 2. That all
At Liverpool.-May 19 : A. and E. Lovett, Alhambra, and Kong Eystein, from St. John's, New foreign animals shall be landed at such ports, or parts of such ports,
Brunswick. --May 20 : M'Gregor Laird, from Africa ; Cathedral, from Mobile : Cynosure, from New as the Privy Council shall direct. 3. That the Privy Council shall authorize
York ; Hannah Morris, from Savannah ; Cecil, from Africa ; Melbourne, from Rangoon ; Coila, from
Curacoa ; Elizabeth, from Africa : Melita, from Paraiba ; Evangeline, from Rangoon Sarpedon, from the construction of waterside markets, slaughter-houses, and quarantine pounds
Maranham Ocean Phantom, from New Orleans : Napier, from Antigua : John Bunyan, from Moulmein ; at such landing-places, and that no foreign animals shall be moved alive from
Lady Russell, Margaret, and Shandon, from Savannah ; Kenilworth, from San Francisco ; Glenrallock, them, unless they shall have been submitted to a quarantine of fourteen days.
from New Orleans ; Catalina, from Havannah ; Adelina Patti, from Africa.-- May 21 : King
Baird, from Galveston : Bella and San Antonio, from Havannah ; G. L. Waters, from 4. That the Privy Council in authorizing the construction of such markets, shall
Huelva ; John Eills, from Savannah : Bacchus, from Calcutta ; Hecla, from New York : A. C. Adam, have regard to the site, expense, and period of completion of such market places ;
from Buenos Ayres ; Albert Gallatin and the Golden Fleece, from Mobile ; Quito, from Jamaica ; and that the authority so exercised shall not be revocable unless the conditions
the Sea Queen, from Rio Hachi ; Eulalie, from Matanzas ; Mentor, from St. Domingo.- May 22 :
Devil, Locomotive, and Pelham, all from Africa : W. J. Cummins, from Rio Grande ; John Baring, from on which the erection of such markets, &c., has been undertaken shall not have
Bahia ; Scotia and Erin, from New York : Progress, from Mobile : Auguste, from New Orleans : been adhered to. 5. That animals from excepted countries shall not be allowed
Hidalgo, from Congo ; Antartic, from New York ; Agra, from Charleston ; Ölinda, from New Orleans ;
Jane Butcher, from Huelva ; Christina, from Heulva ; Giles Lang, from Rio Grande.--May 23 : La to be conveyed in vessels which have been employed within a period of three
Gloire, from New Orleans ; Rimac, from Paraiba ; Carribean, from Colon Luise, from Mexico ; Sarah months previously in the conveyance of animals from countries not excepted.
Douglas, from Galveston : Kentville, from Savannah ; Constitution and the Importer, from St. John,
N. B.; Eden, from Trinidad.- -May 24 : Don, from New Orleans ; Emerald Isle, from New York :
Elgiva, from Africa ; James Jardine, from Savannah : Jessamine, from Pensacola Caroline, from
Maranham ; Asenath, from Monte Video ; Pacific, from New Orleans ; Fille de l'Air, from Baltimore.. THE BRINDISI ROUTE.
May 25: China, Minnesota, and Marathon, from New York ; Panama. from San Francisco ; Maggie
Hammond, from Galveston ; E. B. Haws, from St. John's. NB.--May 26 : City of London, from A report recently made by Captain Tyler to the Board of Trade on the
New York ; Hawthorn, from New Orleans ; Return, from Trinidad ; Elhain, from Lagos. facilities afforded for communication with India and the East by the Brenner
At Gravesend. - May 19 : Wellesley, from Melbourne.- -May 20 : St. Vincent, from St. Vincent ;
Dundonald, from Shanghai : Himalaya, from Barbadoes ; Swantina Jantina, from Alexandria : Julia, pass and Brindisi route has been published in a parliamentary paper.
from Bathurst ; R. G. St. Mary Stone, from Sierra Leone : Elizabeth Nicholson, from NewYork ; Elector, Captain Tyler states that considerable progress has been made in the con-
from Wellington ; British Standard, from Alexandria : Windward, from Hobart Town ; Queen of the
North, from Algoa Bay ; Hoffnung, from Jamaica ; Black Prince, from St. Kitts : Ernestine, from Mel- struction of the harbour at Brindisi, and a new hotel which is being built by the
bourne Berdianski, from Alexandria ; Walter Baine, from Colombo ; Zufriedenheit, from Alexandria.-- railway company will probably be completed in six months. The Italian
May 21 : Napier, from Signapore ; Essex , from Calcutta; Britannia, from Sierra Leone : St. Hilda, from Government are about to undertake the construction of docks, and all the
Madras ; Kate Killoch, from Colombo : Tropic, from Jamaica : Mary Hardy, from Barbadoes ; Sequito,
from Havannah ; Scorpion, from Antigua - May 22 : Sir C. Campbell, from Lagos ; Thora, works in progress would be expedited if there were any immediate prospect ofthe
from Belize ; Uncle Ned, from Trinidad ; Clenbrook, from Jamaica : Pilgrim, from Dominica.- employment of the harbour for the regular Indian mail steamers. The port of
May 23 : James Duncan, from Colombo. - May 24 : Walter Hall, from St. Lucia : Mary and Jessie,
from Bathurst : Jeune Aimée, from Jamaica ; Trevelyan, from Demerara ; Highland Queen, from Monopoli, Captain Tyler considers, would be a superior point of departure for
Nassau ; Ann Adamson, from Bangkok , Cordelia, from Pensacola Neptune, from Jamaica ; Rosa the mails as regards salubrity, but it cannot be considered as a rival port with
Bonheur, from St. Lucia ; Glasgow, from Moulmain ; Early Bird, from St. Kitt's ; Earl Powis, from Brindisi for the accommodation of steamers of a large class ; and travellers
Berbice Conoid, from Barbadoes : Beau Monde, from Moulmein : Humber, from Batavia ; Golden
Gleam, from Rio Grande ; Albion, from Lagos.- -May 25 : Good Hope, from the Cape ; Arabia, from need have no hesitation in resting au route at the new hotel at Brindisi now in
Bangkok. May 26 : Cella, from New York. course of construction, " provided it be managed as intended, with a view to
At Bristol.- May 20 : Amy and Lord Duncan, from Africa. -May 22 : Helena, from Barbadoes ; their comfort, in all respects, and at fixed and moderate charges.' The Brenner
Atlantic, from Savannah.--May 24: Elize Vellegaro and Bena, from Havannah; Conzare Sorelle
Garibaldi,
Trinidad.- from Callao ; Chile, from St. John's, N.B.; Teresina, from Charleston ; Champion, from Railway, which Captain Tyler has recently travelled over, has, he thinks,
-May 25 St. Thomas, from Bahia ; Ech ), from Havannah. nothing exceptional about it to prevent it from being worked in much the same way
At Dundee.-May 25 : Janet Court, from Calcutta. as any other railway, and he believes that an express service may be performed,
DEPARTURES. as far as this line is concerned, with a high degree of regularity. The total
From Liverpool. - May 19 : Fanquai, for Buenos Ayres.May 20 : Hipparchus, for River Plate; distance from London to Alexandria by the Brenner route, viâ Ostend,
Louisiana , and City of Paris, for New York : Peruvian, for Quebec.- May 21: Harriet, for St. John's, Cologne, Augsburg, Munich, Brenner, Verona, and Brindisi, Captain Tyler
Newfoundland. - May 22: City of Boston and Douglas ' Castle, for Halifax : Java, for New York ;
Iberian and Illyrian, for Alexandria ; Mendoza, for Valparaiso ; Advance, for Quebec : Pauline David, calculates would be about 150 English miles longer than by the Paris and Mont
for New Orleans ; Propontis, for Constantinople ; Cato Amutto, for Curacoa ; British Lion, for Rio Cenis route ; but as regards time there would be very little difference. The time
Janeiro Athene, for Buenos Ayres.--May 24 : Harvest Home, for St. John, N. B.; Anonymous, for occupied in the Brenner route is estimated at 150 hours ; by the Mont Cenis
Valparaiso ; Corlie, for Calcutta ; Lizzie H. , for Calcutta ; Newton, for Bahia.- May 25 Palmyra,
for Boston ; Biafra, for Africa : Eastfield, for Guayaquil ; Bianca and Kate, for St. John's, Newfound- route, 150 ½ % hours, or 147 % after the Mont Cenis tunnel is completed. Either
land: Gregorio, for Rio Janeiro: Hecuba, for Melbourne ; Borneo, for Boston : Zeren Sterren, for service, if carried out, would effect a saving of thirty hours over the Marseilles
Trinidad : Aberfeldy, for Rio Grande do Sul. - May 26 : Idaho and Denmark, for New York; route, but practically the time saved as regards letters from this country would
D. Malcolmson, for Aden ; Manuela, for Rio Janeiro ; Pride of Canada, for Calcutta.
From Gravesend. May 20 : Annie Frost, for Bombay. May 22 : Suffolk, for Port Phillip : not be more than twenty-four hours, because the Indian mail now leaves London
American Union, for New York.May 25 : Abdul Medjid, for Nelson : Countess of Russell , for Hong on Friday evening, and as the General Post Office is closed on Sunday, the latest
Kong: Amber Nymph , for Demerara : Zadoc, for San Francisco - May 26 : Bellona, for New York; time for the postage of letters would be Saturday evening. As the arrangement
Westbury, for Kanagawa : Elmstone, for Hong Kong ; Alnwick Castle, for Calcutta ; Miako, for Yoko-
hama ; Morning Star, for Trinidad . for despatching the mails on Friday evenings was settled after much delibera-
VESSELS SPOKEN WITH. tion with reference to the convenience of those principally interested, the more
The Cardiganshire, London for Hong Kong, March 31 ; the Prince Alfred, London for Hobart Town, immediate practical benefit to be anticipated by the adoption of either of the
March 31 ; the Copenhagen, London for Madras, March 31 ; the Medora, Liverpool for Vancouver's Alpine routes would, as far as letters are concerned, be the possibility
Island, May 14, 40 N., 8 W.; the Janet Court, Calcutta for Dundee, April 21 , 7 N , 26W.: the Palestine, of sending a supplementary mail twenty-four hours later than the mail vid
Colombo for London, April 30, 27 N., 37 W.; the St. Morton, Cochin China for London, March 29, 35 S. ,
23 E.; the Fairleader, Whampoa for London, March 27 ; the Roxburgh Castle. London for Melbourne, Marseilles. All these routes, Captain Tyler observes, may, however, be only
April 5 , 28 S., 26 W.; the Lady Douglas, the Clyde for Rangoon, April 8, 33 S., 18 W.; the Celitatam, provisional ones. " The lines by Constantinople and the Euphrates Valley, and
Singapore for London, March 26, 31 S., 41 E.; the Otto Antonia, China for Falmouth, March 28, 30 S.,
43 E.; the Jamaica . Singapore for London, March 30, 32 S., 40 E.; the Doxford, Bombay for Liverpool, over the Greek frontier to Cape Sunium, so near to the Suez Canal, have yet in
April 2 , 32 S. , 33 E.; the Loyola, Manilla for Liverpool, April 13, 31 S. , 12 E.: the Hamilota, Tuticorin process of time to be constructed ; and the hope of the Indian traveller of
for London, April 24, 18 S., 3W.;the Susan Pardew, London for Colombo, March 28, 29 S.; the America, the next generation, chimerical as it may appear to many at present, must be
Calcutta for Dundee, March 25, 34 S., 20 E.; the Colonist, Falmouth for Matanzas, April 6, 23 N. , 27W.; nothing less than to pass dryshod from London to Bombay- through a
the XE V, Havannah for Liverpool, May 7, 50 N. , 9 W.; the Caroline Shene (?), Bombay for Liverpool,
May 10, 50 N., 9 W.; the Channel Light, London for Kurrachee, April 3 , 2 S. , 21 W.; the Varuna, submarine tunnel from Dover to Calais- through Europe by railway- over the
London for Calcutta, May4, 2 N., 23 W.: the Eclipse, Liverpool for Buenos Ayres, May 16, 49 N. , 11 W. Bosphorus by a bridge-and forward by railway down the Euphrates valley,
the Chinsura, Liverpool for Calcutta, April 21, 3 N. , 22 W.; the Elizabeth Emily, Ceara for Liverpool,
May 20, 51 N., 6 W.; the Harmonie, Maceio for Liverpool, April 22, 2 N. , 36 W, and round the Persian Gulf to Bombay,"
[ 353 ]
 38 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ MAY 28, 1869.

CAMPBELL O'CONNELL-At Canterbury, N.Z., R. Hume, son of Mr BRODERSEN, Mr. C. , late of China, at Altona, May 19.
BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. A. Campbell, of Glendarnel, to Mary M. C. , daughter of the late BULLAR, Mr. J., M.D. , at Basset-wood, near Southampton, aged 60,
BIRTHS. Major O'Connell, 99th Regt. , March 17. May 18.
CLEMENS - MACCULLOCH- At Gibraltar, John, son of Mr. J. Clemens, BURMESTER, Mr. C. , Barrister, at Ross, May 20
.SONS. of Malaga, to Barbara J. , daughter of Mr. T. MacCulloch, May 13. CALLAWAY, Mr. T., F.R.C.S. , late Assistant-Surgeon to Guy's Hos-
ADAMS, Mrs. H. , at Liége, May 23. COCHRANE LITTLE-At Clonleigh, John, son of Mr. J. Cochrane, pital, at Sydney, aged 47, Feb. 28.
BEATSON, wife of Rev. L. B., at Twyford, Berks, May 21. Lifford, to Martha, daughter of Mr. R. Little, M.B., T.C.D., CARDEN, Sophia M. , daughter of the late Capt. W., H.M.'s 30th
BELMORE, the Countess of, at Throsby Park, New South Wales, Surgeon ofthe County Donegal Infirmary, May 20. Regt. , at Conception, Chili, March 14.
March 8 (prematurely, stillborn). Cox - SPILLER --At Hampstead, Edward W. , son of the late Major CHAPLIN, Mr. C. E. P., late 14th Hussars, at Scarborough, aged 23,
BONHAM-CARTER, wife of Mr. J. , M. P. , at Ashley-place, May 24. E. T. Cox, 5th M.N.I. , to Julia L. , daughter of Mr. W. C. Spiller, May 18.
BRAY, wife of Mr. R. M. , Barrister, at Victoria-street, May 20. May 20. CLARK, Martha E., widow of the late Mr. J. , at Addison-road,
BRIGHT, Mrs. C. E., at South Yarra, Victoria, March 16. CREALOCK- LLOYD-At Chester-square, Capt. J. N. Crealock, 95th Kensington, May 23..
BROCKWELL, wife of Rev. J. C., at Doncaster, May 24. Regt. , to Marion, daughter of Mr. M. Lloyd, of Chester-square, CLAYTON, Major- Gen. H., at Clapham-common, aged 64, May 17.
BRUCE, wife of Rev. W. , at St. Nicholas, near Cardiff, May 15. May 20. COMBERBACH, Mr. R., late of the Ordnance Department, at Antwerp,
CARPENTER, wife of Mr. J. W. , M.D. , at Lambeth-terrace, May 15. DEANE BOLTON - At Kilbrogan, Bandon, co. Cork, Mr. J. C. aged 84, May 10.
CLARK, wife of Rev. S. , at Malta, May 6. Deane, to Emily, daughter of the late Mr. C. F. Bolton, of Louth, Cook, Harriet, daughter ofthe late Rev. J., D.D. , at Cambridge-sq. ,
CLIFT, wife ofMr. S., Surgeon of H.M.'s ship Northumberland, at May 8. May 19.
Maldon. DEFRIES - HANDS-At Aldersgate-street, Mr. C. Defries, of Belsize COURTIER, Mary A. , widow of the late Mr. C., at Guilford-place,
DILLON, the Hon. Mrs., at Clonbrock, May 21. Park, to Lizzie, daughter of Mr. J. Hands, of Maida-hill, May 19. aged 67, May 25.
EATON, wife of Rev. J. R. T. , at Lapworth, Warwickshire, May 17. DOWSETT-RICHARDS -At Hoxton, Mr. G. W. Dowsett, of Shackle- CREASY, Mr. F. , at Godalming, aged 75, May 21.
ELTON, wife of Capt. , R. Art., at Stoke, Devonport, May 18. well, to Catherine G. , daughter of the late Mr. J. Richards, of CUNNINGHAM, Mr. P. , late of H.M.'s Audit-office, at St. Alban's,
ELWES, Mrs. R. , at King's Lynn, May 22. King-street, Finsbury, May 19. aged 53, May 18.
FORBES, wife of Lieut. W. C. , 92nd Highlanders, at Henley-on-Thames, ELLIOTT DUCKETT - At St. George's, Hanover-square, Lieut. C. S. DALZIEL, Mr. J. , late of Hampstead, at Carleton-green, Holmrook,
May 18. Elliott, 20th Regt. , to Harriette E. A., daughter of the late Mr. W. Cumberland, aged 47, May 21.
Gooch, Mrs. H. D. , at Bettws-y- Coed, North Wales, May 25. Duckett, of Russelstown Park, Carlow, May 20. DARBY, General, R. Art., at Clifton, aged 83, May 21.
GRAHAME, Mrs. J. V., at Sydney, March 23 (prematurely, child sur- FERGUSON NICHOLLS - At Hurst, Berks, Mr. W. Ferguson, of DAVIES, Mr. C. J. , Bombay C.S. , at Bombay, aged 44, April 25.
vived only a short time). Reading, to Louisa, daughter of Mr. S. Nicholls, of Hurst, May 25. DE BRUCE, Louisa, widow of the late Capt. R. L. , of the Swedish
HAILEY, Mrs. H., at Newport Pagnell, May 25. FORBES KINLOCH-At Deeside, Capt. G. Forbes, 78th Highlanders, Army, at Norfolk-street, Strand, aged 56, May 14.
HAWKINS, wife of Rev. R. M., at Leyton, Essex, May 24. to Annie, daughter of Mr. A. J. Kinloch, of Park, Aberdeenshire, DUNBAR, Cuthbert W., son of Dr. J. A. , Insp.-Gen. of Hospitals,
HENNESSY, wife of Governor J. P. , at Labuan, March 7. May 18. Bengal Army, Retired , at Cheltenham, aged 11, May 21.
HORT, wife of Rev. F. J. A. , St. Ippolyts, Herts, May 19. FOSBERY- HALL -At Port Hope, Canada West, Henry T., son of DU PRE, Rachel E. , daughter of the late Rev. W. M. , at Surbiton,
HOYSTED, wife of Rev. J. D. , at Bradenstoke, Wilts, May 19. Rev. T. V. Fosbery, Vicar of St. Giles's, Reading, to Charlotte D., aged 28, May 23.
HUTT, wife of Maj . -Gen. G. , at the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, May 22. daughter of the late Judge Hall, of Peterborough, Ontario, April 28. EDMONSTON, Mr. J. B., at Edinburgh, aged 36, May 19.
KENRICK, wife of Mr. W. M. , late 67th Regt. , at Dublin, May 22. FRITH - LOWNDES -At Hove, Henry, son of the late Mr. H. Frith, of FANE, Susan, widow of Col. H. H. , at Clovelly Court, near Bideford,
KEY, Mrs. F. , at Teignmouth, May 23 (prematurely, stillborn). the Ordnance Office, Dublin, to Mary, daughter of the late Mr. May 19.
KINDERSLEY, wife of Capt. H. W. , Paymaster 99th Regt. , at Cape W. Lowndes, of Chesham, May 25. FIDLER, Mr. J. D., M.D. , at Whitehaven, aged 50, May 14.
Town, April 7. FROST- CHRISTIE- At Aldgate, Edwin D. , son of the late Mr. E. FIRTH, Lady, wife of Sir C. H. , of Heckmondwike, aged 25, May 15.
KITCAT, Mrs. J. B. , at Cobham, Surrey, May 23. Frost, of Carshalton, to Fanny C. , daughter of Mr. J. C. Christie, FLUDER, Mr. C. J. , son of the late Mr. C. , Lymington, Hants, at
LAKE, wife of Mr. B. G., of Lincoln's-inn, at Kingsbury, May 23. of Aldgate, May 20. Cromer, May 19.
LAMBERT, Mrs. A. , at Sussex-gardens, May 25. GOUGH- JORDAN- At Old Swindon, Walter L. , son of Mr. E. Gough, FREMANTLE, Admiral Sir C. H. , G. C. B., at Grosvenor-street, aged 68,
LAPWORTH, Mrs. A. G. , at Maida-vale, May 21 (stillborn). of Addiscombe, to Mary E. , daughter ofthe late Mr. J. B. Jordan, May 25
LIAS, wife of Rev. J. J. , at Llandaff, May 21. of Wanborough, Wilts, May 13. FRENCH, Elizabeth S., widow of the late Mr. H., at Beaumont-square,
MIDDLETON, wife of Capt. F. B. , M. S. Corps, at Jubbulpore, April 26. GRAHAM CHASE -At Oxford, Mr. A. R. Graham, M.A. , M.B. , of aged 65, May 23.
MONCK, Hon. Mrs. R., at Ottawa, Canada, May 4. Weybridge, to Eleanor P. , daughter of the late Mr. J. W. Chase, FYERS, Ann E., wife of Capt. A. B., R.E. , Surveyor-General, at
MONKHOUSE, Mrs. J. G. , at Pembridge-villas, May 24. formerly Capt. 70th Foot, May 25. Colombo, April 20.
MURTON-NEALE, Mrs. A. C. , at Buckhurst-hill, May 24 GREENLAND - KNOX--At Whitechurch, Capt. A. Greenland, 56th GIMSON, Mr. W. , M.R.C.S. , L.S.A. , at Walton, Leicestershire,
NASH, wife of Mr. W. , of Beckenham, May 21 (stillborn). Foot, to May, daughter of Mr. M. Knox, J.P. , of Kilmannock aged 57, May 18.
OGILVIE, wife of Capt. A. J. , R. H.A. , at Newcastle Emlyn, May 21. House, Wexford, May 20. GODSON, Mr. W. H. , at Gordon-street, Gordon-square, May 21.
PAIN, wife of Mr. T. , Barrister, at Kensington, May 22. HARDING- BUTLER-At Kirkstall, Yorkshire, Thomas W., son of GRAHAM, Mrs. T., at West Dulwich, aged 63, May 22 .
PARTON, Mrs. J, at Tooting, May 22. Mr. T. R. Harding, of Headingley, to Annie H. , daughter of Mr. GREGORY, Jane P. , widow of the late Col. G., of Bath, at St. Heliers,
PATCH, wife of Lieut. R. , Bengal S. C. , S.A.C. General, at Meean A. E. Butler, Kepstorn, Kirkstall, May 19. aged 69, May 18.
Meer, April 11. HEATH FELL - At Newcastle-on -Tyne, Mr. H. Heath, of North- HALL, Louisa M. , wife of Mr. R. M. , late Captain 48th and 13th
PLACE, Mrs. T. L., at Wickham Market, May 22. wood, Stoke-upon -Trent, to Elizabeth J. , daughter of the late Mr. Regts., at Freshford, near Bath, May 25.
PERCIVAL, wife of Rev. J., at Clifton College, May 22. T. Fell, of St. Lawrence, Newcastle-upon- Tyne, May 20. HALLIDAY, Mr. J., at Belmont-park, Lee, aged 56, May 22.
PYM, wife of Rev. W. M. P., at Corsham, Wilts, May 22 (prematurely, JONES-JONES -At South Hackney, Rev. E. Jones, Incumbent of St. HARPER, Mr. E. B. , late of Hillsborough, Ireland, at Malta, aged 42,
child died shortly after birth). Ethelreda (Welch) Church, Holborn, to Mary, daughter of the late May 18.
ROGERS, wife of Dr. , at Rainhill, May 20. Mr. R. Jones , of Spitalfields and Hackney, May 20. HARRISON, Mrs. I. , of New Found Pool House, Leicestershire,
SCOTT, wife of Mr. J. O. , at Edith- grove, West Brompton, May 24. KILLICK -FISON - At Rawdon, near Leeds, Mr. H F. Killick, of aged 44, May 21.
SECCOMBE, wife of Mr. J. T. , M.D. , at Terrington St. Clement, Bradford, to Annie, daughter of Mr. T. S. Fison, ofRawdon, May 25. HASTINGS, Vice-Admiral F. D. , at Barbourne House, near Worcester,
May 23. LUCY- STANDISH- At St. George's, Hanover-square, Edmund B. , son aged 73, May 21.
SHEPPARD, wife of Capt. H. T. , at Cheltenham, May 22. of the late Mr. G. Lucy, of Charlecote Park, to Margaret L. M., HAY, Mr. J., at Arbroath, aged 73, May 23.
STEARNS, Mrs. A. C. , at Twickenham, May 24.. daughter ofthe late Mr. W. S. Standish, of Duxbury Park, Lanca- HOLCOMBE, Anne, widow of the late Mr. W. , at Bath, May 24.
STIRLING, wife of Mr. J. , Barrister, at Notting- hill, May 20. shire, and Cocken Hall, Durham, May 19. HORNER, Mr. J. , M.D. Edin. , at Redcar, aged 70, May 20.
STOKES, Mrs. T. , at Pembroke, South Wales, May 18. M'GRORTY-TUNSTALL-At Ockbrook, Derbyshire, Rev. J. M'Grorty, HOTCHKYS, Mr. C. H. , of Bradworthy, N. Devon, D.L. and J.P. for
STREATFEILD, Mrs. S. , at Chester-terrace, Regent's Park, May 25. M.A., of Milton, near Sittingbourne, Kent, to Jane, daughter of Cornwall and Devon, at Cheltenham, aged 84. May 22.
STREETER, wife of Rev. G. T. P. , at Blackheath, May 24. the late Capt. Tunstall, 36th Regt., of Nobold Villa, near Shrews- KEATINGE, Harriet A., wife of the Right Hon. R., at Dublin, May23.
STURT, Mrs. W. , at Highbury New Park, May 26. bury, May 12. KEMP, Mr. J. A., at Southport, Lancashire, aged 75, May 20.
SUTHERLAND-WALKER, Mrs. E. C. , at Grosvenor-crescent, May 21. MACKNESS MACKNESS-At Lambeth, W., son of Mr. R. Mackness, LAMBECK, Dr. A. , at Heidelberg, aged 38, May 19.
TARVER, wife of Rev. J. , at Filgrave Rectory, May 18. ofKennington, to Charlotte E. , daughter of the late Mr. T. Mackness, LEWIS, Mr. R., of Merton College, at Oxford, May 17.
THORNELY, wife of Mr. J., at Gateacre, near Liverpool, May 19. ofCommercial- road East, May 20.
TREVOR, wife of Rev. G. A., at Queen's-gardens, Hyde Park, May 19. LOUD, Mr. W., at New Romney, Kent, aged 52, May 23.
VINCENT, the Lady Margaret, at Cambridge-street, Hyde Park , MAINWARING -WILLIAMS-At St. George's, Hanover-square, Mr. S. K. LUSH, Mr. M.,
Mainwaring, of Oteley, Salop, to Edith S. , daughter of Sir H. MACHELL, Mr. C. S. , late of Beverley Bank, aged at Ditchampton, near Salisbury, aged 75, May 22.
May 24 Williams, Bart. , of Bodelwyddan, May 20. 78, May 22.
WADE, wife of Mr. T., Secretary to H.M.'s Legation, Peking, at MAY-DUNN At Ballan, Australia, Rev. J. H. May, M.A. , Incum- MCKAY, Mr. E. B., by the wreck of the St. Vincent, in Palliser Bay,
Seymour-street, May 22. N.Z., aged 32. Feb. 14.
bent ofTrinity Church, Yackandandah, to Helena J. , daughter of MARTIN, Mr. W. B. F. , son of Admiral Sir W. , at Colham-green,
YORKE, Mrs. R. , at Chesham-street, May 21. Mr. G. Dunn, M.D. , of Doncaster, March 11. May 23.
DAUGHTERS. MIDDLETON-ASPLAND-At St. Martin's-in-the - Fields, Mr. L. F. MASON, the Rev. A. , M.A. , Vicar of Great Broxted, Essex, at Clifton,
ANNESLEY, wife of Mr. J. O'D. , Capt. 1st Derby Militia, at Pau, Middleton, of Surrey-lane, Battersea, to Mary Ann Aspland, of aged 60. May 21.
the same address, May 21. MILES, Dr. T., at Halwell, Devon, aged 28, May 20.
May 12. PARRY- ROBERTS - At Llanfihangel-creuddyn, Mr. J. Parry, Jun., of MILLER, Janet, widow of the late Mr. Miller, of Frankfield and
ASPINWALL, Mrs. J. H., at Portsdown-road, Maida-vale, May 20 Glanpaith, Cardiganshire, to Jane, daughter of Mr. F. Koberts, of Gartcraig, at Croftcroiglin, Shettleston, N. B. , aged 73, May 22.
(prematurely, stillborn). Penywern, May 20. MOORE, Mr. E. , M.D., at Charles-terrace, Victoria Park, aged 64,
BENNETT, Mrs. J., at Canonbury, May 19. PATON GIBSON- At Pernambuco, Edward, son of Rev. J. Paton, May 22.
CASSON, wife of Rev. G. , at Chichester, May 23 (twins). Minister of Ancrum, to Mary, daughter of the late Mr. H. Gibson, MOSELY, Mr. Z. P. , of Portsdown-road, Maida-hill, May 20.
DICKSON, the Hon. Mrs. T. G., at Edinburgh, May 23. April 22. MOSLEY, S. L., son of the late Mr. R., at Montreal, May 20.
DUNLOP, wife of Mr. R. H. W.. C. B. , at Lakefield, Inverness-shire. PUTTOCK- BERRALL -At Billingshurst, Henry, son of the late Mr. G. NEAME, Spencer A. , son of Mr. A. , of Court Lodge, Sutton, at
EVERINGTON, Mrs. W. D. , at Dillington, East Dereham, May 17. Puttock, to Alice M. , daughter of Mr. W. Berrall, of Billingshurst, Brighton, aged 8, May 20.
GREENFIELD, Mrs. W. B. , at Porchester-terrace, May 25. May 20.
GOULDSBURY, wife of Mr. V. S. , M.D. , Staff Assist. -Surg., at West- RAWLINS MAURICE -At Liverpool, Mr. G. W. Rawlins, of Rainhill, NEVILLE, aged 86,
Harriet, relict of Capt. J. , R.N. , at Stoke, Devonport,
May 20.
bourne Park, May 22. to Theodosia E., daughter of the late Mr. M. Maurice, of Wrex- ODDIE, Mr. H. H., ofColney House, St. Albans, aged 54, May 21.
HARKIS, wife of Rev. W., at Brompton, May 24. ham , May 19. O'NEAL, Mr. T. W. , of Barbados, at Bath, aged 56, May 21.
HICHENS, wife of Rev. R., at Colchester, May 20. ROBERTS PARRY- At Llanfihangel-creuddyn, Jane, daughter of PALMER, Joanna, relict of Mr. C. B. , late of Calcutta, in Sloane-
HINCHLIFF, Mrs. G. , at St. James s-square, Notting-hill, May 22. Mr. F. Roberts, of Penywern, to Mr. J. Parry, Jun. , of Glanpaith, street, aged 60, May 23.
HOPWOOD, wife of Mr. J. T., of Lincoln's-inn, May 23. Cardiganshire, May 20. PARKER, Mrs. R. S. , at Sydenham Park, aged 43, May 24.
HORNE, wife of Major, at Stirkoke House, Caithness-shire, May 18. Eaton-square, Mr. C. G. H. Rowley, late PAUL, Elizabeth, Lady, at Brighton, aged 83, May 18.
HOZIER, the wife of Capt. H. M. , 3rd Dragoon Guards, at John-street, ROWLEY- HARFORD-At Guards, to Marion, daughter of the late Mr. F. PEARSE, Mr. R. C. T. , at South Warnborough Lodge, Hants, aged 40,
Berkeley-square, May 20. Capt. 2nd Life
Harford, of Down-place, Berks, May 20. May 20.
HUTH, wife of Mr. F. M. , at Granville-place, Portman-square, May 25. SERGEANT- HUTCHINGS -At Hastings, Mr. H. J. Sergeant, of Sale, PENFOLD, Charlotte, daughter of the late Mr. E., of Loose Court,
JACOBS, Mrs. E. , at Brownswood Park, May 25. near Manchester, to Caroline, daughter of Mr. C. P. Hutchings, of at Loose, near Maidstone, aged 79, May 17.
JOHNSTON, wife of Mr. A. J. , Secretary Shanghai Municipal Council Hastings, May 19. POLLARD, Elizabeth, wife of Mr. W. B., Auditor- General of British
March 26. WATSON-At High Harrogate, Rev. G. W. Smith, M.A.,
JONES, wife of Rev. W. , Chaplain of H. M.'s Indian Service, at Bognor, SMITH- Guiana, at Georgetown, April 23.
Curate of Hutton Buscel, York, to Annie E. , daughter of Mr. W. PYNE, Mr. W. M., at Oxted, aged 68, May 22.
May 20. Watson, Harrogat e, May 20. RADCLIFF, Mr. J. , late Deputy Chairman of her Majesty's Board of
KEMP, wife of Lieut. -Col. , late 107th Regt. , at Dalkeith, May 19. SPEKE FULLER- At Neston, Wilts, Rev. B. Speke, Vicar of Dowlish
LE HARDY, wife of Lieut. -Colonel, at Clifton, May 17. Public Works in Ireland, at Morehampton, near Dublin, aged 69,
LEWIS, Mrs. M. H., at Newbury, May 21. Wake, to Caroline S. , daughter of Mr. J. B. Fuller, Neston Park, May 21.
LINDSAY, wife of Rev. H., at The Rectory, Kettering, May 20. Wilts, May 19. REID, Mr. P., at Coleshill-street, aged 59, May 23.
LITTLEJOHN, wife of Mr. H. D. , M.D. , at Edinburgh, May 22. STEPHENS MARRIOTT -At Paddington, Mr. P. W. Stephens, Com- ROBERTSON, Mr. A. , Surgeon R.N. , at Haslar Hospital, aged 31,
LONDESBOROUGH, Lady, at Grosvenor-square, May 25. mander R. N. , to Alice L., daughter of Mr. F. Marriott, May 20. May 24
LUMSDEN, Mrs. R , at Aberdeen, May 2 (stillborn). STILES MASON -At Croydon, Mr. A. H. Stiles, of Cotham, Bristol, ROGERS, Mary A. , wife of Mr. J. F. , Assist. Commissary-General, at
MALCOLMSON, wife of Mr. J. G. , V.C. , late 3rd Bombay Cav. , at to Mary S. , daughter of the late Rev. J. Mason, of Stamford-hill, Quebec, aged 27, Feb. 14.
May 15. ROOPER, Adelaide M. , daughter of Rev. P. , at Huntingdon, aged 13,
Kensington-gardens-square, May 21. WEBB- PERHAM-At Wrington, William, son of the late Mr. E. Webb, May 23.
MILLAR, Mrs. E., at Montrose, May 19. Solicitor, Bath, to Louisa S., daughter ofthe late Mr. J. I. Perham, Ross, Mr. D. , Solicitor and Commissary Clerk for the counties of Ross
MURRAY,the Hon. Mrs. M. F. , at Kensington, May 22. Wrington, May 20.
PARSONS, wife of Capt. B. J., Bengal S C., at Allygurh, April 12. and Cromarty, at Tain, N. B. , May 23
PEARSE, wife of Mr. A. , M.D. , at Botesdale, May 21. WHEATLEY RAWE -At Brighton, Mr. J.Wheatley, of St. James's-st., RoWLEY, Charles J. T. , son of Capt. T. T., late 84th Regt. , on
PICKFORD, Mrs. C. H., at Old Charlton, May 9. to Elizabeth M., daughter of the late Mr. J. J. Rawe, of Brighton, board the Tiber, May 10.
PIGOTT, wife of Rev. R. H.. at Grendon Underwood, May 19. May 19. RUXTON, Major G., of Rahanna, Ardee, at Bray, aged 65, May 18.
SANDERSON, Mrs. S., at Berwick-upon-Tweed, May 18. WILLIAMS ADAMS-At Southampton, Mr. C. Williams, of the SECCOMBE, Elizabeth M. , wife of Mr. J. T., M.D. , at Terrington St.
SMITH, wife of Rev. J. F., at Edinburgh, May 20. London and County Bank, Sevenoaks, to Helen, daughter of the Clement, Norfolk, aged 26, May 23.
SWABEY, wife of Rev. H., at Gloucester-place, Hyde Park, May 23. late Mr. G. Adams, of Eling, Hants, May 20. SHUTER, Mr. J. ,of Mill-hill, Hendon, and Montreal, Canada, at Black-
TATTERSALL, Mrs. E. , at West Brompton, May 26. pool, Lancashire, aged 47, May 18.
UNWIN, Mrs. G., at Walthamstow, May 24. DEATH S. SILVER, Keith, son of Mr. J., late of the Madras C.S. , at Bath,
WARBURTON, wife of the Rev. Mark, of Kilmington Rectory, Somerset, ALEXANDER, Mr. H. R. , late B.C.S. , at Upper Hyde Park-street, SIMPSON, aged 3, May 23.
May 22. Mr. O. N., J.P. , at Stamford, aged 64 , May 22,
WEST, wife of Capt. E. W. , Bombay S. C. , at Kolapore, April 23. aged 58, May 24. SMITH, Mr. T. J. , at Northampton, aged45, May 18.
WHITEHEAD, Mrs. G. , at Riccall Hall, York, May 24. ALLEN, Mr. F. T., Barrister, at Instow, aged 51, May 19. SMITH, Mr. H. , at Winchester, aged 73, May 22.
WILLIAMS, Mrs. S. C. E. , at Rhayader, May 22. APPACH, Emily, wife of Mr. T., at Maytham Hall, Kent, aged 75, SLADE, Mary A. , widow of Capt. , R.A. , at Putney, aged 67, May 14.
WOOLF, Mrs. D. , at Leinster-square, Hyde Park, May 19. May 22. STEVENS, Robert, son of the late Major J. , of Seal, Kent, Dehra
YOUNG, Mrs. C. W. , at Gordon-square, May 24. ANDERSON, Mr. W. , late of Calcutta, aged 49, May 1. Dhoon and Mysore, in London, aged 36, May 20.
ARBUTHNOT, Mary E. , wife of Capt. G. A. P., at Roorkee, aged 28, STOCKER, Mrs. R. , at Great Cumberland-place, Hyde Park, May 22.
April 18. STURCH, Mary M., daughter of the late Mr. W., at York-terrace,
MARRIAGES.
AYRE, Rev. J., M.A. , at Hampstead , aged 68, May 20. Regent's Park, aged 82, May 20.
ACKLAM- THOMPSON - At Islington, Mr. J. L. Acklam, Collector of BALFOUR, Lady Eleanor, daughter of James, eighth Earl of Lauder- TARRATT, Mr. J. , J.P. , of Berrington Hall, Herefordshire, at London,
Inland Revenue. Northampton, to Mary F., daughter of Mr. E. J. dale, and relict of the late Mr. J. Balfour, of Whittinghame, at aged 73, May 18.
Thompson, of Canonbury, May 20. Newton Don, May 23. THOMSON, María, at Baldon House, Oxford, aged 71, May 18.
BARNES CRADOCK - At Loughborough, Thomas H., son of Mr. J. BARCHARD, Mrs. R. W., at Wandsworth, aged 73, May 23. TREDWELL, Elizabeth, wife of Mr. J., of Streatham-hill, aged 66,
Barnes, of Clare, Suffolk, to Mary A. , daughter of Mr. F. R. BARNS, Mrs. T. I., at Beckenham, May 17. May 22.
Cradock, of Loughborough, May 19. BARRATT, Mr. J., at Carleton Hall, near Whitehaven, May 15. VAN, Mr. H., at New-cross, aged 53, May 24.
BLAKERSMITH At Brighton, Mr. N. P. Blaker, Old Steyne, BASSETT, Mr. W. W. , of Bonvilstone, Glamorganshire, Capt. h.p., WALLER, Mr. W. , at Fleet-street, aged 81, May 24.
Brighton, to Fanny J., daughter of Mr. J. O. Smith, Brighton, 56th Regt. , aged 41, May 14. WARD, Jane C., mother of Mr. H., of Vere-street, Oxford-street,
May 19. BEDWELL, Maria J., widow of Mr. F. , of the Record and Writ Clerk's at David-street, Portman-square, aged 81, May 17.
BOOTH TAYLOR- At Herne Bay, Mr. C. F. Booth, of Barnsbury, to Office, at East Moulsey, aged 56, May 18. WARDEN, Colonel R. P. , Bombay Staff Corps, at Poona, April 11.
Margaret, daughter of Mr. J. Taylor, of Herne Bay, May 19. BENNETT, Mr. J. S., at Mark-lane- chambers, aged 50, April 30. WARREN, Mr. H. F. , at Sloane-square, aged 60, May 21.
BOYS STRONG- Mr. H. S. Boys, Bengal C.S. , to Ethel R. , daughter BERESFORD, Mr. H. B. , late E.I.B.C.S. , at Weston-super-Mare, WATSON, Mr. J. , at Ballydarton, county Carlow, aged 82, May 22.
of Major Strong, Iffley, formerly H.E.I.C.S. , May 20. aged 59, May 17. WEEDING, Dr. S. , at Notting-hill, aged 76, May 23.
BRYANT- SNOW-At Westbury-on-Trym, Mr. G. S. Bryant, of Clifton, BLACKWELL, Mr. J. K., ex-Commissioner for Inspection of Mines, WINKWORTH, WILLS, Mr. J. ,Mr. Retired Comdr. R. N. , at Plymouth, aged 74. May 14
to Harriet, widow of Mr. R. Snow, late of Deane Court, near H., late of Manchester, and Alderley, Edge,
at Paris, aged 56, May 22. Cheshire, at Clifton, aged 76, May 15.
Taunton, May 20. BLYTH, William E. , son of the Rev. W., Rector of Fincham, at
BUCHANAN - BELL- At Brisbane, Queensland, Hamilton R., son of Rondebosch, near Cape Town, aged 22, April 5. WOODCOCK, Mr. C. C. , at Matlock Bank, aged 39, May 20.
Mr. A. Buchanan, Greenfield, Scotland, to Isabella, daughter of BOYD, Major A. , late of the 11th Regt. of Foot, at St. John's-wood , WORDSWORTH , Rev. W., B.A. , at Monk Bretton, near Barnsley
the late Mr. R. Bell, of Stowe, Gladstone, March 8. May 21. aged 85, May 15.
[ 354 ]
 JUNE 4, 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET. 3

by virtue of some small quibble drawn say from the Church

Discipline Act ? The position of such a man would be a continuing
THE PALL MALL BUDGET. scandal, but it would also be precisely analogous to the position of
the Established Church in Ireland after its solemn condemnation
by the House of Commons and by the people at large.
FRIDAY, JUNE 4, 1869.
Apart from the question of the position of the Irish Church
itself, there is one remarkable constitutional doctrine which the
House of Lords would do well to ponder and to apply to their
THE HOUSE OF LORDS AND THE IRISH CHURCH. own position. The QUEEN, as we all know, possesses the power of
refusing to pass the bill. Would any human creature who wished
NEARLY all that can be said has been said by others as to the
well to the monarchy advise her to think even of exercising that
reasons why the House of Lords should pass the Irish Church Bill ; power ? We should greatly doubt whether Lord REDESDALE
but there is one reason on which a few words may advantageously himself, with all his doctrines about the Coronation Oath and the
be added, not because it is new, but because it is one which, in the sin of sacrilege, would for one moment dream of doing so. We
present state of the constitution of the country, never can become all know what the result of such an act would be, and every sovereign
old. They ought to pass it because they cannot do anything else. who has governed this country, for two hundred years and more, has
Let us suppose that they really were to try to sustain the Irish known and felt perfectly well that the prerogative in question is one
Church by refusing to pass this bill. Is it conceivable that of those which, except in some scarcely imaginable case, is never
such an institution should rest on such a basis ? It is now
to be used, inasmuch as the power of legislation must from the
clear to demonstration that the general current of opinion nature of the case be vested substantially in the nation at large
in England is so strongly opposed to it that if the country and not in any one person. It must, however, be clear upon a
were polled upon the subject the principle of Mr. GLAD- moment's consideration that whatever applies to the Sovereign
STONE'S bill would be carried by overwhelming majorities must equally apply to the House of Lords. The reason why the
both here and in Ireland, and this it must be remembered is QUEEN does not veto bills of which she as an individual may
not a by-question about which no one particularly cares, but it is happen to disapprove is because she feels that it is not
the most characteristic and prominent question of the day. If the
for her to thwart the deliberately expressed wishes of the nation
Lords should reject the bill once, they will have to reject it over which she reigns. Exactly the same consideration ought
again and again year after year in the midst of clamours to weigh with the Lords. They ought to feel, and if they think over
continually growing louder and louder not only against the bill, their situation temperately they must feel in their hearts, that they
but against its parliamentary protectors, until the final passage are not the nation and that they do not even represent it ; that
of the bill might be accompanied by consequences to which it they cannot affect to rule it against its own wishes, and that the
cannot be pleasant to any quiet person to look forward, Not
only proper and dignified course really open to them is that of
to dwell, however, upon extre me and possib le conseq uences such giving way to the deliberate will of the nation as expressed by its
as those which must suggest themselves to every one who
representatives.
considers the subject , in what position would such a policy put the It may, no doubt, be urged in opposition to this that there are
Irish Church itself ? Is it possible to imagine a more undignified
many instances in modern times in which bills have been rejected
and wretched condition for any public body to be placed in than by the House of Lords, and in which the House of Commons has
that of just retaining a sort of existence by the pleasure of a
acquiesced in their rejection, and this is perfectly true, but it is one
majority of the House of Lords ? Can any one seriously contend of those truths which is very liable to misconstruction if it is not
that such a body could even plausibly profess to exercise any real considered in all its bearings. The bills which the House
moral or spiritual influence ? The only intelligible conception of a
of Lords have rejected have, as a rule, been passed in the end, and
national Church which can be formed is that the nation, as a whole, when they have not they have been bills to which the public at
t
thinks it desirable to form an establishmen for the purpose of
large attached very little importance. All the great bills
teaching to the individual members of the nation the religious creed which have passed in the last forty years were, more or
which, upon the whole, and exceptions excepted, they believe, and less, unwelcome to the Lords :-Catholic Emancipation, the
of celebrating the form of worship which they, subject to similar Reform Bill of 1832, Free Trade in 1846, the Reform Bill of
exceptions, prefer. The force of establishments is, no doubt, very
1867, would all have been thrown out had the Lords ventured
great- so great that so long as they really represent in any moderate upon such an experiment, yet all of them were passed. To come .
degree what they profess to represent, they may survive much down to matters of much less importance, they passed the Paper
which at first sight might appear altogether inconsistent with their Duty Bill after once throwing it out and exciting a storm by doing
existence. As the case of the Churches of England and Scotland .
so, utterly disproportioned to the real importance of the measure.
show, they may survive a vast amount of internal dissension and They were obliged, after a great deal of trouble and delay, to pass
of external opposition. The secession of the Free Church has not the bill for admitting Jews into Parliament. We will not undertake
broken down the Scotch Establishment . The secession -for such it
to say how often it was rejected or what an unspeakable amount of
has practically become of the Wesleyans, and the great increase of good time was wasted in discussing over and over again every
other Dissenting bodies, has not broken down the Church of England . Conceivable aspect of a subject which at last became one of the
The proportion of zealous adherents, and perhaps still more the
greatest bores that ever distressed the human mind. This, how-
proportion of lukewarm and formal adherents, retained by each of ever, was a matter about which few people really cared. Dr. ARNOLD
these bodies is sufficiently large to save their claim to be national
in his day had a whim about it, and found a difficulty in squaring
Churches established originally by the national will, and still, upon
the presence of Jews in Parliament with his peculiar notions
the whole, representing it. They may or may not fall in time. about Church and State, just as Dr. NEWMAN was mortally
That is not the question which we have now to consider, but they distressed and finally driven over to Rome by that wonderful
will certainly not fall till they have become, and till it is clear they Jerusalem bishopric, which, as he afterwards observed, never did
have become, mere worn-out shams, which it is impossible to
much good or harm to any other human being ; but the public at
continue to recognize in a character which does not and cannot large cared very little about the Jews, and took no interest in the
belong to them. The Established Church of Ireland never was in logic which was chopped about them. At present, at least, the
this position , or in any position even faintly resembling it. It
public is not inclined to dispute such exercise of authority ;
was always the Church of a small minority which was once British
dominant and persec uting . It never had the least real but to interfere with a bill upon which the public at large is deeply
interested and thoroughly in earnest, is altogether beyond their
pretension to a national character or any real hold upon the province, and if they persist in trying to do so, they will find that
affections of the nation at large. This fact was always notorious .
the results will be far more injurious to themselves than to the bill.
It has now been proved , and its truth has been solemnly recognized
by the deliberate decision of a House which represents as fairly
as a wide suffrage and perfectly free system of election can enable
FRENCH LIBERALISM.
it to represent the nation at large. Is it possible to suppose that
the smallest rag of credit can attach to such an institution, or that THERE have recently appeared in the papers two contributions to
any one can derive any real advantage from its ministrations, the materials before the public for forming an opinion upon the state
when the prolongation of its existence is due solely to the vote of affairs in France, which we think deserve attention. One was
faof a majority, perhaps not a large majority, of peers in its a letter to the Times, not from its ordinary French correspondent,
vour ?
Suppose that a clergyman had been sentenced by but from that specially well-informed extra correspondent who
the Court of Arches
to deprivation for misconduct, which represents so ably in the English press the views and hopes of the
was in itself notorious and had been clearly proved in the moderate French Liberals. The other was a letter to the Pall
proceedings, and suppose that he had appealed to the Queen in Mall Gazette from its well-known correspondent " W. R. G. "
Council, and that by reason of some technicality the Judicial written from a totally different point of view. The two letters,
ttee
his case. had
ofCommi postp oned for a few month s the final consid eratio n taken together, throw a good deal of light on the subject of the
What amount of good would his parishioners receive prospects of French Liberalism. The writer in the Times begins by
from his services in the interval ? How would they like to hear pointing out the extreme importance and significance of the
admonitions to a good life from a man proved to have been
course taken by the large towns. " The vote of Paris, of Lyons,
steeped in immorality, and known to be clinging to his preferment " of Bordeaux, and of almost every great town in the empire is
[ 359 ]
 4 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 4, 1869.

" not a vote of opposition, but rather an open, undisguised, indifferent persons, and as the fact of giving a vote the other
" and unqualified declaration of war." The old Parisian repre- way is evidence of a distinct inclination on the part of the
sentatives, thinks this writer, have been dismissed because voter to oppose the Government, the fact that so large a
they have " confronted the Government for six years without number have given such votes is, no doubt, very significant. We
being able to overthrow it." The aspect of the great also feel that if the Government really professes to be pleased at
towns, however, gives, he thinks, a very imperfect view of the result of the election, their pleasure must either be short-
the progress of the Opposition. He asserts that the " circum- sighted or hollow in the extreme. If, indeed, the Opposition
scriptions " have been so arranged as to give the greatest would be content with parliamentary tactics, it might be
possible weight to official candidates and canvassers, and that, better for the Emperor that they should have representatives
therefore, the true test to take is not the number of seats won by in the Legislative Assembly which would serve as a vent
the Government, but the number of votes given for and against for their passions than that they should agitate in the dark ;
them. Now the votes for and against Government candidates were but if they use their parliamentary position only for the purpose
-in 1863, 5,300,000 for and 1,800,000 against, whereas in 1869 of embarrassing the Government, stirring up popular indignation
they have been 4,000,000 for and 3,200,000 against. He insists against it, and perhaps provoking a coup d'état on the part of the
strongly on the great ignorance of the French peasantry, and on Emperor, the result might be very different. No one, indeed, can
the enormous power which the system of centralized administration say what it would be, and certainly the absence from the Assembly
gives to the Government over them. He says, " Ninety out of a of moderate opponents, of men who will in good faith accept and
" hundred of them believe that if they do not bring back to the ballot abide by the rules of parliamentary warfare, will go far to aggravate
" the very ticket sent to them by the mayor, they are committing this state of things.
""
an offence and exposing themselves to a fine or some other This brings us to the letter of " W. R. G." The fact which he
" punishment." " Such," he concludes, " is the state of universal points out and insists upon at so much length, and with, it must
"6
suffrage and the notions prevalent upon it among our rural be owned, a considerable amount of justice, that the French
"" voters." Matters, however, are beginning to alter. The " cold parliamentary leaders have not been what we should call Liberals
" and quiet mass " of the peasantry is " beginning to move under the is no doubt important, but it does not appear to us to justify
increasing excitement of the middle classes and the increasing English writers in rejoicing in their defeat. No doubt a thousand
" appeals of the press," and the direction in which it moves is faults may be found with the politics of M. THIERS and other men
that of " antipathy " to " moderate opposition ." " Radical democracy of the same class, but, be their faults what they may, they are
" or socialism is decidedly the great attraction for universal almost the only French party which has temper enough to be
" suffrage as soon as it ceases to be indifferent or subservient willing to try to carry matters by discussion and reason instead of
" to governmental prompting." It will either " obey indecorously appealing at once to force. It may be fairly said of the views of
or revolt savagely ;" and this, says the Times' correspondent, the M. THIERS, or of M. PARADOL, to take another instance, that they are,
Government, in its blindness, is, or pretends to be, well pleased to in some respects, narrow and bookish ; but they have this great merit,
see. The wiser part of the nation is deeply alarmed, not because that they admit of discussion and modification. In a word, we cannot
it foresees the fall of the Government, for which no one cares, but wish to see the prospect of parliamentary government in France
" because the advent of the Republic which we see looming in the destroyed, merely because the views of the parliamentary leaders
" distance " means, first, socialism and next, internecine hostility appear to us in many respects unworthy of their position ; nor
between the different Republican leaders. In short, " when we can we approve of the principles of Imperialism merely because there
" look at it we are like those ill-fated nations who, saddled with a is much to be admired in the policy of the Emperor personally, and
" bad prince, have the prospect of a bad heir." in the course taken by some of his supporters. Besides this, we cannot
Thus he, as old writers say of those to whom they have occasion believe, notwithstanding all the forebodings of the writers to whom
to refer. " W. R. G." completes his observations by remarking that we have referred , that the prospect of parliamentary government in
" the Orleanists, or Dynastic Opposition, the old parliamentary France is chimerical. It is impossible that either of the two extreme
orators, the veterans and celebrities of a constitutional régime," parties should win a complete triumph over the other and govern
have been utterly defeated, and that it serves them perfectly right . the whole country upon its own principles and according to its own
" It is true that these men comprise the élite and the sommités of the views ; but if neither side can gain a complete victory some sort of
" extant intellect of France ; that they have done much to keep compromise would appear to be as inevitable a result of their
" alive whatever of intellect and genius still survives in the political conflict as a resultant is of the action of two forces in different
" life of the nation, and that they, and they only, possess the directions. Imperialism itself is a compromise and a stopgap.
" traditions and comprehension of constitutional government and
" parliamentary conflict." For this they deserve some gratitude,
but they have no right to be regarded as " Liberals in any wide POLITICAL PENSIONS.
or true sense of the word." They have been opposed to free trade,
they supported the temporal power of the Pope, some of the most THE only argument, or rather apology, really adduced in favour of
conspicuous of their number, and in particular M. THIERS, have the Civil Service Pensions Bill, of which Mr. GLADSTONE has
flattered to the utmost the military national vanity of the French, unfortunately found himself obliged to take charge, is that it is an
they were selfish about Italy and North Germany, and they have improvement on the existing Act of 1834. It is so to some extent,
never been very sincere friends " either of England or of peace." inasmuch as it rectifies the inconvenient mingling of political with
The two writers have certainly brought things to a pleasant permanent service pensions, and inasmuch as it extends by a couple
pass between them. One proves that the result of the rejection of of years the term of service required to enable a retiring statesman
the moderate Opposition is to menace the existence of a Govern- to avail himself of its provisions. But in another respect it is the
ment for which no one cares by the erection of a Government which reverse of an improvement, inasmuch as it makes pensionable two
almost every one would hate, and the individual members of which mere sinecure offices-the Privy Seal and the Chancellorship
would hate each other even more bitterly than the public would of the Duchy of Lancaster ; a proposal so grossly contrary
hate them. The other proves that the moderate Opposition were to principle, so evidently introduced for no purpose, except
to supplement the means which Government possesses of
rightly rejected because they were the most hateful of all the parties
which seek to govern France. We shall have to fall back upon the satisfying inconvenient and clamorous adherents, that there
hymn which used to be taught in Sunday schools, in which the is reason to expect its abandonment as the discussion proceeds.
little pupils, after making some pious reflections upon the darkness Nor is this all that can be said against the measure. It
of other lands, expressed their thankfulness to the kind Providence brings into more striking light by attempting to gloss
which had made each of them " a happy English child." Though over what Mr. FAWCETT calls the vicious and unsound nature
such an attitude of mind has its pleasures, it is perhaps as well not of the system. It is plain, to demonstrable absurdity , that
to assume it without a little more consideration of the matter. every one of the stock arguments by which the existence of
We have a good deal of sympathy with each of the writers to political pensions may be defended tells against , not for, this
whom we have referred, and there are also points on which we particular measure . For instance, it is a fair theory that men may
dissent from each of them. The Times' correspondent obviously earn a moral right to pension by the execution of laborious duties,
expresses the bitterness of a disappointed and defeated party, and though political in their nature. But this bill proposes to give
a good deal of discount ought to be taken off from his statements them (or rather the chance of them ) alike to veteran toilers in over-
accordingly. It is, however, impossible to deny that he has made worked departments and to gentlemen who have done the
several points of considerable importance. Thus it is difficult not to State the honour of taking its pay a few years for sinecures.
believe that he is right in taking a very serious view of the opposi- It may, again, be reasonably contended that length of
tion of the great towns to the Government, and there is probably service confers a similar title. But this bill gives the
some truth-though for an Englishman it is no casy matter to say right (in the case of higher offices ) after four or five years
how much --in the account which he gives of the ignorance of the incumbency only. Others, again, theorists of the Liberal school,
French peasantry, and of the readiness with which they acquiesce hold the doctrine that it is desirable to bring into political life an
in the promptings of Government ; and, no doubt, the fact that admixture of men whose means will not allow them to undertake
under all these discouragements so large a number of votes were it gratuitously. Be it so ; but this bill (as to be amended in Com-
given against Government candidates has great significance. As mittee) only proposes to allow the Crown the liberty of granting one
the Government is credited with the vast mass of lukewarm and such pension in a year. We should like to know what the chances
[ 360 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 5
JUNE 4, 1869. ]

are, on fair calculation, against the earning of a pension, undue promotions, and all the little arrangements which are
of which the possibilities are thus limited, by an impecu- summed up under the name of job, are promoted and rendered
nious young gentleman who starts in political life on the less obnoxious to criticism when the ultimate purpose is that of
prospect of making it pay, whether on the Liberal side or the rendering a worthy old supporter, always ready with his purse at
Tory. In short, to put the objection in commonplace but not the elections and his vote on divisions, comfortable in his old age.
less expressive phrase, the bill (as well as its predecessor the Act Under all these circumstances, we are not at all surprised that
of 1834) does either too much or too little- too much, inasmuch as Mr. FAWCETT and other Liberal members seem inclined towards
it tends to diminish that aristocratic prestige of pecuniary inde- the entire abolition of political pensions, notwithstanding their
pendence which has hitherto attached to British political service ; apparent suitableness to certain ordinary Liberal theories. But we
too little, inasmuch as, while it professes something, it really are disposed at all events to believe that, if the system is worth
does what amounts to nothing towards placing that service maintaining at all, it should be reconstituted on an entirely different
on the more plebeian footing of fair payment and pension for footing, a footing more in accordance with general principle, and
hard work. If, indeed, it is seriously meant-and some of Mr. less exposed to the special objections which we have noticed, though
GLADSTONE'S expressions might be so construed that service to not altogether free from them. Pensions should be bona fide earned
the State, deserving pension, may be rendered by mere parlia- -not given at haphazard- by length of service alone, and in really
mentary partisanship without any departmental labour at all, we working departments alone. Colonel SYKES talks of seven years ;
should then be inclined to remind our Premier that "they also we should not be satisfied with less than ten. Some may be
serve who only stand and wait ; " and that, in this point of view, startled at a proposition which seems at first sight inconsistent
members of her Majesty's Opposition, who have done their best with the usually short duration of Ministries. But, in point of
towards preventing her Majesty's Ministry from doing mischief, are fact, though Ministries may be ephemeral, the official life of
quite as much entitled to such consolation as their opponents ; the Ministers themselves is a good deal longer than is commonly
only fair measure of value between them being the space which they supposed . The present Cabinet passes for having an unusual pro-
respectively fill in the pages of " Hansard." In short, the arrangement, portion of young members ; yet it contains five, unless we are
whether that of the Act of 1834 or of the bill now in question, consti- mistaken, each of whom has been a Cabinet Minister more
tutes only a kind of pension lottery, in which one man draws a prize than ten years, counting all his periods of service together.
against half a dozen who draw blanks, and that quite irrespective Each of these would have earned his pension according to the
of merit or of seniority. And, to complete its demerits, it is rule proposed . But that rule might, perhaps, be made more liberal
burdened with that untoward condition which renders it necessary by including in the calculation (as in the bill now under examina-
for the recipient to declare himself unable to subsist properly tion) a fair period of former service in some inferior but working
without public charity-a condition humiliating in itself, but also departments ofthe Government : in one of the five under-secretary-
demoralizing from the different manner in which it presses on rigid ships of State, for instance, and in a few analogous offices in the
and elastic consciences. Treasury and elsewhere. Thus limited, the number of pensions
In point of fact, the system of pensions for public services is earned could scarcely constitute a formidable burden, nor would it be
adapted only to that class of services which are properly termed necessary to maintain a restriction so capricious and so calculated
official -those of clerks and higher officers permanently engaged to work injustice as that of only granting one, or any specified
in our public departments. Brilliant achievements are not expected number, within the year. The only plausible, but not, we think,
of them , nor often performed ; what is required is the sedulous, reasonable objection to our plan would be that it would not suit
conscientious execution of duties of a fixed character. When the Tories, as, according to the duration of their recent Govern-
their time for such employment is past, an honourable ments, a member of the party must be very long lived indeed to
retreat, with pension calculated on their length of service, have reached the period of a ten years' cumulative service .
is the reward which by long usage the country allows them. But laws are made to suit the public and not the makers
But to apply the same system to the reward of services themselves, and the turn of the Tories may come again.
higher indeed in estimation, but in their nature occasional If this general rule were adopted, making length of ser-
and exceptional, is an extremely difficult process, and one leading vice the strict regulator of pension, it might very possibly be
to a good deal of danger and abuse, though not of a kind at once found practicable to dispense altogether with the humiliating regu-
perceptible except to those who know the ways of public life. Take, lation which requires an avowal of poverty. But, if it was thought
for instance, the case of colonial governors. A governor is sent out desirable still to maintain it, we are disposed to believe that this
to execute certain functions in a colony for a limited period of years. would be better effected by imposing the condition of a minimum
According to old practice he earned no pension, and his pay ended income, and exacting a declaration of amount with reasonable
with his duties. Whether he could or could not obtain transfer or proof than by merely calling for a general plea of insufficient means
promotion depended partly on his own merits, partly on circum- as at present.
stances, but he had no right to either. Consequently, those who
sought for and obtained governorships were either military or naval ITALIAN DIFFICULTIES.
men who had their pay to fall back on, or men of independent
fortune, or, often enough, adventurers who were glad of tem- THE news from Italy is certainly not what one could wish. To
porary employment, but to whom the country was in no find a fresh Ministerial crisis following instantly upon the recent
degree bound to continue it. A cry arose against the hard- reconstruction of the Cabinet is, to say the least, an unsatisfactory
ship of leaving hard-working and distinguished public servants event, with symptoms unpleasantly indicative of disorganization .
without provision . They obtained at last a right to pension, There can be nothing more discouraging than to find a nation
but confined to cases of comparatively long service. The obvious the victim of successive mushroom Administrations, themselves
consequence (we speak in the future tense, because the experiment the creations of intrigue and destitute of real force. It was
is too recent for actual results) must be this. The Colonial Office hoped that when, spontaneously and from no apparent external
will be quite unable to drop incompetent or even unworthy men. pressure, Count MENABREA and his colleagues resigned office,
It was difficult enough to resist their urgency for re-employment- the time had come when an Administration would be formed
backed by personal or political interest-when that re-employment by a coalition of the truly patriotic and able men who are to
was all they had to look for. Now, when re-employment becomes be found in the Italian Parliament, which would at last give
the necessary
condition for the ultimate attainment of a pension, the country what it really needs- a Government firm in resolution
the pressure to obtain it and the difficulty of refusing it will be very and determined in its purpose of financial and administrative
greatly increased. By refusing re- employment, the Colonial Minister reform . We were assured that by the recent reconstruction
will be barring to the applicant the only road to a permanent
mainte this desirable result had been achieved. When after a rather
nance.
Good-nature and a certain notion of personal protracted interregnum the new Ministry was proclaimed, the
The
justice will probably often prevail against public interest. official organs announced that its formation gave the country a
man who might have saved a colony will be kept at home. The full guarantee for the successful carrying through of those financial
inefficient but highly respectable person who has groped his way schemes of Count CAMBRAY DIGNY'S which hehad long been engaged
blindly through some years of colonial government, and needs a in maturing. These sanguine anticipations seem, however, destined
few more to earn a pension, will be sent out instead of him. The to disappointment. It is precisely on these financial measures that
gods themselves, says the German proverb, fight in vain against stu- the Administration has got into serious trouble. Just when the
pidity, and stupidity will fight at an infinitely greater advantage public fancied that at all events the parliamentary sanction of Count
when it has obtained an inchoate right to fasten itself as a perma- CAMBRAY DIGNY'S Financial Conventions was assured, it is startled
nent burden on the national resources.
by the tidings that on this very point a vote adverse to the
We have taken the Colonial Service as a fair illustration of Government has been given by three out of the four bureaux in the
what we mean- namely, the difficulty of adapting the system of House, and therewith the fate of the Cabinet itself has become
reward by pension to occasional, not regular employment, and to doubtful. At the same moment, one of the new Ministers - indivi-
employment which requires special, not ordinary qualifications. dually the most distinguished of them, M. MINGHETTI– has failed
The same objections apply even more forcibly to political service, as
to secure re-election in his native city, Bologna. Now, if these
understood in this Act. Party loyalty is concerned in keeping a
unexpected incidents are due to the mere whims of an undisci-
minister in his wrong place, or a bad minister in any place long
plined Chamber-if they represent nothing but a disposition
enough to ensure him a provision for his life ; and exchanges and
on the part of peevish politicians to quarrel with whoever may
[ 361 ]
 6 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 4, 1869.

be in power-then our hopes in an Italy strong in public spirit, he was not misled by this natural tendency of men of his profession,
and able to cope by wise self-denial with the difficulties she is and the able manner in which he was backed by Lord STANLEY
labouring under, must falter. Italy has, indeed, made very con- does not remove that impression . Sir ROUNDELL PALMER'S
siderable way since 1860 ; nevertheless, the vessel of the State has argument against patents is as follows :-First, they are not
got into a plight which demands all the loyalty and steadiness of favoured by the law of nature, whereas copyrights are. We should
the crew. It is, therefore, some consolation to be able to think like to have a reference to the chapter and section of the law of
that the new crisis, however untoward it is in many respects, nature which relates to patents. Till we get it we shall continue to
is yet not without justification ; indeed, it might not unfairly regard the expression as a mere figment, which has a meaning only
be called the expression of a natural dissatisfaction. What when it is used as a fine name for general convenience. The
at first sight looks like criminal recklessness is the rejection of the question is not what rights inventors and authors have, for, like all
Financial Conventions by a majority of the Select Committees. other people, they have such rights as the law gives them and
Every one is sensible of the needs of the exchequer, and general no more. The question is what rights it is for the public interest
opinion has concurred in recognizing the substantial policy of the to confer upon them, and upon this question Sir R. PALMER spoke
financial measures now apparently rejected. Apparently rejected, we at considerable length, and his argument, no doubt, deserves
say, because the hostile vote given has been directed , not, as it would attention. He divided patents into two classes-the meritorious,
seem, against the substance, but really against a detail of Count and the unmeritorious . By meritorious patents he meant, as we
CAMBRAY DIGNY'S proposal. The detail in question is supposed to gather from his illustrations, the invention of great principles, such
have a considerable bearing on the general reconstitution of the as those of which the electric telegraph, the steam-engine, and the
Cabinet, and it is against this side of the matter that the screw propeller for ships are applications. By unmeritorious
opposition is really directed . It must be borne in mind that a patents he meant patents for trifling modifications in detail, such,
4 capital feature in Count CAMBRAY DIGNY'S plan is the transfer for instance, as the various forms which have been devised in almost
of the collection of the revenues to the Banca Nazionale. Now, infinite number for the boilers of steam-engines. As to meritorious
against the policy of this transfer to a great banking institution patents, he observed that they seldom went to the right person ; that
not much has been said ; but a great deal of discontent has been the growth of knowledge was so gradual that many persons were
shown against giving the exclusive benefit of this business to a on the track at the same time, so that the man who actually won
bank which everywhere but in Northern Italy is a new thing, the race won by a neck only. The electric telegraph, for instance,
encroaching on old and well- established institutions, and which, being was referred to as a machine, of which it was extremely difficult to
backed by enormous influences, is displaying a grasping spirit name the first discoverer. Patents, in a word, do not reward the first
of monopoly. Hence arose a strong desire that the collection inventor even if they are meritorious patents, because there are, in
of the revenues should in the south be confided to the Banca di fact, many first inventors whose moral claim to reward is equally
Napoli, an institution of well - established credit, which even in the good. Moreover, to work and to defend a patent is a matter which
Bourbon days of corruption enjoyed the highest character. But requires capital. Poor men who make important inventions have
the Banca Nazionale, strong in its sense of support, backed by the to part with them generally at a small price to capitalists, who
wealth of Genoa and Leghorn, and connected with great names often make enormous fortunes by their application. With regard
in Piedmont and Lombardy, was not content with participation to unmeritorious patents Sir ROUNDELL PALMER regarded them
in the proposed transfer ; and CAMBRAY DIGNY gave way as mere obstacles to improvement in manufactures, and as pitfalls
to its demands. Nor was this all. It is believed in Italy which act as traps for new inventors. There are so many patent
that it was the Banca Nazionale which in the recon- boilers, so many patent screw-making machines, that it is hardly
struction of the Cabinet introduced Signor FERRARIS into the possible for a boiler maker or a screw maker to improve his
Home Office as a representative of the Permanent party, and machinery in any detail without finding that he is infringing some
thereby as a pledge for a certain number of votes in favour of the one's patent. Add to this the enormous and inevitable expense and
Convention. A transaction of this nature is quite intelligible. It difficulty which is involved in the defence of a patent against
was an object of great importance to the public service to get the infringement, and in the proof of its validity if it should be ques-
proposed financial measures through Parliament, and to that end it tioned, and Sir ROUNDELL PALMER'S case against patents is com-
was quite in the order of things that a minister should seek to gain, plete. Lord STANLEY did not add very much to his argument,
if possible, the countenance of an important party. There though he took up and repeated most of its points in his own way.
can be no doubt that to have the cordial adhesion of the We feel a considerable difficulty in agreeing with it for the
Permanents would be an immense gain to the cause of good following reasons. In the first place, the whole argument is made
administration. It was, however, an enormous mistake to take to turn upon a distinction which appears to us to show a funda-
into the Government not one of the many recognized men of mental misconception of the whole question at issue -the distinction
high standing in this section of the House, but a politician between meritorious and unmeritorious patents. It is easy to trace,
so shifting as FERRARIS, with whom moderate men from other not only in the phrase itself but in the arguments founded upon it,
sections will not co-operate. Naturally the admission to high the influence upon the speaker's mind of a vague notion that there
office of the nominee of the Banca Nazionale tended at once to is a moral right and wrong in the matter of the distribution of the
intensify the previous dissatisfaction against the Conventions, and profits arising from patents, that the discoverer of a great mecha-
this feeling has been further stimulated by the revelation. nical or scientific principle ought to make a large fortune by
of an immediate relapse of FERRARIS into his habits of it, and that if such a fortune is made by a speculator who
intrigue against moderates not of his own special section. has bought the patent, or by a person who has hit off some trifling
The Perseveranza newspaper lately published secret instruc- combination of parts which was an affair not of genius but of luck,
tions to the Prefect of Bologna, which which were
were to the end the result is a reproach to the state of the law. The argument, in
that he should do nothing in support of the election of short, is this- You want to reward men of genius, and you do
MINGHETTI, the Minister's own colleague. With these facts before nothing of the kind. The answer to the argument is that it is by
us, the matter under discussion changes its aspect. It is not an no means the object of the patent law to reward men of genius.
unreasonable and petulant burst so much as the expression of The object is to promote trade and manufacture, and the question
dissatisfaction with a particular arrangement by no means indis- at issue is whether the system does promote it or not . Upon this
pensable to the substantive measure of finance, and of disgust matter Sir ROUNDELL PALMER'S speech appears to us to throw
at the promotion of an intriguer over the heads of many better hardly any light. He shows clearly enough that the distribution
men to an office of the highest responsibility. of the profits of patents is quite as capricious and has quite
as little relation to moral or intellectual eminence as the
distribution of wealth arising from other sources, and every one
THE PATENT LAWS. who considers the subject must see that there is a strong à priori
probability that this would be so . Profit in all departments goes
THE debate on the Patent Laws served to prove, if it proved to those who make it the business of their lives to obtain it, but
nothing else, the readiness with which eminent lawyers of the present this in no degree affects the general question whether it is upon
day accept new ideas and propose the abolition of existing institu- the whole advantageous for the public that inventions should be
tions. We are inclined, indeed, to think that they sometimes go a the subject of property. The wealth arising from mines or land,
little too fast in this direction , and that for a reason which is obvious or from the sale and use of horses, is distributed in a very
enough as soon as it is stated. A lawyer's experience is concentrated singular manner, and finds its way at times into very unworthy
almost entirely on abuses. He hardly ever sees the the normal hands, but is this any reason why mines, or land, or horses should
working of anything. He hears little of contracts till they are not be the subjects of proprietary rights ?
broken ; of trade till it has led to litigation or bankruptcy ; Let us, then, consider what are the advantages of treating inven-
of wills unless there is a dispute as to their meaning ; tions as property. Sir ROUNDELL PALMER admits that the owners
or of patents unless they are infringed or disputed. He sees, of particular patents make enormous fortunes thereby, and, indeed,
in a word, the seamy side of every human institution, and is the very fact upon which he insists at such length and with so
constantly tempted to think that the proportion which it bears many illustrations that patents are established, attacked, and
to the whole is larger than it really is. The indisputable defended at an enormous expense proves to demonstration, if such
superiority shown by Sir ROUNDELL PALMER in the debate proof is seriously required, the fact that the possessors of patents,
over all the other speakers does not by any means satisfy us that who ought to be the best judges, regard them as a most valuable
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property. This being so, it surely requires no proof that ment of the Fenians is " inconsistent with the professions
the prospect of enjoying such a position must act as a " held out to us of a new order of things under which Ireland is
powerful stimulus not to inventors merely, but to speculators who " to be governed in accordance with the wishes and feelings of the
put inventions to a practical use and get definite results out of " Irish people, and authority is no longer to rely for support upon
them. The facts that great numbers of patents are taken out, " terror and coercion, but upon the attachment and confidence of
that vast sums are spent in litigation, that capitalists are always on " the people themselves." The authors of the address do not
the watch to buy up and bring out new inventions, and that the "justify a revolt." They merely observe that the punishment of
property in a patent passes rapidly from hand to hand, and, gene- the Fenians " can only be intended to strike terror into those
rally speaking, is of more benefit to the man of business who brings " who are disaffected in Ireland. This argument is intelligible if
it out than to the inventor who first devises it, all show how " Ireland is to be ruled by brute force. It is unintelligible if a
powerful an influence the system exercises upon society, and how " Government is to support its authority on the enlightenment,
many people depend upon it. It is plausible to say that if there " confidence, and judgment of the Irish people themselves." The
were no property in patents every one would get the benefit of all English have admitted in a variety of ways " that the past govern-
inventions, but this appears to us to have some analogy to the " ment of Ireland has been such as to give the Irish people just
notion that if there were no property in land every one would get cause of complaint. This may not justify an attempt to redress
the benefit of the crops. Experience shows that the way to make " Irish grievances by revolt, but it supplies abundant reason why
66
the most of land is to give individuals an exclusive interest in it, English rulers should not visit with extreme and unrelenting
66
and to leave them to make the best of it under the sharp spur vengeance the political offences which their grievances have pro-
of self-interest, and it surely is not improbable that the best way " voked." They say, finally, in point of fact, that the release of
to get a large number of inventions is to make them, for a time, the prisoners who were released was not abused or ungratefully
the subject of exclusive property. Let us consider what would received, and that to continue their punishment will have no other
be the stimulus to invention if the patent law were altogether effect than to " embitter the future relations of the two countries
abolished. Two considerations only can be imagined which would " and leave in the minds of Irishmen the rankling consciousness
act in that direction . The first is a disinterested love of art and " that they are still treated as the conquered race."
science ; the second is the prospect of being able to keep We have given pretty fully the substance of this address
inventions secret and so to work them to a profit. But where because it displays very clearly the nature of opinions which
would be the motive to take great trouble about inventions in these days are very common, and which appear to us pernicious
which are of more practical than theoretical importance and fallacies. In the first place, the whole address is pervaded from
which, from the nature of the case, cannot be kept secret ? end to end by the assumption that England and Ireland are, and
The question of secresy is of great importance No one who ought to be, treated and recognized as two distinct nations, of
has seen the intense jealousy with which trade secrets are guarded which the larger and stronger governs the smaller and weaker, and
can doubt that if there were no patents the desire of inventors ought to govern it upon particular principles. This appears
to conceal their inventions would amount to a passion. No doubt to us to be a fundamental error. The United Kingdom is,
the progress of science would always make the parties interested and ought to be regarded as, one body, to be governed
aware of the general course of discovery. Indeed, as Sir ROUNDELL for the common interests, and according to the wishes and
PALMER pointed out, they are aware of this already ; but the work- principles of the whole body, as expressed by the majority
ing details, the application of a general principle to the practical for the time being. No doubt every consideration ought to be
results to be obtained from it, would be concealed by those who shown for the local feelings of different districts upon matters
happened to possess them, as the secret of James's powders has which specially interest and concern them, but the great object of
been concealed. In this, as in other cases, the law is in fact a all our legislation should be to treat
every part of the British Isles
relaxation of that which would exist without it. Take away the as parts of one common whole, with common interests, a
criminal law, and private revenge would be infinitely more severe. common force, and common principles of government. Those
Take away property in inventions, and the possessor of trade who attempt to break up this state of things commit a crime,
secrets will keep his own secret with as much tenacity as he now not against England, but against the United Kingdom, and
shows in defending his legal rights. should be punished accordingly. We may observe that in point
of fact they have been punished much more by the Irish than by
the English, if distinctions are to be drawn. Irish policemen
THE CRIMINALITY OF REBELLION. arrested them, Irish juries convicted them, and Irish judges
sentenced them to the punishment which they are now undergoing.
A BODY called the Amnesty Association , the object of which is to If they had met with any temporary success in their undertaking,
" promote the liberation of the political prisoners " who were Ireland, and not England, would have suffered. Irish blood would
sentenced to penal servitude for various offences connected with havebeen shed by Irish hands, Irish property would have been destroyed
Fenianism , has published a long " address to the Irish people," -Ireland, in a word, would have been made the theatre of civil
vindicating its objects by an elaborate argument which, if it has not war directly, whilst Great Britain would have felt these evils remotely.
much else to recommend it, deserves study as an extreme expres- It is not, however, our object to dwell on these well-known
sion of a state of feeling towards the law of the land which there topics so much as to consider the general principles applicable not
is some reason to fear is becoming at once common and very merely to the United Kingdom, but apparently to all times and
dangerous. It consists in a systematic denial of the duty countries, to which the authors of the address appeal. This principle
of obeying the law, and of the moral guilt of disobedience may, in a few words, be stated thus : Government ought in no case
to it, and it leads inevitably to the conclusion that to to rest upon brute force. It should depend upon the enlightenment,
make armed and forcible attacks on established authority is confidence and judgment of the people. This is the new order of
conduct which ought to be regarded not as being in any proper things which, as we were given to understand, the Government
sense of the word criminal, but, at the utmost, as an inconvenient intended to introduce into Ireland , though it appears from their
demonstration of gallantry and patriotism, and that not only by treatment of the Fenian prisoners, that this intention was a mere
those in whose supposed interest such attacks profess to be made, false pretence. The whole address may be summed up in a few words
but also by those against whom they are directed. --govern by consent, not by brute force. Our answer is equally
The Amnesty Association state their views very fully, and general. All government rests upon brute force. Take away
argue them out, after a fashion of their own, intelligibly enough. brute force and you cease to govern. Government by consent is
After giving a short account of their proceedings, they say that a not government at all, but mere persuasion, and no considerable
66
(6 great act of justice and policy would be accomplished by the body of people ever yet succeeded in managing their common
general and unconditional release of all the political prisoners." affairs upon that footing for any considerable length of time. This
They add, that " their pardon is required by justice and truth." proposition is, indeed, self-evident to any one who is accustomed
The continued infliction of the "torture of penal servitude. to attach a distinct meaning to the words which he uses, for what
is , they think, " an act inconsistent with the principles of an do we mean by governing ? Clearly we mean the issuing of com-
enlightened and Liberal Government, as equally opposed to mands or threats, making people by terror do that which they would
(1
not have done without it. Take, for instance, the case of a revolt.
66 policy and justice, and to the humane and liberal maxims which
now guide all civilized nations in their treatment of political It is in this case the rebels who govern as far as they can. They say
" offenders." The English themselves would condemn such con- to the natives of the district in which they rebel, Obey us, change
duct in the case of any other nation. This, by the way, is the your mode of government at our orders, be loyal to the authorities
only bit of truth in the whole address. It is a melancholy truth . which we shall establish, and in the meantime supply us with provi-
that English journalists and politicians have frequently con- sions and warlike stores, and abstain from doing anything which may
demned in the most foolish and hasty manner the proceedings in our judgment interfere with our military operations. If you do
of foreign Governments with respect to political offenders, and it not obey these commands, we will shoot you through the head, or
is much to be wished that they would abstain from doing so for the at least destroy your houses and crops. The difference between
future.
It would, however, be absurd to say that because foolish government and rebellion is not as to the employment of force.
leading articles have been written about foreign Powers the United Both the rebel and the lawful magistrate do and must employ it.
Kingdom ought to regulate its policy on such occasions accord- When, therefore, rebels, or those who excuse or justify their pro-
ingly. The address goes on to say that the continued imprison- ceedings tell the magistrate that he ought not to govern by brute
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force they condemn their own proceedings, for it is exactly what they THE " FERTILE BELT " OF SASKATCHEWAN.
try to do themselves, and what every man must do who seeks to
govern others. Governments, of course, need not always be THE debate on the Hudson's Bay arrangement, which came off in the
appealing to the ultima ratio. They show their strength indeed by House of Commons on Tuesday, furnished a fair illustration of what
bringing it forward as seldom as possible, and by letting every part continually takes place in the course of other besides parliamentary
business, when a little bit of negotiation, which must be really transacted
of the work of legislation and of the current business of life go on
between two shrewd representatives of different interests, has, for form's
by persuasion, and according to the wishes of the parties concerned ;
sake, to be discussed in a large meeting of half-informed people. Sir
but the brute force in the background is the weight to the clock. Stafford Northcote on the part of the Hudson's Bay Company, and
It is the power which makes every wheel go round, and which Mr. Monsell on that of the Government, have to settle the terms of a little
supplies the necessary check to every spring. To tamper with it or bargain between the former body and Canada , involving , as it now appears,
attempt to remove it is to throw everything into confusion, and this some trifling " guarantee " on the part of the British taxpayer. An
is, and to the end of time will be, the one unanswerable reason independent member " calls attention " to the state of the negotiations ;
for treating political crimes, not merely as crimes, but as crimes and thereupon the two champions of the respective parties are brought
which require more severe and striking punishments than almost on the boards to say a few cautious words and commit themselves
any others. No Government can possibly exist except by as little as possible , leaving the field open to general talk on
accident unless it is prepared to " strike terror into the dis- the part of every one who thinks he has a little to say on some
affected ." In exact proportion to the general mildness and one or more of the many aspects of a question of vast extent and
beneficence of a government are those who administer it bound to interest. The future development of the " Dominion of Canada,” and its
relations to the United States, the financial honesty of the government
uphold its authority at any and every expense, and that for this
plain reason, that brute force is the necessary condition of its of the said dominion , policy towards Indians, railway extension , the
existence, the vital principle always present, although seldom geography of the Rocky Mountains, the military defensibility of Canada,
the laws of climate, the policy of colonial guarantees in general-all these
perceived, which transforms into actual results the beneficence
small matters were touched on in turn, everybody ventilated his favourite
which without it might be nothing better than mere inope- crotchet, and the only result arrived at seemed to be that the
rative good intention. To obtain this force, to give power Colonial Office, and Canada , and the company were to be left to
to wisdom and benevolence, is one of the greatest of human manage affairs after their own fashion, with a general protest against making
achievements, and when it has been achieved in any toler- the British taxpayer pay more than can be reasonably helped, in order to
able degree it becomes the duty of all who are so fortunate promote an arrangement from which he has nothing whatever to gain.
as to live under its protection to look up to it with reverence. General discussions of this kind amuse those who take part in them and
After all, the force of a multitude of men embodied in law is one hurt nobody, and the public have a certain languid interest in the pro-
of the highest and noblest things of which we have any distinct ceedings. But one slight inconvenience is apt to result from them. The
experience, and to attack it, especially with levity and on slight pro- Government bargain may turn out a job ; and when it is by-and-by
vocation, shows a degree of self- confidence and presumption which impeached , Government will point triumphantly to the fact that a full
is a grave moral defect. Nor is this at all the less true because it is opportunity had been afforded to Parliament for considering it.
a truth of which we in this country have a good deal lost sight. We do not apprehend any such danger in the present case. The
The moral wrong of most rebellions, the strong presumption which compromise between the three parties engaged in it is a reasonable one,
lies in favour of obedience to the law of the land under which men and there is nothing unjust in the stipulation that this country, which
live, are doctrines which every one is tempted in turn to forget thought proper to subject so large a part of its North-Western dominions
to the monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Company, should assist the
when his sympathies are appealed to, but which, for all that, are
Canadians in buying out that monopoly to the limited extent of a
amongst the most important of all truths. guarantee. But on one point we confess that we wish much clearer
language had been used, if not by those who represented the
several interests, at least by independent members. It should
THE AMERICAN MAILS. have been plainly avowed that Our concern in the business is
NEITHER argument nor explanation could get rid of the principal fact on simply to see that the company is neither unfairly dealt with nor extrava-
which Mr. Seely founded the first of the three resolutions he brought gantly favoured. This, and nothing more. No British interest is in the
forward on Tuesday. The late Government entered into certain contracts slightest degree concerned in the matter. British emigrants and British
with Messrs. Cunard and Co. and Mr. Inman for the conveyance of traders will take excellent care of themselves, and should be left to do so.
mails from this country to the United States. By a resolution of the To spend money in order to direct any part of our emigration towards one
House of Commons such contracts have to lie on the table for one part of America rather than another is to adopt a policy which cannot
month before they become binding. In this case the contracts were succeed, and which could do us no good if it did succeed. For our
laid on the table on the 2nd of March last, and Mr. Seely immediately . own parts, we go further, and believe that spending money in order to
moved their rejection. He afterwards withdrew this motion , and proposed open up to colonization the " fertile belt," by which fine name
in lieu of it that the contracts should be referred to a Select Committee. is meant a tract of country on the Saskatchewan north of latitude 50°,
The Committee could not meet till the 17th of March, but it close to the States frontier, and two thousand miles from the Atlantic,
worked hard, and on the 23rd it presented a report recommending will be of no more service to Canada (specifically) than it will be to Great
that the contracts should be disallowed. On that day the House Britain. But Canada is the best judge of her own affairs ; and we must
of Commons divided on the second reading of the Irish Church content ourselves with a slight suspicion that what lies at the bottom of
Bill, and thereupon adjourned before Mr. Seely could get a word the Canadian movement is neither the want of agricultural land nor fancy
in. When the House met again, on the 1st of April, a lunar month had for political extension, but the desire of an influential part of the Canadian
passed since the presentation of the contracts, and they had accordingly population to have a share in the fabulous wealth of the fur trade.
become valid by effluxion of time. The country is thus pledged for eight We could wish, in the interests of reason and common sense, that an
years certain to an annual outlay of £ 105,000, of which a Committee interdict were laid on all discussion of this subject except over a map. If
of the House of Commons has disapproved, without the House itself it were possible, on days of American or Indian or Australian debate, to
having any opportunity of expressing an opinion on the subject. Mr. Seely hang the walls of the House with gigantic maps, and to borrow the services
proposed to guard against a recurrence of this anomaly by a provision that of the intelligent functionaries who point out with long sticks the route of
such contracts should in future lie upon the table for thirty days on travellers or the course of trade at meetings of the Geographical Society,
which the House sits, and if referred to a Select Committee should the public would assuredly gain, both by the suppression of much ignorant
be subject to the decision of the House upon the report. This resolution talk, and by the facilities thus given to those who really understand a
was virtually adopted ; at least, it was only withdrawn on a promise from subject to make themselves comprehended . As it is, counsel is darkened
Mr. Gladstone that in all similar cases a vote should be asked for, by the vague repetition of scraps of topography and statistics, true, perhaps,
and the opinion of the House should be distinctly taken before the in themselves, but of which the bearing and the connection cannot be
final approbation of any postal contract. Of the propriety of the understood without such knowledge as mere inspection of a map gives at
change which Mr. Seely has been the instrument of effecting there can be once. The people of Canada are anxious to extend its limits. Canada
no doubt. If it is desirable that postal contracts should be ratified by the has the Hudson's Bay territory to the west of it. That territory contains
House of Commons, it is clearly desirable that this ratification should a certain proportion of cultivable land on the Saskatchewan. West of it
depend on something else than the moon's changes. Into the merits of lie the Rocky Mountains, and west of these British Columbia and the
the Cunard and Inman contracts it is unhappily useless to enter. Pacific. Put together these propositions thus vaguely stated, and you have
Whether they are advantageous or disadvantageous we stand bound by at once the skeleton of a theory for filling up this enormous region, from
them for eight years, and in the face of this fact any inquiry into the ocean to ocean, with British subjects under Canadian government. Now
particular payments to which they commit us would be so much crying take the map, to correct first impressions. You find that all three- the
over spilt milk. Otherwise we should be tempted to ask whether it is true, inhabited portion of Canada, theSaskatchewan country, and British
as high authorities affirm, that under the Cunard and Inman contracts the Columbia - lie close to the American frontier, three thousand miles
English Post Office pays about £ 117,000 a year for services nearly identical long. You find that nowhere along this great line is there any
with those for which the United States Post Office pays about £38,000. If reasonable prospect of a settled population establishing itself for
these figures are correct, it would have been better to ask the American generations to come, except along a belt extending in breadth at the
Government to arrange for the performance of thewhole mail service between most only a couple of hundred miles from that line. North of that limit
the two countries and to divide the expense equally. It may be hoped, begins everywhere the inhospitable desert. Next you find that between
however, that when eight more years have come and gone, the English the westernmost point of really inhabited Canada (say Lake Huron) , and
Post Office will have grown so perfect in its work as to render this suggestion the easternmost point of Saskatchewan (say Red River), there interfere
unnecessary. It promises ill for the project of an ocean penny postage four or five hundred miles of wilderness. Between the western limit of
that on the present terms of carriage the conveyance of letters from England Saskatchewan and Fraser River, in British Columbia, a still larger tract of
to America involves an annual loss to this country of about £ 42,000. impracticable mountains interposes itself. These barriers are nothing to
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the imagination of an orator. They are, unhappily, very stern realities to their cheerfulness, but even they have succeeded at last in appearing
the colonist. The country between Canada and Red River (on the British hopeful. That large fraction of Liberalism which is composed of
side of the line) is a region of frozen swamps and small lakes. No one but Orleanists is naturally somewhat dispirited. It mourns for its best
explorers and traders has ever crossed it at all. Its capabilities may be candidates, and cannot be comforted, quia non sunt ; but it has merged its
enormous, as some members of Parliament seem to suppose ; but no one has particular troubles in the general stock, and derives consolation from the
discovered them as yet. That between Saskatchewan and British Columbia fact that the Opposition-a wide word- taken as a whole, has gained
consists of three or four parallel mountain chains of the wildest description. ground. In their present calculations the Liberals are fain to include
But by moving south ofthe line- through American territory- the transit east under the head of Opposition not only the Radicals, against whom they are
or west, from one division to the other, may be made with comparative contesting seats at this present moment, but even the tiers-parti. În a
ease. Suppose a Canadian wants to go to Saskatchewan, to settle there. word, they reckon as belonging to the Opposition, in a certain sense,
He and his household gods would certainly make their way, by lake and all those who do not consider themselves bound never to oppose the
rail, through the North-western States of the Union. From Minnesota or Government on any subject whatsoever. If you will carry yourself back to
Dacotah he would recross the frontier over some ofthe most traversable prairie the last Legislature, you will be obliged to admit that this mode of
land in the world. If, on the other hand, the Canadian wants to emigrate to calculation is not so irrational as it at first appears. It is a great point
British Columbia, his route (for business purposes) must needs be through gained that the undiscriminating majority which for six years has been
the States and by the new Pacific Railroad to San Francisco. It is idle to ready to follow the Emperor blindfold through all the evolutions of his
say in reply that railroads may be made in British territory from Canada all policy will not exist in the new Chamber. It has been reckoned —and, as
the way to the Pacific. Of course they may ; but it is to be hoped that no far as the uncertain elements of calculation allow, I think fairly reckoned-
one will ever be guilty of such a wanton extravagance as to make them for that there will be at least a hundred members in the next Parliament that
political purposes, and they will be made for commercial purposes only as would refuse to do what their predecessors did ; who would not, for
soon as they are really wanted, and not when politicians fancy them desirable. instance, if a similar case presented itself, sanction without inquiry a
The consequences deducible from these facts are obvious enough, Mexican expedition, give the Government carte blanche for its foreign
whether the politicians in question like them or not. Saskatchewan will policy, as was the case after Sadowa, or even consent to leave
no doubt be peopled all in good time ; though not until neighbouring M. Haussmann's accounts quite unquestioned.
regions still empty, and enjoying a better climate, have become compara Personal government indeed, as it has been practised during the last
tively full. It seems to be a region of fair agricultural capabilities, though seventeen years, was not upheld in presence of the electors, even by the
we should have deemed the profitable cultivation of maize there, which Government candidates ; not always from any scruple perhaps, but because
some enthusiasts anticipate, about as probable as that of the vine it was felt that it must be given up to secure votes. The official candidates
or the olive. But it will assuredly be invaded by emigrants, not may be as devoted as ever, but their devotion is " like the fixed stars, fixed
lengthways from the east, but crossways from the south. It will in their orb that flies." The whole system has gravitated towards a better
be occupied by gradual overflow from Minnesota and Dacotah, across state of things, and they have travelled unconsciously with it. In a word,
the imaginary boundary line. Its first settlers will, therefore, be the elections have shown that, although many Liberals have been thrown
Americans ; just as Americans are now establishing themselves in British out, France, as a whole, has drifted into comparative Liberalism, with no
Columbia, on the other side of the Rocky Mountains, to the extent very firm or raisonné will of her own maybe, but from the sheer force of
of 98 per cent. of the people, if one of the speakers in Tuesday's debate things. Liberals are quite justified in hailing the change with pleasure,
is to be credited. Whether annexation to the States is to follow or not whatever may be the cause of it.
depends not on any sentimental preference for royalty or democracy, but If every party may find, with good will, some cause for rejoicing, it is
on the simple issue whether the States or the Dominion hold together still more true that all, with better reason, can find cause for anxiety. It
longest a question which we are certainly not prepared to discuss on the is quite impossible to foresee with any certainty how the new Chamber
present occasion. Enough for our present purpose to show that the will turn out, and what will be the respective situation of parties
country now to be purchased from the Hudson's Bay Company will never in it. not alluding only to numbers, although the fifty-nine
be colonized either from Canada or Great Britain in the way that second ballots which take place on Sunday next may make some
seems to be expected. Emigration will follow the uniform law which change even in that ; nor do I take into account the four unde-
has hitherto governed it, and which for grandeur and simplicity cided elections of Paris, which will be very significant in their way";
approaches to a law of nature. The arrival of every fresh swarm on the I mean that the new deputies may possibly group themselves in a
Atlantic seaboard displaces a certain portion of the migratory population very unexpected way, and that the old landmarks of parties may be
already established in the States. These move farther west, and the wave very much altered. Men may suddenly find themselves obliged to act
propagates itself in extending circles until the last ripple breaks across the with former foes against a new and common enemy. A foreshadowing of
frontier and bathes the skirts of the wilderness. European emigration will this may be seen in the fact that the Government papers are now recom-
not step out of this grand line of march even where the most attractive mending M. Jules Favre to the choice of the electors of the seventh
deviations appear to offer themselves. If our colonists will not be invited circumscription of Paris in order to keep out Rochefort, while M. Thiers,
to turn aside to occupy the fertile plains of New Brunswick, which lie so in his desire to exclude the official candidate at Marseilles, has written to
near and so temptingly on their western road, it is difficult to conjecture the electors of that town in favour of Gambetta, the Radical.
why they should stray off the line 2,000 miles inland in order to enjoy the There is evidently a disappointment in store for the Socialists. They
farthest location towards the pole in wild Saskatchewan. will find that half a dozen men, however noisy, cannot make themselves
heard in an Assembly of 292 , that they will be influenced by the atmo-
sphere which surrounds them, and that parliamentary forms and delays
FRANCE. will subdue the revolutionary enthusiasm for which they have been elected.
Socialism, in a word, has had its triumph at the elections, but it will not
(FROM A PARISIAN.) May 31. be represented in the Chamber, as long as the Chamber acts in a parlia
No sooner had the first shock of surprise caused by the elections passed mentary way. In case of a violent political crisis, indeed, the situation
away than all parties set diligently to work to extract some comfort from would be very different, and a determined knot of " representatives of the
the returns ; and so great is the accommodating virtue of electoral arithmetic people," proclaiming in the midst of general irresolution and confusion the
that all-Imperialists , Liberals , and Radicals - have, to a certain extent, " Social and Democratic Republic," might, of course, have very great
succeeded in proving to their own satisfaction that they have the country influence. We have seen events quite as extraordinary.
with them. It will not do to admit that universal suffrage has gone against Long before matters come to that pass the Government majority would
one.
Think what you will of it, it judges in the last resort, and from it have melted away like snow beneath the sun, would have been scattered
there is no appeal - no, not even to physical force, for force resides in like dust before the wind. Long before their devotion could be put to any
numbers. By a skilful grouping of figures a great deal may be done serious test, these docile voters would be on the road to Brussels, or hidden
however, and there is a grain of truth in the pretensions of each party, away in their cellars, waiting to see what turn events would take. Have
although they are in fact conflicting. we not seen such things before ? As one glances down the long list of
Imperialism has, no doubt, sustained a severe shock in several places, official deputies, it is pitiable to think that a Government should lean upon
and candidates who may be considered as the personal enemies of the such broken reeds. They may do right well for voting, but when the day
Emperor have been acclaimed, and, in some instances, returned bythe of danger comes they will be utterly worthless. I write with no
chief towns of the empire ; but, on the other hand, there is great consola- party animosity. An official candidate need not necessarily be a
tion in the defeat of the Orleanists, who are far more able though they nonentity ; he may wish to support the Government, and, being
may be less violent foes than the Radicals. The appearance of the anxious to succeed in his election, may desire Government help without
Radical-Socialist party on the political stage has, indeed, some advantages being worthless, but as a rule Government does not help men of
which go far to counterbalance the vexation which its success has caused
any personal value. It knows that it has a stronger hold on those who
in high places. The Red Spectre, which did so much towards establishing owe it everything, and it generally selects candidates who, without official
the power of Napoleon III. , can no longer be pooh-poohed as an invention help, would have had no chance of being elected at all. They are not
of official newspapers ; there it is, speaking by the mouths of MM. particularly obscure men or poor men, and the last Chamber was said to
Raspail and Rochefort, and those who are afraid of it may take refuge be possessed of more collective wealth than any previous Parliament France
under the protection of strong personal government. Moreover, the Govern- has seen . But they are obscure and poor as regards intellectual light and
ment is even now quite sure of a large voting majority in the new moral wealth. They may be 100, or 1,000, or 100,000 - it matters little ;
Chamber, whatever may be the result of the second ballots. So, all things let them be ever so numerous, they are but zeros, and when the unit which
considered, I am inclined to believe that those who declare that the gives them value is taken away they will be worth nothing.
elections have been on the whole thought satisfactory at the Tuileries are Of the delusions under which the Liberal party appears to me to be
quite truthful in their report.
labouring, and of the disappointments which, I fear, await it, I have no
As to the Radicals, of course they are pleased, and of course they space to speak to-day, the subject requiring some development. The
exaggerate the importance of their triumph. Their success has gone so far substance of what I would have said may be given, however, in a single
beyond their hopes that some intoxication is excusable. They sincerely line. The opposition which France has shown latterly to personal govern-
think themselves " masters of the situation . "
ment arises far less, I fear, from a renascent love of liberty than from the
No slight effort has been required on the part of the Liberals to resume fact that personal government has of late years been unsuccessful.
[ 365 ]
 ΙΟ PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 4 , 1869.

THE CAUSE OF MONETARY PANICS. HIGH LIFE IN CABOOL.

WE hear people saying lately that Paris is becoming the centre of JUDGING from the accounts that have reached us of the state of affairs
monetary business, that no large transactions can now take place in in the Afghan capital during the absence of the Ameer in Hindustan, we
London without setting the town in a state of agitation. How is this ? are not surprised to hear that even Yakoob Khan, who inherits some of
for there is much truth in it. About the middle of May this year the the virtues as well as the failings of his race, had begun to sigh for his sire's
Bank of France discounted over £7,000,000 sterling and never moved its return. It appears that when the Ameer Shere Ali had set his face towards
rate from 22 per cent. How could such a thing as this happen in Paris Peshawur, Yakoob, then temporarily holding the reins of government, lost
when under such a pressure the discount rate of the Bank of England no time in showing that, although left to his own resources, he was quite
would probably have gone up to 10 per cent, in a week ? It does not seem equal to the task of keeping himself and the city in hot water during
impossible to find an answer to this question if we look into it. The such time as the Feringees could find amusement for his father.
different position in which London is placed in respect of money as With a vigour and alacrity worthy of the spirit of a true Barukzaee,
compared with Paris is that in London we are always passing from one he at once plunged into a quarrel with two of his uncles, and then
extreme to the other. We have either too much or too little. We do not managed to drive into open rebellion the Sirdar Ismail Khan. This
remain long at the happy medium. Englishmen are much more enter- sirdar is one of the great chiefs of Cabool ; and it is possible that some
prising than Frenchmen- indeed, much more speculative and hazardous ; jewel-hilted dagger of his, or reputedly attractive inmate of his harem, had
-and, although one is ashamed to own it, they are also more aroused irrepressible longings in the bosom of the young prince. The
easily frightened, at least as regards the money market. What sirdar, however, by all accounts appears to be a man of parts, and tolerably
does this arise from ? When people get beyond their depth they well able to take care of himself and his belongings. After a game of hide
lose their presence of mind, and the tendency to get out of depth in and seek, he managed to checkmate the young governor by effecting his
business matters seems to have increased prodigiously of late years in escape into what is called the Kuzzil-bash quarter of the city. For some
this country. Then, again, as compared with France, we in England reason, not apparent to us unacquainted with the present police arrange-
have learnt to economize our metallic currency to the utmost, and we must ments of the Afghan capital, the sirdar, once in this quarter, enjoyed an
take the consequences. Just in proportion as we dispense with gold will it immunity from further molestation, the Kuzzil-bash serais standing,
go where there is a better market for it. As a matter of course, when we suppose, much in the same relation to Yakoob's myrmidons as
the bits of paper-bills and notes- which we use instead of bullion are the back slums of the New-cut to our constables of police. The
distrusted, and everybody demands the solid equivalent, if in our greed to Sirdar, moreover, in his retreat, found himself in the, to a Caboolee,
make the most of it we have put our gold out of reach for the moment, enviable position of a man who could at his leisure execute
we must suffer accordingly until we recover enough to fulfil our engage- two Heratees a day, until such time as Yakoob might be induced
ments, so far, at least, as to allay alarm. The probabilities are that to listen to the voice of reason . These Heratees are stanch supporters of
at the present time there is a great deal more metal currency, not Shere Ali and his son, having come over with them from Herat on the
in circulation only, but held in France, than there is in England ; occasion of the Ameer's last victorious entry into Cabool. The deliberate
and consequently, when commercial affairs are flourishing with our execution, therefore, of a brace a day of these poor faithful mercenaries
neighbours, their proportion of the precious metals in use is many was, looking at it in an Afghan point of view, if not an original, at least a
times larger than ours, for the simple reason that the French people happy idea on the part of the sirdar, and one which in common fairness
have not advanced so far as we have in the use of paper for the should have entitled him to some respect and attention. Whether it did
payment of debts and the interchange of commodities. They are, in fact, so is another affair. For it is possible that Shere Ali and his son may have
much more conservative. An Englishman is not contented in anything expressed themselves on the subject of this massacre of their retainers
like the same degree to remain without some employment for his money in the philosophic spirit of the Irish landlord, who, on hearing that his
as a Frenchman. Such a state of things here as is now seen at the Bank agent had been shot at, wrote to him saying, " Tell my tenants that
of France, where, perhaps, near upon £30,000,000 of gold is lying if they think to frighten me by shooting you they are very much
idle, and to no purpose, for months and months together, is almost mistaken."
impossible. Yakoob, what with a good substantial quarrel with two uncles on the
Some people jump to the conclusion that France must be richer for one hand, and a sirdar killing off Heratees and in open rebellion
this reason. Such an inference is fallacious. The great difference, however, on the other, had naturally little time to devote to such a trifling
between the working of the currency in the two countries results from the matter as the maintenance of order in the city under his charge ; and
fact that in France there is comparatively an absence of that constant strain the good lieges of Cabool have evidently not been slow to profit by
upon credit which is nearly always going on in this country. In France the occasion. We read of murders and robberies as being unusually
people keep in their strong rooms a certain amount of the precious metals. frequent. Fathers with objectionable or extravagant sons were rapidly
Everybody, it may be said, provides some at least of his own reserve, or a getting them out of the way by shooting them. Husbands plagued
very large number of the population do. It may be an antiquated system with too many wives were carrying out reforms in their establishments
as compared with ours, but perhaps it costs less in the long run. We by simply murdering those " lights of their harems " who, for some
may, at least, infer so from our late experiences. In this manner, then, reason or other, no longer shone as such in the eyes of their lords.
may we account for the possibility of the Bank of France lately being But to this wife-killing mania, which appears to have suddenly
able to discount £7,000,000 sterling without moving the rate ; it being of possessed the residents in the capital, the chief magistrate, probably a
course understood that the amount of bullion now is exceptionally bachelor, raised objections. He, indeed, had the spirit to express himself as
large. The people have got just so far as to keep part of their " highly displeased" at this summary manner of diminishing the number
balances in the Bank of France, but they could not be induced to of the harem's inmates. Yakoob also, evidently, did not approve of
employ the money to the extent that we do in England. The amount the prevailing fashion, for the few leisure moments his uncles and the
of the subscriptions to foreign loans in this market during the past rebellious sirdar allowed him he devoted to reading unreasonable hus-
two or three years has reached a total far larger than the gold at bands a lecture out of the Koran on the delicate subject of this slaughter
present in the vaults of the Bank of France ; it may be asked, how of their wives. The chief magistrate probably interpreted the law on
have we managed it, for a great deal has been taken away in gold the happy occasion, explaining that as the law itself permitted thirteen
bullion ? It is simple enough to account for a good deal of the money different ways of divorce there was scarcely any necessity for such harsh
that has left England on loan lately without any gold whatever having measures that, in fact, wives, thanks to the Prophet, were to be got rid
been actually produced. As we have before remarked , we do as much of in a variety of ways more orthodox than " the dagger and the bowl."
as possible without gold except to carry in our pockets, and in this With what pleasure, after the dull, decorous days he had passed with
respect we are unlike other nations. The holding of Englishmen in the conquerors of Hindustan, but with which he is of too shrewd a
strictly foreign stocks represents probably a greater proportion than is nature to have expressed himself other than pleased, Shere Ali must have
held by all the other nations of the earth put together, although it looked forward to his return to Cabool, where so much in the way of the
may be admitted that the proportion is certainly moving against us, real business of life was going on, any one at all acquainted with Afghan
i.e. that other nations have of late years accumulated riches and very character can readily imagine ; for though the rupees of the Feringees are
much increased their holdings. But while this constant borrowing goes on precious, sweeter far and more precious still are the hoarded jewels of
between nations it stands to reason that the country that is the largest wealthy Hindoo and other merchants resident in Cabool. These treasures,
creditor is able in proportion to dispense with so large a reserve of the now that he is the acknowledged ruler of Afghanistan, he may have
precious metals, if moderate prudence is observed. A rise in the rate of the pleasure of digging up and unveiling ; and, judging from his ante-
discount, caused by an efflux of gold, whether from our people trading in cedents, Shere Ali is not the man to entertain any sickly scruples in
foreign bonds, or any other article to which they take a fancy, causes a filling his purse, any more than did our King John, who drew the teeth of
fall in securities. The foreigner comes into the market and buys at the rich Jews to replenish his treasury.
lower figures, and we have immediately bullion at our command. Our But, as Saadi has it, " Where is the rose without the thorn ?" and
system requires amendment so as to prevent our going to unnecessary the thorn in Shere Ali's rose will be that very troublesome city, Herat.
extremes. We make an unnecessary loss in both cases. When we have The place and its future " independence," whether to be or not to be,
too much our people are impatient and go too far into speculation. When is likely enough shortly to claim both his closest attention and that of
we have too little the slightest circumstance is sufficient to produce a panic. the British Government. For, if report says true, Shah Nawaz Khan,
The difficulty then comes to this-that the community as a body depend the son of the late ruler of the territory, is marching on the great fortress
upon the banks, and the banks depend upon the Bank of England, well at the head of 8,000 Persian troops. If the mature manhood of this chief
knowing that the proprietors can, in case of need, force the Government belies not the promise of his youth, the bitter hostility that raged between
to allow them to exceed the terms of the charter. What is the result ? his father, Sultan Ahmed Khan, and the late Ameer Dost Mahomed Khan,
Undue advantage is taken of the position of the Bank of England. Under is not likely either to be forgotten by him, or to lose anything in his keeping
different circumstances, those who now look too much to the Bank of of its old vindictive spirit. If he can, he will take the place, and he
England for help would have to limit their engagements within due may then be relied upon to hold it, with Persia's aid, against any of the
bounds, or keep some bullion in the strong box, as the Frenchman does. "Allah
sons of Dost Mahomed as long as he has breath in his body to say,
Here lies the weak point of the whole question. Kereem. "
[ 366 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. II
JUNE 4, 1869. ].

แ Another grave defect is to be found in the restraints placed on the

THE AMENDED BANKRUPTCY BILL. creditors' discretion in dealing with what, by the mere fact of bankruptcy,
We have received the following letter from Mr. J. Boyd Kinnear, author has become their property. I have pointed out the restrictions placed
of a draft scheme of bankruptcy reform for England, who speaks with upon them in respect to the method of remunerating the trustee, who is
some authority on the subject as the draftsman of the Scotch Act which their agent. It is an error in the opposite direction that the trustee is not
has given such general satisfaction : — forbidden to be a near connection or agent of the bankrupt, while
he is empowered (sec. 25) to employ the debtor (at a salary, if this
" A few weeks ago you did me the honour to comment with approval be sanctioned by the creditors, sec. 36) in winding up his own
on the draft of a Bankruptcy Bill which I have submitted to the mer- affairs. On the other hand, the creditors are not allowed to dele-
cantile community, and to recommend the adoption of some of the
gate the choice of the trustee to the committee of inspection. In
principles which it embodies. Since that time the Government measure giving any directions as to the management of the estate the court is
has passed pro formâ through Committee, for the purpose of being authorized (sec. 13 ) to overrule the creditors' wishes at its discretion. So, also,
reprinted with the amendments of its authors, and it has just been issued
in deciding as to the close of the bankruptcy (sec. 45) the court may overturn
in its new shape. It may, therefore, interest your readers to know how the creditors' decision. Lastly, the pernicious rule that a bankrupt may
far the bill has been altered, and in particular how far it now accepts
obtain his discharge from the court without the sanction of creditors, if he
the principles which, as set forth in my draft, you thought worthy of pays 10s. in the pound, is still retained. There is some obscurity in sec. 46,
recognition.
in which this enactment occurs, but the meaning seems to be that the assent
"To begin with the latter, as much the briefer enumeration--the of five-sixths of the creditors is necessary to such discharge before the bank-
amended bill, besides some improvements in definitions, adopts the ruptcy is closed, but that the court may grant it without assent after the bank-
suggestion of permitting substituted service when the debtor petitioned ruptcy is declared to be closed. It is much to be regretted that Govern-
against is not to be found, though unfortunately leaving the con- ment should adhere to the idea of prescribing a fixed limit, on one side of
ditions to be ' prescribed ' by the Lord Chancellor ; it proposes
which honesty is presumed , while on the other side dishonesty is regarded
to abolish at once the existing country district courts, and to transfer as the rule. Nor can the creditors be considered less competent judges of
their jurisdiction to the county courts ; it allows bankruptcy to be the bankrupt's conduct if they receive 10s. 1d. in the pound than if they
closed by composition, and it permits the trustee to be other than a realize only 95. 11d. The true principle is undoubtedly to be found in
creditor.
making every debtor understand that he will be bound to pay in full all
" The bill, however, has been in other respects altered to a very much that he contracts to pay, unless he can satisfy at least a consider-
greater extent. This will be apparent from the fact that, though reduced
able majority of his creditors, who best know the facts, that his
from 132 to 127 clauses, by the omission of those which related to the con- conduct has not been blameworthy, and that he is not undeserving of a
tinuance of the existing district courts, it has grown in actual length from remission of the obligation he has incurred. But the Government has
forty-two to forty-seven pages, or, including the Imprisonment Bill, to fifty- pushed its regard for the principle of only paying ros. in the pound to such
six pages. In point of fact, out of the 127 clauses there are no less than
an extent that not only is a bankrupt's after acquired property to be liable
eighty-five which are either new or have been amended, while the like only to that extent during five years after bankruptcy (sec. 53 ), but there
course has been adopted in regard to ten out of the twenty-four clauses of is actually a new provision in sec. 89 to the effect that a person in the Civil
the Imprisonment for Debt Bill. Many of these amendments are, indeed, Service of the Crown shall only be liable to have his pay or pension appro-
only verbal or grammatical, showing the anxiety with which the bill priated to payment of his debts until 10s. in the pound has been paid, and
has been revised ; but many are very important, and their effect no longer.
cannot be appreciated without an examination as careful as was given
to the measure in its first shape. It would be impossible in a letter "The provisions in the Imprisonment for Debt Bill deserve attention in
to attempt this, and I shall therefore limit myself to pointing connection with this subject. It will be remembered that the original bill
out the leading particulars in which I think the measure still faulty. preserved the county court imprisonment for debt. The amended bill
To obviate egotistical reference on each subject to the provisions which extends to £50 the limit at which imprisonment may be inflicted for
my own draft contains, I will here say once for all that it differs debt when at or after the judgment the debtor has had sufficient means to
pay it. Now it is impossible to support a distinction between defaulters
from the Government measure in all the points to which I am going to
refer. to the extent of £ 50 and to an extent above that sum ; and at least if
such a distinction is to be made at all, it ought to be in the direction of
"The amended Government bill still contains the defect, so much
animadverted on by all mercantile bodies, of leaving many of the most inflicting the heavier punishment on those whose liabilities are the largest,
instead of letting them go free and punishing only the small debtors. It
essential details to be regulated by rules to be framed by the Lord Chan-
may be noted, however, that the list of misdemeanours now includes
cellor. Section 79 thus directs that the Lord Chancellor may prescribe
persons contracting a debt without reasonable expectation of being able to
regulations for the service of petitions, for the valuation of debts, for the
pay it, though this would not meet the case of a person who has means
valuation of securities, for the imposition of fees, for the allowing
enough to pay each separate debt, but not means enough to pay the whole
or not of interest or discount on debts or dividends, respecting the together.
funds out of which costs are to be paid, the order of payment, and
the amount and taxation thereof, respecting the remuneration to be given " It would occupy too much space if I were to go over the defects of the
to the trustee and the security to be given by him (in this matter over- measure, even as now amended, in respect to the procedure in procuring
ruling section 13 , which gives these powers to the creditors, subject to adjudication and in conducting the proceedings. Practical men will see
' prescribed regulations ' ), and respecting any other matter or thing on examining it many instances in which there is great scope left for
in regard to which the Lord Chancellor may think fit to make regulations. dispute as to the meaning of the Act, and many more in which the pro-
Hitherto all these matters have been dealt with in the Act as passed by visions are either needlessly troublesome or incapable of being of any
Parliament, and it is certainly possible to conceive that some future service. Why, for instance, should it be necessary to prove an act of
Lord Chancellor may prescribe ' rules which Parliament, advised by bankruptcy in a case where the debtor appears and confesses the debt, or
commercial men, would not have sanctioned. The apparent brevity where its existence is beyond dispute ? Why should the decision of all
attained by such means is fallacious, for it merely puts the law of bank- actions against the debtor, after bankruptcy, be taken from the proper court,
ruptcy into two documents instead of one. Another evil affecting the and imposed on the Bankruptcy Courts? They will have no greater
structure of the bill lies in the fact that the definitions are not to be found powers of ascertaining the truth, and no greater rapidity of proceeding,
in one clause, but are scattered throughout the whole measure. Section 4 while some, at least, may possibly not inspire the same respect. Why again
is the general interpretation clause, but ' trader ' is defined in section 6 should the exceptional favour shown to Crown debts be continued ? Why
and the schedule, ' secured creditor ' in section 15, ' trustee ' in section 16, should the declaring of a dividend at any time be left (sec. 39) to the
'liability ' in section 29, and so on. With regard to the persons pleasure of the trustee, subject only to the duty of explaining
his reasons ' for no dividend once in six months ? Why should the
liable to adjudication, it cannot but be considered a defect that any
distinction is still made between traders and non-traders. None has been Act be obscured with the addition (sec. 75) of the impracticable clause
declaring that one court shall be ' auxiliary ' to another ?, How
for the last thirteen years recognized in Scotland, and none has been found
to be required. With regard to the courts to which the control of the can a court which knows nothing of a case be safely directed to act
as if it had the case before itself, except in relation to such
proceedings is entrusted , it seems no less unfortunate that the selection of
chief judge should still be limited to the judges of the common law courts, specific matters as examination of witnesses or backing of warrants,
thus excluding all Chancery Queen's counsel and judges, to whom has hitherto which are provided for in separate sections ? Why (to spare further
enumeration of difficulties) should there be no attempt to include the
fallen the chief experience in bankruptcy law. But a still more serious
administration of the affairs of deceased insolvents, or of partnerships.
source of inconvenience in the judicial procedure rests in the enactments
regardingthe course of appeals. From the county courts, as the tribunals of of more than seven members, seeing that experience in Scotland has
first instance, there is to be (sec. 72 ) appeal to the chief judge, from him, proved the great convenience of extending the law of bankruptcy to such
on questions of law, to the common law court of which he is a member,
cases ?
and from it to the House of Lords, where, on an average, two years will "These and other grave defects in the present measure can hardly,
elapse before the case can be heard. Thus, on the question of proof of having escaped remedy by the Government, be now remedied by private
debts, valuation of securities, or any matter of administration of the estate, members of Parliament. It will be, therefore, for commercial men to con-
there will, first, be the decision of the trustee ; secondly, that of the county sider how far their existence detracts from the advantages which would
court; thirdly, there may be a rehearing by the same court ; fourthly, an otherwise have accrued from the adoption of the sound principles
appeal to the chief judge ; fifthly (with his leave), an appeal to the court which, to some extent, the bill includes. For my share I can hardly
at Westminster ; sixthly (with its leave), an appeal to the House of Lords. doubt that a committee of merchants, aided by a solicitor expe-
Six stages of litigation are surely too much to place in the power of a rienced in commercial wants, could during the recess frame a measure
creditor or trustee, even if limited by requiring in some of them leave of which would be more sound, better adapted to actual requirements,
a court, which we all know is always easily granted. One appeal from the and far less liable to create and prolong litigation than that which has
now been laid before Parliament. Whether the matter is worth
county courts to the lords justices ought to be enough to secure justice
and the uniformity of the law. such delay I do not presume to decide."
[ 367 ]
 12 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 4, 1869.

A GENERAL ELECTION IN BRAZIL, THE HORSE SHOW.

A BRAZILIAN pamphlet, called " Manifesto of the Liberal Centre," FROM Epsom to Islington is a natural transition, and the amateurs of the
affords us some insight into the mode of government and the working stable now-a-days have their succession of May réunions as well as the
of parliamentary institutions in Brazil. This manifesto is signed by nine affiliated to Exeter Hall. After the feverish excitement of the great race
leading supporters in the Senate of the Ministry which was suddenly meetings, enhanced by the highly speculative character of the weather that
displaced by the Emperor in July of last year (Senhor Zacharias, the has attended them this year, it is something to know that you are going
chief of that Ministry, is one of the nine) , and is a formal and very where you are likely neither to be badgered nor cozened into laying or
vehement protest against the manner in which the existing Ministry taking the odds ; where the east wind and the contents of those ominous
has carried the elections for the new Parliament. When the Emperor clouds are shut out in any case ; where there is little dust, and not
dismissed the last Ministry it had a large majority in the House of any unreasonable amount of mud. We do not know that this year,
Representatives. The Parliament was immediately dissolved ; the fresh from the admiration of the cracks of the turf in the Epsom
elections took place in December for the new Parliament, which was paddock, one does not feel it something of a bathos among the
to meet at Rio Janeiro in the beginning of this month, under a provision exhibited of the Agricultural Hall. Among weight-carriers with hounds,
of the Constitution prescribing the annual meeting of the Chambers on the for instance, there is, to be sure, sufficient of bone and breeding
1st of May. From July last till this month of May war and finance have and substance to furnish arguments to the optimists who deny that our
been carried on by the Ministry without parliamentary control. It may be stock is running to seed through the early training of their sires. Yet,
added that the Ministry, which was removed in July, 1868, was of the take them all in all, they are scarcely, we should say, of a form to carry
party called " Liberal ; " the new Ministry is " Conservative." How the creditably the reputation of the shires, to say nothing of the counties
ascendency of the latter has been achieved in the last general election is generally. We repeat it, we speak of the average, not of individuals ; and
set forth with overwhelming fulness of detail in the " Manifesto of the we have a chestnut or two in particular in our eye who, we suspect, once
Liberal Centre. " We can only describe a portion of the extraordinary well away, would show little but hocks and heels to carping critics in the
impeachment and evidence. field. But for the general exposition of horseflesh that awaits you in the
Passing by their charges of " acts of absolute power committed by the Hall, it has all the charm of an infinite variety, and there are animals whose
Ministry against the Constitution of the State," we come to a chapter on appearance says much more for the partiality of their exhibitors than for
" Dismissals." A sub-delegate of police in the province of Bahia issued their judgment. It is to be remarked that some of the few whose looks
the following instructions to an inspector :--- are positively forbidding are offered to possible purchasers at prices
Sir, -On receiving this you will inform the people of your district as to the elections, seemingly merely tentative, if not absolutely prohibitory. There can be
and to be early on the day of election at Alagoinhas, and you will also be there to no question whatever that some of them are "rum 'uns to look at," and
answer for them . You should make known to all that those only will be impressed for even when you see them move you are very slow to admit them to be good
the army who vote against the Government, which has no friendship or care for such ones to go. As is but natural, the Park hacks supply the most extreme
people, and that those who vote in favour of the Government will suffer nothing, and examples of this, for in that class a perfect animal-did such a thing ever
will be guaranteed against impressment. Give this information to all, so that they may exist is necessarily almost priceless where competitors for him are so
not plead ignorance . FRANCISCO PEREIRA DANTAS, Sub-delegate of Araças. many to whom money is no object. The prices set on them are generally
No turn-out on a change of President at Washington can be more purely fancy ones, and if you have only something to go upon in the way
comprehensive than the dismissals of functionaries for the general election either of show or pace, the more you dare to ask the more you seem likely
under the new Brazilian Ministers. " The dismissals included all the pre- to get. Their value turns on their action and their beauty, and
sidents of provinces, vice-presidents, chiefs of police, delegates, sub- the latter quality being very much matter of opinion , of course
delegates, supplementary ditto, inspectors of districts ; and in almost the proprietor may charge for it according to his own conceptions of the
all the provinces there were dismissed the public prosecutors, inspectors of beautiful. This must be the clue to the playfully extravagant figures
provincial treasuries, collectors' clerks, provincial procurators fiscal, officers attached to animals on which you feel it would take a valuable considera-
of the police corps, public professors, administrators of public promenades tion indeed to induce you to exhibit yourself in the Row. Then, again, a
and cemeteries .'22 In some provinces officials holding life patents were horse may be the pride of his native parish until concurrent flattery con-
dismissed. The vice-president of the province of Minas issued a general firms the master who has bred him in a fast faith in the perfections of his
order :-" All the police authorities of such a municipality are dismissed, favourite. See him cantering out in the Hall between a couple of com-
and such and such individuals are appointed." panions who really are the beauties he was fancied to be, and his humbled
We are next introduced to some of the new appointments made for owner will be the first to confess his error, and in disgust hurry his opinion
election purposes ; the nine Senators and ex-Ministers say there are many to the opposite extreme. One is struck with the elasticity of the appellation
instances of criminals being appointed magistrates, and , abstaining from " cob " as applied to animals destined for the criticism
of expe-
the mention of more, they name four cases -a sub-delegate of police in rienced judges. Rarely, indeed, is one arrested by the massive
Pernambuco, who barbarously murdered his brother-in-law in his sister's shapes of the miniature dray-horse, blood and bone combined, one used to
(the wife's) arms ; a delegate of police in Ceará, who had been tried for read of in old sporting books and see in old sporting prints. No wonder
two murders ; an agent of police in Pará, described as "the celebrated an elderly gentleman, eighteen stone or over, finds a difficulty in mounting
Angelin, author of the massacre of Carmo in 1835 ; " and a sub-delegate himself, although the columns of the papers teem with sporting advertise-
of police in Bahia, whom the chief of police designated in a public report ments offering " cobs " perfect in action and easily masters of any weight
of September 22, 1859, as a murderer. up to a Daniel Lambert. In all the classes the ordeal becomes the more
The various forms and extent of intimidation are something appalling. trying to the indifferent ones, because there is much that is very good indeed
There were " nightly circuits on the plan of the Mashorca of criminals to contrast them with, and although there are plenty of weeds through the
Scouring the streets and roads, stoning the houses of the Liberals, insulting grain, as the veriest novice may detect, yet the samples of the latter run
them and threatening them with death, terrifying families and causing each other so hard as to try the critical sagacity of the most experienced.
general alarm." " In Ico the judges of right (juizes de direito) and the If horses could understand our talk, as Captain Lemuel Gulliver learned
municipal judges were ordered, on pain of death, to quit their residences." to follow theirs, the more sensitive of them would have a trying time of it.
It is explained that " the principal means of intimidation employed were Imagine that graceful, bright-eyed, satin-skinned, playful mare, with all the
arbitrary imprisonment, forced recruiting for the army, and designation for fondness of her sex for flattery and pretty speeches and caresses, listening
military service, every one of these means singly efficacious for alarming a to the rude comments passed on her. Well for her critic she does not,
peaceable population. " Numerous instances are given with names of persons otherwise her retort might take the shape of a vivacious lash out behind,
imprisoned, impressed , and designated for war service. The following are that would leave her indubitably with the best of it. Every man there
extracts from a letter addressed to one of the writers by a senator of Ceará, either knows something of horses, or affects to do so. If he does know a
Senhor Pompeo de Souza (a senator is a life-member of the Upper House, good deal about them, he has probably had many transactions in horse-
always selected by the Emperor from three chosen by the province) : flesh, personal or vicarious, and thus carping at the horses of other
It is absolutely necessary to see and be present at these scenes of consternation and men has become as much a second nature as puffing his own. If he
anguish through which this disinherited portion of the subjects of Don Pedro II . are knows little, it is easier far to put one's finger on faults than on beauties or
passing in order to recognize and believe the fact that the lot of the subjects of Asiatic merits, and it looks a great deal more like knowing. Among the visitors at
Turkey is a thousand times better than that of a Brazilian Liberal at the present moment. the Hall there is all the animation springing from a real interest, contrasting
Since August, when the news of the entrance of the Conservatives into power reached us, with the decorous indifference that characterizes the talk of the frequenters
known assassinations have occurred, eight of them by military detachments or by soldiers of of Burlington House. At the Academy, who out of the little artists' world
police, sent officially ; for every one who has a private grudge makes use of the time, applies greatly cares whether his friends differ from his estimate of a painting or
to any authority for recruiting powers, asks for the help of force, goes to his enemy's house, agree with it ? But at Islington let a friend or even a bystander impugn
and assassinates him. Do you know any civilized country in which such things are done ? the opinion you have jerked out casually about a horse, and straightway
Soldiers enter a house when the wife is in the pains of labour ; the husband, to you and he go at it tooth and nail. Then the visitors to Islington roll up
save her from alarm, offers himself as prisoner, but the soldiers search the house, go to in groups, each constituting itself into a peripatetic debating club, that
the wife's bed, examine it to see (they said) whether any recruitable man was hidden there ; becomes immortal and indefatigable before an unfailing succession of
the wretched woman is horrified, shrieks out, in the name of decency, to spare her this animated subjects. At early morning a gentleman from some remote county
shame, but the vandals go on ; she becomes delirious, and dies, leaving a young family. comes striding into the Hall, somewhat disconsolate, aforlorn unit in a world of
I ask, is anything worse possible in Paraguay ? Alas ! these are Brazilians who suffer, unsympathetic strangers. He tends instinctively towards the friends he has
subjects of a monarch, Christian, liberal, and humane. among the horses, and goes to renew his acquaintance with the familiars of
In Campo Grande the sub-delegate surrounds the coffee estate of Lieutenant-Colonel his hunt. By the stall his face lights up at the vision of a countryman, whom
Vicente Torres to arrest him, without offence charged. He was away. He arrests his he just knows to nod to at home ; but here in London, five minutes later,
labourers, whips the female slaves, searches the whole house, threatens the respectable the pair are sworn brothers. So the ball goes rolling and the party gathering.
lady ofthe house with a caning, carrying a palmatoria in his hand. There are perpetual refreshment counters provided by the admirable
The pamphlet is full of similar details. The testimony of Senhor arrangements of the management. These offer facilities for liquoring up
Zacharias and his colleagues is not the less trustworthy because their own that foster friendships like forcing-houses, and would almost suffice for the
party would probably use, and probably has used, Government influence calls on them were the show held by the Rocky Mountains or on the
for a general election in similar ways, though perhaps in a less degree, prairies of the far West. Not that by sticking to stimulating fluids the
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 PALL MALL BUDGET. 13
JUNE 4, 1869. ]

robust country party risks tampering with constitutions that look indeed as character? or a rugged manner ? or even fickleness ? It often happens
if they would stand any amount of liberties. The feats performed on that of two brothers, the one who commands friends and allies by hundreds
solid joints by rural appetites that have apparently found edge in London is not only inferior to the first both morally and intellectually, but inferior
smoke, make London men turn away in chastened envy, remembering not to the mass of men and women he bends to his will without apparent
dissimilar performances oftheir own among the Alps and on the moors. But effort. As often you will find that out of several sisters the one who rules
while thus sustaining their corporal powers, the visitors are ever bracing the domestic kingdom with unlimited sway, attracting and bewitching all
their mental ones by controversial gladiatorship, and turn when you may, those who enter it, is the least lovely, and perhaps the least amiable. Nay,
you hear men talking plausibly, if not intelligently, of horseflesh. she may be downright ugly, and yet her subtle powers of fascination
We should say it must want fully more of nerve to ride your horse perplex and defy all the handsome women of her acquaintance.
into the ring before a house filled, pit and gallery, with centaurs and pseudo- If not in moral and physical perfections then, where shall we look for
centaurs, than to send him at the ugliest rasper you meet in a long the secret of this strange magnetism ? Doubtless, such attributes as a
day's run. Yet, generally speaking, there is apparently much non- melodious voice, a graceful elocution, and a characteristic manner account
chalance about those amateur jockeys, although many of them show for much superficial admiration ; but they do not account for the more
by no means at home in the saddle, or seem ever likely to lasting homage of which we speak. Go into any ordinary drawing-room
witch the world with their noble horsemanship. There are among them and say whether the likes and dislikes of stereotyped society are insipid or
those who are certainly wanting in the graces of the manége, although they no. In every circle there is sure to be one man or one woman whose powers
may illustrate different styles of seat. One man rides with long cavalry of fascination are too strong to be always harmless. Abnormal influence
stirrups, another sits like a sack. One man makes his début in trousers over others, moreover, is apt of itself to lead to caprice and cruelty on the
rucked up to the knees, another has so far sacrificed to the graces as to part of the persons who exercise it. The very intensity of the allegiance
secure his with twine to his shoes, while a third only holds his mount in a yielded by their worshippers is a temptation to submit them to another
snaffle-bridle or an exercising bit, and although catalogued a perfect and yet another ordeal. Or it may be-and here we touch upon
hunter and priced accordingly, the brute is boring with his head well down one of the saddest and strangest riddles that perplex the thoughtful—
between his knees, and pulling his rider's arms off. If an owner means to some fatal instinct impels us to play with our best affections as recklessly as
show or sell, we should have imagined he would have wished to do one savages play with the life they have not learned to make lovely. The game
or other to the best advantage. But leaving the horses for the is one of alternate loss and gain ; as Heine expresses it :----
chariots, we see one that is certainly a novelty, and we think an Heute muss ich dafür leiden
ingenious one, if indeed it be destined to find its use superseded by Dass ich gestern glücklich war.
an early abolition of the game laws - we allude to a game-van for To-day we suffer for having been happy yesterday ; and to-morrow we
carrying home uninjured the spoils of the battue. It is fitted up
shall long for the same happiness or misery, no matter which. Life is many
inside something like a larder ; round the sides are shelves of zinc wire for faceted as a diamond. Fresh interests crowd upon us from day to day till
the birds, while below, and two or three feet from the bottom of the
we are in danger of being helplessly swamped by them ; but none usurp
carriage, are rows of parallel bars for slinging the ground game. It occurred the sovereignty of the person who by sheer force of affinity, idiosyncrasy,
to us the birds might be apt to be jolted from the shelves over rough cross- call it what you will, seems to stand nearer to us than all the rest of the
roads, but that fault, if it exists, might be easily remedied, and we under- world. The domestic tie has evidently nothing to do with the question.
stand, moreover, that where it has been tried the van has been found to
Neither has sex, since one woman will often sway masses of women in a
answer. The driver's seat is a cartridge box ; the interior of the vehicle is degree wholly marvellous. Nor can age be taken into account ; men, and
of varnished teak, so that it can be easily washed, and out of the shooting even women, far advanced in years are not unfrequently " the cynosure
season it may be gutted of shelves and bars and used for carrying luggage. of all eyes " in a brilliant crowd. Still less must the allurements of outer
Ascending to the galleries we see proof of the liberality of the circumstance presuppose an excessive influence over others. A duke
administration in the display of velocipedes, destined, as their constructors him to some shabby,
may quite possibly prove a bore, and you turn from
tell us, to be such formidable rivals to carriages and chevaux de luxe.
When velocipede driving is once considered as much a part of a gentle apparently insignificant person, whose words hold you by magic force,
whose presence seems magnified as he speaks, whose eyes flash inspiration
man's education as riding has been regarded hitherto, cover hacks will be upon you. The theory that moral supremacy and personal fascination go
among the first things a sportsman of active habits and economical tastes hand in hand is not tenable for a moment. Lamentably enough, expe-
will learn to dispense with. We have seen enough of the caprices of rience teaches that the very person whose will acts upon others like a
fashion to know that any fresh season may chance to make bicycles the charm may be a Comus or a Vivien. If we take less extreme cases, we
rage, and leave park hacks a drug in the market. Meantime, however, we
are bound to say the horse-dealing fraternity show no symptoms of having must allow elevation of character to have very little share in the influence
exercised by one human being over many others, meaning by influence
taken the alarm as yet, and when they deign a glance to these uncomfort-
that direct, unbounded personal sway which creates enthusiasm after
able triumphs of science it conveys more of contempt than hatred. The
enthusiasm and impression after impression, which sends us away hungering
day may come, perhaps, when velocipedes will be the allies as well as rivals
of the Islington horse-dealers, and an organized velocipede service, and thirsting for more, which keeps us in love with life to the end.
And what is the spell ? Who shall analyze the elements of this moral
diminishing time and space, may bring Islington to St. James's, instead of potion of which we all drink and are intoxicated ? Mr. Lecky, in the
the journey thither being, as it is now, a feat of adventurous travel.
introductory chapter to his last work, has a suggestive remark on the
possibility of raising moral pathology to a science, predicting the greatest
results from the study of the relations between our physical and moral
natures. Not only does he think that were we acquainted with these, we
THE SECRET OF PERSONAL FASCINATION.
might treat systematically by medicine the many varieties of mental,
COULD any one unravel the mystery of personal fascination, he would as we now treat bodily, disease ; but that such knowledge would have a
surely reveal stranger things than " what songs the sirens sang," or the great philosophical value in throwing light upon what he calls "the
symphony of the Abyssinian maid " playing on a dulcimer." Subtle as filiation of our moral qualities." Perhaps advanced psychological
magnetism, inevitable as chemical attraction, problematic as the very inquiry would enable us to attribute the blind subjugation of one mind
nature ofphysical existence itself, this force surrounds us on every side, and by another to its proper cause and disclose the subtle laws acting upon
goes far to make our social life the complex thing we find it. Who can different dispositions as unerringly as the force of chemical attraction upon
tell why certain men and women exercise such influence over those around molecules. Till then we must rest content with such inductions as expe-
them ?—an influence often totally irrespective of the circumstances usually rience enables us to make, and they carry us but a very little way. Beyond
held accountable for personal attraction. We do not speak here directly the isolated facts that intense power of throwing oneself into the interests
of the passion of love. We speak of the more complicated and hardly of others constitutes sympathy, and sympathy attracts ; that from this very
less potent fascinations to which men and women are subject in their reason, health, without which it is almost impossible to exercise strong
relations as social, moral, and intellectual beings. Happily for us, our sympathy, is an invariable element of personal fascination ; that contrast,
life is many-sided, and if domestic affections prove but apples of Sodom, whether of character, outward appearance, or even circumstances, is
there are sympathies awaiting us in the world beyond the fireside as pure often an allurement of the strongest kind ; that eccentricity, or, to
and lasting. Thought and action will pall at times, and the mere sense of use a more exact word, bizarrerie, acts forcibly upon the imagi-
existence become a weariness to the spirits. But the spell of personal native, what do we know ? How far is this power a gift and how
fascination holds us fast through all. There are persons here and there who far an acquirement ? Why is the very fascination of some the repug-
can no more become common or unlovely in our eyes than the flashing nance of others ? What accounts for the supreme pleasure of being
meteor or the one perfect rainbow of the summer. And why ? led hither and thither as the potentate of our affections wills ? These con-
It is little wonder that the mystery appears so inscrutable, while the facts clusions and inquiries lead into still wider fields of speculation. The
are so contradictory. That an individual extraordinarily rich in gifts and question, for instance, whether personal fascination is wholly a natural gift
graces should have the power of attracting others seems natural enough. or a studied acquirement deserves an essay to itself. Of the men and
Beauty in a woman, for instance, holds as legitimate a sway over all hearts women who enthrall and bewitch at pleasure, how many do it involuntarily
as a man's eloquence. An elevated moral tone and an intellect nobly and how many by the force of countless infinitesimal sacrifices on the altar
exercised should surely bear weight with inferior minds. Wit and loveliness, of popularity ? The analysis of a character coming under the last category
grace and wisdom, must certainly bestow personal sovereignty on the would surely offer the strangest psychological phenomena. Brought within
possessor. But on looking at facts, we find that no rule can be applied at the focus of exact personal observation, submitted to the test of ordinary
all. A man may be wiser than Seneca, a woman more beautiful than moral standards, compared with the results of every-day experience, without
Clytie, without possessing any immediate power over others. There are a doubt such a character would appear paradoxical, isolated, extravagant
persons into whose presence we enter awe-struck as Æneas when crossing to the last degree. That any individual can so subordinate the manifold
the threshold of the Sibyl's cave ; but no divine afflatus breathes interests and the perplexing duties of life to an overwhelming passion for
on our seer, his stature dwindles down instead of attaining greater indiscriminate homage seems incredible ; and yet such a passion , and the
majesty, and we go away unedified and unbelieving. On the other hand, gratification of it, are by no means uncommon facts in social history. The
the men and women at whose feet we sit spell-bound are frequently most trifling looks, words, and actions of such persons have reference to
deficient in the very qualities that are supposed to hold the world in fee. the gratification of others ; and as it is impossible to go on systematically
What does ugliness count for in such a reckoning? or instability of gratifying several people at once, their triumphs, however splendid , are very
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 14 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ JUNE 4, 1869.

dearly won. " Humanity is my game," Mr. Disraeli makes the motto of one figurative speech, in the use of which he is even more careless. A
of his heroes. It would be difficult to find one more mischievous, since the luxuriant imagination allowed to run wild- such is the impression made
application of it is easy, and the result palpable. Make humanity your game, by his remarks. We must quote two or three choice examples. Cherubini
and whatever your moral and intellectual shortcomings may be, by dint of is said to have witnessed the " fluctuations of public favour that alternately
patience, self-devotion, and undeviating resolve, you are sure to run it down. elevated the noble Spohr to an artistic throne, and sank him in the night
Perhaps the attraction to be most safely affiliated to its proper source is of ungrateful neglect." To the same composer this wonderful sentence
that of contrast. Civilization has not so assimilated us but we may meet also applies " Without ever descending to servile imitation, he seems to
to-morrow some man or woman wholly unlike any one we have known, have engrafted buds from the inspiration of many minds upon the tree of
read of, or imagined before ; and the mind is more affected by such a his own vernal genius, without tarnishing the living originality which distin-
discovery than by the most perfect realization of preconceived gifts and guished him from all his contemporaries." Further it is stated that " distinct
qualities, however exalted. A case in point is the way in which a woman of lines of ideality breathe through every note of his (Beethoven's) numbered
genius, who has emancipated herself from the trammels of conventional life, symphonies ; " that Mendelssohn's " stupendous symphonies and concertos
leads and impresses other women, if she likes -for there must be some were re-echoed in a blaze of brilliant popularity ; " that in the " Reformation "
voluntary exercise of this or any other power. Enthusiasm is seldom symphony "it would be impossible to describe the effect of this thread of
more fervid, devotion seldom more intense, than is felt by those of melody (Ein feste Burg) opening 66 up the waves of darkness ; " and that,
her sex who voluntarily sit at her feet, and as voluntarily they will give in the finale of the same work, now sustained by a brilliant structure of
up the enticements of a fashionable life and other social advantages to counterpoint- now flashing out into sudden reminiscences of preceding
retain the privilege. No more pathetic chapter could be written of a work themes, and, like a great general gathering up all his forces for a final charge
on psychology than one which should treat of the infatuation of women -Mendelssohn has outwritten himself," &c. At Mendelssohn sustained in
for women, always delightful to begin with, but not unfrequently ending in his new work by a brilliant structure of counterpoint, we may well stop.
a painful process of disenchantment. On all infatuation must disenchant- All through this confused utterance the meaning is obvious ; not so, however,
ment at some time or other wait. Few, nevertheless, would not rather where we are told that the composer just named " to the latest period of his
woo the beautiful princess of the Norse tale, who lived on the glass hill as life, however it might have been prolonged, would have continued to
smooth and slippery as ice, even at the risk of falls and bruises, than never manifest growth and improvement," and, also, that his " wonderfully pre-
enter fairy-land at all. It is easy for those to sneer at the so-called victims cocious genius leaves the fact of improvement or even change
of personal fascination, whose very passions are subordinated to routine, in maturity doubtful. " If the writer does not puzzle by his figurative
but if they do not know the bitterness of reaction, neither do they language he is successful in this instance to a marked degree. With the
comprehend those mysterious and unexpected raptures with which are purely technical part of his task he concerns himself but little, perhaps
heralded the kindred soul and the spirit that so welcomely dominates because not so much at home as when holding forth on general facts and
our own. principles. Nevertheless, the New Philharmonic programmes have attrac
tions. They are enthusiastic in tone, cosmopolitan in taste, and always
amusing.
CONCERT PROGRAMMES.
The chief analyst of the Crystal Palace (there are two) is the poet
THE adaptation of musical literature to concert programmes is becoming of his order, and writes as under the influence of a poet's keen feelings.
general . At both Philharmonic Societies , the Crystal Palace, the Monday Moreover, he writes well, knows facts enough to stock a musical
Dryasdust , and, when he pleases, can handle technicalities with safety.
Popular Concerts, the Musical Union, and the Sacred Harmonic Society,
we find an analyst and historiographer employed. The influence of these In addition he contrives to keep the latter apart from the creations of
his fancy. To this rule, however, there are exceptions, as when
authorities is naturally great, and it may be worth while to note how their
work is done, and what sort of teaching it is under which lovers of classical mention is made of " a tremendous stroke of fate in the shape of a
music are content to sit. C sharp," but such exceptions are wonderfully rare considering the
The analyst ofthe Old Philharmonic Society is a very recent accession, writer's temperament. When upon a congenial theme he pours out all his
which may account for his youthful vivacity and gush. Enthusiasm soul and floods the page with poetic thoughts, which sometimes take the
continually forces him to indulge in flights of rhetoric and figures of speech ; form of (quoted) poetry. Thus, Beethoven's pianoforte concertos in
the latter not always happily treated. Looking for an example at random, G and E flat, " two noble sisters," are described as follows :- " The elder
we find, " The music weeps itself to sleep in this tone of pathos, and has, perhaps, a more winning grace and charm, with a tender sentiment
the hearer may suppose it ended ; when, stealing upon the silence which and romance peculiarly her own ; but the younger is of loftier stature, with
a mien and a front like that of Juno, and a grand serene beauty hardly of
amplifies the foregoing deep expression, comes this new strain of heavenly this world-
tenderness whispering comfort in every note. " From the confused to the
comical is but a step, and the analyst then speaks of a certain theme A daughter of the gods, divinely tall,
" swelling in power densely And most divinely fair."
until it peers triumphantly over the
welded mass of counterpoint. " Another subject is described as " a joyous Again, we are told that in the slow movement of Schubert's last
giant striding through the atmosphere of sound," and a cadence is said to symphony " there is a wonderfully touching passage, where the horn sounds.
" swim in strange waters in the hands of Beethoven." Further, we faintly note after note, while the rest of the orchestra is all hushed and still
are told that a particular trio is a ray of sunshine " full of affectionate as if an angel had descended into the room and were gliding about among
warmth ; " and we read of " strange flights of wildest imagination which the instruments." There may be a dash of extravagance in these
dart through this meteoric movement. " All this, however, is characteristic instances, but there there is none in a passage the quotation of which
of a beginner. What the Old Philharmonic analyst may one day become will suffice as an example of its author's best style. Alluding to
as a picturesque writer he shadows forth when referring to Mendelssohn's Mendelssohn's " Hebrides " overture, he observes, " And yet after
"Hebrides " overture. " The jagged rocks, the sea whence they rise, the its northern character has been well established, what softness comes
shadow they cast, and the silence sometimes as profound ; the sleeping over the picture. It is the warmth and colouring of Italy where he
sunshine that anon dispels this gloom and gilds the singing ripple upon elaborated and matured his composition. The sweet airs of the South
which it floats-the cry of the sea birds, the often echoed signal of the blow upon him while he is meditating or working at his Highland theme,
sturdy islander- the rising of the tempest, and its lashing of the living waters and he forgets the rude North ; the Italian sun shines, and the sea
into furious turbulence-not these, but how the artist felt in witnessing changes from the cloudy grey and the lashing breakers of Staffa
them is presented in the magical work before us. " Such writing appeals to the Bay of Naples, blue and calm, and Galatea and her nymphs
strongly to general readers, whom it can hardly fail to interest on behalf of and nereids sail over the surface, and the notes of their sounding
the overture. Whatever is meant for them should always be as free from shells re-echo through the clear caves and float over the bosom
theory. It is cruel, for example, to start with " Let me suppose this beau- of the bay. But hardly has he seen and recorded this vision of
tifully imaginative movement to represent a dream," and then to puzzle the the ancient world before he remembers how unreal it is, how it must come
non-technical mind by observing, " the strange use of a chord in the to an end -has come to an end ; and a sigh of regret escapes him as he
second inversion with which it opens picturing our passage from con- turns from the lovely picture back to the stern grey sea, and barren
sciousness to sleep." Even if a chord in the second or any other inversion sounding shores, and melancholy sentiment of the North again." There
could picture the transit spoken of, such a conjunction of science and may be two opinions about the fitness of such writing for an analytical
fancy would have an odd effect. Apart from little eccentricities of this programme, but there can only be one as to its power of bringing
kind, the Old Philharmonic analyses are well done, and, in technical an audience into sympathy with the music. Unlike his colleague of
matters, their writer is a safe guide. His knowledge is extensive, his the Old Philharmonic, the Crystal Palace analyst loves to adapt
musicianship sound, and his criticism sometimes remarkably acute. Of stories to the works he notices. Hence a parallel between the Finale
the last named quality we must give one example. Referring to the of Schubert's ninth symphony and the legend of Phaethon, from which
66
" wonderful self-reliance " which led Beethoven, in his " Pastoral " we learn that a clang of wood and brass " and an " airy loftiness "
l ch
symphony to use "the simplest natural means, and these in their well befit the interview between Apollo and his unlucky son. Al su
simplest and most natural forms," the analyst observes : " The real attempts must be unsatisfactory, and it would be well if they were aban-
gauge of how much is in this marvellous work is the calculation doned. Music which merely seeks to illustrate a course of events is not
of how little is in it, and the great marvel is that so much is made of the highest order, and in any case where the composer has said
of so little." Here we have genuine criticism, and not word- nothing about a story, his commentators best show their respect by a
painting. Another merit in the same writer is an almost entire avoidance similar reticence.
of attempts to fit a story to the music. He does this upon principle, if we We have selected the foregoing examples of programme writing because
may judge by the following remark, apropos of Schumann's Second they show its latest development. Certain faults are obvious. There is
Symphony:-" The listener will be better helped by being left to the too great a tendency to obtrude the author upon the reader, too much fine
suggestion of the music than by any speculations of mine as to its writing, and too many fanciful theories, which, however good, are out of
meaning, and the musician will best be honoured by being left to tell his place. The object, pure and simple, of programmes like those under
own tale in his own unspoken language." We commend this to all pro- discussion, is to convey historical facts and help towards an intelligent
gramme writers as a rule certain to save them labour and their public risk. comprehension of the music in hand. When more than this is done the
The analyst of the New Philharmonic Society analyzes little, but writer goes beyond his province ; and he who does this and no more, in the
lectures a good deal. Like his co-labourer just noticed, he is given to him.
simplest and most direct fashion, best discharges the duty set upon
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 JUNE 4, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 15

THE POWER OF SULKINESS. disagreeable, and remember them too well. The fashion in which the very
few words which custom and convenience render absolutely necessary are
GREAT is the power of sulkiness. Fortunately for the world, it rarely exists dropped from the lips as if they were so many leaden bullets ; the
in its highest and most concentrated form, for, if united to real intellectual steadfast surprised stare that you or any one else should venture to ask
or moral force, it would be a despotism so thorough as to be injurious to such questions as shall require reply of any kind, the pertinacious
the general welfare of humanity. But in a less and more ignoble form it coldness, the carefully averted glance, the steady gloom, the hand
is not uncommon, and the deadweight and steady choking pressure which withheld, the smile unreturned, and the hardly muttered acknow-
mankind endure in consequence go to make up an almost intolerable ledgment of the morning or evening salutation- who that has witnessed or
grievance. There are people who have the gift of being sulky for an endured these amenities can forget the effect of them ? In fact, the severity
indefinite length of time, and assert that they act thus on principle ; but of the pressure which a really able, discriminating, and obstinate sulker
it is almost invariably found that the principle harmonizes with the nature, can bring to bear on others for an indefinite space of time amounts to a
for to tempers that are short and sweet, hot, inconsistent, or quickly tyranny, dumb indeed, but sufficiently unholy of its kind ; neither soft
placable—and any of these are liable to be suddenly vexed for an hour or coaxing nor urgent cursing can affect it, and, though to yield is humiliating,
two-it is always a difficulty to sulk. It is a bit of acting and not reality, it is well nigh hopeless to resist it.
even when carried out, and the assumption of it is felt to be a burden too
heavy to be borne.
The capacity for steady solid concentrated sulkiness is a mighty power ROYAL ACADEMY.
to him who possesses it ; it implies many curious and varied accomplish-
(THIRD ARTICLE. )
ments and gifts, among others that of the complete mastery of the five
senses. It is for a man to be blind when it is desired that he should open MR. PRINSEP shows no less than six works, none of them, however, in the
his eyes, dumb whenever words would be acceptable, deaf to all allure- manner or costume which has marked his greatest successes - that of the
ments or submission, insensible to every effort at conciliation. It can Venetian masters . The portrait of Mrs. Charles Gurney errs perhaps
create gloom, and, having created it, it can perpetuate and deepen slightly on the side of hardness in the flesh-painting, but the colour is rich
it until it becomes a clinging atmosphere as unwholesome as a malaria. and forcible, the head admirably posed, and the character, though not
It comprehends an absolute control over the facial muscles, so that profoundly felt, is harmoniously and sufficiently presented. On the other
no softness or sign of yielding, not a ripple of a smile or an hand, the painter's " Bacchus and Ariadne " approaches to a disaster.
expression of pleasure, may replace even for a moment the sullen apathy Colour, design, and sentiment have all gone wrong, and unhappily for the
or illumine the habitual scowl of the confirmed sulker. In a word, it is picture, we associate with the subject one of the most sublime and moving
the faculty of simulation to such a degree that a person shall appear to be of the great masterpieces of art. There is a finely imagined luxuriousness
blind, deaf, dumb, stupid, paralyzed , ill, or dead whenever and for as long in the figure of a harem beauty who is enjoying a " siesta " by the side of
as he chooses. Mr. Helps has truly said, " Unreason always governs. a tank of clear green water in which a fountain plays. Her skin is white
Nothing prevents you having your own way so much as being at all with the rich whiteness of an arum petal, and the drapery which lies over
amenable to reason." And sulkiness neither gives reasons nor listens her has the scarlet-crimson hue of the poinsettia. Mr. Prinsep's thoroughly
to them. The sulky being sometimes wears a depressed, spiritless, manly and direct manner of painting is here well applied to an order of
and utterly dejected appearance, as though crushed and heartbroken subject requiring breadth, force, and an unstinted appreciation of the most
by long-continued oppression ; sometimes a heavy, displeased , dragging obvious aspects of sensible pleasure.
step, and a black and lowering brow are the chief signs which indicate the We could not find a stronger contrast to Mr. Prinsep's work than in Mr.
disturbance within, and the form of the vengeance which is to be Sandys's " Medea," one of the hardest, driest, most elaborated, and least
taken in respect of it. The latter is the masculine type ; the former is, spontaneous works in the rooms, yet certainly one of the most powerful in
properly speaking, feminine. Mr. N. P. Willis, in one of his earlier purely intellectual qualities. The beautiful sorceress stands looking out
volumes, has a clever little tale describing the power of an " injured look." of the picture--her head thrown back, limbs stiffened, and full lips parted,
By virtue of it a young American lady contrived to persuade a whole house in a spasm of contending hate and love. With her left hand she mixes in
full of boarders to regard her as a martyr, and to speak the worst and a strange vessel a potion, over which a blue flame flickers, while her right
think the worst they could of her husband ; and all this, without uttering deranges with a convulsive action the coiled beads that encircle the base
one word herself, was produced solely by the " injured look." And if of her stately neck. On a ground of dead gold behind and above her the
there is an " injured look " there is also such a thing as a " dumb devil ; " fleece, the foreign ship, and the sea, are suggested in the conventionally
if the power of the one is great, the provocation induced by the latter is decorative manner of missal-painting. We think it doubtful whether this
unutterable. It is a curious, and to some will appear an unaccountable, treatment of the background is admissible in juxtaposition with the
circumstance that in sulkiness a woman is more often possessed with a minutely realized foreground ; and we feel little doubt that all realism - even
dumb devil than is a man. of a noble kind like this- is less applicable to the presentation of intense
Sulkiness is visible even in the nursery, where it exists, so to speak, in moments of passion than to appearances of repose or of self- controlled
the form of a bud ; but it is merely an outbreak of bad temper, for at that activity, but it would be unpardonable not to recognize with pleasure the
age a child has not learned the method of using it as an instrument with insight and intellectual boldness that mark Mr. Sandys's conception , and
which to punish his playmates. And the wisest way is to leave it entirely the admirable skill shown in his execution. To the best of our recol-
unnoticed, " efface " the offender, as the French say, until there is an lection there was very little work in last year's exhibition equal to the
obvious return to a more amiable disposition. But boys and girls soon painting of the face and hands in this picture, and it is disgraceful to the
learn to estimate the power of sulkiness either by practice or endurance, council then in power that it should have been rejected.
and a large school is the best check on a despotism of this kind. Pictures which, like Mr. Albert Moore's life size " Venus," demand, in
Sulkiness is not a tyranny which can be safely exercised in society at these clothed ages, some knowledge and love of Greek statuary before they
large, and it is commonly reserved for private or home exhibition. can be appreciated , stand little chance of meeting with popular recognition .
The smaller the circle the more concentrated its force ; in a family, in a Some conditions of modern existence tend to degrade nudity in our eyes,
house, in one room, the power of sulkiness oppresses, searches, and per- others to render it inconceivable or unintelligible. But those in whom
vades every corner of it. In love-making sulkiness is a deplorable these tendencies have been counteracted by education will greet Mr.
blunder. Smile or strike, or smile and strike too if that seems more Moore's work with delight. Let us mention first one slight obstacle in the
advisable ; but no good ever follows a sullen enmity, which chills, dis- way of enjoying it, which the bright lighting of the galleries brings into
concerts, and often actually destroys love. Even that simulated sulkiness, prominence. The canvas is very coarse, and the transverse threads, pro-
that toothless vengeance, which consists in pouting coldness is an jecting, catch the light, so that the delicate surface is still further whitened
experiment full of danger, and in the worst possible taste. But if by the reflected brightness. It may be helpful also to notice that there is
between lovers it is a blunder, in married life it is simply the greatest no direct imitation of colour in the figure except in the cheeks and eyes.
madness of which a human being can be guilty. There they are man All the rest of the figure, and in a less degree of the whole picture, is a
and woman yoked together like goats, and as the countryman justly balance or comparison, not of tints, but of tones or degrees of colour, in
observed, " that's been a trouble to more than goats," and if either ofthem which the relations, and not the local truth, of the various coloured surfaces
is endowed with the faculty of persistent sulkiness, one shudders to are reproduced. The scale selected runs with delicate intervals through
think ofthe life the other one may be made to lead. It might be reasonably the fainter notes of salmon, gold, rose, blue, and green, with the whitest
urged as a cause for judicial separation, possibly even for divorce, since white as its highest tone. This kind of licence is more commonly used in
the practice of quietly pressing the spirit and life out of a human being, decorative work than in cabinet pictures, and this " Venus " will be better
no matter how many years the operation spreads over, is not one that appreciated if it is regarded as part of the wall on which it hangs, and
ought to be permitted in a Christian country : " væ victis ! " the weak go to especially if, which is perhaps hardly possible, a mental abstraction be
the wall, and too often the weak are the pleasantest and most loveable of made of all the pictures about it. The figure is that ofa very beautiful woman,
earth's creatures . perfectly naked, standing in a reposeful and harmonious attitude, the head
Sometimes a person is seen to exhibit something which resembles and bent forward, the hands occupied at the back of the neck. The lines of
yet is not sulks. It is a silent moodiness of manner arising from a sense the body are of exquisite beauty- intimately delightful, though firm, chaste,
and severe. For knowledge and refinement the modelling is everywhere.
of failure, mortification, or secret discouragement and vexation which he
cannot get over all at once. It is often seen in youth, but in reality the such as to recall no later master than Flaxman ; and the look of flatness, as
man is struggling with his infirmity, and a kind word or a friendly well as the coldness and the rippling shadows , would, we are convinced ,
overture will almost always float him over the difficulty. But genuine give place to relief and suffusion if the picture could be seen hanging by
sulkiness is essentially premeditated and of aforethought ; it is also itself against a cool surface. As accessories , one or two flowering shrubs,
vindictive, sometimes even malignant, in its nature, and if much and flat cool surfaces of wall, pavement, and hangings, seem rather to melt
indulged in causes the manners to become habitually morose, and together into a tremulous and faintly coloured atmosphere than to assert
their individual existences. The face has the inexpressive, self- sufficing
the face and person acquire a heavy sodden appearance as of a substance
too long steeped in unwholesome juices. Dragging the feet along beauty of the Athenian ideal. In a word, we think that Mr. Moore has
the floor and slamming the doors of the house for weeks and months rendered at once with intense sympathy and with the skill of a master the
together are vulgar and ignoble but neither uncommon nor inexpressive associations which the highest culture has gathered round the name of
modes of sulking. We all know of other ways more refined but not less Aphrodite. Of the painter's smaller work we have hardly left ourselves
[ 371 ]
 16 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 4, 1869.

space to speak adequately. It represents four men, in Greek dresses, material welfare, did their best to provide them with good music, have
and Greek by their type of face, seated on a stone bench been replaced by prefects who have neither time nor money to devote to
fixed to a white podium-a sort of stone wainscot, surmounted by artistic purposes, or whether, in regard to the whole unified country, the
a cornice. They are playing on the four instruments which compose discussion of the budget is found to be generally incompatible with the
a stringed quartett. In front of them, but so placed as not to system of subventions, certain it is that Italy, once the mother of all that
conceal them, are three female figures in thinnest lawn, two of is operatic, has lately ceased to give us either works or singers. The Times'
whom, with heads inclined and twining each her arm round the other's correspondent at Florence thought it hard the other day that the Italian capital
neck, form a lovely group. The prevailing tone is a fulvous brown, with should bewithout a decent opera company. It is hard, especially as St. Peters-
passages of white, gold, and faint green. Both figures and drapery are of burg, which is not precisely the capital of a country renowned for its art,
the highest beauty, and the colour is a delicate harmony of subdued sen- has one of the best opera companies in Europe, but it is quite natural,
sations. The suggestion of the most delightful music which we know, Opera has never been a self-supporting institution, and it has never
interwoven with the representation of our best ideals of beauty, seems to flourished except under despotic governments, or in free countries (as for a
us to make no extravagant demand on the imagination. If authority were time in England) under aristocratic patronage. France, an exception to
needed, Raphael has drawn Apollo playing the violin. so many rules, is also an exception to this. In France, the State, under all
Mr. Frederick Walker is another young artist who aims at ideal beauty forms of government, encourages all forms of art ; and the people, who
in his compositions, though he translates the antique into modern consider themselves, and in some respects are, the most artistic people in
equivalents. The navvy in his picture called " The Old Gate " is like a the world, love art in the abstract, and are quite willing to pay
Greek god for beauty and strength, that penetrate even his rude clay- for their idea. The forcing system applied to art has been attended
stained dress, and make his simple action of taking the pipe from his in France with the happiest results ; and even during the last few
mouth expressive and delightful. If the rest of the picture belonged to this years such universally admired works as Gounod's " Faust," Meyer-
same range of impressions, in which the perfected ideal of the human body beer's " Africaine," Auber's " Premier Jour du Bonheur," Rossini's
is at once the organ and the object, there would be nothing to be said in " Mass " have been given to the world from Paris. We might
the way of question or abatement. But the landscape contends with the add to this list two operas by Ambroise Thomas, " Mignon " and
figures for importance, and the figures are not united among themselves " Hamlet," for which we personally have no particular liking, but which are
either by physical nearness or by any perceptible bond of common interest. masterpieces compared to the specimen of operatic art in contemporary
They merely form by their arrangement a harmonious but scattered Italy which was presented on Saturday evening to the public of Covent
pattern over the landscape, and seem to stand in no further relation Garden. There has always been a host of operatic composers in Italy,
to each other. On the top of a flight of stone steps facing us is an old whose works never crossed the frontier or, at least, never reached England.
gate flanked by massive stone posts. On the top step, with her back to Not even such famous operatic composers as Mercadante and Pacini have
the gate, stands a tall, slight, middle-aged woman in black, whose proud, made much impression in England, where, speaking generally, all we know
refined beauty seems to attract a momentary homage from the young of the recent operatic history of the Italians is that Rossini was followed
Apollo in the right hand foreground, as he comes along the road from his by Donizetti and Bellini, that Donizetti and Bellini were followed by Verdi,
work with a younger companion. To the right of the lady stands a pleasant and that Verdi has no successor.
Mrs. Poyser, and below them on the steps are seated two or three children, The two-act opera by Signor Cagnoni called " Don Bucephalo " is
each of them showing that spontaneous grace of action and attitude, and founded on a subject which is neither novel nor interesting ; but some of
that sense of form under the clothes, which mark Mr. Walker's figures, and the details to which it owes such originality as belongs to it, though
show him to be not only a sympathetic observer but a powerful draughts- uninteresting, are new. Don Bucephalo, besides the head of the ox,
man. The manner of painting which he has adopted, though probably in has the ear of the serpent, and, hearing a band of rustics sing a chorus, is
the main resting on real individual habits of feeling and perception, is open much struck by the beauty of the voices, some of which are so exquisite
to criticism from a strictly academical point of view. By the free use of a that he resolves to engage their owners for an opera he is about to
transparent medium, and a sweep of the brush resembling the practice of compose. One of the singers, Rosa by name, has not only a very lovely
water- colour painters, his pictures get the look which the French describe by voice, but (as sometimes happens in such cases) is also possessed of great
the expression, " lavé à l'huile," and which, though it has been common in personal charms. Don Bucephalo makes love to her and endeavours
this country since the days of Wilkie, seems to us to introduce a discord to teach her to sing at the same time. This is apparently a bad system,
between different portions of the surface, as well as a want of local force. for she pays but little attention to his instruction ; though, being
The sense of freedom thus gained would seem to be unfavourable to con- blessed with much natural talent, she gets on better than the master,
centration in the composition in this picture ; at least, the beautiful amphi- under the circumstances, had any right to expect. The singing lesson is
theatre of hills beneath which the budding orchard looms dimly in evening made the subject of a tolerably ingenious duet (sung by Signor Bottero
light, while it rather swallows up the figures in front by its extent and pro- in the character of Don Bucephalo, and Mdlle. Sinico in that of Rosa),
found colour, is yet not sufficiently realized or composed to furnish the which on the arrival of Marco (Signor Tagliafico) becomes a trio. Of
main subject. Marco, all we need say is that he is one of Rosa's too numerous lovers ;
Mr. Arthur Hughes has this year adopted a very similar manner of for Rosa has a husband (Carlino, represented by Signor Corsi) who,
working in his charming little picture, " The Nursling Donkey." So trans- though he has long been absent, ends by coming back- of course
parent is the colour in parts of this work that the canvas seems uncovered . when he is least expected and least wanted. Don Bucephalo makes
In a corner of heath country, among young birch trees, a little smock- the husband's sudden reappearance a pretext for hiding in a cupboard,
frocked boy is carrying a foal of the " oppressed race " in his arms. The and his discovery in this place of concealment is the grand climax of
subject, which vulgar associations render so difficult, is treated with a the drama.
simple and refined sentiment that escapes entirely the sensiblerie which has The details of which we spoke occur in the second act, where Don
appeared in many of the artist's former works. Coleridge's pleading on Bucephalo is exhibited working at his opera. Haydn when he composed
behalf of these humble servants of man has at last met a sympathetic was accustomed, it is said, to put on a court suit and all his decorations.
response. Don Bucephalo prefers the more convenient garb of a dressing gown, and
That kind of genre painting which relies on effects of indoor light, on wears no decorations, perhaps because he has none. He is writing the
antiquities, or curiosities of furniture and costume, to a greater degree than prima donna's part, which, to judge by the fragments he favours us with
on passion or character, is practised with great skill and excellent taste by from time to time, is not remarkable for originality. But he soon abandons
Mr. Yeames. His "Fugitive Jacobite," a large canvas, represents an the music paper and goes to the piano in search ofideas, which he judiciously
eager bevy of loyalist ladies superintending the concealment of a gentleman looks for in the works of other composers. However, an idea of his own
in difficulties in the spacious fireplace of an antique chamber. One of which suddenly occurs to him is the unfounded one that, though actually a
them, a charming figure, is watching at the window, presumably for the composer, he might, if he had wished, have been a brilliant pianist. Less
arrival of a parliamentary band. In spite of their animation the fair modest than Rossini, who declared himself " pianist of the fourth class,"
conspirators preserve a well-bred dignity. The lighting of the chamber is Don Bucephelo aspires to the highest honours, and, having mastered all the
very beautiful, and there is a certain lemon-yellow in the dresses which difficulties of the instrument (including many of his own making), sighs for
Mr. Yeames has used before with a charming effect. a more extended key-board on which fresh victories might be gained.
Having confided these aspirations to the audience by means of expressive
pantomime, he proceeds in the most deliberate manner to perform a long
fantasia on " O te o cara," ornamented with a remarkable number
"DON BUCEPHALO.
" Having finished his
of what may here be called " accidental " notes.
THE announcement of such a rare thing as a new opera ought, one show-piece, he commences a long series of short reminiscences from
would have thought, to have attracted a very large audience last popular operas, in which the tail of one air is, by a simple and familiar
Saturday, when Cagnoni's " Don Bucephalo " was brought out -obviously process, joined on the head of another. For instance, "Non piu
with the view of exhibiting the new buffo, Signor Bottero, in the part andrai " and the Druid's chorus in the " Casta diva " scene of " Norma "
written specially for him. And, indeed, the theatre was full ; but the have nine notes in common, which are to be found in the fourth_bar
prospect of hearing an unknown work did not seem to have excited much of the former and in the first of the latter. By passing, then, via these
interest, nor was the little interest that may have been felt at all justified by notes from Mozart to Bellini, a surprising and more or less amusing effect
the result. Italy, since she has occupied herself with practical politics, has is produced as though in reciting poetry one should begin with " Fare
done very little in the way of operatic production. She has adopted our thee well, and if for ever," and continue with " Thus from childhood's hour
constitutional forms, and has at the same time been afflicted with our I've seen my fondest hopes decay." The effect, however, of this form of
musical barrenness- thus giving an appearance of validity to the facetiousness is not overpowering, especially when it has been so much
arguments of those social philosophers who hold that free insti- worked that even our burlesque-writers have at last abandoned it. It is
tutions are not favourable to the development of art. Whether it still practised in German beer-gardens to the unbounded delight of a public
be that the energy of the Italians has during the last twenty or thirty years with whom a very little bit of fun will always go a very long way ; but it is
been generally diverted by military and political events from the objects nothing less than an insult to the audience to introduce it at the Royal
to which it used formerly to be applied, or that the race of rich melo- Italian Opera. After this we may expect musical chairs, on which the
maniacs, to whose liberality Italian opera has been so much indebted, has performer has only to sit down to extract at once a popular air.
died out, or that the despotic princes who, while neglecting their subjects' After the piano, Don Bucephalo displays his prowess on the violin,
[ 372 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 17
JUNE 4, 1869. ]

and attacks several wind instruments in succession. Signor Bottero must After the lapse of ten days comes the second act, which takes place in
be allowed to possess a certain dexterity as an executant ; but even Amaury's study. The literary gentleman is gloomily perusing a journal,
if he could play every instrument in the orchestra, and play it well, it from which he learns that his friend has been entrusted by the Government
would be absurd to make his 27performances the basis of a two-act with the pictorial decoration of a chapel in a new church. Then he reads
opera. A short " entertainment is the most that could with pro- a letter from the curé of his native parish, who was likewise his preceptor,
priety be built upon them ; and if Signor Bottero possessed anything and was one of the unexceptionable " references " mentioned by the late
of Mr. John Parry's humour he might hope to succeed in a compressed Mdme. Corignac in the prologue. The good old man thanks him
version of " Don Bucephalo " at the Gallery of Illustration. But when for a bank-note which, as he learns for the first time, has been
Signor Cagnoni's work is presented to us as an an " opera " ""we feel sent for the benefit of the poor, and " puts him up to an advan-
inclined to call out for Offenbach, whose " Grand Duchess is at tageous purchase of land, which would enable him to settle comfortably
least twenty times as tuneful as " Don Bucephalo." A cry is some- in the place of his birth. Lastly, he regales himself with a billet from
times raised in France for " liberty as in Austria," and the frequenters a little actress, who informs him that the obstacle in the way of
of the Royal Italian Opera may now ask for " music in the style of "L'Epée à deux Tranchants " is a cabal of which the Baron des Brières
the Bouffes Parisiens." is the chief.
66
Bucephalo " was preceded, on Monday night, by the first act of The result of his reflections, which with the letters occupy nearly five
" Norma," in which the only Norma of the present day, Mdlle. Titiens, closely printed pages, is a conviction that his greatest enemy is his wife,
sustained the part of the heroine with all her wonted ability. Bellini's and when the pious Séraphine breaks in upon his solitude she finds him in
opera was conducted by Signor Arditi ; Cagnoni's by Signor Li Calsi. no very amiable mood. He reproaches her with insensibility to his best
The fine orchestra of the Royal Italian Opera has now at least three interests, and roundly asks her if she will deviate from her narrow road, and
masters when one would be enough- two more than enough. Signor consent to do the honours to such guests as he may deem useful in pro-
Arditi, whose position as one of the first conductors of the day is moting his theatrical success. She meets his request with a flat refusal,
everywhere recognized, is frequently replaced by Signor Li Calsi ; and expressing a doubt whether the ambition of a dramatist is such a noble
Signor Arditi himself-in accordance with an unwise precedent-leaves his ambition after all, and she moreover refuses to explain her conduct in the
post during the performance of ballet music, as though such ballet music atelier of Marcel. Exasperated to the utmost, he tells her she is his evil
as Meyerbeer has written were of secondary importance. genius, and, ordering her to leave his house, is somewhat mortified to find
that he is promptly obeyed. Once more alone, he is visited by Saturnin,
an extremely silly personage, who is always boring his dramatic friends with
THE PARISIAN STAGE. hints for new plots, but who, on this occasion, brings really valuable
information. He has been that very morning at the residence of Baron
M. ARMAND DE PONTMARTIN is dissatisfied with the " Séraphine " of des Brières, who seems inclined to honour him with his patronage, and his
M. Victorien Sardou on the ground that it does not fairly represent the tête-à-tête with that great man has been interrupted by the loud voice of
social discussion between the devotee and the persons whose proclivities Marcel, heard outside the door, the effect of which has been to make the
are of a more mundane kind. Séraphine, according to his view, is merely baron turn very green, and thrust Saturnin into a closet. Thus ensconced,
a worldly lady who places herself at the head of a clique which is not only and putting his eye to the keyhole, he has witnessed a tremendous scene.
religious but fashionable, and to whom we might easily find a parallel Marcel has produced a bundle of letters, asking the baron if he recognizes
among the showy saints of any sect in our own country. A genuine the handwriting, has torn the red ribbon from his button-hole, and has
devotee ought to be exhibited if the difficulties that arise from the collision expressed a resolution to hide his miserable head for ever. The baron
of exalted piety with terrestrial morality are to be satisfactorily balanced. has suggested a duel, but another reparation has been demanded by Marcel.
Such a devotee will have her good and evil side. Married to a man of To bring a long story to a close, the baron is to follow Marcel to the house
letters, she will disturb him in his vocation, but she will also bring with her of Amaury, beg pardon for his intrigues against the latter, and promise to
the assurance that the honour of his domestic hearth will be safe from atone for them by obtaining for him the " croix d'honneur " within a month,
violation. and ensuring the production of his play at the Théâtre Français within the
With this view, expressed in a dedication to M. Henry de Pène, course of a year.
M. de Pontmartin has published a comedy consisting of two acts and a This singular reparation is made in the presence of the audience.
"prologue," which he entitles " La Revanche de Séraphine." Not only Marcel enters Amaury's study, to be shortly afterwards followed by the
has the piece been kept aloof from the stage, but it is declared by the baron, who informs the dramatist that " L'Epée à deux Tranchants " will be
author to be " injouable." brought out at the Théâtre Français in the following October, the best
Amaury, a dramatic author, and Marcel, a historical painter, are bosom month in the year, and that the ribbon is near at hand, whereupon Marcel,
friends, whom we first find lounging in the Garden of the Luxembourg, unseen by Amaury, thrusts the bundle of letters into the fire ; but, to the
and we learn from their conversation that the former is on the astonishment of both his visitors, Amaury vigorously refuses to avail himself
point of marriage with Séraphine, a devout young lady, daughter of Mdme. of the baron's favour, expressing his determination to take his piece into
Corignac, a widow. In his dramatic career, Amaury has made a good the country, and there correct it at his leisure. The baron is politely
beginning ; but he is not yet at the " top of the tree." His pieces conducted to the door. Presently Séraphine reappears, to the delight of her
are accepted when they are written, but they are not eagerly husband, who has admired the delicacy with which she has concealed her
bespoken by rival managers, and when they are brought out it is in knowledge of the indiscretion of Lucile, and she brings with her that
the fatal month of June. At this particular stage of a poet's imprudent lady, who has simply encouraged the baron's advances in the
progress, Marcel is of opinion that a devotee will be a heavy drag on the hope of promoting the success of Marcel. Amaury promises to retire
wheel, but Amaury recollects that his own mother was a pious woman, into the country, and remain there for a long season ; the gratified
and, as she was not scandalized when he read to her his first essays, he Séraphine exacts from him a promise that he will appropriate the profits
thinks he may reasonably expect the same good fortune with his wife. We of his next piece to the use of the poor, and Marcel is reconciled to his
are then introduced to Mdme. Corignac and her daughter. The good old wife.
lady feels that she is bound to a certain extent to satisfy the churchwarden This is rather a pretty story, but it would be insufferably dull on any
ofSaint-Sulpice as to the propriety of marrying her daughter to a dramatist, stage, and we doubt whether the point at issue between the world and the
whose works are not after the model of " Esther " or Polyeucte." She devotee is more satisfactorily discussed by M. Pontmartin than by
has made strict inquiries in the place where Amaury was born, and has M. Sardou.
received satisfactory information. Moreover, she has three daughters, who A drama in seven tableaux, written by M. Xavier de Montépin, and
hang rather heavily on her hands. As for Séraphine, she at first gravely entitled " Le Moulin Rouge," has been brought out at the Gaîté. The
expresses her hope of converting the young poet, and then explosively principal personage is the Baron de Lascare, an extremely wicked noble, who,
avows that she loves him. to make his way to wealth, carries off a young girl and marries her, after
An interval of four years separates the prologue from the first act, having murdered her father. Next he causes the death of her uncle, the
which takes place in the atelier of Marcel. The painter has taken unto primary source of the fortune which he covets. To obtain ready
himself an engaging wife named Lucile, and is a thriving man. His cash he cheats at play, and despoils the Viscount de Cavaroc of
literary friend, we learn from Lucile, has been less prosperous. Amaury 30,000 francs, but is presently unmasked by the Marquis d'Héronville, and
has written a drama called " L'Epée à deux Tranchants," from which he has ignominously expelled from the house where he has displayed his ingenuity.
expected much, and has hoped to read it in private to a party of influential His place of refuge is " Le Moulin Rouge," a ruined hovel ; but he does not
persons. But the list of guests has been freely expurgated by Séraphine, remain long inactive. The Viscount de Cavaroc has followed him with the
who judges of each on strictly religious grounds, and even those who have intention of recovering his money, but is killed by a pistol. As the victim
been admitted to the sanctuary have been chilled by the frigidity of their bears a strong personal resemblance to his murderer the latter feigns suicide ,
hostess. Thus foes have been madewhere friendswere expected, and the piece and by assuming the title of the viscount hopes to live secure from the perse-
sent to an important theatre has been accepted " à corrections," an accept- cutions of justice. His wife Pauline, blessed with a supposed widowhood,
ance which is virtually a polite rejection. Baron des Brières, an elderly roué of marries the marquis, and becomes a happy mother, but Lascare
immense influence, who has been one of the persons eliminated by Séraphine turns up when he is least wanted, and, lo ! she is a wretched bigamist. To
from her husband's list, drops into the atelier and is enraptured by the the marquis the bad man is still Cavaroc, but he reveals himself in his
works of art which Marcel has created, but it is soon made evident that his true character to Pauline, and extorts money from her as the price ofsecrecy.
admiration is directed rather to Lucile than to the pictures. Amaury and With this measure of iniquity any reasonable sinner would be contented.
Séraphine also pay a visit. Their encounter with the baron is, of course, a But Lascare thinks he may as well be a bigamist in his turn, and contem-
contretemps, and Séraphine makes herself disagreeable by her moral reflec- plates a marriage with Mathilde, the sister of the marquis. In fact, no one
tions on the paintings, till she is touched by the information that Marcel knows what would be the extent of his delinquency were not his career cut
has executed from memory a portrait of her mother, now deceased. Just, short by an old accomplice, who exterminates him in the " Moulin
however, as she is retiring to an adjoining room, where the portrait is kept, Rouge."
she inadvertently sees the baron slip a billet into the hand of Lucile, and Fit company for Lascare is M. de Lagarde, who figures at the Théâtre
when she comes back after a few seconds her old manner has returned, Beaumarchais in a drama entitled " Le Chevalier Noir," and who is quite
and she finds fault with the likeness. The visit, therefore, proves a
failure. black, as he is called ; an enumeration of his atrocities would only be
wearisome .
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 18 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 4, 1869.

barracks and plant them out with forest trees, even though it necessitates
OCCASIONAL NOTES. diverting the carriage-road. If we could say to all the ugly buildings
"Disestablishment and disendowment " seem to be catching. The around us, " Move on or we will plant you out," we might really improve
Nonconformist contains a letter from Mr. R. H. Sawyer, member of the the metropolis. Mr. Layard has the opportunity, and we hope he will not
Bahamas House of Assembly, announcing the separation of Church and allow the screams of the dirty little houses in Knightsbridge to hinder a
State in that colony. The bill had already passed the Assembly in two public improvement in the benefit of which they too participate, but that
successive years, but was stopped on each occasion by the Legislative their sooty vision forbids them to see it.
Council. This year, however, the Council has given way, and the State
Church stands abolished . The Episcopalian Church in the Bahamas.
numbered a tenth of the population, being in a rather worse condition than The Vice-President of the United States, in the course of a recent
the same Church in Ireland. speech at Chicago, during the Pacific railway celebrations, took occasion
to admonish the Americans that they were absorbing people of other
countries quite as fast as was good for them. Having expressed the opinion
We are glad to know, upon the best authority, that Mr. Peabody has that Canada was gradually coming over the border, he added :-" I believe
no intention of remaining in the United States. Among his numerous in the power of gravitation among nations, as I do in natural philosophy ;
benefactions there is one for the establishment and maintenance of but I do not believe it can be hastened by threatening the civilized nations
schools in the Southern States, where they are much needed. They of the earth, and daring them to war with us for their possessions."
are not designed to be schools for "freedmen's children " merely,
but for black and white alike ; and the general plan being now
in a fair way of accomplishment, Mr. Peabody has resolved to Mr. Justice Blackburn has included in his report to the Speaker on the
increase his original donation. He has gone to America to settle the Stafford election some remarks on matters which transpired in the inquiry
business arrangements, and we are now able to state that he intends to not bearing directly on the question of the seats, and some excellent
return to this country in the autumn or early next spring. Every one will suggestions for improved legislation as to the accounts and vouchers
hope that his journey will not only enable him to fulfil a benevolent required by law to be sent in by candidates' agents to the returning officer,
purpose, but result in the complete re-establishment of his health, and on other points. The public would have profited had this practice
been more common with the other election judges, for the new Act afforded
ample scope for such suggestions. Many, however, of the judges' reports
The new Diplomatic Salaries, &c. , Bill makes some changes as to do contain more than the actual finding as to the seats, but then, unfortu-
diplomatic pensions. By the Act now in force ( 2 and 3 Will. IV. c. 116) nately, their reports appear only in the " Votes and Proceedings " of the
the fourth-class pension of £ 900 a year is for ministers plenipotentiary House of Commons, which are not seen by the general public. They may
and ministers resident of five years' standing. The new bill adds to these be said to be buried there. Mr. Vernon Harcourt obtained the separate
66
any one who has served for five years as a chargé d'affaires and consul-
publication of the judgments, and it is to be regretted that the judge's
general in some foreign State or States, or a chargé d'affaires in some report to the Speaker has not always been published with the judgment.
State or States where no other diplomatic representative
foreign State It is not too late to remedy the omission by a separate publication, which
is usually appointed to reside on behalf of her Majesty, or
would be a small one, of all reports containing anything beyond the bare
an agent and consul-general in some foreign State or States where finding as to the seats. Another useful publication would be a collection
his duties have been generally of a political character." These
of decisions and dicta on points of law and practice made by the election
functionaries of lower rank, so added, were formerly pensioned as belonging judges in the progress of the case ; and there must be among the clerks
to the consular service ; and this new mode of pensioning them appertains
of the House of Commons some one quite competent to extract what is
to a recent change, which makes this present consular grievance : that valuable of this sort from the shorthand writers' notes piled in the Journal
appointments which have been the chief prizes of the consular profession Office.
have been transferred from it to the diplomatic and go to provide for such
secretaries of legation as, from want of interest or rank, are thought worthy The bill for transferring diplomatic charges from the Consolidated Fund
of nothing better in the diplomatic line.
to the Civil Estimates has now appeared in the House of Commons ; and
diplomatic pensions have also been included in the bill, in accord-
A very curious story in regard to the Indian Civil Service is told by ance with a suggestion made in this journal. This, however, is not
the Homeward Mail. It is this :-Among the fifty successful candidates complete or satisfactory, as all diplomatic pensions already granted
at the last examinations for the Indian Civil Service, four were are to remain charged on the Consolidated Fund ; pensions granted
natives of India. A Bengalee, whose name does not appear, but who hereafter are to come within the provisions of the bill. Why this
is at least quite as sharp as his countrymen generally are, had been distinction without a difference, unless to keep out of annual sight of
engaged in " coaching " some of the unsuccessful candidates, and Parliament and the public the large total of diplomatic pensions, said to be
he advertised for the first two on the list. He had to tell them upwards of £ 20,000 a year at this moment? The reported resignation
"something to their advantage." In reality he had found out that the of Sir John Crampton, if true, will make an addition of £ 1,700 a
year. The division of first-class and second-class embassies is to continue,
ages of the three successful native competitors, as given to the Civil
Service Commissioners, did not correspond with their ages as recorded and any future elevation of a second-class embassy to the first class must
in the Bombay and Calcutta University Calendar. The difference be made known to Parliament within fourteen days. Would it not be well
in one case was only of two months, but it was sufficient to to give in a schedule to the bill a list of first-class and second-class
disqualify the candidate, who has consequently been rejected by embassies as now arranged ? The English embassy at Copenhagen is
the Commissioners. The hardship lies in the circumstance that the said to have been lately raised by a stroke of the pen at the Foreign Office to
ages of the three candidates are believed to have been incorrectly the first-class rank, for the benefit of the highly favoured Sir Charles Wyke,
given in the university calendars, and that by their horoscopes they are foster-brother of the ex-King of Hanover. It may then be soon necessary
still within the age prescribed by the Commissioners. No doubt some to give similar promotion to Stockholm, or his Majesty of Sweden may
natives have great difficulty in ascertaining their exact ages according to our feel slighted. If there is truth in a rumour that a representative of the
calendar ; but it will not do to allow too wide a margin to competitors. The highest ambassadorial rank is to be sent to Washington to replace Mr.
difficulty might be overcome by natives bringing with them to England Thornton, this will bring an increase of salary of something like £4,000
some well- attested proof of their age. This would secure them against a year, with an increased diplomatic pension looming in the future.
the cunning of their own compatriots, who have found it pay them well to
settle down in London as "crammers." If the test of age were not
rigorously insisted on by the Commissioners as regards the natives, an Dr. Ernest William Hengstenberg, who died at Berlin last Friday, was
injustice would be done to English competitors, and a mischievous a very important person, though we cannot, even in speaking of his death,
precedent would be established. say that his influence was useful, wholesome, or charitable. Appointed in
1826 Professor of Divinity at Berlin, a post which he held till his death,
he founded in 1827 the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, a publication which
A grievous wrong has been perpetrated on the inhabitants of some has probably more envy, malice, and uncharitableness to account for than
ugly little houses in Knightsbridge. They have from time immemorial all our own religious press together, good as its will in the matter is. By
been allowed the privilege of exhibiting the backs of their tenements in all the powerful unscrupulous incitements of this journal a sort of religious
their humble hideousness to the frequenters of the drive in Hyde Park ; but war was stirred up in Germany ; old dogmatic tests were revived, sharpened,
this source of sympathy has been wantonly cut off from them. The dreary and enforced on the holders of professorships and preferments in Prussia and
waste contiguous to Albert-gate has been improved by green mounds and other States, and what is called a reaction was successfully produced .
flowering shrubs. This improvement, however, has its drawbacks ; it Dr. Hengstenberg supported this movement by numerous controversial
prevents the owners of the ugly houses from looking out of their back publications, and some very learned apologetic and exegetic works on
windows at the people in the Park, and it prevents the people in the Park various books of the Bible (Christology of the Old Testament, 3 vols.;
from pitying the occupants of the ugly houses ; perhaps an attic window . Introduction, &c. , to the Old Testament, 3 vols.; Commentaries onthe Psalms,
may glitter through the shrubs like the evil eye of a satyr, but a vast screen the Song of Songs, and the Apocalypse). He acquired great influence
of flowers has been interposed between ugliness and beauty, and has given with the Government, which, however, he lost under the late King, when
great offence to the former. The injured flock have waited on the Chief he refused to sanction the "union " between the Lutheran and Reformed
Commissioner of Works, and he has promised " to consider their state- Communions. Though born in the latter, Hengstenberg gradually grew
ment." If the result of his consideration leads him to come with a wheel- into a complete sympathy with the most advanced claims of the
barrow, we trust it will be for the purpose of wheeling away the little houses former Church. His views on the Sacraments were of the highest Lutheran
instead of the flowers and shrubs which shut them out from the scene in type, and he was frequently suspected, in conjunction with his friend
which they have too long been permitted to play the part of a skeleton at the late jurist Dr. Stahl, of wishing to renew from Canterbury at least, if
a feast. If he will then wheel away Knightsbridge-barracks he will have not from Rome, the grace of Apostolic succession which Luther so
done a good day's excavations. Supposing any difficulty to arise with our unaccountably let slip. In the nomenclature of German theological
"military authorities," and they are not easy people to deal with, perhaps history he is called the leader of the right fraction of the Pietistic Supra-
Mr. Layard will be kind enough to raise a great mound in front of the naturalists. His defensive position in reference to the criticism of the Old
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 PALL MALL BUDGET. 19
JUNE 4, 1869. ]

Testament is the most thoroughly orthodox that has been taken up by any lation, irregularity of surface, swamp, brushwood, large stones, boulders,
sufficiently informed person in our day. A strong political sense led him &c., and which will severely test the qualities of shells fired with per-
to reject all compromises in this matter, where it is, indeed, only the first step cussion fuzes. Over this range experiments are to be carried out with
which costs an effort, or is worth a struggle. shrapnel and segment shell from field guns, in about a fortnight or three
weeks, under a special committee of artillery officers, of which General
Collingwood Dickson is President, and Colonels Elwyn, Romer, Strange,
The Times adheres to the traditional ideas with regard to the climate Michell, Sladen, and Major Stirling are members, with Captain Alderson
of the Hudson's Bay Territory, and states that " Minnesota itself," which as secretary.
lies opposite the most fertile part ofthe territory, " has failed to realize the
hopes so sanguinely entertained of it a dozen years since." This view is It seems that the prohibitory liquor bill which was referred to by Sir
not supported by an examination of the statistics returned by the State. Wilfrid Lawson as having been enacted by the Massachusetts Legislature
Minnesota has been a favourite field of emigration from the sea-board for has not passed after all. After passing the House of Representatives,
some time past, and in 1867 alone 50,000 new settlers arrived to swell it was rejected in the Senate by a vote of 14 to 21. A motion to recon-
the population. Since then the wealth and resources of the State have sider the measure has been entered on the notice paper, but the general
been largely increased. In 1850 the population was 6,077 ; in 1862, belief is that the defeat of the prohibitionists in the present Legislature is
172,413 ; in 1867, 400,000. In 1860 there were only 433,276 acres under final.
cultivation in the State. In 1866 there were over 1,200,000 acres. There
are now, it is estimated, 2,000 establishments devoted to manufactures in A phenomenon of a most extraordinary nature has lately been witnessed
the State, and every branch of trade is constantly increasing. by the inhabitants of the borders of the Caspian Sea. This huge salt lake
is dotted with numerous islands which produce yearly a large quantity of
naphtha, and it is no uncommon occurrence for fires to break out in the
For once there may be seen in operation a strike which employers and works and burn for many days before they can be extinguished. Early
workpeople have combined to arrange. The masters have even offered to last month, owing to some subterraneous disturbances, enormous
contribute to the support of the workmen if they will only keep out on quantities of this inflammable substance were projected from the naphtha
strike. The scene of this experiment is the principal coal region of wells, and spread over the entire surface of the water, and becoming
Pennsylvania, and the object, of course, is to " starve " the market, ignited, notwithstanding every precaution, converted the whole sea into the
and so force up prices. There are now about 20,000 miners
semblance of a gigantic flaming punch bowl, many thousands of square
on strike, but they make no demand for increase of wages, miles in extent. The fire burnt itself out in about forty-eight hours, leaving
nor have they assigned any cause for dissatisfaction. The trick the surface strewed with the dead bodies of innumerable fishes. Herodotus
promised to be successful, for coal at once advanced from fifty cents mentions a tradition that the same phenomenon was once before observed
to a dollar per ton. It was thought that better results still might be by the tribes inhabiting the shores of the Caspian Sea.
achieved if the colliery owners and miners could continue to agree so
pleasantly. Perhaps the invention may not be wholly new in this country,
but it has never been tried here on so extensive a scale. The sham strikes It lately occurred to the management of the Royal Alfred Theatre that
of Pennsylvania are likely to gain the same sort of notoriety as that which the severity of the rule " No children in arms admitted " might be mitigated
Connecticut long enjoyed, perhaps undeservedly, for its wooden nutmegs for matrons of dramatic tastes by providing a special cloak-room , where
and hams. they could leave their infants, just as other ladies leave their shawls and
bonnets. A crèche was accordingly instituted in the theatre, with an
For once the colonists of Algeria are full of hope. The more critical experienced nurse to welcome the little strangers and attend to their wants.
period of the year is passed without its attendant plague of locusts. The A small charge was made for each of them, the mother receiving a ticket on
scirocco has not swept over the fields with its poisonous blasts, and the presentation of which the child was returned to her. The experiment,
young harvests promise to make up for the misfortunes of last year's however, has been attended with unforeseen results, which have compelled
famine. The Kabyles begin to descend from the mountains to help the its abandonment. We learn from a notice which has just been posted at
gathering in, and the lethargic Arabs are at a premium. The the theatre that while mothers have been glad to avail themselves of the
colonists, using as as their organ the Algerian newspapers, invite new cloak-room, they have forgotten to come back for their babies. The
the temporary immigration of farm-labourers, so great is their result is an accumulation of infants, which the manager now threatens to
dread lest part of their abundant harvests should be wasted for send to the workhouse " if not claimed within three days, and all expenses
want of hands. Last winter great numbers of Spaniards were driven paid. " " No more children," it is added, " can be taken care of as
to Algeria by want, and some of these, after three months' employment previously announced."
on public works, returned to Spain with a little money and a good
supply of clothes. This is a better account of things than one would The Berlin Post publishes some curious news from its St. Petersburg
have expected after so many successive calamities ; and a writer in the correspondent relative to the doings of the Russians in Central Asia.
Akbar thinks that the example would be largely followed by French " The authorities at Taschkend," says the correspondent, " have proposed
labourers were a free passage offered. The help of the soldiers is less to be that several scientific and commercial ' expeditions should be sent into
depended on this year, moreover, as they are occupied --not in fighting the Upper Tartary. This country, which three years ago belonged to China,
Arabs, but in fighting the locusts-a much more harmless and effective kind and has since recovered its independence through a successful rebellion of
of warfare. As soon as the harbingers of the swarm were seen on the the natives, lies between the Russian province of Semipalatinsk and British
borders ofthe desert, troops were sent down to the slaughter, which is still India. Should it be visited by one of those ' scientific ' expeditions which
going on. Doubtless the need of the colonists is a pressing one, but it in Asia are usually the precursors of Russian columns, it is easy to see
seems a pity that the native population cannot be made more available. what importance the English will attach to the undertaking. Indeed, in
The Arab will work when hungry. The Kabyle will work for money. that case, the suspicion of aggressive designs on the part of Russia would
Surely there are enough of these ? be stronger than ever, for the natives set their faces against all Russian
visitors, inexorably turn back the Russian caravans when they attempt to enter
the country, and are said to have cut off the nose of a Russian merchant
The vexed and important question of the relative merits of shrapnel who crossed the frontier in spite of their prohibition. It is probable, there-
and segment shell for use in the field is at last to be set at rest
fore, that the proposed expeditions will be attacked, and thus give a pretext
by an experiment which, it is to be hoped, will be made as exhaustive as for the usual military operations."
possible. The question has not before been determined, chiefly because
of the difficulty of finding ground available and in all respects suitable for
the purpose. The segment shell depends mainly for its effects upon The writer of a capital article on gunpowder in the Army and Navy
the use of a percussion fuze ; but one of the points prominently in Gazette of last Saturday has explained very clearly the circumstances
dispute is whether a percussion fuze is admissible in the field. connected with the preference bythe Breech-loader Committee of a powder
On certain kinds of ground a percussion fuze often refuses to act, as supplied by Messrs. Curtis and Harvey to any of the Government-made
upon a swamp, or soft ploughed field ; while the effects of a shell powders. There is no special virtue in this powder, beyond the simple.
exploded by this means will vary in direction and degree with the con- fact that it is more uniform in the size of its grain than the Waltham Abbey
figuration or character of the particular spot of ground struck, since the powders, and as size of grain is a mere question of expense- greater
deflection of the projectile due to that configuration must precede the uniformity imposing the necessity for the rejection of a larger proportion
action of the fuze, and in very soft ground the shell will bury itself. of grains which fall outside the limits-of course the same powder can be
Against a hill side, or directed against troops under cover, on the reverse equally well obtained at one place as at another. The question which
slope of a hill, in a sunken roadway, &c. , such fuzes are absolutely inope- naturally suggests itself- why should a private maker produce more uniform
rative. Hitherto, however, the trials with these fuzes have been carried out powder than the Government works ? is easily answered. He does not
upon the hard, level sands at Shoeburyness, a position exceptionally produce more uniform powder, but he has a sale for more sizes of powder,
favourable to their uniform and certain action, and therefore exceptionally and is therefore able to dispose of powders which the Government, if
favourable to shell which depend upon such fuzes for their action. More- required to work within very narrow limits, would have to throw back into
over, it is evident that no trustworthy or useful comparison can the mills. He is thus able easily to provide powder of any required
be made between the segment and shrapnel shell at Shoeburyness, size. The Government maker naturally takes as wide limits as he can get ;
since the latter shell, being dependent upon a time fuze for its action, and as, in practice, powder of what is termed 12 to 20 mesh (ie. the grains
and therefore independent of the ground, competes with the percussion of which will pass through a sieve of twelve meshes to the inch and remain
segment shell on an inequality which is measured by the advantage on one of twenty) has been found to satisfy all the reasonable requirements
which favourable ground gives to the latter. The important bearing of of military rifles, it has been hitherto unnecessary to have a more finely
this question upon the equipment of our field artillery, and the fact sifted powder, such as the Committee have lately been using. But now that
that the adoption of a new field gun for India is now under consideration, a finer shooting arm is being adopted, a powder of more uniform grain is
have combined to induce the authorities to take steps to obtain a full and required to develop its advantages. This is the simple explanation of a fact
proper comparison between the two projectiles. A range has been selected which to ordinary readers might appear unintelligible. And we are glad to
on Dartmoor which appears to present all the required conditions of undu- be able to state a fact which the writer in the Army and Navy Gasette has
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 20 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 4, 1869.

omitted to mention, viz. that the Committee have, since their report was good enough to appoint but not good enough to employ and to trust. It
rendered, been making further trials with a powder specially prepared for now becomes questionable whether full discussion in the House of Com-
them at Waltham Abbey, and have found that it yields results even superior mons is not necessary to give confidence, both in this country and the United
to those furnished by the trade powder. This is exactly what would be States, that a conduct at once just and conciliatory but dignified and firm
expected. The English Government powder is probably unequalled as will be hereafter and pursued, steadily.
regards quality ; and it only remained to reduce the manufacturing limits
to place it in its proper position as the most suitable powder for an arm of
extreme precision. The following advertisement appeared in the Daily News the other day.
It is such a strange hash of good and evil tidings that it is difficult to
The official Vilna Courier announces that the Panslavist Committee at understand whether grief or joy is expected to predominate in the bosom
Moscow has set aside a considerable annual subscription from the funds at of the gentleman to whom it is addressed :-" If Samuel Bibo will call or
write to Mr. Samuel Stern, Paradise-street, Liverpool, he will hear of some-
its disposal for establishing an educational and literary connection between
Russia and the Slavonians of Turkey and the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. thing to his advantage. His wife is no more. "
This subscription, which amounts to about £ 1,200 a year, is to be distri-
buted as follows :-3,000 roubles (£500 ) is to be spent in providing for the
At a moment when the approach of the Grand Prix de Paris is exciting
education of young Slavonians from the West and South at Moscow ; in Paris an amount of interest which a few years ago no one would have
1,600 roubles (£260) for the establishment at Vienna of a course of
imagined Frenchmen capable of taking in racing matters, one is led to
lectures in Russian on the principal subjects of education ; 1,500 roubles
look back at the origin of this now national pastime in France. The first
(£250) for subsidies to the Slavonian schools and Greek Churches in
race on record was run in the year 1776, when the Comte d'Artois matched
Turkey, Galicia, and Hungary ; and 1,000 roubles ( 160) for communi-
one of his famous stud against a horse belonging to the Marquis de Conflans;
cations to Panslavist newspapers, the foundation of a Slavonic library at
and in the same year an Englishman named Fitzgerald made a match with
Moscow, and other means of spreading Panslavist doctrines among all the
branches of the Slavonic race. the Duc de Nassau. No races appear to have taken place from that date
till 1783 , when the Bois de Vincennes was the scene of several sweepstakes,
in one of which the entries were as high as 2,500 francs ; but the honour
A letter which has been written to a contemporary shows that what is of having seriously encouraged racing with a view to the amelioration of
called philanthropic legislation sometimes misses its mark. The law for- the breed of horses is due to the first Empire. Napoleon I. established
bidding milliners to work after four o'clock on Saturdays has simply made races both at the Champ de Mars and in the provinces, and the institution
the classes it was intended to benefit worse off than they were before. from that time has developed itself uninterruptedly, receiving additional
When the hour fixed by law arrives for closing the workshops the milliners impetus in 1826 from the accession to the turf of Lord Henry Seymour,
and others must go home and toil , or the half day they lose is deducted from Monsieur Schichler, and Count d'Orsay. About the same time steeple
their wages. " I find," writes a " mantlemaker " of her work, " I cannot get 66
chases came into fashion, the first Frenchman who rode a course à
it done ; consequently I must take it home, and find light, and, in winter, obstacles " being Count Waleski, who in 1829 won a match against Lord
fire, which I should save if it were not for the law. I get no more money Henry Seymour. The oldest living patron of the French turf is Monsieur
for the work." It is like the eight-hours law in America-the employers Lafitte, whose horses ran for the first time in 1834.
can take care that they lose nothing by it, and of course they do so.
People who have families to support, or who are pressed for money, would
much rather work a few hours overtime than have compulsory repose thrust A strange story has just been disclosed to the magistrate at Lambeth
upon them. The inspectors who are assisting to enforce these laws cannot in regard to the relations between the police and the predatory classes against
give a good account of them, and they might be modified without the good whom they are supposed to protect the public. According to the evidence
that is contained in their principle being lost. of Sergeant Ham, he one day received a letter from Richards, an inspector
of the Brighton Railway Company's detective police, expressing a desire
to see him 66 very particular " about some business. They met accord-
Lord Ribblesdale writes to the Times stating that a picture executed by ingly, and Richards said, " You and Ranger (another constable) have got
himself has been refused by the Royal Academy. Sir Francis Grant, in old Black Miles and Billy Green (two men charged with theft) ; I suppose
another letter, admits the soft impeachment, but says that the Academicians you don't want to get them convicted, do you ? " Ham replied, "No,
were not aware that the rejected work proceeded from his lordship's hands. not particularly ; " and Richards went on to say that if the sergeant and
We are very sorry this has happened . Although the picture might not be all the other constable would swear that they had made inquiries, and
that could be desired, yet at the present time we could wish every found the stolen property belonged to some one whom the prisoners
encouragement to be given to the House of Lords to occupy themselves would send to " buff " it— that is, own it- they should have £20
in innocent pursuits. It is all very well for Sir Francis Grant to refuse a between them. The negotiation was at once reported to the super-
peer's picture, but we must remember that the peers identify the Royal intendent at Lambeth, and as soon as it had been completed by
Academy with the public, and may with some show of justice say, " You payment of the bribe Richards and another man, equivocally described as
reject a picture from a member of our body, we will reject your Irish " a dealer in jewellery," who had also taken part in the transaction, were
Church Bill." This would place us all in a very unpleasant position, and arrested. It was further alleged that Richards was on intimate terms with
we put it to Sir F. Grant, would it not be advisable to come to some arrange- thieves, frequenting their public-houses, shaking hands with them, and even
ment with the House of Lords by which each one ofthem might be allowed to receiving visits from them at his own house, where he had a
exhibit a painting, the work of their own hands, at the Exhibition next year, fine assortment of skeleton keys and similar implements. These details
on the understanding that they will give no trouble on the Irish Church are certainly calculated to produce some uneasiness in the public
question ? We think we may promise the lords that if they confine them- mind. Although Richards was in the service, not of the public, but
selves to painting the public will not look too closely at their works. of a railway company, it was, according to the charge against him, on the
metropolitan police that he exercised his corrupting influence, and on
whose co-operation he relied in his schemes for foiling justice.
We have no reason to complain of the exchange of compliments which
has taken place on Mr. Motley's arrival at Liverpool, though perhaps the
Chamber of Commerce might have waited to learn whether the new A long and interesting debate, in which General von Moltke took a
American envoy was to repeat or repudiate the language of Mr. Sumner prominent part, occurred in the North German Parliament last Friday, on
before it held out to him the hand of cordiality and good fellowship. But the question of the payment by the military of local taxes. In Prussia the
the important question now is what position this gentleman is to hold in military are exempted from such payments, but the extension of this privi-
this country and what position Great Britain is to hold towards the United lege to the troops stationed in the other countries of the North German
States. A short time since we were told that Mr. Sumner spoke the Bund had caused much discontent, and a parliamentary committee accord-
feeling of the whole American people ; now we are told, what is ingly proposed that the privilege should be confined to Prussia proper, as
probably more true, that he merely spoke the language of a party it was before the Bund was formed. General von Roon, the Prussian War
in America. We may, however, if any misfortune befall us, or any Minister, resisted the motion on behalf of the Government, on the ground
European complication arise, again hear of a massive grievance, that this was an ancient privilege long enjoyed by the Prussian troops, and
and the last book of the Sybils be brought forward with a frontis- that it would be unfair to deprive them of it merely because they happened
piece of 400,000,000 of pounds. We think it impossible to leave matters to be stationed on non-Prussian territory. On the other hand, the Federal
as they are. Amicable relations between two States, one of which Commissioner for Hesse, Herr Hoffmann, expressed his regret that there
keeps pending a claim which the other says it can never honourably was a difference of opinion on this subject in the Federal Council, adding
acknowledge, is a mere mockery towards them both. The pending that the Government of Hesse did not agree in the view of the Prussian
questions must be settled somehow or other, or we must obtain a clear Government, as the military ought to be treated, as regards taxation , on the
conviction that they will not be settled. Can we leave this matter entirely same footing as civilians ; this was a cardinal principle of the Hessian
in the hands of the Foreign Office ? If experience is to be trusted, we law. He ended by pointing out that the charges on the Confederation
cannot. After many years, and the handling of three Foreign Secretaries, we were already so high that some consideration ought to be given
are at last in the most embarrassing, in almost the most ridiculous position. to the smaller States. General von Moltke then made a long
Our policy, in fact, has jerked itself backwards and forwards from pride to speech against the motion. He said that the principle of exempting
humility in every conceivable fashion, whilst the treaty recently concluded all effective troops from direct taxes pervaded the whole of the communal
and rejected, though framed with the most kindly feelings to America, is the and military legislation of Prussia, and that such exemption was grounded
most clumsy piece of diplomatic workmanship that ever yet came out of on the circumstance that the rate of military pay was fixed so as to provide
Downing-street. We do not blame Lord Clarendon. This treaty was cut for necessary expenditure only, and left no margin for deductions. This
out for him by Mr. Seward and his predecessors, and we must add by that exemption existed not only in Prussia, but also in Switzerland and other foreign
Under-Secretary who has fatally assisted at all these negotiations and countries. It did not exist in the United States, but the pay of officers was
inculcated the idea of making a treaty in London, where one of the treaty- much higher there than in Prussia. The army was a class by itself, with its
making Powers was not represented, instead of making it at Washington, own labourers, artisans, physicians, and clergymen, and should not be
where, owing to his influence, we had a representative whom he thought exposed to the burdens of the civilians whom it defended, and who
[ 376 ]
 JUNE 4, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 21

fixed the amount to be expended for its maintenance. It had no would, at all events, be premature to meddle again with the statue until
communal or municipal rights, no interest in the erection of we see what the Dairy Reform Company, or some other useful body of
hospitals or other public institutions, and its home was not this this nature, can do for us and the memory of Jenner, who, whatever his
or that village, but "the whole territory of the North German Bund. ” errors may have been, does not deserve to have his statue dragged from its
The welfare of the parish depended on that of the State, and who had present obscurity.
done so much for the welfare of the State as the army, which, by its two
victorious campaigns, had placed both Prussia and Germany in a position The old parish church of Kensington is to be pulled down forthwith
so prosperous at home and unassailable abroad ? This speech was received and a handsome new edifice, designed by Mr. Gilbert Scott, will be erected
with loud applause from all sides of the House, and ultimately the motion in its place. Of the old church Leigh Hunt wrote :-" It is remarkable as
was defeated, together with several others in the same sense, by a large an edifice for nothing but the smallness and homeliness of its appearance ;
majority. but it has this curious claim to consideration-namely, that what with
partial rebuildings and wholesale repairs, it has been altered since the year
We should like to know whether any and what reduction can be made 1683 nearly a dozen times. How often before then we cannot say ; nor do
The we know when it was first built." In the church and picturesque church-
in the police force of Maxwelltown, county of Kirkcudbright.
Inspector of Constabulary for Scotland reports the strength of the force to yard are a few noteworthy monuments, amongst others those of James
be one constable. Population to each constable, 3,646. He adds, " This Mill, the historian of British India, distinguished father of a distinguished
force consists of one constable, assisted by a lamplighter, and is inefficient." son, the two Colmans, and Mrs. Inchbald, the author of " A Simple Story."
The inefficiency is hardly to be wondered at, more especially if any attempts Without doubt the progressing improvements of the High-street, Kensing-
have been made to give a military character to the force. The unfortunate ton, and the demolition of a church which was too dilapidated to be safe,
man who composes its strength cannot surely be expected to drill, in are in themselves desirable, but lovers of old London will doubtless regret
addition to his day and night duties. If such is the case, it must the new aspect thus given to the picturesque old Court suburb.
require all the lamplighter's assistance to keep him going. And how about
the lamps ? Are they neglected while their custodian is, contrary to the
It is very evident that those patriots, Warren and Costelloe, have been
spirit of our Constitution, performing constabulary duties ? Is the constable much disappointed with their reception in New York. Some brother
expected to take a turn with the ladder occasionally in consideration of
Fenians invited them to a public meeting, but they scorned to attend.
the help he receives from the lamplighter ? Is he also called upon at
They would go, they said, if the authorities of the city would promise to be
times to array himself in some disguise and mingle with the 3,646 inhabi- What is called " stirring up John
present. The hint was not taken.
tants of the district as a detective officer ?
Bull" has been tried so recently by Mr. Sumner, and with results so little
satisfactory to those interested in the sport, that it seems a waste of time
at present to pursue it any further. Indeed, the very writers who warned
Now that Mr. Peabody is no longer in England, the begging letter us that there was much mischief underlying Mr. Sumner's vapourings, now
writers will have the opportunity of concentrating their attention on some
assure us that they meant nothing, that it was only " make-believe," and
other victim. If Mr. Peabody chose to be communicative upon the
that for eight years there has not been so friendly a feeling towards England
subject, he could set before the world a moving picture of the miseries of as there is at present. The Americans, then, are very successful in
a philanthropist. Everybody thinks he has a right to persecute him for dissembling their love. The most moderate papers in all the country
money. The man whose goods are about to be seized for rent, the broken repeated again and again that Mr. Sumner's speech reflected the sentiment
down actor who wants ten pounds till next Monday, the gentleman who of the people, and that is why it was taken notice of here. Now the New
has gone into a rash speculation and burned his fingers- these, and a
York Times candidly tells its readers that the speech " has alienated every
thousand others, think that a man like Mr. Peabody is bound
friend we had in England, and turned the whole tide of feeling throughout
to help them. The world has no gratitude and no sympathy
the United Kingdom overwhelmingly against us."
for the benevolent. Its cry is ever " give, give," until at last it
is strange if the philanthropist does not turn into a misanthropist. Nine-
tenths of the letters he opens are applications for money. Whenever he The intended visit ofthe King of Prussia to Hanover, which has already
appears in public he is followed by importunate cries for relief. If he goes been several times deferred under various pretexts, is now adjourned to the
out to dinner the lady whom he takes down pesters him about that very 9th of June, and a strong conviction prevails that it will in all probability
deserving family in whom she takes an interest. He dare not have many never take place at all. The National Committee have lately been extremely
personal friends, because they are sure to expect him to do something for active in stirring up the dislike of the population for their new King. The
Tommy or Annie. When people are attentive to him he knows that they following proclamation has been extensively placarded in Hanover, Osna-
expect to be well paid for it. Mr. Peabody has given away £350,000 to bruck, Lunebourg, and other important towns :-" Citizens ! King William
the poor of London, and about £ 200,000 for the establishment of schools is coming among us ; let our reception show him that if he has conquered
and charitable institutions in the United States, besides large sums in our country he has not conquered our hearts." In Saxony, on the other
private charity. But all this only encourages the harpies who would rather hand, Count Bismarck's policy, owing probably to the King's well-known
do anything for a living than work. The abject, fawning, worthless set indifference to political matters, appears to be daily gaining ground. By a
who hang upon the skirts of those who are reputed to be rich give him no treaty which is on the point of being signed between the two Governments
peace. It would be useless to appeal to their better feelings, for they have all the foreign legations of Saxony will be suppressed, and her interests
none, but we wish it were possible to place some of their names before abroad represented by the Prussian ministries, the Foreign Office of
the public eye as a caution to the rest of their tribe. Berlin undertaking to provide posts for the Saxon diplomatists thus
disestablished. An article on the French elections in the Gazette
de Cologne ends with these words :-" The essential point is that the
When Mr. Flowers, the police magistrate, fined Dr. Skelton the other elections will draw the attention of the French Government away from
day because he had declined to allow his child to be vaccinated, there was certain considerations of foreign policy which would otherwise occupy it,"
one question in the background which was not touched upon at Bow- street -a passage which seems to contain an allusion to the agreement just
court, but which may affect the public as much as the merits or demerits of signed by Prussia, Hesse, and Baden, authorizing their respective subjects
vaccination. We allude to the statue of Dr. Jenner. This work of art was to undergo the term of military service in any one of the three States at
originally placed in Trafalgar-square, as the principal depôt of metropolitan their own choice.
ugliness, but it was too much even for the " finest site in London," and
one day it was missing. With a respect for our feelings which was graceful Although no reporters were present at the meeting of the Jockey Club
though tardy, the authorities had removed the objectionable image. People on Saturday, when Sir J. Hawley's resolutions were put to the vote, the
asked not whither it was gone : sufficient was it for them that one eyesore general character of the debate may be gathered from the voluminous
at least had been taken from the neighbourhood of Charing-cross, correspondence on the subject which had previously been published. Sir
and when the vacant pedestal was seen no sign of general emotion Joseph and his seconder, Mr. Henry Chaplin, naturally reproduced the
was visible. Perhaps here and there a tear was shed by a arguments in their letter of Wednesday last, that facilities for " utilizing
passer-by, not for the missing statue, but at the thought that weeds " must undoubtedly encourage their production, that the undue
England cannot honour her benefactors without disgracing herself and forcing of two-year-olds leads to premature decay, and that the degeneration
annoying her inhabitants ; the stone Jenner accordingly became a thing of of the English breed of horses, if it has not already set in, is certainly
the past, until a rumour was heard that some one had seen an image of a imminent. Lord Stradbroke supported the resolutions against his brother
stout gentleman without a hat, clothed in a dressing gown, sitting in an Admiral Rous, who, repudiating all apprehensions as to the future of the
arm-chair in a pond at the back of Kensington-gardens. This was poor British race-horse, of course resents any interference with that perfection of
Jenner, and there he sits to the present day. There let him sit. He the turf which now delights him. The hollowness of the argument that it
injures no one, beyond shocking the feelings of a few nursery-maids who was beyond the power ofthe Jockey Club to prohibit the running of two-year
hurry their young charges past the objectionable effigy with a sidelong olds before July was sufficientlyproved by the subsequent adoption of Colonel
glance and a tightened grip of the infant's vaccinated_arm. But if Forester's proposal to fix May for their earliest début. The club clearly
Dr. Skelton's theory is correct, and vaccination is condemned as not had just as much right to name the one date as the other. Equally significant
only a useless but injurious practice, what is to become of the was the refusal of the meeting to listen to Lord Derby's brief but exceedingly
statue? Jenner the man being proved to be an impostor, Jenner the pungent letter, which, however, has fortunately found its way into the morning
statue will be driven like our first parents from even Kensington- papers. His lordship told some home truths which one can easily conceive
gardens. Not a square in which children play who have been to be by no means agreeable to an influential section of the club. He
erroneously vaccinated will receive him. Having chased it from one condemns touting, running horses without meaning them to win, the
resting-place to another, we shall find the horrible thing on our hands with forcing of two-year-olds, and the abuses of handicapping. There is some-
literally no
place in which to put it. Our only hope is that Dr. Skelton thing very characteristic in the Tory Earl stigmatizing the turf as reduced
may be mistaken. We were told a short time ago that pure lymph was to to the low commercial level of the " Manchester School," this being
be obtained direct from the heifer on application to Dr. H. Blanc. If it apparently about the strongest term of opprobrium he could think of. He
turns out that this animal has not escaped adulteration, like everything would go still further than Sir J. Hawley as to close time, which he would like
else, the sooner she is fattened and sold as good beef the better ; but it to see extended, as in France, to the 1st of August, or even September ; and
[ 377 ]
 22 PALL MALL BUDGET.
[JUNE 4, 1869.

he recommends a maximum and minimum weight as a check upon the system were still a matter of dispute it would have been proper enough
evils of handicapping . The interests ranged against reform are too con- for the Board of Trade to collect opinions from the different railways
siderable to be overcome at the first assault, but Sir J. Hawley and his as to the arguments for and against adopting it. But by Mr. Bright's own
supporters should be encouraged to persevere in the line they have struck confession this is not how the matter stands. Mr. Bright has not written
out.
as a man who is uncertain of his facts, and wishes for more information.
He is in no doubt as to the cause of past accidents, or as to the means of
There seems to be no fabrication concerning European politics too preventing future accidents. He says, in so many words, that the former
66
absurd for currency in New York. Some one, being in want of news, tele- clearly might have been prevented if the block system had been estab-
graphed to the papers there an announcement that a triple alliance had lished ;' and by a natural inference the latter may yet be prevented
been entered into by France, England, and Spain against America. The if the block system is introduced. To admit that things have come to
message was at once carried to the President, but, says the reporter who this point and yet to do nothing more than bring the subject " under the
consideration " of railway directors is very little short of making
witnessed the thrilling incident, " Grant looked as if he didn't care "-
another fine example of his self-possession and fortitude. For some the Government an accessory before the fact to whatever accidents
days the tale was fully believed in by the public and seriously shall hereafter result from the neglect of railway companies to
discussed in nearly all the papers. Even assuming that it pays to print take this precaution. Instead of its being any merit in Mr. Bright's
such silly falsehoods in America, it can hardly be worth while to keep circular that it is not intended to menace the directors with future legis-
correspondents over here to make them up and go to the expense of tele- lation, we regard it as a culpable abnegation of a grave public duty
that this menace has not been uttered. If the block system be what
graphing them. They could be concocted just as easily in New York,
and while the editor was in the mood he might as well tell another lie and Mr. Bright describes it, its adoption ought to be made imperative on
say they came by cable. every railway company in the kingdom. The railways have a virtual monopoly
of locomotion. They have made every other mode of travelling impossible,
except for a very few persons or in a very few districts, and consequently
There is an Act of Parliament which should be carefully studied by all
who have money dealings with boards of guardians in unions and parishes, they are entirely released from such restraints as competition can impose.
and boards of management in school districts. We allude to the If they neglect to ensure those whom they carry against known danger by
Act 22 and 23 Vic. , cap. 49. It is a curious specimen of legislation, the adoption of recognized preventives, the Government is as much bound
to enforce this obligation upon them as it is to see that factory engines are
which will well repay perusal, as ignorance of its provisions may cause
properly fenced or mines properly ventilated. The public has no choice
considerable inconvenience and loss to those who put their trust in boards.
whether it shall use railways or not, the directors ought to have no choice
This Act confers on the boards in question a privilege which other
whether they will guard against accidents or not.
people would be very glad to possess, consisting of a non-liability for
debts and claims after a period of twelve months from the date of such debts
or claims, unless legal proceedings are commenced and prosecuted with
diligence within the time mentioned. What makes this so amusing is that NEW DRILL FOR THE BRITISH ARMY.
the world in general is not aware of the existence of this privilege. Most
WEChief
are glad consider
to learn that a committee
the possible has been formed
simplification bythe Commander-
people think that boards of guardians are liable for their debts like every- in- to of the existing system of
body else, whereas claimants and creditors who trust in their honour may
infantry drill, and its more complete adaptation to the requirements oftroops
find themselves at the end of a year without any legal remedy, and with
armed with and likely to be opposed to breech-loading rifles. Prominent
the consolation of knowing that their remonstrances only excite the among these requirements is the establishment of an efficient system of
merriment of their debtors. Perhaps some one will be kind enough to
field entrenchment or " spade drill," and the consideration of this very
ask the President of the Poor Law Board how many complaints have important point is, we understand, included in the instructions of the
been made to his office by persons who have been victimized by the committee. We lately called attention to the advantage of even
working of this eccentric Act. If on inquiry it is found to have worked
well, there would appear to be no good reason why its provisions should the slightest and most temporary entrenchments for the protection
of troops, as established by some recent experiments at Shoeburyness.
not be extended to the community at large ; until they were generally
Perhaps the full amount of instruction which this example contains can
known they would enable one half of the world to relieve itself from
hardly be appreciated without some statement as to the effect which the
difficulty at the expense of the other half, a readjustment of our burdens
shrapnel shell, which proved harmless against the entrenched position, are
which is loudly called for in many quarters.
capable of producing against exposed bodies of men. The following table
gives the results of some experiments under this head :—

MR. BRIGHT AND RAILWAY TRAVELLERS. Average effective Hits per Round.
MR. BRIGHT may claim the credit of having completely revolutionized the Range.
conception which has hitherto been entertained of the function of the 6-cwt. 9-pounder gun. 8-cwt. 9-pounder gun.
Board of Trade as regards railways. The common supposition has been
800 yards. 68.4 76.2
that the Board represents the general public- the public, that is, which
1,200 "" 56.0 76.0
uses railways and suffers by railways, which travels along them, and is occa-
sionally maimed or killed in doing so. That this public has not found any very Of course there are many points to be considered connected with the
efficient patrons in Mr. Bright's predecessors has been sufficiently evident, introduction of a system of spade drill. How the tools are to be carried,
and one President after another has endeavoured to defend himself against how the working parties are to be organized, what would be the best contour
the charge of neglecting his duty in this respect. The usual plea has been and construction for the works, under what circumstances should the
that the law invests the Board of Trade with so few powers ; it has been spade be resorted to. These are points which raise some large questions ;
reserved for Mr. Bright to give a practical denial to the notion that the last especially, as it bears upon the tactics to be adopted with our new
the Board was ever intended to do the particular work with which it has arms, a point which as yet appears to have received scarcely any considera-
been erroneously associated. It is an entire mistake to suppose that this tion. The engineering questions involved seem to suggest the addition of
department exists to protect the public against the railway interest ; on the one or more engineer officers to the committee. As regards the tools, the
contrary, its real raison d'être is to protect the railway interest against the regimental ammunition reserve carts or mules might, perhaps, be made
public. Viewed in this aspect, Mr. Bright's official policy is deserving of great available to some extent for their transport, and the men in charge of the
praise. He evidently sees that the public must be humoured to some reserve might be responsible for their distribution. We hope that the tools
extent, and that he will best consult the interest of his real clients by will not be made too elaborate, as though the men were going to dig a
appearing at times to occupy an independent and impartial attitude as mine ; for one valuable deduction to be drawn from the Shoeburyness
between them and their natural enemy the railway traveller. Thus in experiment is, as we have said, that a very slight entrenchment will answer
answering Sir H. Selwin- Ibbetson last Friday Mr. Bright admitted that if all the purpose. It will probably be necessary hereafter, when spade drill
the block telegraph system had been in use and strictly carried out, the becomes recognized, to detail one or more officers per regiment, with a
Abergele accident could not have occurred. Accordingly the Board of proportion of non- commissioned officers, for special instruction at Chatham;
Trade has " sent to all the railway companies in the kingdom a state- and, meanwhile, the engineers at Chatham cannot occupy themselves
ment of several accidents which clearly might have been prevented if the better than by organizing an efficient and ready system of field entrench-
block system had been established on the lines where they occurred. " ment, with a scheme of instruction. And the troops at Aldershot might
Mr. Bright is far too wise to refuse to see an inconvenient fact. He knows be usefully employed this summer, as the troops at Châlons have been
that a good many lives have been lost because the block system has not been engaged for some years past, in experimenting upon different systems of
in use, and he makes no secret of his knowledge. On the contrary, he entrenchment, tools, &c., and in practising improved methods of
imparts it without reserve to the companies throughwhose omission the deaths skirmishing.
in question have taken place. The public need not fear but the very hairs . Among the suggestions for the improvement of our system of drill is
of their head are counted by the Board of Trade. So many people have one to do away with the rear rank, replacing it with a strong supernumerary
been killed by your obstinate neglect- this is the tenour of Mr. Bright's rank. The technical objection which is generally taken to a very strong
circular-and if you persist in not adopting the block system, so supernumerary rank is that inconvenience results in getting it round the
many more will be killed by the same agency. Is it not quite flanks. But why need the supernumerary rank pass round the flank at all?
refreshing to hear such plainness of speech ? Whatever may be Mr. Why not pass through the single rank ? As any new drill should be of a
Bright's faults no one can say that he is mealy mouthed. When we less rigid, uncompromising nature than that now in vogue, it would surely
read this circular by the light of Mr. Bright's own interpretation be possible to devise a system which would allow the non- commissioned
66 of it our
satisfaction soon disappears. It is intended, it seems, not to menace officers to pass through the ranks without bringing about a demoralization
railway directors with any intention on the part of the Government of the regiment.
to propose legislation, but for the purpose of bringing the subject Independently of this committee, the platoon exercise has been modi
under their consideration in the belief that they are anxious that their fied-not before it was necessary. One of the principal changes consists
lines shall be worked well." All we can say is, that if this is its sole object in the abolition of the word " load." At the word " Ready," the soldier
it had much better not have been issued. If the advantages of the block places himself in the proper firing position and proceeds to load without
[ 378 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET .
JUNE 4, 1869.] 23

further command. After firing the soldier is not to reload until he has
been ordered to do so, and the rifles are never to be ordered to be loaded IRISH QUESTIONS.
until it is desired to fire. The order " prepare to resist cavalry " is to be THE following remarks on the state of public opinion in Ireland are
construed bythe men as including the order to place themselves in position, from a correspondent in Dublin ;- " In a despatch addressed by Lord
either kneeling or standing, according as they are in the two front or Heytesbury when Viceroy to Sir Robert Peel his excellency is said to
rear ranks, without any supplementary words of command. On the same have written, ' Truth lies at the bottom of a well. There are no wells in
principle all words ofcommand not absolutely necessary, such as "half cock," Ireland.' If this was a correct estimate of the accuracy of the stories
"slope," &c., after firing, have been discontinued. The drill appears to us a propagated in 1845, it is no less so now, and the man who can really sift
great improvement on its predecessor ; but why is the practice of firing in the truth out of the innumerable tales of peasant outrage or landlord
volleys still retained ? Is it reasonable to suppose that there ever arrives a oppression which are current in the country must have considerable powers
moment when every man in a regiment has exactly covered his object of penetration. Still it would be absurd to deny that a very strong and
and is prepared to pull his trigger, that 500 or 600 men can thus act in a growing feeling exists among the peasantry with respect to their right in the
matter requiring great niceness, nerve, and precision in absolute unison ? soil, and that most of the rough labouring men whom one meets with at the
We hope to see the day when volley-firing will be abandoned altogether, as railway stations or in other places of public resort, where they do not con-
opposed to the delivery of an accurate fire. Meanwhile, we gladly hail the sider it necessary to be reticent in their discourse, will, after inquiring what
present instalment as a move in the right direction, and we look forward 'Parlimint ' is going to do, develop opinions which are scarcely in accordance
with the greatest interest to the proceedings of the very important com- with the commonly received ideas of good government. That the land
mittee of which we have announced the formation. question has been an Irish difficulty for years is a fact too well known to
be mentioned, but the following view of the subject in 1653 is curious.
Captain Walter Bligh, one of Cromwell's officers, wrote to
THE POOR LAW GUARDIANS AND THE PUBLIC. Take the boldness to present some few of the very great discouragements to the
ingenuous and active prosecution of the improvements of the nation. The first prejudice
THAT large but somewhat lazy public which takes an intermittent interest is that if a tenant be at never so great paines or cost for the improvement of his land he
in the condition of the pauper population of London has need to bestir doth thereby but occasion a greater rack rent upon himself, or else invest his landlord
landlord's mercy for requitall, which
itself, if it wishes to see the reforms about which it has made so much with his cost and labour gratis, or at least lies at his
noise carried out to any purpose. What has become of the Sick Poor occasions a neglect of all good husbandry, to his own, the land, the landlord, and the
commonwealth's suffering. Now, this I humbly conceive may be removed if there were
Association ? Its co-operation is quite as much wanted now as it was in a law enacted by which every landlord should be obliged either to give him reasonable
1867. Then it had to support the Government in initiating a policy allowance for his clear improvement or else suffer him or his to enjoy it so much longer
as till he hath had a proportionate requitall.
the full significance of which had not become visible ; now it might
do still better service in supporting the Government in standing Captain Bligh was probably one of those officers whose arrears were
by a policy the results of which have proved to be a good deal more paid by a gift of the lands of the dispossessed Irish, when those
sweeping than was expected, even by its originators. Mr. Goschen's work who had fought against the Commonwealth were banished to ' Hell
is more difficult than Mr. Hardy's, in that he has to confront an opposition or Connaught. ' The Cromwellians soon assumed many of the pecu-
which knows the full meaning of the blow that is aimed at it. All the liarities of their dispossessed predecessors, and it is among the
disreputable interests which benefit by having the administration of poor descendants of many of these soldiers that the loudest clamour is to be
relief under their own thumb have had time to organize themselves, heard that Ireland belongs to Irishmen. There are some men who are
and time also to put a decent varnish upon their case. They are getting desponding about their country. They think that there must be
too sensible for the most part to come before the world in their true some curse on the people to prevent their taking advantage of the friendly
colours. They do not say, Our position as guardians of the poor is worth hand when held out to them, or that they will always imperil any cause
so much to us in such and such ways. It means authority, and authority they support. Many thought so in Cromwell's time, and a gentleman
is pleasant. It means jobbery, and jobbery is profitable. It means position in wrote to the Royalist Government in Ireland to suggest that the best way
the parish, which may indirectly benefit ourselves. It means the management to destroy Cromwell was to follow the advice given by the Lord Viscount
ofcontracts, whichmay directly benefit our relations. The Metropolitan Poor Clanmaleer that the Irish people should joyn with him, as he never knew
Act of 1867 interfered with these traditional perquisites ; the Amendment his countrymen joyn with any party but they streight destroyed them.' "
Act of 1869 threatens to interfere with them still more ; therefore, help us
to procure its rejection . Instead of venturing upon this imprudent frank-
ness, the guardians rest their appeal on some sound principles and some PROGRESS OF FREE LIBRARIES.
venerable shibboleths. They urge the increasing weight of the burden
WE learn some interesting facts respecting the practical experience of
which the relief of the poor imposes on the metropolitan ratepayers, and
these institutions from a report recently made by the librarian of one about
the interference with local self-government involved in the Government
to be established in Dundee. This gentleman had been directed by the
proposals. Sometimes they take even a higher flight. They ask that managers to visit some of the leading towns in which free libraries have
their aged and their sick may not be " taken from them and carted away been established in England, in order to examine their system and results.
by Government officials to distant hospitals, there to be made the subjects In particular he investigated those of Liverpool, Birkenhead, Manchester,
oftreatment ofthe medical school which is to be constituted in every such
Salford, and Birmingham. We condense in the following table some of
remote Government establishment ; " as men and " Christians " they protest the annual statistics for 1868 so far as he furnishes them :-
against " this odious and dangerous project of breaking the most sacred ties
of family and kindred, and debauching the working people by offering to Annual Number Books issued Books issued Number
take their sick offtheir hands, and to do for them in Government hospitals." Towns. Revenue of from Lending in Reading of
from Rate. Books. Library. Room. Officers.
These thrilling sentences are no rash exaggeration of the guardians' state-
ments. They are quotations from the Morning Advertiser, which seems to Liverpool £7,500 48,000 565,344 4
associate their cause with that of the licensed victuallers, and to Birkenhead 45,565 14,937
Manchester 6,000 86,444 452,616 357,048 24
take both under its enlightened protection. There is a good deal of skill
Salford 31,614 63,673 64,633
of a certain kind displayed in this sentimental appeal. The suggestion of Birmingham. 5,000 45,788 306,767 + 5
unknown horrors to be inflicted at some remote medical school is parti- The number of books issued on loan and the number of officers in this department is not stated.
cularly judicious ; indeed, if the poor had not had such terrible experience of The figures in the preceding column include the issues both on loan and in the reading- room.
Not including boys, many of whom are employed.
what workhouse nursing means, such a hint might almost bring them over
to the side ofthe guardians. To be " done for " in a Government hospital The Scottish librarian seems to have been struck with especial admira-
must certainly mean having your body cut up for the benefit of science, while tion of the magnificence of the buildings and the comfort of the fittings in
it may mean vivisection. Perhaps as far as the poor are concerned most of these cases. But he is of opinion that the cost is well laid out,
it would have been wiser to have avoided any reference to the reluc- since it tends to render the institutions more attractive and more appre-
tance of the guardians " to have their aged and their sick taken away from ciated, and indeed he thinks it one of the main causes of the success that has
them." We do not doubt that they entertain the feeling, but considering the attended them. Except in Birkenhead, where the library is much resorted
manner in which they have treated their aged and their sick whilst they to by clerks, professional men, and shopmen, the bulk of the readers consists
had them, it may be questioned whether the latter will be disposed to share of artisans. In Birkenhead there is also a department of books for boys,
the regret. To know that you are under the immediate eye of your own which is largely patronized by the rising generation. In some of the
guardians can hardly be much consolation for foul air, gangrened sores, libraries there are separate reading-rooms for women, but generally the room
carpet beating outside the windows, drunken or idiot nurses, and all the is common to both sexes. The majority of the books consists of novels,
indescribable filth and cruelty which have been shown to be the frequent- but from all the libraries there comes the important and gratifying statement
-sometimes the unavoidable- accompaniments of workhouse sick wards. that the demand for that class of literature is falling off, and that the taste
The question now before the House of Commons is virtually this, for books on science, the arts, and history is taking its place. In Birming-
Shall we go back to all the horrors which roused so just an outcry two or ham especially it is noted that works of the latter character are now
three years ago, or shall we strengthen the hands of the Poor Law decidedly in most request, and in Manchester we learn that in the
Board so as to enable it to make a clean sweep of them ? If the reading-room there are comparatively few novels, and even these are
burden imposed on some of the ratepayers by this latter alternative is seldom asked for.
greater than they can fairly be asked to bear, there are means by Newspapers are taken in at some of the libraries, but not much read,
which that burden can be lightened, but the flagrant insincerity of except by those who read nothing else, the book readers generally taking
the agitation raised by the local authorities on this score has been conclu- in their own newspaper at home. There is comparatively little loss of
sively shown by the opposition of the guardians of the East and West books in the lending departments, but a certain amount of damage done,
London unions to an amalgamation which would reduce the poor-rates in which is attempted to be corrected by fines. In Liverpool these amounted
these unions from 35. in the pound to Is. There is no fear that the in one year to £145. In the same town the number of catalogues sold
principle of local self-government will be unduly interfered with by in that year was 1,395, at sixpence each ; tickets are sold at twopence
Mr. Goschen's bill. Indeed it may be said of this as of all other forms of each . The exaction of this small sum for a ticket, and of a guarantee of
government that it has no enemy so dangerous as those who show in their respectability, is not found to be at all injurious to the success of the
own persons that it is incompetent for the work which has been assigned library. None of the libraries are open on Sunday, and the ordinary hour
to it. of closing in the evening is from nine to ten o'clock.
[ 379 ]
 24 PALL MALL BUDGET.
[JUNE 4, 1869.

FOREIGN AFFAIRS. expression of friendship. All Pau soon became aware of the laconic
despatch, and the Princess could not leave her house without being asked
(FROM OUR PARIS CORRESPONDENCE. ) what she had done with the Prince's linen. The last feather which
ACCORDING to the terms of the Constitution the Government is not exhausted the patience of the Princess was a blow from the dashing
bound to summon Parliament till six months after the elections, and hussar whose defence will be presented next week by M. Dufaure. M. de
Ministers were said to be in favour of taking every advantage of this regu- Malortie, who was wounded a few months ago by a French gentleman,
lation in consequence of the official excesses which have occurred during and more recently in the region of the abdomen by Captain Roberton,
the elections in some parts of France ; in allowing six months to pass went out again yesterday. The conditions of the combat were three shots
before verifying powers it was hoped that passions would have calmed down and then swords. The six shots having been fired without effect, the com-
and evidence be obtained with more difficulty. It is now thought, how- batants resorted to steel, and M. de Malortie, after one hour and a quarter,
ever, that the Government will be forced to summon Parliament sooner was run through the arm. A friend was anxious that some explosive balls
than they would like, in consequence of M. Haussmann requiring money ; of his invention should have been tried on the occasion, but they were
one of the last acts of the recent Chamber was to decide that the Prefect's objected to. M. de Malortie was not so hurt as to prevent him from
budgets should in future be passed by deputies. dining at the Maison Dorée in the evening.
The line of policy which the Emperor is likely to pursue naturally gives
rise to speculation, and the possibility of war is again discussed, but
(FROM OUR ROMAN CORRESPONDENCE. )
no serious grounds exist for the report of contemplated hostilities. The
Emperor will go to Beauvais on the 26th of this month, and it is not likely ROME, May 24.
that the public will be taken into the Imperial confidence before his YESTERDAY morning the Pope assisted at the solemn celebration of Trinity
Majesty announces his intentions in that town. Sunday in the Sistine Chapel. His Holiness has paid another visit to
The second period for holding electoral meetings has closed without Castelgolfondo, returning to Rome in the evening, and he has agreed to
any disturbances. Next Sunday the second elections will take place, and con- make a short stay there after the festival of Corpus Christi. Great appre-
siderable uncertainty is felt as to the final decision of Paris. The Democratic hension is felt at the Vatican as to the future policy of Napoleon III. Some
and most of the Radical journals recommend Messrs. Thiers, Garnier- revelations made to Cardinal Antonelli brought on a severe attack of gout.
Pagès, Jules Ferry, and Jules Favre : the Government candidates are Messrs. Strange to say the Romans believe the communication came from Lord
Devinck and Cochin ; and the implacables, Messrs. Raspail, Henri Rochefort, Clarence Paget, who certainly had a long interview with his Eminence.
and Count d'Alton-Shée. There were several electoral meetings yesterday The Marquis de Banneville seems to have felt a magnetic sympathy with
which passed off quietly. The conduct of Count d'Alton-Shée has called the Cardinal, for he was attacked with gout at the same time. The ambas
down almost universal reprobation ; he promised that if he got fewer votes sador's paroxysm was very inopportune, as he had sent out invitations for a
than M. Thiers in the first ballot he would resign in that gentleman's favour grand banquet in honour of an illustrious visitor from Paris, and was unable
so as to allow him to fight the official candidate alone. Count d'Alton-Shée to appear, so that the company, which included General Dumont, Colonel
was 4,000 votes behind M. Thiers, but he now refuses to retire, and greatly d'Argy, and the officers of the legion of Antibes, were received by the
damages the chance of the Liberal candidate. There are not wanting persons Marchioness alone.
who cry that the ex-peer Count d'Alton-Shée is acting in concert with the A celebrated French preacher has just arrived in Rome, no other than
Government, whose bitter animosity against M. Thiers is well known. the well-known Father Hyacinthe. It is asserted at the Vatican that he has
At a meeting held by some of the Count's supporters a letter was read come to submit his Conferences, prior to their publication, to the censors
from the Count to M. de Morny, which was a very heavy blow, and he of the Holy See, but rumour declares he has been summoned here to give
was severely censured by several of his quondam allies, who announced explanations respecting a letter from his pen in the Revue Universelle of
their intention of deserting him. The prospects of M. Thiers have Geneva.
brightened, but should he be defeated in Paris he will be returned for The Court of Rome is again reconciled to Russia. The palace of the
Finistère. With regard to the struggle between Henri Rochefort and Jules Russian Embassy is being put in order, and will soon be tenanted by a
Favre the same uncertainty prevails. There is one awkward question for resident minister. On the other hand, the relations of the Pontifical
the implacables "-how can these gentlemen at open war with the Government with Austria grow every day more critical. The Count de
dynasty take the oath of allegiance to the Emperor without justifying the Trauttmansdorff, expecting to be recalled, has not yet officially presented
2nd of December ? M. Raspail, who has been returned for Lyons, and his credentials, and consequently delays giving the customary recivimento,
who will probably be elected for Paris, is a doctor who cures all diseases which is a great disappointment to the fashion of Rome. Curiously
with camphor, and who manufactures liqueurs. The Patrie relates as a enough, the Marquis de Banneville and Baron d'Arnim, notwith-
most damning spot on the reputation of this republican and sinner that an standing the good relations of this Court with France and Prussia,
assassin who murdered a man at Montmartre is proved to have taken a also regard their stay in Rome as uncertain. The Marquis de
glass of Raspail's liqueur before committing the crime. It is hoped that Banneville is at variance with the Marquis de Lavalette, the chief of
this fact will secure the return of the moderate candidate. his department ; and Baron d'Arnim is on bad terms with Cardinal
Serious complaints arrive from many quarters of the manner in which the Antonelli, who has complained of him at Berlin . Hence both these
elections have been conducted by the authorities. It is not difficult to imagine ambassadors think it probable they will be recalled. Meanwhile, Italy
illegal practices on the part of prefects and sub-prefects, who know that continues her efforts to establish an understanding with the Holy See ; and
their whole chance of promotion depends on the success of the official the Opinione Nazionale of Florence announces that five Italian deputies
candidate. Only a few months ago when M. Grévy carried the Jura have started for the Eternal City to endeavour to procure from the Pontifical
against the Government nominee the prefect was degraded ; as M. Grévy Government the suppression of custom houses and passports.
was not opposed on the 23rd and 24th of this month, it is clear that the The Vatican, though affecting indifference, is seriously concerned at
prefect was punished as a warning, and not that the Government believed the obstacles raised by the Catholic Governments to the meeting of the
that its defeat had been caused by lukewarmness. Take another instance. Ecumenical Council. It now seems certain that the council will not
M. Calley St. Paul was an official candidate in 1863 , and voted with the attract the same number of bishops as attended the centenary of St. Peter.
Government till the end of the last session , when he showed a momentary Still there will be a great influx of strangers, and an English speculator,
symptom of revolt, and made a telling speech against M. Haussmann and anxious that there shall be no lack of accommodation , is said to have
his budget. Before going to the country he was informed that his return offered Prince Doria a rent of 75,000 francs for the Doria Palace in the
would be opposed by the Administration, and in fact he was so vigorously Piazza Venezia, with the view of converting it into an hotel. The riding
opposed that he was defeated. The prefect, when told to search out a house is to be transformed into a salle à manger.
new candidate, was some time in finding a man who would consent For some days the Supreme Tribunal of the Consulta has been occupied
to stand as Government nominee, and the gentleman who was with the trial of the insurgents engaged in the affair of Porta San Paul, and
at last persuaded to stand protested up to the last moment that of Francesco Martini, who is accused of having, in October, 1867 , killed a
had he been in the Chamber he should have voted as M. Calley Government spy at Rocca di Papa. In the last case, the evidence showed
St. Paul did, that he was even more liberal than the late deputy, and would that Martini was only one of several who fired, but he is neverthe-
often vote with the Opposition. The reply was that M. Calley St. Paul less condemned to death, and the sentence has been confirmed by
had voted against the Government, and that such want of discipline must the judges in appeal. It is believed that he will immediately be
be punished. M. Calley St. Paul now publishes a very curious letter to executed. In the case of the insurgents, no less than sixty in
one of his electors, in which he declares that his whole offence number, Monsignor Pasquaboni, the Pontifical procureur, called for
against the Government was his speech on the city budget. sentence of death on the two ringleaders, Aquaroni and Ambrogi, and
M. Henri Rochefort, writing in the Rappel, gives us some idea of the required that forty of the others should be condemned to the galleys for
difficulties which President Schneider and Minister Rouher will have life. The tribunal has not complied with this vindictive demand. The
with the implacables next Parliament. "What discussion," he asks, sentence on the two ringleaders is limited to twenty-five years' hard labour,
" can take place between Raspail, Gambetta, Bancel, and me, and four of the rank and file are adjudged twenty years, and forty-eight others
people who have tracked us like wild beasts and pointed us out as get off with short terms, while the rest are discharged, the tribunal con-
lepers ?" sidering their detention to the present time, two years and a half, a
The Pays has again been indulging in violent articles directed against sufficient punishment. An attempt was to have been made to assist some
Belgium, and no number of the Indépendance Belge has been allowed into of the insurgents to break out of prison, but the details of the plot were
France since the 20th inst. found concealed in a devotional picture which a woman was carrying into
The Princess of Beauffremont, whose name was brought rather disagree- San Michele. Thus the police not only prevented its execution, but got
ably before the public a short time ago in connection with the attempt made hold of its originators. The tribunal has just lost one of the most respect-
by a Pole to poison the Prince at a masked ball at the cpera, pleads for able of its functionaries, Monsignor Annibaldi, first advocate of the poor,
separation on the ground of ill-treatment and desertion. One of the most who, after thirty-seven years' service, has been preremptorily dismissed by
serious items laid to the charge of the Prince is that when he returned Cardinal Antonelli.
from the Mexican campaign, instead of flying at once to Pau where his The Count and Countess de Trani have started for Switzerland, and
other
wife was staying, he sent her the following telegram, " Where are my shirts ? will shortly be followed by the King and Queen of Naples. An
I can't find them." As Maître Allon remarked, there was nothing in the approaching departure confirms the announcement I recently made.
tariff which would have prevented the light dragoon adding some Monsignor Lavaggi proceeds to Constantinople as apostolic delegate,
[ 380
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 25
JUNE 4, 1869. ]

" THE COMMENTARIES OF GAIUS ON THE mancipio dederit vel in jure cesserit, si eandem ipse possederit, potest
usucapere, anno scilicet, etiam soli si sit," is thus lucidly translated " He
ROMAN LAW " * who has given his property in mancipium, with a fiduciary condition to
A GOOD edition of Gaius, suited to English students, is undoubtedly another, or has ceded it in jure, can hold it by usucapio if he has
much wanted ; and we should have therefore welcomed the announcement held it for the space of a year, also if it be land ; " instead of " He
who has conveyed a thing to a man in trust by handtake (we
of Dr. Tomkins's and Mr. Lemon's work had we not become acquainted
with Dr. Tomkins's earlier work called " Institutes of Roman Law." That venture to translate mancipio) or by surrender in court, if he subse-
book, loudly praised by reviewers, if we may judge from the extracts quently come into possession of it, can acquire the ownership by
a year's possession, even though it be land." " Usucapere " is habitually
printed on the outside of this volume, is quite worthless, partly from
ignorance of law, partly from the most grotesque ignorance of Latin, partly mistranslated hold instead of acquire. Indeed, possession and ownership
from an extraordinary slovenliness shown by innumerable misprints and are often synonymous with the editors. Thus, in sec. 197 , " Quæ ejus
misstatements. One example will be sufficient. Dr. Tomkins, in speaking nunquam fuerit " is translated " which he had never had in his possession,"
instead of " which had never been his (i.e. his property). " Again, 66 Occu-
of the " Senatorial legislation," says (p. 45 ) — " The president alone had
the authority to introduce a motion for a new law, and he was said to pare " is not to possess (p. 386), but " to seize an ownerless thing. " And the
advise for the other members of the assembly (ceterarum censio). The cele- editors should not talk of a thing being " in a man's occupation " (p. 270),
brated ceterarum censio that ' Carthago delenda ' will occur to the reader but of his acquiring it by 66occupation . Technical expressions are perpetually
of Roman history." For Dr. Tomkins's information we may state that what misunderstood. Thus, suo nomine heres fit " (iii. , 84) is not " he
Cato said was 66 ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam," that he said becomes nominally heir ; " "legitimo judicio " (iii. , 83 ) is not " by a
it as an ordinary senator, that 66 ceterum was used merely to introduce his legal judgment," but " in a statutable trial " (see Gaius, iv. , 104) ; " legitimo
digression from the subject before the Senate, and that nothing could have jure " (ii., 167) is not " in strict accordance with law," nor (iii. , 85) " legally,"
scandalized him more than the supposition that the other members of the but "under the statute " (viz. of the twelve tables). Neither is " optimo jure
assembly were women, as Dr. Tomkins's ceterarum implies. On the next (in the expression " perinde utile est legatum, atque si optimo jure relictum
page, by way of improvement, Dr. Tomkins translates " Senatus censuit," esset ") " in strict accordance with law " or " legally," both of which interpre-
"( who) had advised the Senate." Our readers will hardly be surprised tations are given on p. 376, but " with the amplest title," or " in the most
at our feeling pity for Gaius when we found he was to be submitted to favourable terms." 66 Ipso jure " (ii. , 58 ) is not " in his own right," but
19
Dr. Tomkins's manipulation. "according to the strict law." Nor is "ex omnibus causis acquirere
The preface being reserved for the second part, we do not know what (ii. , 88) " acquire in accordance with every legal principle," but " acquire
has been the precise share taken by Mr. Lemon in this volume. But (the property) be the ground of title what it may." " Ex singulis rebus "
whatever it was, it has not interfered with the exhibition of Dr. Tomkins's ( ., 225) is not " in respect of everything," but " in respect of individual
characteristic qualifications for the task, though it is possible blunders things " as opposed to the whole inheritance. A mistake in the meaning
so gross as the above may be less frequent in consequence. We have of singuli is also found, with others, in iii. , 85, where, in speaking of
carefully examined a very considerable portion of the volume in many the consequences of a surrender of the inheritance by a person
different parts, and wish we could, within the limits of an article , convey to who has once accepted the position of heir, Gaius says " creditoribus
others the impression left on our minds. As it is, we must pass by some ipse tenebitur ; sed res corporales transferet perinde ac si singulas in jure
of the most remarkable features, the confusion and incoherency of cessisset ; debita vero pereunt, eoque modo debitores hereditarii lucrum
statement, and the singular medley of blunders every few pages. faciunt." That is, " He will himself continue liable to the creditors, but
contain, and content ourselves with a selection of such errors as are will transfer the property in the corporal part of the estate, just as if he
short enough to be quoted. Passing over the myriads of misprints, had formally surrendered each thing severally ; but the debts (due to the
which are likely to be very misleading to students, eg. " domino," estate) are extinguished, and in this way the debtors to the estate are
29 " ad censum
"dominum " (pp. 121 , 123 ) , for " dominio," " dominium ; gainers." The editors, totally misunderstanding the whole matter, translate-
restitui " (p. 129 ) , for " ad sensum restitui ; " " Hermann " (usually) for " He will transfer the corporal property just as if he ceded the
Heumann ; " Demengeat " (sometimes) for " Domenget," &c., we nexa may thing ( !) in jure; . . . and in that way those who inherit debts ( !) gain
" lex , an advantage.' In ii. , 255 , “ illi dantur actiones " is translated " actions
notice some errors which can hardly be misprints ; such are
are given against him," instead of the exact reverse, " actions are allowed
leges nexæ " (pp. 229, 230) for " lex, leges nexi," analogous to a deed to
declare the uses of a recovery ; 66 leges mancipationes " (p. 367 ) for " lex him ; " and in sec. 253 , " actiones ei et in eum darentur " is simply trans-
mancipii," analogous to a deed of feoffment ; a law passed " in the lated " might be brought against him." " Patior " is clearly taken as a
"" 66 jus peculium " passive verb in ii. , 25, among a host of blunders ; and in iii. , 79, where
curia " (p. 26 ), instead of " in the comitia curiata ;
(p. 461 ), instead of " jus peculii ; " the division of an inheritance " in Gaius says, speaking of the sale of a bankrupt estate, " De vivis curandum
capite " (pp. 457, 464), instead of " in capita " (i.e. per capita) ; the est, ne facile bonorum venditiones patiantur," the translators give, "We
type of a legacy given in the following words : " Sempronius fundum mihi must take care that the living are not suffered ( !) easily to dispose of their
do, lego " (p. 368 ) , instead of " Sempronio fundum meum do, lego ; " property," instead of, " In the case of living persons we must take care that
" lapsed status "9 (p. 179), as a translation of " caduca ; " " coemptio in they are not readily exposed to a sale of their goods," e. g. on a judgment,
manum " (pp. 103 , 104, et passim) for " conventio in manum ; " and the debt, &c. On p. 156 , in paraphrasing a piece of Ulpian, the following
charming confusion of the meaning of the ablative and accusative involved wild guess is made at the meaning of " si mulieres lege aut legitimo judicio
in such phrases as " to bring his wife in mancipio " (p. 102 ) , as if agant : " If the woman were entangled in a lawsuit, whether as plaintiff
"9 or defendant. " Clearly the editors do not know that "lege agere "-
“mancipium " were a brougham ; and " when the wife died in manum
(p. 103 ), by which the editors perhaps mean 66 on his hands." " an action on the statute "-referred (in Ulpian's time) exclusively
to the " actio sacramento," which came from the twelve tables ;
It will be evident from this that the editors must not be judged by a
high standard. And so we did not expect to find any additions to the both it and "legitimum judicium," of which we have already spoken ,
elucidation either of Roman law or of Gaius's singularly neat and precise belonging to the old strict jus civile. In i. 46 , " et sic et ipsa " is trans-
style, a style which warns you at once, if you fancy an expression inappro- lated " and so by this means she herself," instead of " and so she herself
priate, that you have not caught the author's meaning. But the editors as well (i. e. as well as her child ). " The word " etiam " is similarly dis-
regarded in ii. , 223 , with a like perversion of the sense. In ii., 168,
appear to us to have done nothing well ; they have given neither a tolerable 66
translation of Gaius nor even a careful reprint ; they have, indeed, used superante die cretionis " is not " on the day before the expiration of the
cretio," but " while the time allowed for deciding is unexpired." " Alius "
Puchta's " Institutionen," but they do not know enough German to keep
them straight in translating what they do not understand, nor enough law is not in law Latin followed by an ablative of comparison , as the editors
to make them aware when they do not understand the German. And the suppose, to the ruin of the sense, in translating " aliis verbis legatur
99 66
same is the case with Latin ; if, indeed, the cause of this strange pro- velut . . . sinendi modo ; " a legacy is left in other words than sinendo
duction is not a sheer want of power of apprehension and a generally (sic) modo." In ii. , 33 , " in mancipanda proprietate ususfructus detrahi
slipshod habit of mind. But, to return to our specimens : we shall mention potest " is not " the usufruct can be substracted (sic) from the property
none of a trifling character, and be as brief as we can. about to be mancipated," but " in conveying the ownership the usufruct
On p. 160, after quoting the digest, " Mulier autem familiæ suæ et can be reserved."
caput et finis est," the editors calmly state, " the word caput is almost The editors have attempted to embody in their notes the criticisms of
synonymous with finis. The woman was the caput et finis of the family, Huschke in his " Beiträge zum Kritik, u.s.w. ," and are never wearied of
because upon her marriage she suffered a capitis diminutio, losing her praising him. But their meddling with critical questions at all is quite
own familia, and passing under a new potestas." The truth is, caput is absurd. They really have not the necessary knowledge, either of Latin or
exactly the contrary offinis, and has nothing to do with capitis diminutio. German. We have compared their account in a great many places with
The meaning is, probably, that a woman, if independent, and therefore Huschke's words, and rarely found they had not made a palpable blunder.
having a sua familia, is at once its head and its end. She has no power This carelessness becomes the more serious, because we suspect the
over her children or husband. But the ordinary sense of capitis diminutio commentary is mainly made up of bits from other authors. A few
(or minutio), if it won't fit for caput by itself, shall not fit elsewhere. And instances of German translations will suffice. On p. 93 , " befinden sich
So, on p. 218, in a passage from the Vatican Fragments, capitis. im Besitz des D. Jorge Loring " (in a note of Rudorff's to Puchta) is
minutio is actually interpreted a " neglect to pay imposts." In translated " were found on the property of, " &c. On p. 115, " noticing
ii., 54, " Olim rerum hereditariarum possessione velut ipsæ heredi- and contrasting " should be " only because he overlooked the contrast."
tates usucapi credebantur " is translated--" It was formerly thought On i. , 122, we have " dabant appears subsequently to have been changed
that the res hereditaria, as well as the hereditas itself, might be held into adnumerabant and appendebant," instead of " the MS. appears to have
by usucapio ;" instead of " By possession of the things belonging to dabant, in accordance with which later (i.e. further on in the section) we
the inheritance, the ownership of the inheritance itself, as it were, was should write adnumerabant and appendebant." Nor is " current money " the
same as 66 cash," or a translation of " baares Geld. " On i. , 187 , Huschke
thought to be acquired. " In section 59, " Qui rem alicui fiduciæ causa
proposes dabitur for datur in the sentence " ab hostibus quoque tutore capto
* " The Commentaries of Gaius on the Roman Law, with an English Translation ex his legibus tutor datur," on the ground that datur would express the
and Annotations. " By Frederick Tomkins, Esq. , M. A. , D.C.L. , and William George wrong notion, that the datio took place absolutely as a part of the judge's
Lemon, Esq. , LL.B. , of Lincoln's- inn, Barrister-at-Law. Part I. containing Books duty (von Amtswegen, i.e. officio judicis). The editors, of course missing
I. , II. , III.; sec. 1-112 . (London : Butterworths. 1869. ) this common technical expression, say " datur would express the wrong idea,
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 26 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 4, 1869.

that the datio was simply on account of the office, and not on account of crop up in the report may, in our opinion, and we strongly suspect in that
the captivity of the tutor " ! On ii. , 276, "man ihn geradezu nicht frei lassen of M. de Mornay, be fairly traced to the effects of this system of
konnte " is turned into " one could not openly ( !) mancipate ( !) a slave. " subdivision, which, as the Commissioner says, is the keynote of the
" Geradezu " is directo jure as opposed to indirect methods. But any one report. Various remedies and palliatives to check the further progress of
will judge best of the editors' competence who will examine, say, the subdivision were suggested in the course of the inquiry.
translations of Huschke's remarks on i. , 123 , iii. , 56 , 81 , 84. The passages As the law stands at present, a parent has a power of disposition by
are too long to quote. will over but a small part of his property, varying in amount with the
We have left ourselves little space for pointing out a few of another number of his children ; but of the rest each child is entitled to have his equal
very numerous class of blunders. On iii. , 267 , the editors say that if a man share in specie. Thus a division of the goods to one and the land to
bequeathed freedom directly to a slave of which he was not owner at the another, though the shares may be equal in value, is voidable. Again, a
time, the legacy was null and void, and was not rendered valid by the division by a parent of his property in his lifetime is voidable any time within
S.C. Neronianum, because the defect was in the person of the legatee. ten years from the death of the parent. Add to this that the jealousy of the
The defect is clearly not in the person of the legatee, and the S.C. agriculturist insists on dividing each patch of land of which the property
Neronianum would apply. The editors have translated and misapplied may be composed, and the extreme subdivision ceases to be a marvel.
Gaius iii., sec. 218. On page 354 the extraordinary statement is From Puy de Dome comes a suggestion to give a power of disposition by
made, " Several persons might unite in instituting a substitute for one will over the whole property. The new departments of Savoy regret the
person." What ought to have been said is, " One person might be Sardinian code by which the sons and daughters on the spot divide the
substituted for several persons instituted. " This is clear from the editor's land while the absent get their shares in goods or money. In the south,
context, which, however, contains some bewildering nonsense. On p. 27 ancient custom , in accordance with which the eldest son takes the land,
we are told that " in ancient times peregrinus was used as equivalent to indemnifying his co-heirs, being still in force is a fruitful source of
hostis," the exact converse being the case. But we have no time to notice litigation. Others propose that the Legislature should forbid subdivision
even such absurdities as are found on p. 364, or in the discussion of " æterna below a certain point and if necessary compel a sale of the land.
auctoritas " (p. 254), and the " coemptio sacrorum interimendorum causa," The Commissioners report that the equal division of property is still
46
elegantly entitled by the editors sacrorum evitandi causa " (p. 109) , and very popular, and that, therefore, none of these suggestions meet with
conclude with the mention of a very characteristic performance. Warn- universal approval, but that a law facilitating the exchange of contiguous
könig's " Institutiones," as is well known, embody as much as possible of plots at a diminished duty would be generally acceptable. It is hoped in
the actual words of Gaius and the Digest. It is almost incredible that this way to remedy some of the evils of subdivision.
the editors, commenting on Gaius ii . , 226 , 227 , actually quote in explanation Where the parcels are so small every furrow is valuable, and great
a passage from Warnkönig which consists of nothing but the very words quarrels arise from the indefiniteness of the boundaries. It is difficult, too,
of one of those sections ! Need we say more ? We cannot imagine to provide sufficient means of access, as each owner is unwilling to cede
what class of students can receive anything but harm from this book. any portion of his land for a road or path. One remedy proposed is to
make a new survey by means of engineers, who shall have power to lay
down the boundaries definitely ; the expense, in part, is to be borne by
66 Government. Where the experiment has been tried, though at a cost of
L'ENQUÊTE AGRICOLE." * twenty-one francs a hectare (2½ acres), the results have been satisfactory.
THE Consideration of the land question in Ireland has by mutual consent Rents have generally risen even where the market value of the land has
been deferred till next session, when the battle will again rage between the fallen. The reason given for this is that the farmers, having learnt no other
advocates of small and those of large holdings. The intervening time means of livelihood, are compelled to accede to the terms imposed on
them by the landlords. The Commissioner remarks that if this were true
may well be spent in considering such information as foreign countries may
afford us. We would commend to the attention of both parties the report failures would have become more frequent among farmers ; whereas, in
of a Commission appointed by the French Government in the year 1866 to the opinion ofthe Commission the condition of the farmers has improved.
inquire generally into the condition of French agriculture. The Commission The solution of the problem would seem to be that a farmer gets a better
began by distributing a series of questions through the twenty-eight districts return for his capital as tenant than as landowner, and is therefore able
into which France was divided for the purposes of this inquiry. The and willing to pay for the privilege of being a tenant.
answers thereto, supplemented by verbal evidence, as well on the condition A general demand is made for longer leases : that in the absence of
of France as of other countries, have now appeared in the shape of an Impe- special agreement a lease shall be considered to be for twelve years,
rial Blue-book. M. J. de Monny de Mornay, the Chief Commissioner, whereas by the present law a parol lease is only taken to be for so long a
contributes a valuable preface in which all the material facts may be found. period as will allow the tenant to reap the fruits of the land demised ; as in
He divides agricultural property into three classes. First, large estates the case of a vineyard or meadow for one year, or in the case of arable
land till the end of the course of crops.
of over 250 acres. These are few in number in most departments, and
make up but a small proportion of the holdings in France. The only Furthermore, they suggest a compensation clause, to be obligatory in
check upon their diminution is the desire of the successful merchant or every lease, by which the farmer, if his lease suddenly terminate, will be
manufacturer to become a landed proprietor. Secondly, an intermediate able to demand compensation for any unexhausted improvements. It
class between the first class and that of the small proprietor. These also have appears, says the Commissioner, that such a system exists in England, and
its excellence is well established.
a tendency to diminish in number. They are farmed either by the owner
or by tenants at a money rent, or on the métayer system. The third-class The report then goes on to consider seriatim other parts of the condi-
is the most numerous, and is ever on the increase. The small proprietors tions of agriculture, to which we may return in a future article.
with the assistance of the agricultural labourer, of whom it is calculated 75
per cent. are landowners, eat up the fragments from the other two classes.
Their intense desire to add field to field leads them to spend their capital SIMCOX'S " POEMS AND ROMANCES." #
rather in the purchase of more land than in the improvement of what they
already possess. For this reason, too, land which is sold in large blocks, or THE title of this collection has been accommodated to romances more
which is unfitted for cultivation on a small scale, fetches comparatively a less briefly told, and to short poems more complex in design , than most
price than land sold in lots suited to the pocket of the small proprietor. to which we are accustomed. There is never too little of plan
Subdivision, it appears, has reached an incredible pitch. Parcels of or development, or, at any rate, of form, in Mr. Simcox's pieces,
land, in the eastern parts especially, are sometimes of one or two roods while the circumstances are rapidly though gorgeously coloured, and
only, and even of a less extent ; and not unfrequently parcels in the pos- indeed, they mostly partake of a too magical and fantastic character
session of one man lie at a distance of several kilometres from each other. for other treatment. These plans are fine or interesting in a great
As a kilometre is rather more than half a mile, one is inclined at first to majority of cases. There are some on which we fear to pronounce without
think the Commissioner's language may be exaggerated, but it is supported longer acquaintance ; but they are boldly experimental, and seem to fail
in some measure by a statement we find in another part of the report, that decidedly when they do fail. He has taken in hand no small number of
in one commune of the department of the Meuse 270 owners hold in all well-known legends, and introduced variations and combinations which are
832 hectares, which is divided into 5,348 different plots. This gives an wild, brilliant, and often beautiful. He is scarcely less successful in classical
average out of about 2,080 acres of rather more than half an acre to each themes than mediæval ; for he has felt the original free play of imagination in
plot, and of two acres and two-thirds to each landowner. At the same myths now so time-honoured that they are studied almost like doctrines. To
time, it is an error to attribute, as is commonly done, this state of traditions of souls won by the devil he has sometimes given a more pleasant
things entirely to modern legislation. Documents in the hands of the ending ; but this is not done indiscriminately, for he has left in uncertainty
Commission show that subdivison was in full force in the sixteenth century. the fate of " Amabel. " But it is surely not without judgment that he has
The small holder who tills his land for the most part by his personal remoulded the tale of the Tannenhauser ; for why should we allow a
labour alone undoubtedly secures to himself some substantial advantages. miracle to have been performed in vain, and the grace of Heaven frustrated
Acre for acre he produces more, and may so be said to be more successful in the budding and blooming of the Pope's rod, who had refused to absolve
(putting out of sight the amount of labour expended) than the larger owner. the penitent ? Thus we find in his version that an angel is commissioned
His untiring exertions are rewarded by a greater return than those of hired to rebuke this hasty judgment and himself to visit and reclaim the sinner who
labour, and the dearness and scarcity of labour and general want of capital has gone back to the arms of Venus. Meantime, the abrupt demands which
do not come so home to his class as to the classes above him. His con- the story makes upon our faith are qualified by its being wrapped in
ditions of life, like those of the agricultural class throughout Europe, have the form of a rustic theatrical " morality." Raphael pleads with the
generally improved, and it is agreed on all hands that he is better housed, knight in the interest of his soul and overcomes the objections of the
clad, and fed than he was thirty years ago. The Commissioner, therefore, sorceress ; among other things he reminds him of his former ladylove, who
is probably correct in thinking subdivision, or diffusion of property in land, is in heaven ; the knight excuses himself by her having fled from his
a guarantee for internal peace and a mark of general well-being ; but at passion ; and under these circumstances we may find a well-used hint from
the same time he is alive to its concomitant evils. The complaints which the " Ritter Toggenburg " of Schiller, which is improved upon, however,

" Rapport à S. E. M. Le Ministre Secrétaire d'Etat au Département de l'Agri- * " Poems and Romances. " By George Augustus Simcox, Author of " Prometheus
culture, du Commerce, et des Travaux Publics. " (Paris : Imprimerie Impériale. ) Unbound. " (London : Strahan and Co. 1869. )
[ 382 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 27
JUNE 4, 1869.]

by a recollection of the unworldly tenderness of Dante's Beatrice. It and delicate rhythms we can hardly give a better example than the
was a yet bolder undertaking to remodel the tale of the 66 Spectre stanzas beginning-
Horseman (Scott's William and Helen) , and adapt it to such a motto as When boastful hopes that lived on high
" Si descendero in infernum, ades " (" If I descend into hell, Thou art Have fallen to die
On faded leaves of middle earth
there ") ; yet this attempt seems vindicated by an able conception
Where we too lie,
of a peculiar theory, and by the thrillingly simple diction of a passage
Both playthings of a passing game
like-
Of little worth,
So they came unto the city And the golden gates of it,
Not letters of a deathless name
Ofthe king who hath no pity ; Where the purple shadows flit,
And that city needs for light Where the mighty warders sit, For earth to worship evermore,
Sun by day, nor moon by night ; Are not shut by night or day, What shall be left worth living for
It is lighted in such wise For the city people say, To light the shadows of the years ?
" Wherefore keep the souls away? The watery sun, the whispering breeze,
By the king's devouring eyes
Flashing through the dusky air, Souls, that long to enter in That sighs about the budding trees,
For the eyes are everywhere. To the harvest of their sin And April tears.
And we call the city Hell ; Though the taste be harsh thereof, Perhaps it may be questioned whether our author should not have
But the people there who dwell Yet it is the food we love. proved himself more serious in his treatment of the religious elements with
Name it by another name, They will be content to stay, which he comes in contact ; but his genius seems really allied to those of
And no man may speak the same. Stay with us, who are as they." the old framers of mythic allegories, who saw natural piety famishing for want
Another romance which Mr. Simcox has skilfully refined is that of testimonies, and procured an aid for it from imagination which has since
of " The Soldan's Daughter," which some of us may remember to been repaid usuriously in the way of distressing perplexities and controversies.
have seen in Mr. Carlyle's translation from " Musæus." The heroine What earnest our poet has appears to spring almost directly from a natural
falls in love with the knight who is her father's captive ; she flees and healthy moral thoughtfulness, deepened somewhat by social sympathies,
with him to Europe, and becomes a Christian woman. But in the but not rendered too positive or too bitter by any excess of personal expe-
present version the poet has no need to amuse us with the happy rience. His poetry is childlike in some respects, but in a fine and pure fashion.
misunderstanding that came from the language of flowers, or with It presents a refreshing contrast to much lately written on similar themes, in
the baser dénouement of the welcome received by the wanderer from his which we do not perceive less talent, but which is more distinctly actuated
Penelope, and the papal dispensation that enabled him to live in wedlock and governed by voluptuous, or, at all events, by interested sentiments. His
with both the ladies who had such strong claims upon him. Here we mind is apt to place itself in the position of a Providence or overruling Order,
see the fugitives pursued by the infuriated father, whom the knight takes where others appear only as its submissive or else repining victims (see espe-
by his hoary beard and kills without difficulty or scruple. But the lady cially the conclusion of the " Masque of Nemesis. ") He has a vein of inven-
grows sad and repents ; she passes some nuns, and inquires into the tion, thought, and feeling that we hope will not easily be exhausted. But if
manner and mystery of their profession ; she first mocks at and he should hereafter think less of singing his way through philosophic difficul-
then is moved by it ; she forswears her expected life of pleasure and ties, and more of reasoning through them, he may very probably show that
lives with them to pray for the peace of her father's soul. From these he has no mean resources for this warfare either.
serious topics our imagination is suddenly relieved by the following lively
episode :-
As she passed in a novice peeped out " ANNE SEVERIN." *
From under her veil of white,
And her blue eyes as they roamed about It would seem that French novels suffer especially by translation , for we
Met the eyes of the Red Cross Knight. hardly know one that is readable when recast in English, while on the
She said, " It were merry to be with him ;" other hand most of our popular fiction is gladly accepted in France even
He said, " She is bright, the cloister dim. " when very indifferently rendered. Mrs. Craven's last work " Anne
So the Red Cross Knight and the novice were wed, Severin " has been carefully converted into English, polite enough to have
And they sailed across the sea ; satisfied the taste of our grandmothers, but in the process the charm of
And they sailed past the realm of Babylon, manner and style which are the principal merits of the original have
And he set up his banner on Lebanon, evaporated, and what we have to say of the book hardly applies
To harry Soldanrie, to the somewhat dull English version. Known only by their
From a castle where mass was never said, translations, the writings of Mrs. Craven would scarcely justify their
Far beyond Christentie. popularity, but in their first mould they have had a success that
The story seems here to acquire a beautiful completeness and humanity would have been envied by an Edgeworth or an Austin. The " Récit
which is missed in that of the lovely Moor in " Don Quixote," for there is d'une Soeur " has reached its twentieth edition, and " Anne Severin "
a moral obliquity in the latter to which, we fear, the eye of Cervantes was inherits the reputation of that charming family record. The circum- ·
blinded by fanaticism or fear of the Inquisition . A theme somewhat like stance is worth attention, for it seems to prove a satisfactory desire in
the " Soldan's daughter " dissolves into a more wild and spiritual France for a less unhealthy school of fiction than that which exists.
allegory in the " Raven and the Dove." In " Gawain and the Lady We are used to complaints about the bad tone of our neighbours ' novels,
of Avalon " we find again Chaucer's tale of the courteous knight, but we confess to pleasant surprise at the rush for such wholesome if
who left it to his bride's discretion whether she would be fair by day unexciting
Mrs. Craven.food as is provided by an Eugénie de Guerin and a
and foul by night, or the reverse. Only the knight's character is cleared.
from an imputation incongruous with his generous nature ; and our poet And " Anne Severin " is especially remarkable as an almost unique speci-
finds a pretext for suddenly breaking up all spells and removing his hero men of work done by a French writer who is brave enough to aim at
from a condition more consonant with poetic justice than with the ordinary description of daily life without offence to good manners, and who ventures
laws of man's condition . We cannot venture on an allegorical exposition to write realistic love scenes that may be read even by the youth of the
of this poem ; but an idea seems to underlie it with which all the poet's Faubourg St. Germain. The combination is not new in England, but in
heroines are connected more or less distinctly. France we do not know the day when a novel professing to tell the truth
We do not see in these combinations the mere ingenuity of a story-teller, about men and women could be admitted to the schoolroom, or be
but rather the subtilty and eager curiosity of a mind irresistibly attracted by thoroughly welcomed by refined persons of any age. Nothing can be duller
high and difficult moral problems. This gives a charm to our author's very or more artificial than the scraps of fiction allowed to well brought up
original " Abelard and Heloisa " with all the wanderings of its ghostly and French girls, and yet who could blame the parents who tried to keep
pedantic chit-chat. This makes his Queen Ganore (Guinevere) no unworthy ordinary novels out of their way ? In short, a compromise between
counterpart of Tennyson's, being not so directly moral, not quite perhaps Fenelon and Victor Hugo is obviously needed. Mrs. Craven has appre-
ciated the situation , and sensibly attempts to satisfy the healthy appetite
so eloquent and pathetic, but more delicate and complete through its
sympathies for the fluctuations of human minds, and their thoughts " accusing of young people for love stories, while she respects as far as possible the
traditionary prejudices of the world for which she has hitherto meant to
or else excusing one another." This enables Mr. Simcox to intermingle his
bright fairy tales with fables like " Wish and Will," which are conceived in a write. Belonging to the innermost circle of Bourbonist society and pre-
more keen and epigrammatic spirit, and at other times with meditations that serving the best characteristics of the style formed when French was the
have a lyric fervour or an elegiac plaintiveness. His style usually has much reigning language of the educated world, Mrs. Craven has gathered strength
graphic power ; this it may be difficult to measure critically where he mingles for her task from English association. She ventures to write of love as
natural circumstances with unlimited " glamourye ; " but what a truthful of a virtue and not as a vice, and in her account of her heroine she
apprehension and vigorous imagination may be found in such passages as- shows her appreciation of a passion that can " take part against itself ; "
an idea that is, we fancy, almost a discovery in French literature,
As the summer wastes the lea
though familiar to us who count Mr. Tennyson and his followers among
With a burning balmy heat,
Not too deadly to be sweet, our prophets. The story of "Anne Severin " is slight and scarcely
worth analysis. The author's strength is not in drama. Graceful and even
Though it starve the honey bee.
eloquent bits of writing are frequent in its pages, but if we had space to
Yet underneath the ancient deep
quote it would be from the original and not from the translation, in which
Still eats the ancient rocks away,
the exquisite purity of language which distinguishes Mrs. Craven's style
And even in its fitful sleep is lost. The refined repose in her sketches of society ought to counteract
Moans, never satiated with prey.
the misrepresentations in vulgar novels, accepted too readily by English
Yet round the church the graves are filled
readers as true pictures of French life. In English style is not of the
With shipmen cast upon the shore,
And ravens scent the wrecks and build same importance as in French composition, and we hardly comprehend
At Hennacliff as heretofore. the disgust felt by educated Frenchmen for incorrect writing, but the
His versification " Anne Severin." By the Author of " Le Récit d'une Soeur. "
appears always adequate, and sometimes SO (London :
pleasant as to draw our attention to itself; but of his most original Richard Bentley. 1869. )

[ 383 ]
 28 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 4, 1869.

proper use of words is an art eminently respectable in a time when the those who really appreciate his genius. Among the other contents of the book are
meanings of words are becoming more and more confused. We notes on Macbeth, which are singularly uninteresting ; and notes on Hamlet, in
should be grateful to a society which maintains some traditional which Mr. French attempts to show that Hamlet stands for Sir Philip Sidney,
reticence in the manufacture of phrases, and to a writer who Polonius for Lord Burleigh, and Horatio for Fulke Greville. In the chapter
even in a modern novel can be polished. Mrs. Craven is eminently headed " Notes on the Shakspeare and Arden Families," an extraordinary
accurate, she need not fear to trust her pen in still bolder breach of the quantity of irrelevant heraldry and genealogy has mixed up with it here and
mischievous conventions of French society, and she will, we hope, allow there a few valuable memoranda. The compiler believes that he has proved
herself freer action in her next endeavour to show that strong human Shakspeare's descent through his mother, Mary Arden, from the Ardens of
feeling and perfect purity, natural tastes and self-control, are compatible. Park Hall, in Warwickshire, the " recognized descendants of Ailwin, the Saxon
We know how difficult it must be to make way against the current Vicecomes, or sheriff of Warwickshire." Whether he has done so or not, we
of opinion in Mrs. Craven's society, and we have heard that some of cannot undertake to say, the evidence being presented in many pages of genea-
its authorities doubted whether the " Récit d'une Soeur " was fit for their logical details, illustrated by numerous formidable tabies. Nor do we think that
daughters to read. " I will give it to mine on the day of her marriage," many people in these levelling times will be much moved by his success or failure.
said a great lady. " Perhaps that may be a day too late, for the book may
"Commentaries on the History, Constitution, and Chartered Franchises of
teach her what true love can be," was the English comment on the French
scruple. the City of London." By George Norton, formerly one ofthe Common Pleaders
Sincerely wishing her success to strike deep roots and to be lasting, we of the City of London. Third edition , revised. ( Longmans and Co.) Mr.
would suggest to Mrs. Craven that, excellent as is the tone of the religious Norton has undertaken a revisal of his work, of which the first edition was
discussions that occur here and there in " Anne Severin," yet that published in 1828, at the request of the Corporation of London, " after a long
sermonizing is out of place in fiction, except as it may be wanted to life passed in a distant part of the empire, and in avocations which have no
develop character. If Miss Edgeworth succeeded, it was in spite of her affinity with such researches." The literary style bears the mark of forty years
moralizing. It was surely a mistake to make much of the interest of ago, and is an excellent specimen of the full-dress periodic style of that time.
" Anne Severin " turn on the want of sympathy between the The author's views of general history, too, retain the old constitutional
Protestant heroine and the Roman Catholic hero. Almost necessarily savour which Comte and Carlyle have since put out of fashion. And
the author is dragged into discussion that can surely serve no good it may be doubted whether any writer of equal ability would now
purpose in France-or probably anywhere-for the old antagonisms defend the 66 chartered franchises " of the City on the same theory
have shifted their standpoints, and to be useful in the modern phases of the value of individual and corporate freedom of action as that main-
of the battle between faith and unfaith, it is worse than useless to stir the tained by Mr. Norton. The importance of the book, however, is not to be
dying embers of dogmatic controversy. To gain influence over her public, measured by its weight as a piece of advocacy, in which point of view it seems
to purify fiction, to do real work in the domain of the imagination, Mrs. not only moderate, but in some points half-hearted ; but by the excellent skill
Craven must not forget that she must in the first place be an artist. Writers with which obscure matters of law and history are investigated, intricate subjects
with high aims often neglect this necessity, and so fail not less in the end elucidated, and the history of the Corporation put into relation with that of the
they propose to themselves than in the vitality of their creations. If their nation. The " historical account of London " might, we should think, be
puppets have not life, be it heroic or mean, no audience will long listen to reprinted as a popular treatise, the chapters being omitted which treat of the
their talk, however beautiful it may be. privileges of citizens and of trade regulations. Mr. Norton has made a very
The scene of " Anne Severin " is laid partly in England during the interesting collection of authorities on the domestic and social condition of the
French emigration , partly in a French country-house, and finally in citizens under the Tudors, and again under the Stuarts. The dramatic authors
Rome. Had Mrs. Craven chosen, how many interesting details her of the time furnish him with abundant materials here. The book is certainly
experience might have supplied if she had bestowed more care on
heavily weighted by Part II. , which recites through 150 pages the charters of
the " local colour " of her composition, and less on the orthodoxy of
her men and women. the City, from William the Conqueror to George II. , but it is an excellent piece
of work, and shows in every page the thorough and orderly habits of mind of a
Never was it more necessary to influence the imagination for good,
philosophical lawyer.
and we would strengthen the hands of every advocate of refined manners
and pure morals. By her great success Mrs. Craven has larger " Pre-Historic Nations." By John D. Baldwin (Sampson Low, Son, and
power for good than perhaps any other individual writer in France. Marston). The writer of this book, though an American, is an Englishman in
We urge her to conscientious study of how best she may use it by his relation to the learned body ; that is to say, he has worked his own way by
representation of noble life in its actual conditions, we entreat her not to his own methods in the solitude of his study, with little or no connection with
alienate the imaginations she would purify by untimely moralizing and his modern fellow-workers in the same field. He quotes Jacob Bryant
obsolete controversy. apparently with respect, together with several other authors of the same stamp.
It is true that he cites many of the newest authorities on the subject, but his
study of the matter, so far as it is systematic at all, is based upon a system of
NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS. his own. By such loose unconnected efforts no science, much less one so wide and
The versatile author of " Flemish Interiors " gossips agreeably about the obscure as that which treats of pre-historic nations, can make any permanent
history and present condition of the " Feudal Castles of France " (Chapman advance. The main point of his book is to discredit the claim of the Hellenes to
and Hall). The book is unconscionably long, and " made out " with details so high a place in the history of the civilization of the world as was once claimed for
such as practised bookmakers know how to use. But the ground is new, and them. Like many other of the positions which our author controverts, this claim
French memoirs would furnish many volumes of amusing gossip like the for Hellenic civilization of a high comparative antiquity would be admitted to be an
present. Amboise introduces the interesting figure of Charles VIII . , who was already exploded error by the best historical scholars of the present day. He
born there ; of Francis I. and his sister, " La Marguerite des Marguerites ; " points out that no nations of which we have any historical records, whether Jews or
of the great Lionardo, who died there ; of Ronsard, Mary Stuart, and, Greeks, Assyrians or Egyptians, appear in the earliest dawn of their history as
lastly, of Abd-el- Kader, who lived there three years, and whose domestic unacquainted with the useful arts-e.g. agriculture, navigation, architecture, &c.
habits have defaced and defiled the ancient walls. At Loches Agnes These must, therefore, have been invented by a pre-historic nation. The general
Sorrel lived, and died at the age of fifty, as chronology shows ; proposition few would now care to controvert, but the author proceeds to give
" dans ses jeunes années," as her epitaph records. Little is left of this people a local habitation and a name. They were the Cushites, he tells
stately Plessis to verify the impressions which we have all received from us, and their original seat was in the south of Arabia. The latter portion of
"Quentin Durward," and the country people have even forgotten that there ever his book is the most fanciful. With the imagination of Jacob Bryant,
was a castle there. The author gives a very interesting sketch of the later life and the same incapacity to appreciate historical evidence, he quotes the
of Louis XI., who died here ; but the view which he takes of his character, Sibylline verses as genuine, he finds traces of his Cushites wherever
however true to the impressions left by " Quentin Durward," would hardly satisfy he chooses to look for them, from Scandinavia to Ceylon. A great
M. Michelet and his followers. Chaumont is still a grand residence, having Ideal of what he says is clever, and even true, but not relevant. His
been restored by Viscount Walsh, the present proprietor, to something like the conclusions are too large and too precise for the support they receive from his
splendour which it had when Catharine de' Medici occupied it. Those who are premisses. It is a pity that Mr. Baldwin's book has these defects, as some of
satisfied with having history served up to them in fragments of memoirs some- his views show much cleverness and acumen ; for instance, he observes that if
what arbitrarily associated with ancient buildings will find amusement in this the memory of the colonization of America were lost, Milton, Bacon, and
book. Shakspeare would become mythical Americans. Again, he describes Orpheus
" Shakspeareana Genealogica." Compiled by George Russell French. and the other mythical inventors of the useful arts as Cushites, and then says
(Macmillan and Co. ) This volume is handsomely printed and bound as a we have as much right to call them Greeks as to call Virgil and Cicero
supplement to the Cambridge Shakspeare, we presume with the sanction of Mr. Frenchmen. Mr. Baldwin avows that he does not write either for learned
Clark and Mr. Wright. Their work, however, is so admirable an example of archæologists or historical sceptics. Neither of these classes are likely to be satisfied
the right, and this is so perfect a specimen of the wrong, kind of completeness, with a structure, however ingenious, that rests on a foundation of sand. We do
that there is little appropriateness in their being ranged together. Mr. French has, not suppose that Mr. Baldwin's Greek scholarship is very profound ; and in the
in the first place, furnished a list of all the characters in Shakspeare's historical less known languages, as, for instance, in the Tamul, he seems to consider
plays, with a note in which it is attempted to identify each of them. Thus, for philologists as ignorant as himself. This ignorance of philology practically
example, he finds that the sheriff of Northamptonshire, whose part in the action amounts to a contempt for its claims as a guide to the knowledge of pre-historic
of " King John " is limited to " whispering Essex," must have been a Sir Simon nations, and leads him to identify his imaginary Cushites with all sorts of
de Pateshull, who held that office during the last four years of Richard and the allophylic peoples-the Dravidians of the south of India, and the Basques of
first four of John. This, if true, would certainly have been news to Shakspeare the Pyrenees - without investigating what may be the real connection between
as it is to us, and, probably, news quite as unimportant. Amongst a great mass these last. But it would be unprofitable to pursue further Mr. Baldwin's various
of such matter there are, of course, some interesting details, but it is in our phantasies.
opinion a mistake to present them as a commentary upon Shakspeare's text. " The Cricket Calendar for 1869 " (T. Murby), by G. Kelly King,
A book like this is in a certain sense an evidence of his greatness, for it shows contains all the information which cricketers want, arranged in the most
how association with his name can make the most minute researches attractive, convenient form . To both amateurs and professionals the book will be of
but it contributes little or nothing to the intelligent or sympathetic enjoyment of use.
[ 384 ]
 JUNE 4 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET.
29

unwary Whig birds to their destruction in the net spread by Cardinal Cullen
Parliamentary Review. and Mr. Bright. He regretted that the Conservatism which weighted the Con-
HOUSE OF LORDS. stitution of America was wanting here. Across the Atlantic both the President
and the Senate had a real voice in legislation, while here the tendency of
MONDAY. -Their lordships sat for three-quarters of an hour, and read politics was to concentrate absolute power in a mere majority of the House of
the Newspapers Bill (sent up from the other House) a second time. Replying Commons.
to a complaint made by Lord Cairns that an old statute had been revived by Mr. Cardwell defended the bill as an expression of the decided and emphatic
the Home Secretary for the purpose of putting a stop to Mr. Murphy's lectures desire of the nation to do justice to Ireland on a point on which the latter was
at Tynemouth, the Lord Chancellor remarked that the noble and learned lord naturally very sensitive. Sir F. Heygate, Mr. Adderley, Mr. J. G. Talbot,
had quite ignored the fact that Murphy was an incendiary agitator, whose Dr. Ball, and Mr. W. Johnston joined in denouncing the measure, which was
lectures invariably produced breaches of the peace. The statute was an old supported on the other side by Mr. Allen, Mr. Stapleton, and Mr. Monsell,
one, but it had received more recent countenance from an Act of the 8th and Mr. Butler Johnstone adding his voice from the Conservative benches in its
9th Victoria, passed at the instance of Mr. Duncombe, who was certainly no favour on the express ground that it was revolutionary--that was to say, because
foe to freedom of discussion. it adopted a new mode of treatment for Ireland.
TUESDAY. -The Irish Church Bill was brought up from the House of Mr. Disraeli's argument lay apart from the ecclesiastical issues which had
Commons and read a first time. Lord Longford asked whether the appointment been raised. Repeating his theory that the evils from which Ireland suffered
of Under- Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant was intended to be of a permanent might be traced to physical causes, he went on to show that an amelioration in the
character, and made some remarks vindicating the late Sir E. Wetherall's state of the country had been gradually going on in consequence of the kind and
services in that capacity, and deprecating the idea that a military commission conciliatory policy pursued by the Imperial Government for many years past.
was in any way a disqualification for the office. Lord Granville replied that the It was bad enough that a policy of violent change and disturbance should
recent appointment was permanent only in the same sense as other appoint- now be introduced ; but worse still that this should be done at the dictation
ments of a similar kind were-that was to say, it could be annulled for any grave of the Fenians, who would certainly be encouraged to persist in their tactics
It was
reason on the responsibility ofthe Government. A military commission ought not for the sake of influencing the Government on the land question.
certainly ofitself to be a disqualification for the post, but it was essential that the significant that in the accounts of outrages in Ireland there was no word of any
Under- Secretary should have a practical knowledge of civil administration, clergyman being injured or even threatened. He feared the tendency of the
such as Colonel Drummond and Sir T. Larcom undoubtedly possessed, but ministerial policy was towards civil war. One body of the population estranged
which could hardly be attributed to Sir E. Wetherall. Lord Derby explained by a sense of wrong, another agitating for the property ofthe landlords, and the
that when Sir E. Wetherall was appointed the Government had it under serious Roman Church waiting for the opportunity of converting Ireland into a Popish
consideration whether Mr. Burke, the present Under- Secretary, should not be kingdom-these were the elements of a dangerous crisis.
preferred to the gallant general. Mr. Gladstone's answer may be summed up thus-that Lord Mayo and other
In reply to Earl Grey, who urged the passing of a bill to make municipal members of the late Government had admitted the seriousness of Fenianism ;
magistrates removable on the address of the two Houses of Parliament, the that in seeking for the causes of Irish discontent they were confronted by an
Lord Chancellor objected to special legislation of that kind founded on indi- institution which was recognized by the great body of the people of the three
vidual or even local instances of misconduct. countries as an intolerable injustice ; and they were therefore bound to remove
it. He expressed a confident hope that the House of Lords would bow to the
THURSDAY. - Lord Russell's Life Peerages Bill occupied the House for emphatic demand of the country, expressed both in the general elections and in
several hours. After a long discussion it was agreed that only two Peers should the strong and unanimous majorities of the House of Commons.
be created in any one year, and that the total number should not exceed twenty-
eight. The bill then passed through Committee. On a division, the third reading was carried by 361 to 247.
TUESDAY. After agreeing to adjourn over next day in honour of its being
HOUSE OF COMMON S. the Queen's birthday, the House of Commons got up a discussion on the
Hudson's Bay question . Sir H. Verney introduced the subject, expressing his
FRIDAY. Mr. Macfie raised the question of the patent laws by a motion satisfaction with the arrangements which had been concluded , and a hope that
" That, in the opinion of this House, the time has arrived when the interests of the Canadian Government would lose no time in developing the resources of
trade and commerce and the progress of the arts and sciences in this country their new territory. Mr. R. N. Fowler and Mr. Kinnaird put in a word on
would be promoted by the abolition of patents for inventions. He based this behalf of the native Indians. Mr. S. Aytoun, Colonel Sykes, and Mr.
proposal on two arguments -that the interests of the community at large must Samuelson inveighed against the mother country being burdened with obliga-
be considered before those of inventors, and that there could be no property tions in the shape of guarantees and subsidies for the benefit of the colonies.
in ideas. Patents were very obstructive in trading operations, and the War Mr. Monsell said he had reason to believe the arrangement as to the
Office and Admiralty found them inconvenient. Sir Roundell Palmer seconded Hudson's Bay territory was acceptable to the Canadians, though not yet
the motion, remarking, however, that the moment had come rather for opening formally ratified. The imperial guarantee which was proposed had for its
than closing the discussion. He distinguished between a literary copyright and justification the imperial advantages of the new state of things which would
an industrial or scientific patent. In the former case a man created something be created. Not only would an important addition be made practically to the
which in the nature of things had no existence before ; the rest of the world resources of the empire, but the Government would be relieved from the
were not in a race with him to write that particular book. But all who were inconvenience and even danger of being unable to preserve peace and order
engaged in particular arts and manufacturers were actually upon the track in a portion of their dominions, and to exercise that control over the inhabitants
which led to the discovery of those laws ; and the knowledge of them was the which was necessary in order to maintain good relations with the adjoining
common stock and property of all mankind who were equally in pursuit of it. States of America. The guarantee would, of course, come before the House of
He could not allow that the man who was first in the race of discovery could Commons for sanction in due time. With regard to the natives, the Canadian
claim for fourteen years or any other term an exclusive property in a portion of Government had undertaken to respect their rights.
the common stock of knowledge which was accessible to all who used the proper Sir S. Northcote explained the difficulties which prevented the Hudson's
means of discovering it. Moreover, the costly and vexatious litigation in which Bay Company from colonizing the territory, and spoke hopefully of the future.
patentees were frequently involved rendered the boon a very equivocal one for Lord Bury also took a sanguine view of the prospects of the new settlement,
themselves. Lord Stanley believed the patent laws in their present shape did looking forward to the opening of a direct line of communication from the
more harm than good, but before they were abolished some substitute should Atlantic to the Pacific, which would attract at least a portion of the China
be provided, and he urged the Government to undertake an inquiry into the trade. Mr. Ellice and Sir C. Dilke were somewhat sceptical on this point, and
subject. Mr. E. W. Hamilton predicted that emigration was more probable from
The other side of the question was now taken by Mr. J. Howard, himself Minnesota than Canada. Mr. Gladstone pledged himself to the principle that
an inventor ; Mr. Mundella, who spoke on behalf of inventors among the an imperial gnarantee for any colonial undertaking ought to be given only with
working classes ; Mr. Stapleton, Lord Elcho, and Mr. Samuda. They urged a view to promoting the independence of the colony and establishing freer
that the defects of the present law arose from its administration and could relations under which the colonists should bear their own burdens distinct from
be removed without destroying the principle of securing special rights to the mother country.
inventors. The examination of inventions previous to patents being The Irish Church debate on the eve of the Easter holidays prevented
issued was exceedingly perfunctory and imperfect, and the uncertainty of Mr. Seely from raising the question of the American mail contracts in time
the law occasioned much dissatisfaction. It was contended that patents to prevent their ratification. He now moved a series of resolutions for the
undoubtedly stimulated inventions, and that if they were abolished inventors purpose of bringing contracts of this kind more completely under the authority
would carry their projects to other countries, where protection could be obtained. of the House of Commons : -that contracts should lie on the table thirty days
The Attorney- General took a similar view. Weighing its advantages and dis- on which the House sits, and upon reference to a Select Committee should be
advantages, he found a balance of good in the operation of the patent laws, and subject to the decision of the House on its report ; that contracts for conveying
believed that their administration might be greatly improved by carrying out the mails to the United States should only be made for three years, and the
suggestions of the Royal Commission of 1862-5. He suggested that next year payment be regulated by the number or weight of letters, newspapers, &c.; and,
there should be a Committee on the subject. Mr. Macfie then withdrew his finally, that negotiations should be entered into with the United States for the
motion, and the discussion terminated. establishment ofa penny postage, which might be by slow steamers. It was, he
Mr. Goschen moved the second reading of his bill to amend Mr. Hardy's contended, obviously unjust that England should pay over £ 100,000 for services
Metropolitan Poor Act of 1867, explaining that it would give power to the Poor which the United States got performed for less than half that amount ; and he
Law Board to dissolve small unions and unite them with large ones, also to charged the late Government with having committed the country to a serious loss
dissolve sick asylums and school districts in order to amalgamate them for for the next eight years. The mails ought to be thrown open to free competi-
other purposes. It would repeal all local acts as far as the collection of rates tion, and he asserted that if this had been fairly done there would have been no
was concerned, but its main feature was to obtain the great object of classifica- necessity for such an exorbitant expenditure.
tion of paupers, not only sick, but ablebodied, by amalgamation and exchange Mr. Bazley seconded the resolutions, which were supported by Mr. Candlish
between different workhouses, rather than by new buildings. The debate was and Mr. Dent. Lord Hartington and Mr. Gladstone enumerated a variety of
adjourned.
reasons why penny ocean postage was not at present feasible, and why the
MONDAY. - The third reading of the Irish Church Bill in the House of resolution would inconveniently embarrass the Government. The Post Office,
Commons drew together a numerous attendance both of members and strangers, however, hoped, even under the present rates, to be able in a few years to
but the proceedings were singularly dull. There was, of course, little curiosity reduce the postal charge to America to 3d. Upon an assurance from the
as to a division the result of which was substantially known beforehand, and the Government that a plan was under consideration for taking a distinct vote on
speeches were rather in the nature of a set service of a stereotyped kind than an every contract, Mr. Seely withdrew his motion , and consented to the substi-
actual debate. Mr. Holt, in moving the rejection of the bill, deplored the tution of a resolution by Mr. Ayrton pledging the Government to negotiate for
helpless condition to which it would reduce the Protestants of Ireland. Lord a reduction of the present rate.
Elcho, in seconding the motion, after protesting his independence and declaring
THURSDAY. -The House spent the whole evening in Committee on the
that he gave allegiance to no party leader, chiefly devoted himself to
attacking the Government for its Radical bias. Mr. Gladstone might be Bankruptcy Bill. Twenty- eight out of the 132 clauses of the bill were agreed to,
and no amendments of consequence were made.
chief on the quarterdeck, but Mr. Bright commanded in the engine- room,
which, in these days of steam, was the most important part of the ship. This The Burials Regulation and the Sheriffs (York County) Bills were with-
bill was the sacrificial instrument with which the old Whigs had performed the drawn ; and the Oxford University Statutes Bill went through Committee, was
hari karu; or rather it was a bird- call with which the Premier had piped read a third time, and passed.
[ 385 ]
 30 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 4, 1869.

themselves to decide. His own opinion was in favour of England

Summary of the Week's News. giving up her American colonies as soon as she could, but " as to ceding them,
or any of her citizens by way of compensation for her own liabilities, it is a
FOREIGN NEWS. thought which honour would forbid her for a moment to entertain." As to
The French papers continue to discuss the recent elections, which still arbitration, Mr. Smith expressed his conviction that if it were made to appear
absorb public attention. Various opinions and rumours on the subject will be before an impartial tribunal that the British Government had failed, however
found elsewhere. The second ballotings are to take place on Sunday and unintentionally, in the performance of any of its international duties to a friendly
Monday next, some preparatory meetings have been held, but there have been Power the payment of damages would be accompanied with a full acknowledg
no disturbances. The Corsican elections have gone in favour of the Govern- ment of the error. " But," he added, " if Mr. Sumner means to thrust
ment candidates. arbitration aside-if he means to insist upon being judge in his own cause, and
pronouncing us guilty in any manner which his inflamed fancy can suggest, and
The new Spanish Constitution was finally adopted by the Cortes on fining and humiliating us at his discretion-we shall appeal with confidence to
Tuesday by a majority of 214 to 55, the minority being exclusively com- the reason and moral sense of the civilized world." Mr. Sumner's taunts
posed of Republicans, as the few Carlist deputies refrained altogether from he said, in conclusion, would wound men who had always been the warmest
voting. Before the division was taken Señor Figueras stated on behalf of the friends ofthe United States, and encourage its enemies. The New York Times,
Republican deputies that " they would respect the new Constitution, but would in commenting upon this address, says that Mr. Smith " evidently thinks
not give their adhesion to it." On Wednesday the draft was signed by all the Senator Sumner's speech an earnest and sincere declaration of sentiment
members of the Cortes with the exception of the Carlists. The Republicans, and purpose towards England," but observes that when he has lived a
having protested by their vote, seem to have thought no further indication of little longer in the United States " he will attach a good deal less
their dissent to be needful. It is stated that each member used a separate pen importance than he now does to loud talk and political braggadocio."
to sign the document, and the pens are to be preserved as mementoes of the The American correspondent of the Times telegraphs that the Indian war
occasion. The Constitution will be promulgated on Sunday, and on Monday has recommenced. There has been a battle between the United States troops
the Cortes will discuss the proposition to confer the regency on Marshal Serrano. and the Indians in Texas, near Fort Griffin, in which the savages lost fourteen
It is rumoured in Paris that the Duke of Montpensier has not so good a chance men.
of obtaining the crown as the Prince of Asturias. The Cortes has also been dis-
cussing the Army Bill, which fixes the military strength of the country at The Indian papers received by the last overland mail report that the Tayler
85,000 men. An amendment moved by Señor Garrido, a Republican, to reduce case at Calcutta has been settled. Mr. Tayler tendered a further apology
the number to 25,000 was rejected by 173 votes to 56. Marshal Prim spoke to the court, and the sentence of a month's imprisonment which had been
against the reduction , which he said was not yet possible, on account of the passed upon him was then remitted. The rule, calling upon the publisher of
conspiracies of the Carlists and the partisans of Queen Isabella. The former the Englishman to show cause why he should not be punished for contempt of
party, he added, were not dangerous, but the latter had brave and able generals. court, was discharged after three days' hearing, Sir Barnes Peacock intimating
They were, however, destitute of moral support in the interior of the country. that he had only intended to vindicate the proceedings of the court. Another
The death of Marshal O'Donnell, Duke of Tetuan, is reported. The Duke, who effort is to be made by the Government of India to rescue the Roman Catholic
was in his sixtieth year, has since his retirement from office in 1866 taken no missionaries who are in captivity in Thibet. A Chinese deputation is said to
part in public affairs. It is announced that General Caballero de Rodas has be on its way to St. Petersburg on the subject of connecting the Russian railways
been appointed Captain- General of Cuba, so it may be presumed that General with China. The head-quarters and cantonment of the Bunnoo district are
Dulce has been recalled . A telegram received by the Atlantic cable states that hereafter to be known as " Edwardesabad," in memory of the late Sir Herbert
the Government of Peru has recognized the Cuban insurgents as belligerents. Edwardes. As a gang of convicts was being conveyed on board ship in
Bombay harbour for deportation to the Andamans, they made an attempt to
The recent reconstruction of the Italian Ministry does not seem to have overpower the guard and escape. Order was restored by shooting the ring-
given it the additional strength which the adhesion of the Piedmontese party leader. Cholera is reported to have broken out among the European troops at
was expected to secure for it. One of the new Ministers, Signor Ferraris, has Gwalior, and several fatal cases had occurred . The services of a regiment of
been re-elected at Turin, but at Bologna Signor Minghetti has been defeated Native Infantry have been found necessary in that portion ofthe Bheel country
by the candidate of the extreme Liberal party. The Committee of the Chamber through which the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway passes, in order
of Deputies also has rejected several of Count Cambray Digny's principal to check the disturbances of the lawless population.
financial measures, and another ministerial crisis is expected. Several
persons implicated in the murder of M. Inghirami, the Austrian consul at A telegram from Hong Kong, via Galle, states that intelligence had been
Leghorn, have been arrested, and the supposition that the consul was killed by received there that a powerful force is being moved by the Government of
mistake, the purpose of the assassins being to take the life of General the Mikado of Japan against the rebels who occupy Hakodadi. The latter
Crenneville, is confirmed, for all the ' persons arrested had been beaten were said to be supported by French officers. The Mikado was expected to
by order of the General when he was commandant of the town during reside at Jeddo.
the Austrian occupation of 1849. The Austrian Correspondence attri-
butes the crime to the Italian party of action, and says it was evi- HOME NEWS.
dently dictated by a wish to embroil the Austrian and Italian Govern- The principal events of the week have been the arrival of Mr. Motley, the
ments, the friendly relations between which are obnoxious to revolutionists.
final passing of the Irish Church Bill by the House of Commons , the celebra-
This object, however, the Correspondence adds, will not be accomplished, for tion of the Queen's fiftieth birthday, and the the Horse Show. Mr. Motley
the appearance of this element on the scene is calculated rather to draw closer
arrived at Liverpool on Saturday night, and on Monday received addresses from
the ties of community of interests between the two countries. General Crenne- the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce, and the American Chamber of Commerce
ville has gone to Vienna. His wound is not considered dangerous. in Liverpool. In the brief replies which he read, Mr. Motley said that President
The King of Prussia is reported to be suffering from illness, and his intended Grant and the American people " are animated now, as always, by the hope
journey to Hanover and Bremen has been postponed. According to some and the desire of maintaining sincere and amicable relations with her Majesty's
accounts, the feeling against Prussia in Hanover is so strong that it has not Government and with the people of this empire, upon the basis of entire justice
been thought advisable for his Majesty to show himself there. A “ Pan-Pro- and of dispassionate regard for the rights and duties of both countries." For
testant" Conference, attended by about 1,000 delegates, has met at Worms, and his own part, he should endeavour to do his best towards promoting a good
drawn up a declaration setting forth that Protestants can never return to the understanding between the two nations.
Church of Rome, and protesting against the principles of the Pope's Encyclical The Irish Church Bill passed the House of Commons on Monday, and its
and the Syllabus. Popery within the pale of Protestantism is not less vigorously second reading in the Upper House is fixed for the 14th inst. The belief that
denounced. " All efforts made within the Protestant Church to found a hierar- the Lords will not take the extreme course of rejecting the bill is growing
chical power or the supremacy of dogma are a flat denial of the principles of stronger daily, but nothing will be definitively known as to the precise action
Protestantism, and are simply so many bridges to Rome." their lordships will take until after the meeting of Conservative Peers on the
The Viceroy of Egypt arrived at Vienna on Saturday evening, and proceeded 5th inst. A large deputation from the various Protestant associations of Ireland
to the Imperial castle accompanied by a guard of honour. The Emperor has is in London, endeavouring to urge the Peers to reject the bill. On Friday, the
presented to the Viceroy the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen, and to 28th ult., they had an interview with Lord Grey, and received from his lordship
Nubar Pasha, Egyptian Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Grand Cross of the an expression of " deep sympathy on account of the position in which they
Order of Francis Joseph. A Vienna paper states that one of the objects of the might be placed should the bill pass into law." He also told them that “ should
Viceroy's visit to the different European Courts is to come to an understanding the House of Lords decide upon entertaining the details of the measure, some
that the Suez Canal shall be declared a neutral passage for all nations and for at least of the evils likely to flow from it in its present shape would probably be
all time. A recent rumour that some disagreement had arisen between the guarded against." On the following day the deputation had a conference with
Turkish Government and the Viceroy has been officially contradicted. The a number of Conservative Peers at the Duke of Abercorn's house. Reporters
Vienna Presse says that England has accepted the Austrian proposals relative to were excluded, but an " authorized report " of the proceedings was furnished to
the Treaty of Commerce, but before the question is definitively settled these the papers. Among the Peers present were Lord Malmesbury and Lord Salis-
proposals must be approved by the Upper House of the Reichsrath and the bury, but the Duke of Marlborough and Lord Cairns were " unavoidably absent."
Hungarian Chambers. The Duke of Abercorn was spokesman on behalf of the Peers. He said " it
would be premature for him to declare what course would be pursued in the
The Emperor of Russia, it is said, intends sending an extraordinary envoy House of Lords," but the arguments of the deputation " would be faith-
to Washington to congratulate General Grant upon his election to the Pre- fully laid before the meeting of Peers " on the 5th inst. The result
sidency, and to express to the United States Government the great value which of the conference appears to have given great dissatisfaction to the
his Majesty sets upon the maintenance of good relations between Russia and deputies, who afterwards held an irritation meeting " at the Westminster
America. Palace Hotel. It is now generally believed, as already stated, that the
The Portuguese loan recently contracted with Messrs. Fruhling and Goschen bill will be read a second time, and that its opponents will reserve serious action
is being discussed in the Chamber of Deputies, where it meets with great oppo- for the Committee, when amendments will be brought forward with the view of
sition ; but it is considered probable that the measure will pass. saving as much as possible from the fire. The Marquis of Lothian, a Con-
servative, has addressed a letter to the Times, in which he urges the Opposition
The speeches delivered by Mr. Motley, the United States Minister, in reply in the Lords not to throw out the bill. He points out that the general election
to the addresses presented to him at Liverpool on Monday, were telegraphed has given an entirely new aspect to the question. " I should have voted against
to America, and we learn by the cable that they have been favourably received the bill last year," he says, "but whatever I may think on the subject now, I
both at New York and Philadelphia. The New York Tribune says that Mr. should not vote against it this year. It is not now a question between Com-
Motley has given a right expression to the friendly desires animating the mons and Lords ; it is a question between Parliament and the nation." The
United States, and ventures to hope that England will not underrate them Earl of Dartrey, one of the Liberal Peers who voted against the Suspensory
in considering the Alabama claims. The Tribune has also expressed an
Bill last year, also has addressed a letter to the Monaghan Protestant Asso-
opinion that the friendly, " almost cordial," speech of Mr. Forster opens the way ciation , in which he refuses to oppose the present measure, and adds that it
for new negotiations. The Assemblies of the Presbyterian Church have had would not be wise for the Lords to reject it.
under discussion a resolution that prayers for the peaceful settlement of the
difficulty with England should be offered up in Presbyterian places of worship. The Queen's birthday was officially celebrated on Wednesday. The bells
After some debate, the resolution was indefinitely postponed. Mr. Goldwin were rung as usual, and salutes fired at London and at Windsor ; the public
Smith has been making a long speech at Ithaca, in reply to Mr. Sumner, offices were closed, and in the morning there was an inspection of the House-
and defending England from the charge of bad faith made against her. hold troops in St. James's Park, in the presence of the Prince and Princess
Thof
e
The annexation of Canada, Mr. Smith said, was a matter for the Canadians Wales, the Duke of Cambridge, and the Crown Prince of Denmark.
[ 386 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 31
JUNE 4, 1869. ]

House of Commons did not sit, and several of the Ministers gave State dinners College, Cambridge ; and of Mr. James Hall, the senior partner in the firm of
to select parties. The illuminations in the evening were on a scale of consider- 66Hall and Sons, shipbuilders, of Aberdeen, the originator of the now celebrated
able magnificence. At Aldershot, Portsmouth, and Woolwich there were the clipper " model for ships.
usual military displays. On Tuesday night a supplement to the Gazette was Mr. Peabody sailed from Liverpool on Saturday in the mail steamer Scotia.
issued, containing a number ofpromotions in and appointments to the Order of
He was accompanied on board by Sir C. M. Lampson, and by Mr. Dudley, the
the Bath on the occasion of the celebration of her Majesty's birthday.
American Consul at the port. Many hundreds of spectators assembled to witness
The sixth annual horse show was opened on Saturday at the Agricultural Mr. Peabody's departure.
Hall, and has been visited during the week by large numbers of persons of all The nomination in connection with the Stafford election is fixed for Monday.
classes. The number of entries was 360, and the sum awarded in prizes
All the five Liberal candidates have agreed to abide by the result of the pre-
amounted to nearly £ 1,000. In the first class of weight-carrying hunters of not liminary test ballot to decide which two of them are to stand as the candidates
less than fifteen stone there were some splendid animals ; whilst in the
of the united Liberal party. At Nottingham it is stated that Mr. George Potter
thorough-bred classes there was ample evidence of perfect symmetry and purity will be the working man's candidate for the seat vacant by the death of Sir
of blood. In the other classes there were some very neat specimens of park
R. Clifton, but will not issue his address until after the funeral. Mr. Bernal
hacks and ladies' horses, sturdy cobs, roadsters, high steppers, and harness
Osborne is also expected to offer himself.
horses, as well as a good display of Norfolk trotters and other breeds. One
of the galleries was appropriated to velocipede competition. The Prince and It is stated that Mr. Joseph Cowen will shortly resign his seat for New-
Princess of Wales and the Crown Prince of Denmark visited the show on castle, and that Mr. Bell, who unsuccessfully contested North Durham, will
Tuesday afternoon. A " national dog show " has also been open during the be brought forward in his place.
week at Islington , at which about 1,000 dogs were exhibited. This has also been A meeting has been held at Great Yarmouth to make arrangements for a
visited by the Prince and Princess of Wales. testimonial to Sir E. Lacon in celebration of the recent defeat of the North
Norfolk petition.
There has been very little news from the Court at Balmoral. Earl de Grey
has replaced the Duke of Argyll as the Minister in attendance on her Majesty, The petition against the return of Lord Hyde for Brecon is appointed to be
and Prince Christian has joined the Royal circle. The Princess started from tried before Mr. Justice Willes on the 17th inst.
Frogmore on Friday, the 28th ult., to go to Balmoral, but on arriving in London
The statue to Lord Palmerston which has been erected in one of the public
was compelled by indisposition to abandon the journey, and return home. On
parks of Southampton was formally unveiled on Wednesday by Lord Carnarvon,
Monday the Prince proceeded to Balmoral alone, the Princess_remaining_at
Frogmore. It is stated that her indisposition is not of a serious character. On who delivered an address on the character of Lord Palmerston, whom he pro-
nounced to have been " essentially and emphatically an Englishman, as much
Sunday the Queen attended divine service at the parish church of Crathie. in his faults as in his virtues." The Right Hon. W. F. Cowper, M.P., and Lord
The Rev. Dr. Caird officiated, and dined with her Majesty in the evening. The Fortescue also took part in the proceedings.
Queen is expected to visit the Dowager Duchess of Athole at Dunkeld House
next autumn. Mr. Roebuck has written a letter to the papers stating that in his reply to
The Prince and Princess of Wales have not been idle during the last few the deputation of Marylebone Conservatives which waited upon him last week,
days. On Friday the 28th ult. they had a dinner party, the Crown Prince of he did not say that the Irish Church Bill was a spoliation and a robbery. Mr.
Denmark, the Duke of Cambridge, Prince Hassan Pasha, the Turkish and Roebuck holds the measure to be impolitic, because it will not satisfy that class
Danish Ministers, and Sir Roderick Murchison being among the guests. On of the Irish people it seeks to conciliate, and dishonest because it has been put
Saturday the Prince presided at the annual dinner of the officers of the forth under false pretences ; but it is neither robbery nor spoliation , inasmuch
10th Hussars at Willis's Rooms, and the Princess and the Crown Prince of as, in his opinion , the property of the Irish Church is the property of the people,
Denmark went to the St. James's Theatre. On Monday the Prince and which they may deal with as they please.
Princess and the Crown Prince of Denmark attended the " annual view " of The Archdeacon of Leicester (the Rev. Mr. Fearon ), in a visitation charge
St. Bartholomew's Hospital. The Prince of Wales presided at a meeting of the other day, dealt with the Irish Church question in a manner in which but
the governing body, at which a letter from Mr. James Paget, the senior few clerical dignitaries have lately treated it. He said that the question must
surgeon of the hospital, was read, stating that the Princess Louise desired, not be looked at only from the Churchman's point of view. It has a political
through him, to present to the hospital a set of chromo-lithographs of the as well as a religious and ecclesiastical aspect, and " if well-informed persons
cartoons of Raphael, accompanied by a request that they might be placed in believe that no step can be taken towards conciliation while the Church
the particular ward in which patients were under Mr. Paget's charge. The question remains as it is," the Archdeacon " cannot conceive it unwise or
Royal visitors afterwards went over the whole hospital. On Tuesday the un- Christianlike to submit, however reluctantly, to a change for the sake of
Prince of Wales held a levee at St. James's Palace, at which there were about that religious peace which the experience of sixty-nine years appears to show
350 presentations. The Princess went to a concert at St. James's Hall, and cannot otherwise be obtained ." Mr. Fearon also protested against the argu-
afterwards the Prince and Princess and the Crown Prince of Denmark visited ment that the Churches of England and Ireland must stand or fall together.
the Horse Show. In the evening their Royal Highnesses dined with the
Marquis and Marchioness of Ailesbury. On Wednesday they attended the A Roman Catholic bishop (Dr. Goss, of Liverpool) has been stating his
parade of the household troops in St. James's Park, in the afternoon visited opinion on the subject in a visitation sermon at Preston . He said that if
the Dog Show, and in the evening dined with the Duchess of Inverness at the agitation for the disestablishment and disendowment of the Irish Church
Kensington Palace. The Prince has taken for the Ascot week Cooper's-hill, had been delayed a little longer, the whole thing would have been done
at Englefield-green, between Windsor and Egham, the residence of Mr. Albert away with ; whereas Mr. Gladstone had, in his bill, left sufficient for the Irish
Grant, late member for Kidderminster, and formerly the residence of Sir John parsons to make mischief with. One great effect of the disestablishment bill
Cathcart. would be to send over to this country the parsons of Ireland ; and they had suffi-
The Prince of Wales has become a Freemason. This was announced on cient of them already. He would have been better pleased to have had the Irish
Church question settled at once, for if the Irish parsons had to come over here
Wednesday night by the Earl of Zetland at the quarterly " communication " of there would be more ill-feeling than there was at present. The ill-feeling which
the United Grand Lodge of Freemasons. His lordship stated that the Prince had raged in the country was owing to them, and he wished that Mr. Glad-
been made a mason by the King of Sweden, and had expressed his wish to join stone had put a rider to his bill to prohibit the Irish parsons from coming
one or more English lodges. Lord Zetland gave notice of his intention to to this country. He was satisfied that the ministers of the Church of
propose at the next grand lodge that the rank of Past Grand Master be conferred England would in the end, by the course they were pursuing, work mischief to
on his Royal Highness.
England itself, and before fifty years was passed, the Established Church of
The Gazette of Tuesday announced that the Queen has, by letters patent, this country would be dealt with in the same manner as Mr. Gladstone was
appointed Prince Leopold a Knight Companion of the Garter, and has dispensed dealing with Ireland.
with all the statutes and regulations usually observed in regard to installation. The Hon. Arthur Kinnaird's support of Mr. Gladstone's bill has led several
The Queen has presented a handsome silver cup to the Aberdeenshire members of the Society for the Promotion of Irish Church Missions , of which
Volunteer Artillery and Rifle Association to be competed for at the next annual he is treasurer, to request his resignation of his office, and Mr. Kinnaird has
meeting, or " wapinschaw," of the corps. The competition is to be open to the consented. In doing so he declares, in a letter to the Record, that he is as
counties of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine. much opposed to the Roman Catholic religion as ever ; 66 but," he says, " I
share with many brethren abroad and at home in the feeling that the Irish
The Owl states that Lord Clarendon has the following diplomatic Church Establishment gives an advantage to that system by the semblance of
appointments at his disposal, viz. :-The post of Minister to Spain, vacant being persecuted , and I therefore in Parliament supported the measure for
by the resignation of Sir John Crampton ; the post of Chargé d'Affaires to disestablishment. " Mr. Kinnaird, in a letter to Mr. Colquhoun , the chairman
the Republic of Venezuela, vacant by the death of Mr. G. Fagan, who died at of the society, says that, according to his judgment, the course he has pursued
his post on the 31st of March, of yellow fever. It is not known who is in Parliament will " really most effectually advance the cause ofthe true Church
to succeed Sir John Crampton, but the following four diplomatists are each of Christ in Ireland."
believed to have some chance of being appointed - The Hon. W. Stuart,
Minister to the Argentine Republic ; Sir C. Wyke, Minister at Copenhagen ; Mr. Lowe has written to the Times to explain some remarks of his in the
Mr. J. Lumley, Minister at Brussels ; and the Hon. Peter Scarlett, late Minister debate on the Customs and Inland Revenue Bill, which he finds have been
at Mexico. Pending the appointment of a Minister, the business of the Lega- very generally misunderstood. Mr. Lowe says that he did not deny that five
tion will be conducted by Mr. R. Percy Ffrench, as chargé d'affaires. quarters of income tax will be paid in the current financial year, but
he contends that his plan cannot be considered " excessively burdensome "
It is reported that Colonel Greville-Nugent, the member for Longford, is to the taxpayer. The proper way to look at the case, he says, is to compare
about to receive a peerage.
the payments which must be made under either the old or the new system from
Mr. Gladstone and Lord Granville have recently been admitted to the Reform April, 1869. "6 Suppose," Mr. Lowe writes, " a man has £ 20 income tax to
Club without a ballot, and a banquet is about to be given to them by the members pay . On the old system he will pay £ 10 in October, 1869 ; £ 5 in January,
of the club. 1870 ; £5 in April, 1870- total, £20. On the new system he will pay £ 20 in
January, 1870. Compare the two. By the new plan he gains the use of 10
Mr. Henry Turner Irving has been appointed Colonial Secretary for Ceylon ; from October to January, and loses the use of £ 5 from January to April ; and
Mr. Edward Everard Rushworth, D.C.L. , Colonial Secretary for Jamaica ; Mr. so he gains the use of or interest on £ 5 -that is, one quarter's income tax for
George William Des Voeux, Colonial Secretary for St. Lucia ; and Mr. Samuel three months. How, then, can it be truly said that the new plan is more bur-
Jackman Prescod , one of the judges of the Assistant Court of Appeal of Bar- densome to the taxpayer than the old ? On the contrary, it is evidently a relief,
badoes.
in spite of the payment of five quarters of income tax in the year."
The following gentlemen have been raised to the dignity of Queen's Counsel : -
Messrs. Henry James, W. R. A. Boyle, Arthur R. Adams, D.C.L., W. Cracroft There was a panic at the sporting clubs on Monday afternoon. The Derby
Fooks, Arthur Kelly Eddis, Douglas Brown, H. Fox Bristowe, P. H. Edlin, settling had just begun, when the news arrived that Sir Joseph Hawley had
Joseph Kay, Thomas Hughes, Montague Bere, Henry C. Lopes, George Osborne lodged a formal claim to the stakes on the ground that Mr. W. Sadler, the
Morgan, Edward Fry, and Samuel Pope. nominator of Pretender, was dead. Payments in which Pretender and Pero
Gomez were involved were immediately suspended , and the commission agents
Sir Robert Clifton, M.P. for Nottingham, died on Sunday, in his forty-third hastened to the banks to stop any cheques which might be presented afterwards,
year. The deaths have also been announced of the Rev. J. J. Tayler, an although many had already been duly honoured. Telegrams were sent offto
eminent Unitarian minister, and known far beyond the limits of his own everybody who was likely to know, and towards night Mr. Sadler telegraphed
denomination as the author of several theological works ; of Mr. Perry, Com- to Messrs. Tattersall in the following words :-" I am the breeder of Pretender,
missioner of the Liverpool Court of Bankruptcy, and formerly a fellow of Jesus and nominated him myself; am quite well, in good health." This settled the
[ 387 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 4 , 1869.
32

question, and, to prevent the possibility of further delay in the settling, Lord cotton goods. Resolutions were passed declaring these duties to be " a great
Exmouth, Lord Vivian, Sir Charles Legard, Colonel Ouseley Higgins, and injustice, alike to the consumer in India and to the manufacturing interests of
Mr. G. Payne formed themselves into a committee, and ordered accounts to be this country," and recommending the cordial union of workmen and employers,
proceeded with. and the co -operation of other towns and districts in the appointment of depu-
The Rev. Dr. Norman McLeod, in his closing address from the chair to the tations to wait upon the Secretary of State for India, county and borough
General Assembly of the Church of Scotland on Monday, said that in his members of Parliament being invited to join in the movement.
opinion all justice might have been done to the feelings and fair demands of A Parliamentary paper has been issued stating the grounds upon which the
Roman Catholics, and as many sacrifices made as political justice could demand, Government has declined to ask Parliament to guarantee a fresh New Zealand
by reforms in the Irish Protestant Church ; while he firmly believed that no loan to the amount of £ 1,500,000. In a despatch to Governor Bowen, Lord
sacrifices, however great, no reforms, however just, would materially affect the Granville points out that the Imperial Government is in no way responsible for
feelings of the Roman Catholics of Ireland towards a Protestant throne, a the recent policy of the colonial authorities with reference to the native popula-
Protestant Church, or a Protestant anything. Dr. McLeod expressed his deep tion. The colonists had claimed the right to govern the Maoris ; that claim had
sympathy with the Episcopalian and Presbyterian clergy in Ireland in the very been conceded to them, and they thus assumed, as a matter of course, the duty
trying position in which they are now placed, and hoped that one result of these of protecting themselves against the subject race. " I cannot help observing,"
trials may be to " draw those Churches closer to ourselves as a branch of the says the noble Earl, " that if the opinions expressed at different times by my
Protestant Church by such an interchange in our ministrations, such fellowship predecessors are correct, the present dangers of New Zealand are due, not tothe
in the work of advancing Evangelical truth in Ireland more earnestly than ever, punctual performance of their obligations to the Maori race, but rather to their
as will give additional strength to our common Protestantism ." adoption of a policy which, if not inconsistent with those obligations, was
Freemasons' Hall was crowded on Tuesday night by an assembly chiefly certain to appear so to the natives affected by it."
composed of " persons belonging to the upper middle classes " who had come to The Birmingham Gazette publishes the following letter, which it says was
take part in a public devotional service in connection with a newly formed written within the past few days by the son of King Theodore, who is now in
" Free Christian Union," the design of which is to " illustrate the spirit of unsec- the Isle of Wight, to a former school-fellow. It will be seen that the prince is
tarian Christianity, to furnish the means of undogmatic religious instruction , not only acquiring a knowledge of the English language, but likewise a love for
and to incorporate the discoveries of learning and science in the religious view British sports. Here is the letter : -" Afton 7. My dear -You got
of the world." Two sermons were preached--one by the Rev. Athanase plenty butterfly in the school ? no got in here. too much cold. Did you see
Coquerel, pastor of the French Protestant Church, and the other by the Rev. snow and make snowman . me like it very much. me ride one pony oh so
C. Kegan Paul, M.A. , vicar of Sturminster Marshall, and formerly conduct of very nice. One day me go to hounds. the fox run away and dogs kill him
Eton ; and the devotional part of the services was conducted by the Rev. James Give my love to Charlie Good bye "
Martineau, the eminent Unitarian minister, and by the Rev. William Miall, of
Dalston, a Baptist minister. The prayers read were taken from the Liturgy of
the Church of England, but " adapted " to the purposes of the meeting ; all THE CHURCH AND THE UNIVERSITIES.
references to the Trinity were, it is stated, struck out of them . The Rev. Ashley Oxenden, rector of Pluckley, Kent (an Evangelical) , has
A terrible and fatal riot has taken place at Mold, in Wales. Some disorderly been elected by the Canadian churchmen Bishop of Montreal.
proceedings had taken place in connection with a strike at a colliery near the The Chancellor's Prizes at Oxford have been awarded as follows :-English
town, and eight men had been arrested on a charge of assaulting the manager. essay- Mr. H. De Burgh Hollings, B.A. , Fellow of Corpus ; Latin essay-- Mr.
On Wednesday two of them were brought before the magistrates, and a deter- Clifton W. Collins, B.A. , late Demy of Magdalen ; Latin verse- Mr. J. A.
mined attempt was made by a great mob of pitmen and others to rescue Ormerod, scholar of Corpus ; English verse (Newdigate) -Mr. Herbert B.
them from custody. As there was every probability of the police being over- Garrod, postmaster of Merton. The Gaisford Prizes have been awarded as
powered, a detachment of the 4th Regiment was sent for. The Riot Act was follows :-Greek verse- -Mr. J. A. Godley, Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford.
read, but this had no effect, and when the police and soldiers attempted to Proxime accesserunt- Mr. F. D. Morris, New College, and Mr. J. H. Belcher,
disperse the mob they were attacked with sticks and stones. The soldiers were Queen's. Greek prose-Mr. R. L. Clarke, Scholar of Balliol. The Stanhope
at last ordered to fire upon the rioters, four of whom were shot dead. The prize has been awarded to Cyril Fletcher Grant, of Balliol. The Sacred Poem
casualties among the soldiers and police were numerous, but none of their prize has been adjudged to John White, of Queen's.
injuries are likely to prove fatal.
In a Convocation held at Oxford on the 27th ult. a decree was passed
The Limerick Chronicle states that an action for libel is being brought
accepting, on certain conditions, the foundation of a professorship of the fine
against the Times, for articles in reference to the murder of Mr. Bradshaw, of arts, and its endowment with the sum of £ 12,000, out of money left by the late
Philipstown House, county Tipperary. It is intended, the same paper further Mr. Felix Slade.
states, to try the case in Tipperary, before a special jury. " An order to sub-
stitute service on Messrs. Smith, the Irish agents, will be applied for in a few The Rev. George Style, M.A. , Fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, has
days. Damages have been laid at £2,000." been appointed head-master of Giggleswick Grammar School.
A farmer named Power has been beaten to death with sticks and stones by
three men with blackened faces at Rathgormac, on the borders of Tipperary THE ARMY AND THE NAVY.
and Waterford. The crime was at first supposed to have had some connection
with a land dispute, but this it appears was not the case, though it has not yet In order to extend as much as possible the facilities of exchange to officers
been otherwise accounted for. The murdered man was a respectable farmer of of the new line regiments, the Secretary of State for War, in concurrence with
the Tipperary class, and had the character of being a peacemaker when faction the Secretary of State for India in Council, has decided that the privilege of
fights occurred in the neighbourhood. The inquest threw no light on the affair. retaining their claim to Indian pensions shall be granted to all officers who,
The motive was not robbery, as Power's money (he had been at the town of having been appointed to one of the new line regiments from the Indian army,
Carrick to sell butter) was in his pocket. The constabulary have arrested a may have since joined, or may hereafter join by exchange, any other regiment
man named Wall, whose clothes were found covered with blood. It is stated of her Majesty's British service, whether purchase or non-purchase, or either
that the greatest horror and indignation are felt throughout the locality, and of the Indian staff corps. Such officers will accordingly, on retirement from
that " every one in the parish is giving all the assistance in his power to sift the a purchase regiment, be entitled to either sell their commissions under the usual
matter." regulations of the service, or to avail themselves of the Indian pension rules. If,
however, such officers shall retire from the service from a non-purchase
Cardinal Cullen has addressed a letter to his clergy in the Dublin diocese regiment of the line before they have acquired a claim to pension under the
on the subject of the General Council to assemble in Rome on the Feast of the Indian rules, they will be entitled to receive the value of their commissions,
Immaculate Conception in December. The Catholic bishops of the world are, under the conditions laid down in Horse Guards general order, No. 48, of
his Eminence says, then to meet to " condemn the errors now undermining the 1868.
foundations of society and religion, and to stem the torrent of infidelity and
immorality that menaces the world with destruction." He exhorts to special The St. Lawrence, Commander Wilcox, arrived at Spithead on Tuesday
prayer for the Council, for the happiness and prosperity of Ireland, and also for with invalided and time-expired soldiers on board from India, under contract
better weather, as the " continual cold and rain are injurious " to the prospects with the Indian Government. She left Calcutta on the 19th of February. The
of the harvest. The letter contains no political allusion. officers, passengers, and troops brought home by the St. Lawrence comprised
Captain Tierney, R.A. , in military command of the troops on board, Mrs.
A Co-operative Congress, which included delegates from the principal Tierney and child, Captain Halliday, Bengal Cavalry ; Mrs. Halliday and two
co-operative societies of Great Britain, as well as some from France, Germany, children, Mr. Clarke, Rifle Brigade ; Assistant- Surgeon Jones, M.D., in medical
and America, has been sitting this week under the presidency of Mr. T. Hughes, charge of troops, 152 noncommissioned officers and men, with four women and
M.P. Mr. A. J. Mundella, M.P. , Mr. W. Morrison, M.P. , the Hon. Auberon
three children belonging to various corps serving in India ; Dr. Morrison, Mrs.
Herbert, Mr. Ludlow, and others also took part in the proceedings. Morrison, and five children ; Mr. Anderson, Mrs. Anderson , and three children ;
The number of deaths registered in London last week was 1,276, being less Mr. Ellis, Mrs. Ellis, and four children ; Mr. Heselmeyer, Mrs. Heselmeyer,
by 66 than the estimated amount. The deaths of seven persons killed by horses and two children ; Mr. Crohan, Mrs. Crohan, and two children ; Mr. Saunders,
or vehicles in the streets were reported. The mean temperature was 51.7, or Quartermaster Leeson, Mesdames Talbot and three children, Smith and five
3.4 below the average of the last fifty years. children, Daley and five children, and Baptist, and four ayahs. Seven deaths
More strikes are reported in Lancashire and Yorkshire. In the Little occurred on board during the voyage among the invalided soldiers from
Hulton (Bolton) district, about 1,000 colliers have been on strike against a dysentery and consumption.
proposal to reduce their wages, but a compromise has been effected , and the A general order has been issued from the Horse Guards, notifying that in
men have resumed work. The masons and bricklayers of Wigan have struck order to assimilate the shakoes of officers to those recently issued to the men of
work rather than adopt the hour system which the masters wish to introduce ; certain infantry regiments, a pattern has been sealed , and is deposited at the
and 100 ofthe operative masons of Halifax and the bricklayers of Manchester Horse Guards for general information and guidance. Officers joining regiments
have struck for a similar reason. On the other hand a dispute between the wearing the old- pattern shakoes are not to have the lace or chain added until
Wigan joiners and their employers has been settled by arbitration, and a strike the new shakoes are supplied to the men.
avoided. A wages dispute in the cotton trade at Oldham has also been settled
by arbitration. The statement that Rear-Admiral A. C. Key would succeed Rear-Admiral
Wellesley at Portsmouth is confirmed, and Captain Luard, R. N., now in
The Manchester papers state that a very gloomy view of the prospects of command of her Majesty's ship Indus, has been nominated by Mr. Childers
the cotton trade in North and East Lancashire is taken by the operatives to replace Admiral Key as Director of Naval Ordnance at the Admiralty, at a
themselves, and one of the remedies now generally adopted by them, with a reduced salary.
view to the improvement of their prospects, is the process of "thinning
the labour market." The Preston spinners are paying the passages, at The Army and Navy Gazette says that Captain Courtenay has resigned the
the rate of eight weekly, of such men belonging to their trades as are willing post of flag-captain to Vice-Admiral Sir James Hope, the Commander-in- Chief
at Portsmouth.
to emigrate to Canada or the United States. From Blackburn 51 spinners
and minders were sent last week, and a similar despatch has been made from By the vacancy on the Flag List, Captain E. A. Inglefield, F.R.S. , has been
other towns. In Preston there are now over 1,700 operatives unemployed ; and advanced to the rank of rear-admiral, and the captain's good- service pension thus
many of the masters declare that even at the reduced rate of 10 per cent. in the placed in the gift of Mr. Childers has been conferred on Captain McDonald,
wages they are unable to work their mills at a profit. now in command of H.M.S. Bellerophon.
A crowded public meeting, convened by the mayor, was held at Blackburn At the close of the inspection of the Royal Naval Reserve squadron last
on Tuesday night to consider the question of the Indian import duties on week, Mr. Childers and Sir Sydney Dacres issued a circular to the squadron,
[ 388 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 33
JUNE 4, 1869. ]

in which they express their satisfaction at the readiness of the reserve to is rather increasing than otherwise. Some people seemed to think (said his
volunteer for the cruise, and notice with marked approval the order and clean- lordship) that as long as there was any life left a dying person could make a
liness of the force. They add that they are glad to find that the officers and will ; but it was not enough that they were able to say "Yes " or " No " to a
men of the Coastguard, in respect both of efficiency and of good conduct. question, or to recognize those about them ; much more was required to con-
thoroughly realize the expectations formed of a body of men especially selected stitute testamentary capacity. If any one from carelessness or disinclination
from the navy to constitute its first reserve. They are also entirely satisfied let the time for making a will go by, it was not because the final hour came
with the behaviour of the officers and men of the fleet. The circular concludes without his intentions having been carried into effect that another person
by expressing a hope that " in future years opportunities may be again afforded was justified in stepping in and doing for him what he ought to have
for the exhibition of this harmony so essential to the strength of the British done for himself. In the case which gave rise to these remarks one
navy." Robert Bingham, of Bristol, had propounded the will of his mother, and the
judge in summing up the evidence said it was not pretended that Mrs. Bingham
LAW AND POLICE. ever gave instructions to any human being for the will, or that she knew
From some proceedings which took place at Judges' Chambers before Mr. anything about it until the very moment when the attorney and the doctor
Baron Martin on Wednesday it appears that an execution has been in, on the part stood by her bedside, and it was read over to her. The will was a long one,
of Mr. Henry Padwick, at the residence of the Duke of Newcastle, in Carlton with provisions of a character to challenge the attention of a person whose
House-terrace, for £95,000. Another execution, for an amount not stated, has mind was in full activity, and she was supposed to have understood it because
been levied by Mr. Beyfus. In a large portion of the property left by the late she was able to say " Yes," and " Perfectly," and monosyllables of that kind.
Duke the present Duke has only a life interest, and the property is claimed on She was so far incapable of voluntary action that no attempt was even made to
the part of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone and Lord de Tabley, as trustees under get her to make her mark. His lordship added that he did not impute to
the will. Other property is claimed by Mrs. Hope, mother ofthe present Duchess. Robert Bingham any intention to do wrong, and he gave him credit for believing
With regard to the property left by the late Duke, Mr. Baron Martin, after that he was merely carrying out his mother's intentions. He must, however,
reading an affidavit put in, said it was quite clear that the present Duke had only pronounce against the will.
a life interest in the property, and as he was satisfied on that point there was The case of St. Paul v. St. Paul and Farquhar (the Queen's Proctor
no necessity to direct an issue to ascertain to whom it belonged. As to the intervening) was heard on Thursday before Lord Penzance in the Divorce
property which is claimed by Mrs. Hope, including a jasper cup said to be Court. The case relied upon in support of the intervention was this :
worth £ 10,000, the solicitor who appeared for Mr. Beyfus asked for time to Early in 1865 Mrs. St. Paul left England and went to a hydropathic
show by evidence that it had passed from Mrs. Hope's possessionto that ofthe establishment at Blarney, near Cork, where she remained for upwards of a year.
Duchess, and this application was granted. Nothing will be done with this Captain Farquhar was at the time stationed at Cork. He made the
portion of the property, therefore, until the matter has been again before the acquaintance of Mrs. St. Paul at her father's, and they soon became so
judge ; the portions not protected by the claims of third parties will be sold by intimate that he was almost a daily visitor at Blarney. The petitioner
the sheriff.
went to Cork at Easter, 1866, met Captain Farquhar and dined with him at
The Lords Justices on Monday reversed both the decisions given by Vice- his mess, and on one occasion the respondent, with his consent, accompanied
Chancellor Stuart last week in the matter of the London, Chatham, and Dover Captain Farquhar to a drag hunt. In July, 1866, Mrs. St. Paul went to the
Railway Company -the one restraining the directors from further promoting Isle of Man, and in the following January she gave birth to a child at Douglas.
the arbitration bill now before Parliament with reference to the affairs of the She shortly afterwards joined her husband at Maidenhead, but returned to
company, and the other requiring the directors to bring into court the amount Ireland in the following month. She told her husband that Captain Farquhar
of revenue - viz., £ 150,000, admitted to be in their hands on the 31st of was also proceeding to Ireland, and would be her escort. She accordingly
December last. The costs of the directors were ordered to be paid out of the travelled with Captain Farquhar, and, after reaching Dublin, she wrote to her
company's assets, and the respondents to pay their own expenses in both courts. husband to say that she could no longer live with him. The petitioner then
Lord Justice Giffard in giving judgment said that he hoped an end would be proceeded to Dublin, where he met the respondent's father and Captain Farquhar,
put to this litigation. The case was so full of difficulties that there was no and on the same evening they all dined together, the petitioner returning to his
way out ofthem except by cutting the knot in some way. own hotel to sleep and leaving his wife in the hotel at which the co-respondent
was also staying. The petitioner was called at the instance of the court. He
On Monday Vice- Chancellor Malins had before him a claim of £ 109,000 declared that he had no idea his wife was carrying on an adulterous
made by the representatives of Overend, Gurney, and Co. , in respect of a loan intercourse with the co-respondent, and that on his visit to Dublin he was
advanced to the Cork and Youghal Railway Company. The Irish Company
assured by the respondent's father and Captain Farquhar that no impropriety
(said the Vice-Chancellor) had had the benefit of the advance, and for two had taken place. Her long stay in Ireland he explained by the fact
years had said nothing of its impropriety, but they now resisted the claim that her father lived near Cork, and that they were mainly dependent
because the directors when they borrowed the money had exhausted their legal
upon him for their support. He further alleged that he had been offered,
borrowing powers. Such a plea of illegality was contrary to all morality, and and indignantly refused, £ 1,000 by the co-respondent's solicitor to abandon
the loan must be repaid out of the assets of the company before anything was the suit, and this statement was corroborated by the evidence of his attorney.
paid to the shareholders. His lordship, on a review of the whole case, found all the issues in favour of
The Court of Queen's Bench had before it on Tuesday the action brought the petitioner, and granted a decree absolute.
by Colonel Dawkins against Lord F. Paulet, for a libel contained in an official
letter to the Horse Guards, written by his lordship as major-general of the An application was made to the Court of Queen's Bench last week on
brigade to which the battalion commanded by Colonel Dawkins belonged. behalf of M. Valentin, the professor at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich,
Lord Paulet, in the letter complained of, had expressed an opinion that Colonel who has been committed for trial on a charge of assaulting M. Cassall, to remove
Dawkins was not fit to be entrusted with the responsibility and charge of a the trial from the Central Criminal Court to the Court of Queen's Bench. M.
command, and this led to his suspension. It was contended on behalf of the Valentin, it was stated , considered it would be a stain upon his character if he
plaintiff that the letter was written from malice and without reasonable cause, appeared at the Old Bailey, and he wished the case to be removed into the
and not bona fide or in the discharge of the defendant's duty ; and, on the other Queen's Bench, so that it might be decided by a special jury, who " would be
hand, it was argued that a report of a commanding officer to the Commander- actuated by the instincts of gentlemen in arriving at a just conclusion of the
in- Chief was privileged even if malicious. Mr. Staveley Hill conducted the quarrel between them." The Lord Chief Justice said if the Court were to grant
plaintiff's case, and the Attorney- General appeared for the defendant. At the the application on the ground suggested, it would be making an exception in
the case of a gentleman which could not be granted to a poor man. The rule
conclusion of the arguments, the Lord Chief Justice said the court would take was therefore refused.
time to consider their judgment.
On Wednesday the Court had before it an appeal by the Circular On Saturday the so- called Countess of Derwentwater appealed to the Court
Delivery Company against a conviction by Sir Thomas Henry for having of Queen's Bench against a decision of the Hexham magistrates, by which she
infringed the Post Office Act. The only exception to that Act is the case was convicted of having obstructed a highway during her encampment near the
of letters sent by a messenger on purpose, concerning the private affairs seat of the former Earls of Derwentwater. The Court affirmed the conviction.
of the sender or receiver thereof." The company was established to deliver on The question of the legal position of cab stands at railway stations was
behalf of its shareholders and members circulars, newspapers, periodicals, before the Court of Exchequer sitting in banco on Monday. During the cab
catalogues, reports, and pamphlets, and the question was whether these came strike last autumn, a cab proprietor, in order to test the question of " privileged "
within the exception. In the particular instance in which the conviction took cabs, went to the Great Northern Railway Station and sought to engage a cab
place, the company had sent out the circulars of a wine merchant to his to take him to Camden Town. The driver, hearing that the cab proprietor had
customers. It was contended that the company's messenger was the servant of not arrived by train, refused to take him, and was summoned before Mr. Cooke,
the wine merchant, he being a shareholder, and that on this ground the com- the Clerkenwell police-magistrate, who ruled that as the cabman was on private
pany had not committed any infringement of the Act. It appeared that the property he was not plying for hire in a public place, and dismissed the
company charged the wine merchant at the rate of a farthing a circular for summons. A case was then obtained for the opinion of the Court of Exchequer,
sending the circulars out. The court confirmed the conviction, without calling which confirmed the magistrate's decision, and the appeal was dismissed with
upon the Solicitor- General to argue in its support. The Lord Chief Justice costs.
said the case was too clear for argument.
The arguments in the Shedden legitimacy case have been resumed before
Vice-Chancellor Stuart gave judgment on Friday, the 28th ult., on a the House of Lords. The case was partly opened two years ago, but owing to
question of some importance to Dissenting congregations. The Rev. Samuel
various circumstances the further hearing was adjourned sine die. The present
Clarke Gordon was in 1865 appointed a co-pastor with the Rev. Mr. Legg appeal is against a decree pronounced by the Divorce Court, that the elder
of a Congregationalist chapel at Reading ; but after some time disputes petitioner (the father of Miss Shedden) is not legitimate, and therefore is not a
arose, and a majority of the congregation passed a formal resolution natural born subject. The question before the court below was whether William
deposing Mr. Gordon from the office of co- pastor. He refused to give up Shedden and Ann Wilson, the parents of Mr. Shedden, were lawfully married
his office, and a bill was filed by the trustees of the chapel to restrain in the State of New York, according to the law of that State, before his birth,
him from preaching or from receiving the pew-rents, on the ground that and whether he was consequently their legitimate son, and a natural born subject
according to the fundamental principles of the Congregationalists, every of her Majesty. Miss Shedden is conducting her own case.
church or congregation had an inherent right to elect and dismiss their
pastor at any time, unless there was a special agreement or established Mr. RigbyWason applied to Mr. Tyrwhitt at Marlborough-street on Wednes-
usage to the contrary, which it was said there was not in the present day for summonses against Earl Russell, Lord Chelmsford, and the Lord Chief
case. On the other side, it was contended that Mr. Gordon had a life Baron, for conspiracy to " prevent the course of justice," or to take his (Mr.
interest in his appointment of co-pastor, and that the court could not interfere Wason's) recognizances to prefer an indictment against the noble lords. The
unless there had been misconduct or neglect of duty on his part, of which charge was founded on the debate which took place in the House of Lords in
there was in this case no imputation. The Vice- Chancellor decided that the February, 1857, when Lord Russell presented Mr. Wason's petition praying for an
majority of a Dissenting congregation were entitled to dismiss their pastor. inquiry into the charges he made against the Lord Chief Baron. Mr. Tyrwhitt
A recusant minority might form themselves into another congregation and declined to grant a summons, but said that the high position of the persons
thus peace could be maintained. The argument that a minister of a Dissenting concerned would have no influence with him. He would, however, act under
congregation had a vested interest in his appointment , he said, was untenable, the statute, and do what Mr. Wason asked him to do -return the information
and the injunction asked for by the trustees must be granted. The decision is and take Mr. Wason's recognizances to prosecute the charge at the Old Bailey.
said to have caused some consternation among Dissenting ministers, and steps The charge against the late directors and manager of the English Joint Stock
are being taken to appeal against it.
Bank was again under investigation at the Mansion House on Saturday, when
the case for the prosecution was completed. The defendants' counsel then
Lord Penzance, in giving judgment on a will case the other day, expressed his
opinion that the practice of attempting to obtain wills from dying persons addressed the court, and concluded their speeches on Monday. Mr. Finney's
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 34 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 4, 1869.

counsel dwelt upon the vindictive spirit ofthe prosecution, and complained of his upon it. He said that he was in England on private leave, and that if it
client having been arrested on a warrant on a Saturday night, and locked up in a were known he was here he would get into trouble. He obtained permis-
police cell for forty- eight hours, and contended that whatever irregularities he sion to visit the young lady at her friend's house, and ultimately persuaded her
might have been guilty of, he had done nothing that rendered him liable to a to marry him. He also induced her to sell out £ 673 stock which she had in
criminal prosecution. The counsel for the other defendants complained of gentle- the funds, and to give him the money. They were married on the 15th ult.
men of such high repute for integrity and honour having been dragged into that and lived together until the 26th , when they were to have gone to Scarborough ;
courtwithoutthe concurrence or sanction ofthe Court of Chancery orthe liquida- but at King's- cross station the prisoner said he was not well enough to travel,
tors ; and submitted that, though there might have been negligence or carelessness and that his wife had better go without him. She wished to stay with him, but
on their part, it was not wilful or designed, and that therefore the charge of con- he would not allow her to do so, and, giving her £2, saw her off by the train.
spiracy to defraud fell to the ground, and declared it to be harsh and cruel in the When she got home her friends told her she had been duped , and she returned
extreme that men should be judged, upwards of three years after the transactions to town to find the prisoner, but did not succeed in doing so until Monday last,
referred to in the evidence, by the light of subsequent events, and not by the when she gave him into custody. On being searched at the police -station there
danger and peril of the time which they were called to confront. They there- were found on him a watch with the monogram " J.W.M.A.,” and a locket bear-
fore called upon the Lord Mayor to exercise his judgment in the matter in ing the following inscription :-" J. W. M'Alpine. A memento of 9th January,
dispute, and to dismiss the charge. The Lord Mayor postponed his decision 1866, from his loving wife." The locket contained the photograph of a lady.
till Monday, and admitted the several defendants to bail-the directors on their The same name was discovered inside his boots. The prisoner said he would
own recognizances, and Mr. Finney on £4,000 bail. reserve his cross -examination until he had legal advice, and asked to be
Mr. Frederick Sheriff Gray, a shipping agent in King William-street, was admitted to be bail. Alderman Causton said he would not take bail to any
amount, and remanded him.
summoned before the Lord Mayor last week for a breach of the Passengers
Act. A young working man named Carter came up from Leicestershire with Another betting-house keeper has been fined £75 by the Manchester bench.
five or six others with the view of emigrating to America. They paid As in all the previous cases, the money was paid, and the total amount of the
deposit to the defendant for a passage in the ship American Union, but were penalties inflicted during the last few weeks upon offenders of this class now
not furnished with a contract note. Afterwards the defendant, finding that the stands at £ 1,475.
ship was full, returned the deposit money, and the owners stated that he knew
the ship had been full for nearly a fortnight. The intending emigrants The old man, William Rayner, who gave himself up at Birmingham on the
were in consequence detained ten days in London at considerable expense, charge of having poisoned one George Tullett, has been discharged by the
and found that they could not proceed by a sailing vessel, but must take stipendiary magistrate. His own confession was the only evidence against him.
a steamer, which would put them to additional cost for passage. Captain A young man named Henry Cooper has been committed for trial by the
Forster, R.N., the emigration agent, who preferred the complaint, stated that Sussex county magistrates on a charge of attempting to murder his father, Mr.
the defendant had no licence to act under the Passengers Act, and that he had William Cooper, agricultural implement maker, at Steyning, by discharging a
previously been convicted of receiving money from intending passengers with- loaded rifle at him. The offence was committed so long ago as the 24th of
out giving them contract tickets, The Lord Mayor fined him, in the case of February last, but the prisoner had been remanded from time to time until his
Mr.Carter, which was the only one before him, £ 20 for acting without a licence, father had sufficiently recovered from his wounds to be able to attend and give
and 10 for the non - delivery of a contract ticket, directing at the same time evidence.
£ 10 of the first-named penalty to be paid to the complainant.
No less than three murders are reported from Glasgow. On the night of
Dr. Skelton, of 105, Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, was summoned at Friday, the 28th ult. , a woman named Agnes Hay, aged thirty-seven, murdered
Bow-street on Monday for refusing to have his child vaccinated. Dr. Skelton
her mother, a woman of sixty. The women lived together. The daughter
pleaded guilty, and stated that his objection to comply with the Vaccination had been drinking heavily some weeks, and her mind had become affected.
Act was founded on a conscientious belief that vaccination is injurious. He She said she heard voices in the clouds which urged her to kill her mother.
therefore refused to vaccinate his own or any other child. The law prohibited This she did by compressing the poor woman's throat, and afterwards striking
inoculation, and yet the present system of vaccination was really a form of her head with a smoothing iron. She then went to her brother's house, and
inoculation. As a rule the matter was conveyed from child to child, and he
told him what she had done. On Saturday night Thomas Dears, a labourer,
could not see how it was improved by being passed through the cow again. murdered Ellen Hall, twenty-four years old, with whom he lived. In the
There was not a medical man in London who could conscientiously say that he afternoon Dears gave the deceased money to go out and purchase dinner. As
had seen any original matter, even as much as one pustule, for the last forty she was long absent he went in search for her. When he returned home he
years. Mr. Flowers said he was reluctant to impose a penalty upon any one found her with other women lying drunk on the floor. Dears kicked her,
whose refusal to comply with the Act was based upon a scientific objection , seized her by the throat, and ultimately calling the landlady, said he thought
but he had only to administer the law, and he must fine the defendant, but Hall was in a fit. A doctor was called, who found death had occurred from
instead of imposing the full penalty of £ 1 he should mitigate it to 5s. strangulation. On Sunday morning a man was taken to the Glasgow police-
A singular case of disputed ownership of a dog came before the Wands- office with cuts and bruises on the back of his head and blood trickling from
worth police-court the other day. A man named Samuel Bullard summoned the left ear. He was sent to the infirmary, where he died shortly afterwards.
William Todd for the recovery of a black retriever dog, which he said he lost He had been seen to quarrel with three men in the street, by whom he was
in April, and which went by the name of Rover. The defendant stated that knocked down. Three men have been apprehended on suspicion.
he had had the dog in his possession above ten weeks, and that it answered to
the name of Jack. Mr. Ingham, the magistrate, asked the two men to try the MISCELLANEOUS NEWS.
effect of calling the dog by the names which they respectively applied to him.
The complainant called " Rover," and the dog ran to him. The defendant A terrible boiler explosion took place on Monday morning at a colliery
called " jack," and the dog turned and went to him, standing in front and belonging to the Powell Duffryn Company at Aberaman, South Wales.
looking up to his face. The dog also answered a call of the magistrate, who The boiler shot up into the air, and burst in three pieces ; one piece
said it appeared a friendly animal, and would answer to any name. Mr. Ingham weighing three tons was carried away nearly 100 yards, and fell on the
said he did not know how to decide the ownership, unless he adopted King side of the Taff Vale Railway. Another and smaller piece flew into the air
Solomon's plan, and had the dog cut in halves to be divided between the parties. almost perpendicularly. Huge stones, pieces of timber, and fragments of metal
The summons was adjourned for the production of a witness, and on the fell among a number of men who were sitting round the pit, and killed three
second occasion the dog was not produced. The defendant, in reply to the of them. The stoker also was found dead, standing underneath where the
magistrate, said the dog had had enough of the police- court, and on coming boiler had been up to his knees in boiling water. Four other men were
to the court it turned up its nose and went the other way. A witness stated seriously hurt. The cause of the explosion is unknown.
that the dog followed two ladies into his shop a few days before the com-
plainant missed his dog. He kept the dog, as it would not leave the place, An extraordinary accident is reported by a Dundee paper. A chimney-
sweeper named Mitchell was on the roof of a house, one of the chimneys of
and gave it to the defendant. Mr. Ingham ultimately refused to make any which he, with his brother, who was inside the house, was to cleanse. There
order.
was a communication between the chimney to be swept, and another in the
Mr. Edward Wheeler, of St. Michael's- road, Stockwell, has been sentenced fireplace of which there was a fire burning, and while Mitchell was at the top
to three months' hard labour by Mr. Woolrych, at Lambeth, for cruelty to a a flame burst forth and set his clothes on fire. The ladder by which he had
dog. It appears that a dog followed Mr. Wheeler, who was on horseback, to ascended having been removed, no one for some time could get to his assistance ;
Camberwell station, and, as Mr. Wheeler says, frightened his horse. He asked he could not put out the fire himself, and before help could be rendered he
a person who stood by what he should do with it. The person interrogated was so frightfully burnt that he died a short time afterwards.
replied that the animal was not his, and Mr. Wheeler might do what he liked
with it at his peril. Mr. Wheeler then took it up and dashed its brains out A man named Field was walking the other day along the Great Eastern
against a wall. Notice of appeal against the magistrate's decision was given, Railway near the Water-gate at Tottenham, when an engine came up, and
and Mr. Wheeler was, in the meantime, admitted to bail, himself in £ 300 and before the man could get out of the way one of the buffers struck him and he
two sureties in £ 150 each. was dashed off the line and thrown against the side of a house that was
close to the embankment and killed. He had been cautioned not to walk
At Westminster police-court on Monday, two men named Walton and along the line. Two years ago a man was killed near the same spot.
Nicholson were charged on remand with obtaining the sum of £ 100 by fraud.
Lieutenant Julian Lawrence, of her Majesty's Bombay Staff Corps, who has A rather serious railway accident occurred near Carlisle on Saturday. Owing
recently arrived in England from India, went to Wye Races, and there met two to the imperfect closing of the points, a train ran offthe main line on to a siding
persons, who accompanied him to London, and induced him to meet them the which ended with an embankment, and over this the train dashed. Several of
following day with £ 100. After driving about town for some time, they went to the passengers were seriously injured ; but no lives were lost.
a beerhouse in Westminster, supposed to be a rifle gallery, but which turned out An accident which might have been a very serious one took place on Thursday
to be a skittle alley, and here Lieutenant Lawrence was robbed of £100. He
morning on the Great Eastern Railway near the Brick-lane goods station. The
swore to the identity of the prisoners as two of the men who were at the ordinary ten o'clock fast train on the main line started from Bishopsgate at
skittle-ground, and on Walton were found eleven Hanoverian sham sovereigns, the usual hour with a large number of passengers, and almost at the same
a false £5 note, and a brass chain worn without a watch. A detective said that moment a local train for Barking and other places was backed out of a siding
Nicholson was known . Mr. Selfe remanded the prisoners in order that the towards the platform to take passengers, and came into violent collision with
defending attorneys might prove the strong alibi which each averred he could the down train, the engine and break van of which were smashed to pieces.
produce. Bail in £ 200 was taken for Nicholson, but Mr. Selfe said he should
Fortunately the train had not got into full speed, and the passengers escaped
require bail in £ 400 for the prisoner Walton , and he was sent to the House of with no more serious injury than a severe shaking.
Detention in default of procuring it.
A person who said he was Major- General Frederick Haynes, of the Madras Wheal Crebor Mine, near Tavistock, Devonshire, was accidentally flooded
on the morning of Friday, the 28th ult. , in consequence of some men breaking
Army, was charged at the Mansion House on Tuesday with having committed into an old working. Four men were at work in the low levels at the time,
perjury in making a false declaration to obtain a marriage licence, and with and one of them was drowned instantly. His son was carried a considerable
obtaining a sum of money under false pretences from Miss Ann Lee, of Scar- distance by the rushing water, but managed to escape. The other two men
borough. It appeared from the statement of the prosecutrix that she had come were imprisoned for some time, but were ultimately rescued.
to town on a visit to some friends, and about a month since met the prisoner on
the Metropolitan Railway, when, by purchasing her ticket, he got a pretext for A dreadful accident to a labourer took place at Woolwich Arsenal on Tues-
introducing himself. They met again accidentally next day, and he then day. A man named Bennett, who was engaged with the great Nasmyth steam
presented her with his card, with " Major-General Haynes, Madras Army," hammer in the gun factory, was assisting to turn over " the heat," a coil
[ 390 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET.
JUNE 4, 1869. ] 35

weighing about ten tons, for an Armstrong gun, with the aid of an immense pair Mrs. Hervey has republished the poems which she has at various times con-
of tongs or shears, when the coil canted over, causing the shears to strike tributed to different periodicals. The collection is entitled " Our Legends and
him in the stomach, inflicting dreadful injuries, from the effects of which he Lives a Gift for all Seasons."
died about three hours afterwards.
Walt Whitman, the American poet, completed his fiftieth year on the last
Another trapeze accident took place on Wednesday night. A man named day of May. He occupies a third- class clerkship in the Attorney- General's
Becona, while performing on the trapeze at the Wellington Music-hall, Windsor, office, at Washington. A journal of that city describes him as " a robust figure,
fell from a height of nearly twenty feet, and was seriously hurt. He was taken six feet high, costumed in blue or grey, with drab hat, broad shirt collar, grey
to the infirmary, where he still remains. white beard full and curly, face like a red apple, blue eyes, and a look of animal
health more indicative of hunting or boating than the department office or
A navvy named John Brody was seen on Saturday about midnight outside author's desk." Mr. Whitman is about to publish a revised edition of his
his lodgings at Upper Holloway very drunk, and in the morning he was found poems, adding some new ones on religious themes. He will also publish during
dead on a lighted brick-kiln about 100 yards off. A surgeon who was called the summer a prose work entitled " Democratic Vistas."
said the man must have been lying dead on the red-hot bricks for five or six
hours. The University of Bonn has chosen Rudolph J. E. Clausius, the eminent
The governors of St. George's Hospital are making a special appeal to the physicist, Professor of Natural Philosophy. To accept this appointment
Clausius has migrated from Wurzburg, where he had held a professorship sub-
public for assistance. They say that their deficit last year was £7,323, and that sequent to his departure from Zurich. He was one of the four whom the Royal
in order to cover it they have been obliged to have recourse to the invested
property of the hospital. The reduction has not been replaced by fresh bequests ; Society elected last year into their list of foreign members.
and unless there shall be a considerable increase in the funds it will be
imperatively necessary to close some of the wards and otherwise reduce the Mr. M. W. Balfe has just completed a grand trio for pianoforte, violin , and
number of patients. violoncello, of which he contemplates the performance at the Monday Popular
Concerts next season, by Mdme. Arabella Goddard, Herr Joachim, and Signor
The new line of the Furness Railway Company to the Lakes was Piatti. He is now at work on a new opera, founded on Sir Walter Scott's
opened on Tuesday. It is not only a more convenient but a much more " Talisman."
picturesque route than the present one by Kendal. Fine views are afforded not
only over Morecambe Bay, but also along the beautiful Leven Valley through Herr Formes appeared at Liverpool last week as Shylock in " The Merchan
which the line passes from Ulverstone, by Greenodd and Newby Bridge, to of Venice," and met with considerable success.
Windermere. The station at the lake is situated at the point where the water Mr. Henry Montgomery, of the Prince of Wales's Theatre, London , after
begins to broaden ; and passengers go direct from the train into the steam
playing in the first piece at that theatre the other night, went down to Dover
yachts which ply upon the lake. A new steam gondola has been built for use and acted the same evening in a burlesque, most of the characters in which
in connection with this route.
were sustained by the officers of the 4th King's Own, the performances being for
A parliamentary return gives some statistics of crime in Ireland officially the benefit of a local charity.
reported from the date of the last assizes up to the 12th of April. Six murders Mdlles. Sarolta, Vitali, and Morensi, and Signor Naudin have been engaged
(one of them a case of infanticide) have been reported , five attempted murders, for the Cairo Opera. Mdlle. Lucca has also signed, with option of release by
thirty-seven crimes of personal violence (two of which resulted in death), and giving a month's notice.
forty-nine instances of threatening notices having been sent.
The house in Hamburg in which Mendelssohn was born, on the 8th of
The Times states that, according to an official estimate, more than £ 12,000
February, 1809, has just been marked by an inscription recording the event.
will be paid during the current year to the English Attorney- General and The house is No. 14, Grosse Michaelisstrasse, at the corner of the Brunnen-
Solicitor- General for examining and passing patents, and more than 1,000 strasse. The likeness of the composer on a handsome bronze medallion occupies
guineas to their clerks ; £ 3,450 will also be payable to the Scottish and Irish the centre of the commemorative marble tablet.
law officers and their clerks, as compensation for their not being now allowed a
share of the spoil. The salaries of the clerks in the Patent-office and payments A musical competition, in which a hundred and fifty composers took part,
to gentlemen who abridge specifications of patents at 75. each will absorb was recently opened at Wurzburg, when the Duke Ernest of Saxe- Coburg- Gotha
£ 16,000 in the year ; and £ 19,000 will be devoted to printing and drawings to gained the third prize with a “ Hymn to Peace." The piece was performed by
explain patents. 2,000 singers and 90 instruments.
The Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Representatives at Washington Cologne is just now without a theatre of any kind. The summer theatre was
recently gave that body an opportunity for a laugh at itself. It is the duty of burnt down recently, and the town authorities have refused permission to erect
that official occasionally, when a quorum is needed, to go out and summon a temporary edifice in place of the Stadttheatre, also consumed by fire not
wandering members. On the occasion referred to he returned in a state of long since.
excitement, and, going to the bar of the House, said : " Mr. Speaker, I
summoned Mr. —— , and he told me to ' go to h ; ' and I have come." At The new Opera House at Vienna was opened the other night, with Mozart's
" Don Giovanni."
this point a roar of laughter burst forth which submerged the rest of the
sentence. In Boston they have gone to work more practically than we in England in
Some members of the Four-in- Hand Club have started a fast four- horse the matter of adopting the normal diapason . A concert has been given with
coach from London to Windsor. On its first journey on Tuesday it was driven the object of raising a fund with which to purchase new wind- instruments ofthe
French pitch.
by Lord Carington, and had an aristocratic list of passengers. It started from
the White Horse Cellar, Piccadilly, the old place of departure for the Windsor
COMMERCE AND FINANCE.
coaches, and the route taken was through Knightsbridge, Kensington, Turnham-
green, Brentford, over Hounslow-heath, Colnbrook, Slough, and Eton, into The English Funds are rather dull, notwithstanding the uninterrupted flow of
Windsor. The pace was between eleven and twelve miles an hour. The gold to the Bank. Consols, which closed on Friday, the 28th ult., at 93 % to
novelty of the affair caused as much interest at Windsor as the opening of a 93 % for money, and 924 to 92 % for the account, closed yesterday at 92 % to
new railway. 92½ ex div. for money, and 92 % to 92½ ex div. for the 7th of July. Reduced
The agents for the owner of the house in Portland-place lately rented by Mr. and New Three per Cents. were at 92 % to 92 % ; Indian Ten-and-a-Half per
Reverdy Johnson write to say that the statement quoted in our last from Cents., 211 to 213 ; Indian Five per Cents. , 1114 to 1124 ; Indian Four per
the Manchester Guardian, that Mr. Johnson had to pay before leaving Cents. , 100 % to 100 % ; Indian Bonds, par to 10s. prem .; Indian Debentures,
England a forfeit to his landlord of upwards of £ 2,000, is quite untrue, and that 102 % to 103 ; Bank Stock, 244 to 246 ; Exchequer Bills, 5s. dis. to par.
the agreement only contained the usual covenants used in renting a furnished Foreign stocks have shown in many instances a considerable improvement. In
house. home railways there was a very general rise in the early part of the week, but the
market has since become weaker, and continues depressed. Indian lines have
The missing vessel Essex, from Melbourne, has arrived. She had been again advanced . East Indian are quoted at 109 to 109½ , and Great Indian
detained by adverse winds. Peninsula at 106 to 106 % . There is rather an active demand for money, and
the rate for good bills is 4 % to 44 per cent. The stock of bullion in the Bank
ART, LITERATURE , AND THE THEATRES . of England is £ 17,821,023 ; in the Bank of France, £49,160,000.
At the annual meeting of the Royal Asiatic Society on Monday Sir Henry The following dividends have been announced :-The Bank of British North
Rawlinson was elected president of the society, in the room of the late Viscount America, 6 per cent. per annum, with a bonus of I per cent., amounting
Strangford, and Mr. Grant- Duff was appointed vice-president. The son of the together to 40s. per share, free of income tax ; the Anglo- Mediterranean
Viceroy of Egypt was elected a member of the society. Sir Henry Rawlinson , in Telegraph Company, 4s. 6d. per share, making, with previous dividends , 10 per
returning thanks for his election to the presidency, gave a sketch of the progress cent. per annum ; the Hammersmith Bridge Company, 425. per share ; the
which was being made in Oriental studies, referring particularly to the labours Waterloo Bridge Company, 4s. 8d. in the pound ; the General Life and Fire
of Mr. George Smith in collecting and arranging the fragments of the Insurance Company, 6 per cent. per annum, free of income tax ; the Queen's
Nineveh library, and expressing his conviction of the connection subsist- Insurance Company, 7 per cent. and a bonus to policy-holders, averaging
ing
biblibetween the Babylonian documents in our possession and the earliest 40 per cent. of premiums paid ; the Guardian Fire and Life Assurance Company,
cal notices. He had no doubt that they would be able to derive £210s, per share, free of income tax.
the whole of the history given in the Book of Genesis from the time
of Abraham from the original documents. He hoped very shortly to have The scheme of arrangement between the shareholders and the creditors of
ready a paper on the garden of Eden, in which he should show that that was the Commercial Bank Corporation of India and the East, under which all
the natural name of Babylon. The rivers bore the very same names, and it litigation is to be stayed and the creditors are to accept 17s. in the pound in
would be seen that the Babylonian documents gave an exact geographical discharge of their claims, has received the sanction of the Master of the Rolls.
account of the garden of Eden. The same remarks would apply to the accounts At the first ordinary general meeting of the British Indian Submarine
of the Flood, and of the building of the Tower of Babel, which it would be Telegraph Company, held on the 28th ult., Mr. J. Pender in the chair, the
found were most amply illustrated in the Babylonian documents. report stated that the whole of the capital required from the public, £550,000,
Mr. Emanuel Deutsch began a course of three lectures on Semitic Literature had been subscribed, all the allotment money paid , and a large sum had been
at the Royal Institution on Saturday last. received in advance of calls. A contract for the cable, which would be 3,600
miles in length, had been entered into with the Telegraph Construction Com-
Mr. B. B. Orridge is preparing for publication a work to be called " The pany, and a payment of £ 50,000 had been made on account. There was every
City Friends of Shakspere ; with some account of John Sadler and Richard reason to believe that the cable would be completed within the time fixed by the
Quiney, druggists and grocers, of Bucklersbury, and their descendants." contract. The directors proposed, so soon as the cable was laid between Suez
Mr. Dana has extended his narrative under the title of " Two Years Before and Bombay, to purchase the land lines through Egypt belonging to the
the Mast and Twenty Years Afterwards," and is supposed to have secured an Telegraph to India Company. The chairman , in moving the adoption of the
English copyright by residing in Canada during its publication in London. report, said it was the intention of the directors to make the tariff of charges
as low as possible. The report was unanimously adopted.
Messrs. Routledge and Sons announce a new edition of a once famous book
which has long been out of print, " Sir Jonah Barrington's Personal Sketches." The Royal Canadian Bank suspended payment on the 21st of May. The
It contains anecdotes and reminiscences of O'Connell, Curran, Sheridan, Lord directors state that they believe the capital to be unimpaired, and hope to
Norbury, and other prominent men of their time. resume business in a short time.
[ 391 ]
 L LL ET
PAL MA DG
36 BU . E
[JUN 4 , 1869.

CLERICAL APPOINTMENTS .
Friday Morning.
The following preferments and appointments have been made :-The Rev. John Price Alcock, M.A. ,
Postscript. curate of Faversham, to the vicarage of Brookland, near New Romney, on the nomination of the Dean
and Chapter of Canterbury ; the Rev. Henry J. Barrow, M.A. , rector of Lanivet, to the rural deanery of
GERMANY, Pydar, both in the diocese of Exeter ; the Rev. William Gordon Cole, M.A. , to the rectory of Newbold
Verdon, near Market Bosworth, on the nomination of the President and Fellows of Trinity College,
The German Customs Parliament was opened yesterday at Berlin by the Oxford: the Rev. J. M. Cutchley, M.A., to the principalship of the Chester Training College ; the
King of Prussia, who said that the demarcation of the territory of the Customs Rev. John Dolphin, M.A , rector of Antingham St. Mary, to the rural deanery of North Repps ; the Rev.
Robert Richard Duke, M. A. , late vicar of Netherfield, Sussex, to the rectory of Birlingham, near Pershore;
Union would shortly be settled, and the legislation of the Union introduced the Rev. Edmund Henry Fisher, M.A. , to the vicarage of St. Mark's, Kennington ; the Rev. Samuel King,
into certain portions of the Hamburg and Prussian territory. M.A., to the rectory of Thorpe Abbotts, Norfolk, on the nomination of Mr. J. Page Read ; the Rev.
W. F. Erskine Knollys, M.A. , vicar of Holy Trinity, Twickenham, to the rectory ofSaltwood, near Hythe;
SPAIN. the Rev. Edward Henry Lee, M.A., late curate of Cliffe at Hoo, to the vicarage of Boughton
Blean, near Faversham ; the Rev. Henry Robert Lloyd, M.A., vicar of St. Mark's, Kennington, to
The Times' correspondent at Madrid mentions in a telegram that Henrique the vicarage of Cliffe at Hoo, near Rochester ; the Rev. A. S. Maclean, B.A., curate of St. James's,
O'Donnell, a brother of the late Marshal, spoke the other day against the Longton, to the vicarage of St. John's, in that parish ; the Rev. Samuel Christopher Morgan, M.A. ,
vicar of Aldershot, to the vicarage of Christ Church, Greenwich ; the Rev. Robert Nimmo, B.A.,
proposal of Señor Garrido to reduce the number of men in the army to 40,000, curate of Woolbrough, Devon, to a chaplaincy in her Majesty's fleet ; the Rev. Spencer William Phillips,
and at the close of his speech was seized with apoplexy and died shortly after- M.A., curate of Ickleford, to the rectory of St. Margaret's, Rochester, on the nomination of the Dean
wards. He was in his fifty-fourth year. It is now announced that General and Canons of Rochester ; the Rev. Thomas Phillpotts, M.A. , vicar of Feock, has been appointed
to the rural deanery of Powder ; the Rev. William Robert Stephens, M.A., curate of Seaforth, to the
Dulce has resigned his post in Cuba, and has left for Spain. vicarage of Holy Trinity, Blackburn, on the nomination of the Rev. Canon Birch ; the Earl of Aberga-
venny has appointed as his chaplains the Rev. Rowley Hill, M.A. , rector of Frant ; the Rev. F. R.
BELGIUM. Johnstone, M.A. , vicar of St. Mark's, Broadwater ; the Rev. A. J. Parsons, M.A. , rector of St. Anne's,
Lewes ; and the Rev. Henry Wilkinson, M.A. , vicar of Eridge Green.
The Countess of Flanders has given birth to a son.
AMERICA.
THE GAZETTE .
A telegram received through the Atlantic cable states that it is reported in CIVIL.
New York that President Grant has expressed his disapproval of the terms of FOREIGN OFFICE, May 25. -The Queen has been pleased to approve of Mr. Herrmann Carl Wilke as
Mr. Sumner's speech, whichthe American papers are still discussing. The New Consul-General in Great Britain and Ireland, to reside in London ; cf Mr. G. Dentzelmann as
York Times says that if English politicians and newspapers discussed the rela- Consul for Port Natal, to reside at D'Urban ; and of Mr. Arthur James Walker Arnott as Consul at
Port Louis, Mauritius, for the North German Confederation. The Queen has also been pleased to
tions between England and the United States in the temper of Mr. Forster's approve of Don Cirilo de Barcaiztegui as Consul at Gibraltar ; of Don Federico Sevila as Vice-
speech, there would be less ill-feeling between the people, and fewer difficulties Consul at St. John's, Newfoundland ; and of Don José Frousky as Vice-Consul for the British posses-
menacing the peace of the two countries. It is reported in New York that the sions in North America, to reside at Quebec, for Spain. The Queen has also been pleased to approve
ofDon Jorge Day as Consul at Montreal for the Republic of Chile.
most prominent Republicans intend to make the Alabama claims their leading FOREIGN OFFICE, May 29. - The Queen has been graciously pleased to appoint the Hon. Edmund John
cry at the elections in the fall of the year. It is rumoured that Curtin , Sumner, Monson to be her Majesty's Consul in the Azores, or Western Islands. The Queen has also been
and others are in favour of this scheme. pleased to approve of Mr. William Thomson as Consul at Southampton for the United States of
America, and Don Jaime Spotorno as Consul at Gibraltar for the Republic of Salvador.
CHINA. DOWNING-STREET, May 31. -The Queen has been pleased to appoint Henry Turner Irving, Esq., to be
A telegram from Hong Kong gives some particulars of the late alleged insult Colonial Secretary for the Island of Ceylon ; Edward Everard Rushworth, Esq., D.C.L. , to be
Colonial Secretary for the Island of Jamaica ; and George William Des Voeux, Esq., to be Colonial
to the representative of the French Government at Pekin. There are two Secretary for the Island of St. Lucia. Her Majesty has also been pleased to appoint Samuel
versions of the affair. One is that Count de Rochechouart, the French Chargé Jackman Prescod, Esq. , to be one of the Judges of the Assistant Court of Appeal of the Island of
Barbados.
d'Affaires, accidentally jostled against a chair containing a brother of Prince MILITARY.
Kung, upon which the Prince struck the Charge d'Affaires across the face. An WAR OFFICE, May 28. —3rd Dragoon Guards. -Capt. H. V. Brooke, from 64th Foot, to be Captain, vice
apology was demanded, and being refused the French tricolour was hauled down. H. F. Richmond, who exch.
The other foreign Ministers took up the matter, and demanded an apology ofthe 6th Dragoon Guards. - Lieut. C. L. Davy to be Capt. by pur., vice P. H. Hewitt, who retires ; Cornet
Chinese Government within three days. Another account says that the Chargé W. Macmillan- Scott to be Lieut. by pur., vice M. G. M'Lane, who retires ; Cornet F. D. Shafto to
be Lieut. by pur., vice Davy ; T. K. M'Clintock-Bunbury, gent. , to be Cornet by pur., vice
d'Affaires' pony ran into a chair containing the brother of Prince Kung, and Macmillan-Scott.
that the Prince's outrider struck the blow, but whether he aimed at Count de 3rd Hussars. -Capt. E. A. Gore to be Major by pur. , vice W. M. Bell, who retires ; Lieut. A. P.
Hallifaxto be Capt. by pur. , vice Gore ; Lieut. G. W. E. Hunter to be Capt. by pur. , vice W. P.
Rochechouart, or at a member of his suite, is said to be uncertain. Maxwell, who retires ; Cornet R. G. Dickson to be Lieut. by pur., vice Hallifax ; Cornet J. W. D.
Hilton to be Lieut. by pur., vice Hunter ; R. H. Hicks, gent., to be Cornet by pur., vice Dickson ;
G. E. Rogers, gent. , to be Cornet by pur. , vice Hilton.
The Prince and Princess of Wales and the Crown Prince of Denmark were 9th Lancers. -Lieut. H. M'Calmont to be Capt. by pur., vice W. M. Erksine, who retires ; Cornet R.
St. Leger Moore to be Lieut. by pur. , vice M'Calmont.
present yesterday at the inspection of the Honourable Artillery Company, of 21st Hussars. - Lieut. J. W. M. Cotton, who has resigned his position as probationer for the Indian Staff
which the Prince is colonel, at the parade-ground in Finsbury. In the evening Corps, to be Lieut. , vice T. Deane, a probationer for the Indian Staff Corps.
the Prince went to the House of Lords, and the Princess and her brother went 4th Foot.--Quartermaster P. Higgins, from Depôt Batt., to be Quartermaster, vice J. E. Stokes, who exch.
6th Foot. -Lieut. W. S. S. Lowndes to be Capt. by pur., vice G. Gandy, who retires ; Ens. H. D. Thomas
to the St. James's Theatre. to be Lieut. by pur. , vice Lowndes ; A. Green, gent., to be Ens. by pur. , vice Thomas.
7th Foot. - Ens. H. M. Barton to be Lieut. by pur., vice H. F. Hurlock, who retires ; F. St. Leger
At a large meeting of Liberal electors, held last night at Stafford, Mr. Tottenham, gent. , to be Ens. by pur. , vice Barton.
Fawcett, M.P., advocated the claims of Mr. Odger, than whom, he said, no one 12th Foot-Lieut. H. T. Cooper to be Instructor of Musketry, vice Lieut. Triphook, appointed Adjt.
could represent the working classes in Parliament with greater ability and faith- 27th Foot. -Lieut. F. Coffey to be Adjt. , vice Lieut. K. D. Murray, who resigns that appt.
fulness. If Mr. Odger was not returned, Mr. Fawcett said he could not foresee 33rd Foot. F. R. M. Day, gent., to be Ens. by pur. , vice Vincent, transf. to 96th Foot.
35th Foot.-W. J. D. Russell, gent , to be Ens. by pur., vice Lysaght, transf. to 66th Foot.
the day when a working man would go to Parliament. 51st Foot.-Lieut. J. V. Nugent to be Capt. by pur. , vice H. S. Tompson, who retires ; Ens. G. F.
White to be Lieut. by pur., vice Nugent.
An influential deputation waited yesterday upon Mr. Gladstone to 53rd Foot. - Ens. H. M. Westby to be Lieut, by pur. , vice A. Brooking, who retires.
represent the great want there now is, owing to the vast increase of both Foot. -Capt. R. J. E. Robertson to be Major by pur. , vice Brev. Lieut. Col. B. E. Ward, who
retires ; Lieut. E. H. Ward to be Capt. by pur., vice Robertson ; Ens. F. G. Doyle to be Lieut. by
late years which has taken place in the numbers of the people, of some pur., vice E. H. Ward ; Ens. E. H. Thurlow to be Lieut. by pur. , vice J. W. B. Parish, who retires ;
general measure permitting the subdivision of sees and the appoint- H. Allfrey, gent, to be Ens. by pur. , vice Doyle.
ment of additional bishops. More particularly the deputation pressed 64th Foot.-Capt. H. F. Richmond, from 3rd Dragoon Guards, to be Capt. , vice H. V. Brooke, who exch.
66th Foot.- Ens. W. A. D. Mackinnon to be Lieu . by pur. , vice M. H. D. Nepean, who retires ; Ens,
upon Mr. Gladstone the revival of the Suffragan Bishop Act of Henry J. D. Lysaght, from 35th Foot, to be Ens. , vice Mackinnon.
VIII. Mr. Gladstone said the various declarations that had been made 75th Foot. -Qrmaster Sergt. J. Bowen to be Qrmaster, vice A. Hull, who retires on half-pay.
85th Foot.-V. A. Schalch, gent., to be Ens. by pur. , vice W. P. Stevenson, who retires.
had tended to produce an impression that the function of a bishop 100th Foot. -Ens. J. R. Atkin to be Lieut., by pur., vice L. A. Casault, who retires ; W. K. Edden,
was confined to certain formal matters, and that a little assistance would gent., to be Ens. by pur., vice Atkin.
1st W. I. Regt. The services of Paymaster W. B. Pugh have been dispensed with.
be amply sufficient for all necessary purposes. There was another great diffi- 3rd W. I. Regt. - Ens. E. Lovegrove to be Lieut. by pur. , vice C. B. Campell, who retires ; W. S. B. B.
culty that, owing to the very large number of dioceses which were deprived of Dwyer, gent., to be Ens. by pur. , vice Lovegrove.
the services of their bishops by incapacity from old age or other causes, it was Depot Battalion.- Qrmaster J. E. Stokes, from 4th Foot, to be Qrmaster, vice P. Higgins, who exch.
Half- pay-Major 1. Wirgman, from 6th Dragoons, to be Lieut. Col. by pur.; Major J. F. Hickie, from
often said now that the business of the diocese was carried on so well that 7th Foot, to be Lieut Col. by pur.; Capt. A. S. Quill, from Royal Canadian Rifles, to be Major with-
really there was no reason whatever for an increase. He promised, out pur.; Capt. and Brev. Lieut. -Col. J. R. Turnbull, from 1st Dragoons, to be Major by pur.; Capt.
C. Heycock, from 89th Foot, to be Major by pur.; Capt. F. J. M'Farlane, from 3rd Dragoon Guards,
however, to lay the matter before the Cabinet ; but, referring to the to be Major by pur.; Capt. Sir W. G. H. T. Fairfax, Bart , from 15th Foot, to be Major by pur. ;
large numbers of colonial bishops residing in this country away from their Lieut. C. S. Maunsell, from 82nd Foot, to be Captain without pur.
dioceses, enjoying benefices in England, he pointed out that it was extremely Medical Department. -Assist. Surg. J. Dunstan, from Royal Canadian Rifles, to be Staff Assist. -Surg.,
vice T. H. Pickering, placed on half-pay.
probable that the appointment of suffragan bishops would increase the number. Brevet.-Qrmaster A. Hall, who retires on half-pay, late 75th Foot, to have the honorary rank of Captain.
To have a very large number of suffragans would lower the episcopal dignity. The following promotions to take place in succession to Major- Gen. Sir E. R. Wetherall, C. B. , K.C.S.I. ,
who died May 11, 1869 : -Brevet Col. Sir J. Douglas, K. C.B. , from Lieut. Col. half-pay, unatt , to
Mr. J. L. Shiell and Mr. Charles Coles, the captain and mate of the King be Major- Gen.; Major F. B. Tritton, half-pay, late Depot Batt. , to be Lieut. -Col.; Capt. W. H.
Arthur, East Indiaman, were summoned at the Mansion House yesterday for Graves, half-pay late 18th Foot, Staff Officers of Pensioners, to be Major.
Memorandum. -Lieut. -Col. R. J. Brown, half-pay, late 14th Hussars, has been permitted to retire from
assaulting Dr. George Fearon, lately a surgeon in the 58th Regiment. The the service by the sale of his commission, under conditions of Horse Guards Circular Memorandum
complainant said he was a passenger from Calcutta to England bythe King of Feb. 15, 1861.
INDIA OFFICE, May 29. - Her Majesty has been pleased to approve of the undermentioned officers being
Arthur, and on the 17th of April was conversing on the quarter-deck transferred from the Bengal Staff Corps to the Half-pay List of the corps :--Lieut. -Col. (Brev. Col.)
with some of the passengers, one of whom, Mr. Long, contradicted him E. J. Rickards, Capt. T. Acton.
several times. Mr. Long complained to Captain Shiell that Dr. Fearon had NAVAL.
used insulting language towards him, and this led to a quarrel, and ultimately a ADMIRALTY, May 24. -The Rev. R. Nimmo has this day been appointed a chaplain in her Majesty's
Fleet.
scuffle took place, and both he and the captain fell. In the struggle ADMIRALTY, May 28.-The undermentioned officers have this day been promoted to the rank of Engineer
he caught the captain by the beard, and then the first mate, Mr. in her Majesty's Fleet :-Messrs. W. Harvey, A. B. Gutteridge, J. Shore, J. T. Coombs, J. Forster,
M. A. Fothergill.
Coles, seized a rope overhead, by which he dragged himself upwards, and ADMIRALTY, May 29. - Lieut. G. P. Heath has been this day promoted to be a Retired Commander, under
began to trample on the complainant. The captain also struck the latter once her Majesty's Orders in Council of the 1st of November, 1830, and the 9th of July, 1864, with
upon the lip, cutting it open, while the chief mate, with the assistance of two or seniority from the 23rd inst.
three of the crew, dragged him through the saloon into his cabin, and the THE ORDER OF THE BATH.
captain struck him from behind on the back of the head. The complainant
admitted in cross-examination that he was partially drunk once or twice on the The following appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette of Tuesday,
voyage, that he might have used offensive language to Mr. Long, and that he June 1 :-
had once struck a boy, a nephew of Mr. Long, with a rope for listening to con- WAR OFFICE, June 2. -The Queen has been graciously pleased, on the occasion of the celebration
of her Majesty's birthday, to give order for the following promotions in, and appointments to, the Most
versations. At this stage of the case, owing to some observations made by the Honourable Order of the Bath :-
bench, a consultation took place between the solicitors for the respective parties, To be ordinary members of the Military Division of the First Class, or Knights Grand Cross ofthesaid
and the summons was withdrawn. Most Honourable Order, viz. :-Adm. Sir Henry Prescot, K. C. B.; Gen. George Charles, Earl ofLucan,
K.C.B.; Gen. Sir R. J. Dacres, K.C.B.; Lieut. - Gen. the Hon. Sir J. Y. Scarlett, K.C.B.; Lieut.-Gen.
Lord Broughton, formerly Sir John Cam Hobhouse, the friend of Byron, Sir George Buller, K.C. B.; Vice-Adm. Sir A. L. Kuper, K. C.B.
To be ordinary members of the Military Division of the Second Class, or Knights Commanders of
and who filled the office of Secretary to the Board of Control in the administra- the said Most Honourable Order, viz. Vice-Adm. William Ramsay, C. B.; Lieut. -Gen. George Frederick,
tions of Lord Melbourne and Lord John Russell, died yesterday evening in his Viscount Templetown, C.B.; Vice-Adm. the Right Hon. Lord C. E. Paget, C.B.; Lieut. - Gen. Edward
eighty-third year. Huthwaite, C.B.; Vice-Adm. Henry Kellett, C.B.; Major- Gen. Frederick Horn, C.B.; Major-Gen.
A. A. T. Cunynghame, C.B. Major- Gen. Lord G. A. F. Paget, C.B.; Major-Gen. A. J. Lawrence,
C.B.; Major-Gen. Horatio Shirley, C.B.; Rear-Adm. H. R. Yelverton, C.B.; Major-Gen. William
Jones, C.B.; Rear-Adm. B. J. Sulivan, C.B.; Major-Gen. John St. George, C.B.; Major-Gen. E. C.
ADVERTISEMENTS. Warde, C.B.; Major- Gen. James Brind, C.B.; Major-Gen. the Right Hon. P. E. Herbert, C. B., ; Major-
FOR INDIGESTION . -MORSON'S PEPSINE HAVRE EXHIBITION, October, 1868, a PRIZE Gen. J. L. A. Simmons, C. B.; Major-Gen. Archibald Little, C.B.; Col. A. T. Wilde, C.B. , C.S.I. , Madras
Army ; T. G. Logan, Esq. , M.D., C.B. , Director-General of the Medical Department of the Army.
WINE, Powder, Lozenges, and Globules adopted by MEDAL was awarded to TOOTH'S LIEBIG'S To be ordinary members of the Military Division of the Third Class, or Companions of the said Most
the Profession.-Southampton-row, London. EXTRACT of MEAT, sold everywhere in hand- Honourable Order, viz. :-Gen. H. I. Delacombe, R. M. L.I.; Gen. J. T. Brown, R.M.L.I .; Lieut. -Gen.
some white jars, fitted with patent stoppers.- Alexander Anderson, R. M.L.J.; Rear-Adm. Sir J. C. D. Hay ; Major- Gen. G. C. Langley, R.M.L.I.
THE LADY OF LATHAM, by Mdme. Guizot J. COLEMAN and Co., Sole Consignees, 13,
de Witt, is Now Ready.- London : SMITH, Elder W.St. Mary-at-Hill, London. Rear-Adm. C. F. Hillyar ; Capt. E. A. Inglefield, R. N.; Capt. Edward Tatham, R.N .; Capt. G. G.
and Co. Randolph, R.N.; Capt . C. J. F. Ewart, R.N.; Capt. Robert Hall, R.N.; Capt. Octavius Cumberland,
[ 392 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET 37
JUNE 4, 1869.]

R.N.; Capt. G. W. Preedy, R. N. , C. B. (Civil) ; Capt. G. Le Geyt Bowyear, R. N.; Capt. John Corbett, New York ; Memnon, for Alexandria ; Excellent, for Benin ; Mikado, for Shanghai ; Celuta, for
R.N.; Col. C. C. Shute, 4th Dragoon Guards ; Col. T. H. Pearson, half-pay; Col. Lawrence Fyler, Honduras ; Timour, for Boston.--May 29 : Scotia, for New York ; Rowantree, for Rio Janeiro ; Mont-
half-pay, 12th Lancers; Capt. J. E. Commerell, R. N. , C.B. (Civil) , V.C.: Col. R. W. D. Leith, half-pay; gomery Castle, for San Francisco : Regina, for Rio Janeiro ; Elche, for Demerara ; Rialto, for Bombay:
Capt. W. E. A. Gordon, R. N.: Col. H. J. Stannus, 20th Hussars ; Col. Henry Forster, R.A. Col. Virginia, for Philadelphia ; Warwickshire, for Sydney ; Egeria, for Callao ; Abyssinia, for Boston : Ignis
H. G. Rainey, half-pay ; Col. J. E. Thackwell, unatt. Col. Lawrence Shadwell, unatt.; Col. G. F. S. Fatuus, for Jamaica. -May 30 : West Ridge, for Calcutta ; Olinda, for Pernambuco ; Ellen Bates, for
Call, 18th Regt. ; Col. H. P. Hepburn, Scots Fus. Guards ; Col. J. C. Guise . V.C. , half-pay ; Col. Bombay: Copernicus, for Rio Janeiro. June 1 : Kentville, for Savannah ; Roquelle, for Africa.
J. H. King, Gren. Guards ; Col. H. W. Montagu, R. Eng.; Capt. David Craigie, R.N.; Col. the June 2 : Zipord, for Halifax ; Ptolemy, for Bahia ; Melpomene, for Melbourne ; Victoria, for Manilla;
Hon. H. H. Clifford, V.C., unatt. Col. W. T. Hughes, Bengal Army ; Col. Doveton Hodson, Madras Pennsylvania and Minnesota, for New York ; Lady Russell, for Quebec ; John Geddie, for New Orleans ;
Army ; Col. H. H. Crealock, half-pay ; Col. J. L. Barrow, R. Art.; Col. Charles Cureton, Bengal Army ; Napier, for Antigua.
Col. the Hon. P. R. B. Fielding, Coldstream Guards ; Col. the Hon. D. M'D. Fraser, R. Art.; Col. From Gravesend. - May 27 : Runnymede, for Hobart Town ; Bury St. Edmund's, for the
J. P. Redmond, 61st Regt.; Col. William Hardy, Depot Batt.; Col. P. S. Thompson, 14th Hussars ; Mauritius.May 28 : Elizabeth A. Oliver, for Adelaide ; Halcyon, for Wellington ; Christina
Col. C. L. Barnard, R. Mar. Art.; Col. H. P. Yates, R. Art.; Col. J. E. Michell, R. Art. Col. C. H. Thompson and Britomart, for Port Phillip : City of Rio Janeiro, for Buenos Ayres : Howrah, for Calcutta ;
Smith, R. Art. Col. N. O. S. Turner, R. Art. Col. Thomas Raikes, 102nd Regt. ; Col. C. W. Adair, Cooratta, for Adelaide.May 29 : Annie Lisle, for Jamaica : Ocean Rover, for Colombo ; Island Belle,
R. Mar. Lt. Inf.; Col. R. B. Prettejohn, 18th Hussars ; Col. A. W. Lucas, Bombay Army ; Col. H. W. for Algoa Bay. May 30 : Constance, for Demerara ; Sea Breeze, for Mauritius.May 31 : Astracan,
Holland, Bombay Army ; Col. H. A. Sarel, 17th Lancers ; Lieut.-Col. J. F. Pennycuick, K. Art.; Lieut- for Calcutta ; Masterman, for Madras ; Julie Michels, for Philadelphia.-- June 2 : Westbury, for
Col. F. R. Mein, 94th Regt ; Lieut. -Col. R. W. Harley, 3rd W. I. Regt.; Lieut. - Col. C. B. Ewart, Launceston; Georgiana, for Rio Janeiro ; Carlotta, for Fayal.
R. Eng.; Lieut. -Col. Thomas James, Bengal Army ; Staff- Capt. W. T. Wheeler, R.N.; Lieut. -Col. A. From Bristol. -May 27 : Orchid, for Demerara.
Mackenzie, 78th Regt. Major T. J. Holland, Bombay Army Insp. - Gen. of Hospitals and Fleets G. VESSELS SPOKEN WITH.
Burn, M.D.; Insp. Gen. of Hospitals G. S. Beatson, M.D.; Dep. Insp. -Gen. of Hospitals H. H.
Massy, M.D. Staff Surg.-Major G. Saunders. The Contest, Clyde for Bombay, May 21, 50 N. , 14 W.; the Chili, Otago for London, May 24, 4 S.,
To be ordinary members of the Civil Division of the Third Class, or Companions of the said Most 29W.: the Sunnyside, Moulmein for the Clyde, May 29, 5 N. , 31 W.; the Renner, Rio Janeiro for
Honourable Order : Lieut. Col. Andrew Clarke, R. E. , Director of Engineering and Architectural Works Falmouth, May 1, 27 N. , 40 W.; the St. Lawrence, from Calcutta, with troops, May 26 ; the La Gloire,
under the Board of Admiralty : J. G. Stewart, Esq. , M.D., Insp. Gen. of Hospitals and Fleets ; Thomas New Orleans for Liverpool, May 8, 36 N., 63 W.; the John Bunyan, Nelson for London, April 4, 43 S..
38 W.; the Dennis Brundrett,
13 S., Valparaiso for Liverpool, MayShields
16, 22 S.
for, 26 W.; the British
Baker, Esq., late Chief Inspector of Machinery, R.N.; the Rev. R. M. Inskip, Chief Naval Instructor
of H.M.'s training-ship Britannia for naval cadets ; Andrew Murray, Esq. , Surveyor of Factories and for London, April 22, W.; the Wilhelm Poelman, Sourabaya, May 2Queen,
, 4 N. , Cochin
22 W.;
Consulting Engineer, R.N.; J. S. Robertson, Esq., Purveyor-in-Chief to the British Army; Henry the Kingston, San Francisco for Liverpool, May 14 : the Star Queen, Colombo for London, same day ;
Tatum, Esq., Principal Superintendent of Stores ; P. G. Julyan, Esq. , Assistant-Commissary-Gen. on the the Mars, St. Vincent for London, May 22, 43 N., 22 W.; the City of Nankin, the Clyde for Calcutta,
Half-pay List. April 9, 3 S., 26 W.; the Tarsus, Jamaica for London, May 13, 31 N., 65 W.; the Speculator, Liverpool
for Boston, May 30, 51 N., 14 W.
NAVAL PROMOTIONS AND APPOINTMENTS.
LIST OF PASSENGERS.
Flag promotions: -On the Active List-Vice-Admiral Sir G. R. Mundy, K. C. B., to be Admiral ; The following persons have engaged passages by the Peninsular and Oriental Company'
Rear-Admiral H. R. Yelverton, C. B., to be Vice-Admiral ; and Capt E. A. Inglefield, to be Rear-
Admiral. On the Reserved List- Rear-Admirals Andrew Drew and J. V. Baker to be Vice- Admirals. steamers during June :-
Commanders to be Captains- Morgan Singer, John D'Arcy, George L. Sulivan, H. M'C. Alexander,
W. Codrington, H. W. Comber, Edward Field, and Richard Carter ; Commanders W. Swinburne, to SOUTHAMPTON TO GIBRALTAR- Lieut. Lynch, June 5.
the Cruiser, vice Singer, promoted ; G. A. Douglas, to the Daphne, vice Sulivan, promoted ; SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY-Assist. -Surg. Maun-
E. H. B. Franklin, to the Dasher, vice Bushnell, whose period of service has expired ; Henry Crozier, to Rev. C. Angel, Assist. - Surg. Gardner, Mrs. sell, R.H.A., Lieut. J. Richards.
the Helicon, vice Field, promoted. Disney Roebuck, Mr. A. Disney Roebuck. MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Col. Rivar, Mr. R. R,
Lieutenants tobe Commanders- T. P. Gurdon, to be specially promoted to the rank of commander MARSEILLES TO SUEZ-Captain Castles. Bayne, Capt. and Mrs. Richmond.
for his gallant conduct in China ; Sir Francis Blackwood, ' Bart., H. C. Best, Clayton Mitchell, H. M.
Carre, and J. E. Stokes. June 12.
Sub-Lieutenants to be Lieutenants. -F. O. Powell, M. W. Abbott, A. P. Walson, A. H. Boldero, SOUTHAMPTON TO GIBRALTAR Capt. Johnson. SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG.- Mr. W. S.
E. A. Holbech, G. S. MacIlwaine, B. W. Vernon, W. Skipwith, P. H. Rickman, W. E. B. Atkinson, SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY- Capt. Eyre, Mr. James Macleod.
C. G. Horne, H. W. A. Littledale, F. C. Brown, J. R. Aylen, G. P. C. Gray, J. S. Hallifax, T. T. A. Strachan, Mr. Thomas Pendlebury, Mr. J. Hall, MARSEIL LES TO HONG KONG--Mr. and Mrs. P.
Smith, E. G. F. Law, J. H. Lee, C. T. Mandeville, G. C. Higgins, G. L. Poe, G. S. Smith, J. J. L. R.N. Karberg, Mr. C. S. Craig.
Sisson, Guy Mainwaring, C. L. Rooke, the Hon. Richard Bingham, S. G. Smith, Count F. C. Metaxa, MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY -Major Barton, Mr. MARSEILLES TO BATAVIA- Mr. Otto Sielcken.
L. F. Wells, C. J. Fellowes, H. C. Bigge, A. J. Leith, A. J. Hamilton, J. H. Rainier, H. J. Godfrey, R. E. Burrowes. SUEZ TO HONG KONG - Mr. A. F. Walcott, Mr.
M. L. Bridger, S. M. E. Wilmot, F. W. Sanders, H. A. K. Murray, A. C. B. Bromley, J. De B. Lopez, SOUTHAMPTON TO GALLE- Mr. Ralph Tatham, S. P. Walcott.
L. A. de Saumarez, C. S. Le Strange, Lionel Fanshawe, Claud Hardinge, C. S. Donner, and E. L. Poe. Mr. W. G. Kortright, Lieut. Baldwin. SOUTHAMPTON TO SINGAPORE-Mr. R. R. Purvis.
SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Mr. and Mrs. A. R. SOUTHAMPTON TO SYDNEY Mrs. Thompson,
Commanders -C. G. S. Stanley, to the Cambridge, vice Inglis, whose period ofservice has expired ; Thomson, Miss Dyer, Mr. F. J. Chambers, Mr. daughter and son, Mr. J. Thompson, Mr. Le
Swinburne, to the Cruiser, vice Morgan Singer, promoted ; G. A. Douglas, to the Daphne, vice G. L. J. Sandy, Mr. A. F. Cameron, Miss Bower, Mr. Breton, Mr. Daubeny, Dr. D. Finucane, R.N.
Sulivan, promoted ; E. B. H. Franklin, to the Dasher, vice J. H. Bushnell, whose period of service has Cameron . MARSEILLES TO SYDNEY- Mr. C. C. Macdonald.
expired ; and H. E. Crozier, to the Helicon, vice Edward Field, promoted. Lieutenants- F. R. SUEZ TO MADRAS - Capt. J. Ketchen, R.H.A. , MARSEILLES TO MELBOURNE- Mr. H. R. Har-
Baker, to the Endymion ; Axel Proet, ofthe Norwegian Navy, to the Monarch, as supernumerary sub- Mrs. W. D. Ketchen and infant. wood,
lieutenant, for victuals only. Sub-Lieutenants - J. L. Burr, M. de S. Edye and C. T. Turner, to the SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Mr. Lamb, Mr. SUEZ TO MELBOURNE- Mr, F, G, Docker.
Warrior, as supernumeraries ; A. W. Brabazon and A. S. Hamilton to the Bellerophon as H. F. Todd, Mr. E. S. King.
supernumeraries. Surgeons- Dr. Daniel Finucane, to the Challenger, and James Stewart June 19.
(assistant) to the Agincourt. Navigating Midshipmen-A. Menzies to the Endymion ; James MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Mr. Herbert.
Tait, to the Minotaur ; F. J. Harwood, to the Northumberland ; C. G. S. Eeles to the
Warrior; F. C. A. Crooke, to the Penelope ; W. J. Barr to the Bellerophon ; and J.
R. F. Marshall, to the Hercules. Midshipmen- G. V. Hegan, to the Cadmus, as supernumerary ; R. W. June 26.
Gore, to the Liverpool ; A. M. Corrie, to the Monarch, in lieu of naval cadet ; W. S. Graves, to the SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Mr. and Mrs. Colin | SOUTHAMPTON To Calcutta - Mrs. S. Cooper,
Minotaur, as supernumerary : W. L. Rundle, to the Scylla, as supernumerary ; W. L. Whately, to the McIsaac. Mr. G. R. Byron, Captain and Mrs. Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Stokes, Mr. R. N. Mell.
Liverpool; G. Wilton, to the Bellerophon ; F. E. Strickland and L. C. Strachey, to the Warrior, as super- G. F. Gilden. SOUTHAMPTON TO SINGAPORE.-Mr. J. Vaughan.
numeraries. Naval Cadets- M. B. Fowke, to the Duke of Wellington, as supernumerary for disposal ; MARSEILLES TO MADRAS - Mr. and Mrs. C. R. SOUTHAMPTON TO PENANG -Mr. and Mrs. Thomp-
C. L. Daniel, H. J. Daveson, and M. B. Fowke, to the Minotaur, as supernumerary ; C. E. Hogg, F. F. Pelley, son and child.
Bone, and Wm. Ainger, to the Penelope, as supernumeraries : C. S. Elliot, to the Endymion, as super- SUEZ TO PENANG- Mr, Victor Krüger.
numerary;the Hon. Seymour John Fortescue and H. M. V. Hughes, nominated. Chief Engineers-
J. R. Johnson, to the Agincourt (add.) for the Salamander ; J. A. Lodge, to the Fox. Engineer-John
Hall (B), to the Malabar. THE PACIFIC RAILROAD .
THE LEVEE. The Evening Bulletin of San Francisco gives some particulars, in its
Among the presentations at the levee held by the Prince of Wales on number of April 29, of the rapidity with which the works on the Pacific
Railroad were completed . Writi from the " Central Pacific Construc-
Tuesday on behalf of the Queen were the following :-
Mr. Alexander Apcar, of Calcutta, by Mr. William Brewet. tion Camp " on the 28th ult., the correspondent of the Bulletin says :--
Colonel Sir Thomas Gore Browne, on return from Tasmania, by the Secretary of State. " The work on the Union Pacific progresses slowly. The iron is laid
Dr. Robinson Boustead, Surg. H.M.'s Bombay Army, on return from Abyssinia, by the Secretary of State. within eight miles of the summit, and the work is going on daily. The
Major-General Becher, C. B. , on return from India, by the Duke of Cambridge.
Rev. William Charles Bell, Bengal Ecclesiastical Establishment, by the Secretary of State. tracklayers were stirring early this morning, and the whole camp was alive
Major-General W. Knox Babington, Madras Army, by the Secretary of State. by five o'clock. By seven o'clock nearly three miles were laid." Writing
Mr. Ball, Judge of the Court of Summary Jurisdiction, Hong Kong, by the Secretary of State. at noon on the same day, he says :-" A great feat has been accomplished this
Mr. J. G. Cordery, First Assistant Resident at the Court of Hyderabad, by the Secretary of State.
Sir Michael Costa, by Viscount Sydney. morning. Seven miles of track have been laid by the Central Pacific, and the
Lieutenant F. F. Cotton, Royal Engineers, Bengal, by the Secretary of State. tracklayers' party dined in their regular quarters at the end of the new-laid
Major- Gen. F. Cotton, on appointment to Order of the Star of India, by Lieut. - Gen . Sir S. Cotton, track. In one morning 8,500 men, 800 horses (with teams and all their pro-
Captain A. E. Downing, Bengal Army, Topographical Surveyor of India, by Major-Gen . D. Downing.
Lieutenant-Colonel W. D. Dickson, Bengal Staff Corps, by Mr. M. E. Grant Duff, M.P. vender), all the stores of the company and of the Chinese traders, the black-
Colonel Dickson, on his return from India, by the Duke of Cambridge. smiths' shops, the harness-makers' shops, the company's office, the telegraph
Captain W. Eden, Bombay Staff Corps, by the Secretary of State.
Sir Walter Elliot, K. C.S.I. , on appointment to Order ofthe Star of India, by Lieut. Gen. Sir S. Cotton. office, the head- quarters of Mr. Stanford, and the abode of Mr. Strobridge and
Lieutenant Vincent T. Eyre, by Lieutenant- Colonel Hon. C. W. Thesiger. family, and the boarding and sleeping apartments of 500 white men, have moved
Captain P. L. Gordon, Madras Cavalry, by Lieutenant- General Sir Josias Cloete.
Captain F. D. Hawkins, 4th Punjaub Cavalry, by the Earl of Kintore. nine miles as easily as if they had been aboard a large steamship . The dead
Lieut.-Colonel W. Dashwood Hoste, Bengal S. C., on promotion, by the Secretary for India. weight above moved this morning over nine miles of road, seven of which has
Mr. Henry T. Irving, on appointment as Colonial Secretary of Ceylon, by the Secretary of State. been built since daylight, includes the ties hauled by teams, without reckoning
Major A. G. F. Hogg, Bombay Staff Corps, by Sir Charles Forbes, Bart.
Sir Francis Hincks, K.C. M.G. and C. B. , on his return from the government of British Guiana, and on the rolling stock, fuel, or water trains. There are nearly 3,000 tons in shop.
being created K.C.M.G. , by the Secretary of State. The camps and commissariat of an army of 10,000 persons have advanced nine
Captain F. J. Keen, her Majesty's Bengal Staff Corps, by the Secretary of State. miles without the slightest accident into the new country, and no one has
Colonel Henry Lane, late Bengal Cavalry, bythe Secretary of State.
Mr. W. S. Lilly, Madras Civil Service, by the Secretary of State. suffered the privation of any of the comforts which the best cared-for
Captain Frederick Lance, Bengal Staff Corps, by Viscount Sidmouth, working men can enjoy in a mountain town." The wonderful result of the entire
Hon. John Lawrence, by Lord Lawrence.
Lieut. Colonel Macdonald, Deolie Irregular Force, by Major- Gen. Sir W. Hill, K. C.S.I. day's work is thus stated :-" The greatest work in tracklaying ever accomplished
Colonel Richard J. Meade, Civil Service, India, by the Secretary of State. or conceived by railroad men has been successfully achieved to-day by the Central
The Bishop of Mauritius, by the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. Pacific Company. Ten miles and fifty-eight feet of railroad (grading excepted)
Major-General C. M. Macleane, late Madras Army, by the Secretary of State.
Lieutenant-Colonel C. Need, her Majesty's Bengal Army, by the Secretary of State. have been made between daylight and sundown. Some two or three miles of
Lieut.-Col. J. R. Pughe, Insp. -Gen. of Police, Bengal, on return from India, by the Secretary of State. this had been hauled out by teams yesterday on the advance, but all the iron
Major Paget, on return from India, by Viscount Sydney.
Mr. Brabazon Pilkington, Ceylon Civil Service, by the Secretary of State. rails, fish bars, bolts, and spikes were carried out to- day, and the most part ofit
Lieutenant- Colonel Arthur Sage, Madras Staff Corps, on promotion, by the Secretary of State. was brought a number of miles from the rear, as the station this morning was
Dr. A. F. Scott, by the Secretary of State for India. two miles behind the foremost rails. The ties for over seven miles had to
Captain T. E. Strong, by the Secretary of State for India.
Major- General Sir Henry Tombs, V.C. , K.C. B. , R.A. , by H. R.H. the Duke of Cambridge, K G. be hauled by two horse teams from five miles where they were first
Mr. ofGeorge
State. Noble Taylor, Member of the Council of Governor-General of India, by the Secretary laid to over twelve miles where they were last laid, and this over a
rapidly rising grade and mountain road. As there are about 2,400
Mr. Le Poer Wynne, Under-Secretary Government of India, by the Secretary of State.
Lieutenant J. Halifax Western, R. E. ( Bengal), by the Secretary of State. ties to a mile, and they are from 80 to 90 pounds weight, it makes 1,244,000
pounds, without the 16,800 ties teamed and laid. This only represents part of
SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE. the work done by teams, as all the blacksmith, wheelwright, and other work-
ARRIVALS . shops went by the waggon road. One length of such camp waggons by count
At Liverpool. -May 27 : Prussian, from Quebec ; Pennsylvania, from New York ; Arabian, from numbered twenty-five, and spun out in a thin line looked like one of the large
Alexandria.- May 28 : Denmark, from New York ; Bravo, from Bangkok ; Orient, from Africa.--- emigrant trains of former days. The iron moved by the construction train was
May 29 : Sarah, from Trinidad ; Princess of Wales, from Moulmein ; Cuba and Kangaroo, from New 1,000 tons, and the whole of that has been laid, spiked, fished, and bolted in
York. May 30 : Nova Scotian, from Quebec.--June 1 : Maggie, from Baltimore ; Calcutta, from eleven working hours, and the road to the end of the track, though needing a
New York: Lorton Vale, from Cuba ; Luxor, from Alexandria ; City of Cork, from Halifax. ----June 2 :
Kingston, from San Francisco ; C. H. Southard, from New Orleans ; Thessalia, from Alexandria. little revision in places, is fit for travel and in fair condition. The difficulty
At Gravesend.-- May 27 : Jessie, from Porto Rico ; Liverpool, from New York. May 28 : Minne- of doing this work was increased by the necessity of carrying a large water tank
haha, from Moulmein ; Eleanor, from Dominica. May 29 : Tatca, from Bangkok... -May 30:
Geologist, from Bangkok.-- May 31 : Hero, from Monte Video ; Flying Scud, from St. Lucia : Abando, car with every one of the six engines employed. It was still more increased by
from Porto Rico. June 1 : Sobraon, from Sydney.--June 2: Omba and the Sophie, both from the number of curves, which required the bending of the rails in many places
Macao : Helen Malcolm, from Prince Edward's Island ; Maid of Judah and Champion of the Seas, both for several lengths, which had to be done on the ground as the curves right or
from Melbourne: City of Dunedin, from Otago : Lammermuir, from Singapore ; Abraham S. Kalle and
Dartmouth, both from New York; Robert Henderson, from Buff, New Zealand. left required. The feat of laying over seven miles in one stretch was once done
At Bristol. -May 26 : Tomas and St. Quentan, from Havannah. -May 30 : Frei, from Buenos by the Union Pacific, but they worked from four in the morning until after mid-
Ayres.
DEPARTURES. night. Therefore it could not be considered an honest day's work. The Central
From Liverpool. - May 26 : Belleisle, for Gloucester, U.S.; Denmark, for New York ; Volunteer, men would have laid fourteen miles and finished their portion of the great
for the Cape.May 27 : City of Baltimore and Philadelphia, for New York ; Anglo- Saxon and Pacific road to-night had the grading been completed. As it was, the men were
Nestorian, for Quebec : Annapolis, for Baltimore ; Alexander, for Callao ; Lizzie H. , for Calcutta ; anxious to lay twelve miles, but there were not ties enough within fifty miles of
Delaware, for Boston ; Earl of Derby, for Benin ; Yosemite, for New York ; Surprise, for Wilmington the spot,"
Johannes, for New York ; Sorridderer, for Philadelphia ; Speculator, for Boston.--May 28 : Erin, for
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 PALL MALL ET
38 BUDG . [JUNE 4, 1869.

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. COHEN- to May, LEVY- At Tavistock-square,

daughter of Mr. L. W. Levy, Mr.of L. Sydney,
S. Cohen,May Liverpool, CAMPBELL,
of 26. May 19. Capt. C. A. , R.N. , on board H.M.S. Ariadne, aged 38,
BIRTHS. DALY - PAGE- At New Town, Tasmania, Lieut. John Daly, H. M.'s CHAMPION, Katherine F. May, daughter
SONS. 14th Regt. , to Virginia, daughter of Mr. S. Page, of New Town, at Harewood-square, 28. of Lieut. -Col. , A. D. A. G. , Bombay,
Tasmania, Feb. 25. CHAPMAN, Charlotte, daughter of Mr. G. , of Bath, at Hampstead.
BALDWIN, wife of Major A. T. , Madras Staff Corps, at Old Brompton, DEACON- ROBISON -At Brighton, Mr. E. Deacon, of Sussex-place, May 25.
May 26. Hyde Park, to Amy H. , daughter of Mr. C. M. Robison, of CLARKE, James F. V., infant son of Capt. J. C. , 76th Regt., at
BARBER, Mrs. C, L., at Arundel-gardens, Kensington Park, May 30. Brighton, June 1. Toungoo, April 6.
BASTIAN, wife of Mr. H. C. , M.D. , F. R.S. , at Avenue-road, Regent's DEPREE- BROWN -At Hull, Charles L., son of the late Mr. C. T. CLEGG, Mr. J. A. , at Everton, Liverpool, aged 69, May 28.
Park, May 27. Deprec, Solicitor, of London, to Ella L., daughter of the late CORLEY, Mr. C., at Prince's-square, W. , aged 85, May 29.
BAXTER, Mrs. J. H. C. , at Cheltenham, May 26. Mr. T. Brown, of Manchester, May 25. CRESWICK, Elizabeth, relict of Mr. N., at Herringthorpe Hall, near
BECKWITH, wife of Rev. G. , at Winchester, May 29. EAMES WOODCOCK-At Wigan, Capt. T. B. Eames, 54th Regt. , to Rotherham, aged 67, May 29.
BORTON, wife of Mr. H. S. , 1st W.I. Regt , at Bayswater, May 28. Adelaide, daughter of the late Mr. J. Woodcock, Wigan, May 26. CRIRIE, Elizabeth, widow ofCapt. , R. N., at Liverpool, aged 80, May 23.
BRAITHWAITE, Mrs. J. H. , at Rock Ferry, Cheshire, May 26. ELLIOTT- BROWNRIGG-At Dublin, Mr. T. Elliott, of Dolhaidd, CUNNINGHAM, Ada, at daughter of the late Mr. May
J. , of25.Urmston Lodge,
BRICE, Mrs. R. , at Burnham, Somerset, May 30. Carmarthenshire, to Catherine B. , daughter of the late Mr. W. near Manchester, St. Leonard's-on-Sea,
CANNING, Mrs. C. , at Collingbourne Ducis, Wilts, May 31. Brownrigg, of Ardensole, Kildare, May 27. CUYLER, Henrietta, daughter of the late Lieut. -Col. Sir C., Bart.,
CHALDECOTT, wife of Mr. T. A., M.D., late of Hong Kong, at HAMILTON- CLEMENTS -At Norton, Stockton-on-Tees, Ven. G. H. at Clifton, aged 27, May 29.
Beomond, Chertsey, May 26. Hamilton, Archdeacon of Lindisfarne, to Louisa F. , daughter of DANIEL, George F. E., son of the late Mons. E., of Versailles, at
CHEALES, wife of Rev. A. , at Brockham, Reigate, May 29. the Hon. and Rev. F. N. Clements, Vicar of Norton, and Hono- Arcachon, France, aged 25, May 24.
CHELSEA, Viscountess, May 28. rary Canon of Durham, June 1. D'ARCY, Charlotte, daughter of Major- General, R.E. , C.B. , at
CHESTON, Mrs. C., at Upper Clapton , May 27. HASLEWOOD-LYON- At St. Mary's, Bryanston-square, Rev. F. G. Brighton, aged 73, May 28.
COOMBE, Mrs. J., at South Hampstead, May 24. Haslewood, LL.D. , Curate of St. Lawrence, Thanet, to Louisa, DIXON, Harriet E. , widow of the late Capt. G. M., R.N. , at Mid-
COWIE, Mrs. Hugh, at Surbiton-hill, June 1. daughter of the late Mr. A. J. W. Lyon, May 27. Lavant, aged 63 , May 25.
CRAWLEY, wife of Capt., 64th Regt. , at Malta, May 20.
DRAYTON, wife of Ensign P. H. , Royal Canadian Rifles, at Kingston, HUGHES PHILIPPS - At Lanrhystid, Mr. J. G. P. Hughes, of Allt DowNES, Mrs. C., at Eaton-square, aged 60, May 31.
Lwyd, to Elizabeth C. M. , daughter of Mr. J. A. L. Philipps, of Du BUISSON, Caroline, widow of Mr. W. , at Glynhir, Carmarthenshire,
Canada West, April 25. Mabws, May 27. aged 81, May 30.
EYKYN, Mrs. T. , of Kensington Park, May 27. HUTCHINSON WATSON -At Hampton Court Palace, Lieut. M. G. DUTTON, Mr. J. , of Cheapside and Streatham, aged 54, May 22.
GOLDSCHMIDT, Mrs. L. A. , at Paris, May 30.
GRINDLE, wife of Rev. E. S. , May 28. Hutchinson, 8th K.R.I. Hussars, to Florence E. M. , daughter of EARLE, Mrs. E. , at Edmonton, aged 86, May 27.
the late Commodore Watson, C. B. , May 27. FAITHFULL, Mr. R., at Twickenham, aged 42, May 22.
HENEAGE, wife of Major, V.C. , at Christchurch, May 27. KERSEY DUVALL- At Kidbrooke, Mr. W. R. Kersey to Catherine FRIEDLANDER, Julius, son of Mr. L., Gordon-sq. , at San Francisco,
LAIRD, Mrs. H. H. , at Birkenhead, May 29. S., daughter of Mr. B. Duvall, of Deptford, May 27. aged 17, April 24.
LAY, wife of Mr. H. N. , C. B. , at Gloucester-terrace, Hyde Park, LATHAM- NEVITT-BENNETT - At St. Marylebone, Philip A., son of FERNIE, Mr. E. W., of Linden, Giessen, Hesse Darmstadt, formerly
May 25 of Highfield, Hertfordshire, at Amondell House, Linlithgowshire,
LAWRIE, Mrs. P. G. , at Hong Kong, April 17. Mr. P. M. Latham, M.D., to Ella, daughter of Mr. R. Nevitt-
LOWER, wife of Mr. W. T. , R. N., at Banbury, May 31. Bennett, ofCornwall- ter., Regent's Park, and Lincoln's-inn, May 25. May 28.
MAINGAY, Mrs. W. B. , at Tunbridge Wells, May 28 (stillborn). LAURIE-- LAURIE-At St. Marylebone, Capt. J. D. Laurie, 34th GIBSON, Major-General E., at Half Moon- street, aged 79, June 1.
MAXWELL, wife of Mr. P.. M.D., at Stickney, near Boston, May 25. Regt. , to Beatrice M., daughter of Mr. P. N. Laurie, of Park- GIBSON, May 27. Mary, daughter of the Rev. J. H. A. , at Brighton, aged 5,
crescent, June 2.
MEDHURST, wife of Mr. W. H., H. B. M.'s Consul, at Shanghai, April 7. LLOYD RICH- At Hounslow, Mr. T. F. Lloyd, M.R.C.S. , of GRAHAM, Mrs. J. , of Burnley, at Calne, aged 42, May 27.
MITCHELL, Mrs. J. , at Portugal-place, May 30 (child lived only a few Finsbury-circus, to Emily, daughter of Mr. W. Rich, of Hounslow, GRIFFITHS, Amelia S., wife of Mr. E. , of Pall-mall and Haslemere,
hours). May 27 aged 30, May 28.
MORRIS, Mrs. H., at Manchester-square, May 27. MCEVOY- HOLMDEN- At Plymouth, Mr. B. McEvoy, of Birming- GRIFFINHOOFE, Rev. T. G. , at Arkesden Vicarage, Essex, aged 48,
NUTTALL, wife of Rev. W., at Shirburn, Oxfordshire, May 28. ham, to Susan I. , daughter of Mr. W. J. Holmden, of Radnor May 28.
PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, Mrs. H. , of Bloxworth, Dorset, at Weymouth, Lodge, May 27. HALL, Mrs. W. C. , at Fern Cottage, Hampstead-heath, aged 26,
May 24 (stillborn). MCKERROW - BRUNLEES- At Kensington, Mr. Alex. McKerrow, May 27.
POLLEN, Mrs. J. H., at Pembridge-crescent, May 25. C.E., to Mary Jane, daughter of Mr. James Brunlees, C. E. , HAWLEY, Mary A. C., daughter of Rev. E., Vicar of St. Luke's, at
POORE, wife of Major R. , late 8th Hussars, at Bath, May 26. Wimbledon , May 27. Shireoaks, aged 4 months, May 20.
POWELL, Mrs. A. C., at Kent-terrace, Regent's Park, May 31 (pre- MCLEAN--MACDONELL-At Edinburgh, Mr. H. F. McLean to HIORNS, Mr. G., at Wood-green, aged 68, May 29.
maturely).
PRESTON, Mrs. , at St. John's-wood Park, May 26. Marsaili R. , daughter of the late Mr. E. R. Macdonell, of Glen- HODGE, Mr. J., at Belize, Honduras, April 16.
PYNE, wife of Lieut. J., 16th Regt. , at Ennis, May 24. garry and Clanranald, June 1. HOGG, Captain W. D. , of the Bengal Staff Corps, at Meean Meer,
RICKETTS, Mrs. D. , at Leamington, May 29. MARSHALL - HARRIS-At Plymouth, Mr. J. J. Marshall, of Plymouth, aged 39, April 28.
RISLEY, wife ofRev. W. C., jun., at Connaught-square, June 1. to Jeanie M. C. S. Harris, May 26. HOLLAND , Mr. J. , at Long-lane, West Smithfield, aged 54, May 25.
ROUSE, wife of Rev. W. A. , at Darfield Vicarage, Barnsley, May 29. MERCER-WATTS- At Maidstone, Mr. T. Mercer, Commander A.S.S. HOLTON, Mr. H. G. , at Holloway, aged 82, May 26.
RUTTER, Mrs. I. C. , at Mitcham, May 27. Macgregor Laird, to Frances, daughter of Mr. W. Watts, Maid- HOWELL, Ellen, daughter of the Rev. H., Rector of Drayton, Nor-
stone, May 25. folk, May 26.
SAUNDERS, wife of Captain G. N. , Bengal S.C. , at Abbottabad, MARRIOTT DAVEY- At Newport, Monmouthshire, Mr. F. Merriott, HUGHES, Gordon, son of Mr. E., Dep. Assist.- Comm.-General, at
April 16. Kingston, Canada, aged 3, May 11.
SEARS, Mrs. R. H., at Farnham, Surrey, May 26. of Farnham, Surrey, to Lydia, daughter of the late Mr. R. Davey,
STAPLETON, Wife of Mr. J., M. P. , May 31. of Newport, May 25. HUNTER, Mr. J., formerly of the Queen's Bays, at Sunderland-terrace,
STOKOE, wife of Mr. P. H. , B.A. , M.D. , at East Dulwich, May 28, NASH GREIG At Clifton, Mr. J. II. Nash, of Clifton-hill, to Eliza- aged 74, May 26,
THOMPSON, Mrs. W. J. , Jun. , at Epsom, May 27. beth, daughter of the late Mr. C. Greig, of Langleigh, near JONES, William, son of the Rev. T. , at Twickenham, aged 50, May 24.
Axminster, May 29. KELL, Mr. S. C., at Bradford, aged 57, May 28.
WESTALL, Mrs. W. M., at Croydon, May 28.
WHIFFIN, Mrs. G. , at Croydon, May 22. NESS - SCHLESINGER- At St. James's, Piccadilly, Major R. E. D. KERR, Mr. C., Town Clerk of Dundee, in London, aged 72, June 1.
WILD, Mrs., of Holyport, Bray, Berks, May 30. Ness, 3rd W. I. Regt. , to Bertha, daughter of Mr. M. Schlesinger, KIMBERLEY, Mr. J. , at the Queen's Hotel, James-street, Westbourne-
WILLIAMS, Mrs. E. J. , at Rochford , Herefordshire, May 26. of Newcastle- on- Tyne, May 27. terrace, aged 36, May 28.
WOODD, wife of Rev. B. K., at Scarborough, May 27. NOEL-O'NEIL--At St. Clement Danes, Rev. H. A. Noel, B.A. , LAMBERT, Mr. W. , late of H.M.'s Customs, at Kentish-town-road,
WORSLEY, Mrs. P. J., at Clifton, May 26. Curate of All Saints', Halifax, Yorkshire, to Jane E. , daughter of aged 79, May 27.
Mr. H. O'Neil, of Plymouth, May 26, LATHBURY, Mary A., widow of Mr. J., formerly of Brackley, at
DAUGHTERS. PALAIRET- BIGG-At Clifton, Henry H., son of the late Capt. S. H. Putney, aged 80, May 25.
AGELASTO, Mrs. A. K., at Queen's- gardens, Hyde Park, May 31. Palairet, 29th Regt. , to Elizabeth A. , daughter of Mr. L. O. LOCK, Eleanor A. , widow of Mr. W. , at Bognor, aged 74, May 14.
ALLAN, wife of Mr. A. , M.D. , Assist. -Surg. 1st Batt. 17th Regt., at Bigg, of Clifton, May 25. LUCAS, Jane, relict of Mr. H., at Lupus-street, Pimlico, May 30.
Enniskillen, May 28. PARLETT BLYTH-At St. George's, Hanover- square, Mr. F. Parlett, LYSTER, Mr. R. , M.A. , Barrister, at Wellington-square, Chelsea,
ALLAWAY, wife of Capt., of Graig-nos Castle, at Brecon, May 26. of Berkeley- square, London, and Great Baddow, to Eliza, daughter MCPHERSON aged 70, May 28.
AZZONI, Mrs. F. , at Bayswater, May 27. of Mr. S. Blyth, of Sturgeons, Writtle, Essex, May 27. , Mrs. A. , at Wick, Caithness , aged 100, May 20.
BREEDON, wife of Mrs. A., late Capt. 21st R. N.B. Fus. , at Banagher, PETAR-WALKER At Brixton, Mr. E. T. Petar, of Liphook, to Rosa MANSEL, Mr. G. B. , Barrister, aged 65, May 20.
King's Co. , May 26 (stillborn). B. , daughter of the late Mr. J. W. C. Walker, Solicitor, Havant, MATSON, Jane N. , widow of the late Capt. G. , R.N. , at Clifton,
CAMPBELL, wife of Mr. G. W. R. , Insp. -General of Police, Ceylon, at May 27. aged 83, May 31.
Westbourne Park. POWER- ELLIOTT- At St. George's, Hanover-square, Richard C., son MATTHEWS, Mrs. H. , at Romsey, Hants, aged 43, May 21.
CAY, Mrs. Charles Hope, at Clifton College, May 30. of Sir J. Power, Bart., of Kilfane, Kilkenny, to Florence A. M. , MAYNE, Emma, widow of Mr. C. O., of Great Stanmore, at Queen's-
CHATFIELD, wife of Capt. A. J., R.N. , at Brighton, May 29. daughter of the late Mr. R. Elliott, of Goldington, Bury, Beds, gardens, Hyde Park, aged 73, May 23.
COLE, wife of Rev E M.. at Wetwang Vicarage, Driffield, June 1. May 25. MAYO, Susan M. , wife of Mr. T. , M.D. , F.R.S., at Yarmouth, Isle
DAVIES- COOKE, wife of James R. , Royal Artillery, at Queen's- gardens, QUILTER - BAILEY-At Kensington, George H., son of Mr. G. H. ofWight, aged 56, May 27.
Hyde Park, May 28. Quilter, of Colchester, to Mary A., daughter of the late Mr. S. MAXWELL, Mr. W. M., at Tottenham, aged 67, May 26.
D'ARCY, wife of Mr. C. V. , J.P. , Lieut. late I.N. , at Bryansford, Bailey, of Hammersmith, May 24. MELLER, Mr. C. J. , M.D. , late of Pampleinousses, Mauritius, at
co. Down, May 25. ROUGEMONT- DANIELL-At Christ Church, Lancaster-gate, Herbert, Berrima, aged 33, Feb. 26.
DRAKE, Mrs. H., at Port Antonio, Jamaica, May 6. son of Mr. D. A. Rougemont, of Lancaster-gate, to Isabella L. , MINCHIN, Mr. H. J. B. , of Holywell House, Hampshire, at Pau,
DUCKWORTH, wife of Mr. H., Barrister, at Bryanston-square, May 30. daughter of the late Capt. E. M. Daniell, of Gloucester-square, May 24.
DUGUID, Mrs. J. , of Aigburth Vale, near Liverpool, May 28. May 25. MORGAN, Ensign A. H. , 7th Royal Fus. , at Saugor, aged 25, April 20.
EVANS, Mrs. A. T. H.. at Bowdon, Cheshire, May 27. SAWYER-WILLIAMS -At Lindfield, Mr. J. Sawyer, of St. James's-st. , MORGAN, Mr. E., at St. Helier's, Jersey, May 24.
EVANS, wife of Capt. R. F. , R.G. M. , at Wateringbury, May 26. to Eliza A , daughter of the late Mr. R. Williams, of Epsom, May 26. MORGAN, Mr. H. , late of the Paymaster-General's Office, aged 71,
FISHER, Mrs. W. , at Chieveley, near Newbury, May 30. SMITH-NEWCOMEN-At Knightsbridge, Mr. C. C. Smith, Civil May 29.
FLANAGAN, wife of Mr. J. M., late of Bombay, at Sydenham, June 1. Service, to Teresa A. , daughter of the late Mr. A. Newcomen, of MORRIS, Post-Captain W. , R.N. (a), at Devonshire-street, Portland-
FORBES, wife of Commander J. A. , R. N. , at Edinburgh, May 27. Kirkleatham Hall, Yorkshire, June 1. place, aged 76, May 31.
FORDHAM, Mrs. G. , at Slough, May 22. SMITH -WILLIS-At Paddington, John C. C. , son of Mr. J. Smith, PAGE, Jennie, daughter of the Rev. J. C. , at Darjeeling, aged 17,
FOSTER, Mrs. L. C. , at Liskeard, May 28. of Richmond, to Blanche, daughter of Mr. R. Willis, of Clifton- April 20.
FRIEDMANN, Mrs. A. , at Woburn-square, May 30. gardens, June 1. PALMES, W. W., son of the late Capt. J. P. , R.Ñ., at York, aged 9,
GALTON, wife of Mr. W. P., of Foo- chow-foo, at Dulwich, May 26. SQUIRE HILL- At Fishley, Norfolk Albert, son of the late Mr. R. May 28.
GARDNER, Mrs. C., at Chilworth- street, Westbourne-terrace, May 31. Squire, of Acle, to May G. , daughter of Rev. G. F. Hill, Vicar of PEARSE, Maria, daughter of the late Mr. B. , at Seymour-street,
GIBBONS, Mrs. P. , at Wantage, Berks, May 27. Repps with Bastwick, Norfolk, June 1. May 27.
GILBEY, Mrs. A. , at Wooburn House, Bucks, May 29. THOMAS MATTOCKS -At Piccadilly, Mr. G. E. Thomas, of St. PERRY, Mr. H. J. , Commissioner in Bankruptcy for the Liverpool
GRACE, wife of Dr. E. M., at Thornbury, near Bristol, May 25. James's-square, Pall-mall, to Elizabeth Mattocks, of Arundel- District, at New Brighton, aged 68, May 29.
HOZIER, Mrs. W. W. , of Tannochside, at Edinburgh, May 31. gardens, Kensington Park, May 29. PIXLEY, Capt. A. W., R. Art. , at Iffley, near Oxford, May 23.
KING, Mrs. B. , at Rushmere Hail, Suffolk, May 27. THORBURN - MARRIOTT At St. Mark's, Regent's Park, Mr. T. RADCLIFFE, Rear-Admiral W. , at Surbiton-hill, aged 72, May 27.
LANCE, wife of Rev. W. H. , at Thurlbear, June 1. Thorburn, of Liverpool, to Ellen, daughter of Mr. F. Marriott, of REEKS, Lydia E. , widow of the late Mr. R., M.R.C.S. E. , at Clapham,
LEITH, wife of Col. D. , at Aberdeen, May 31. Gloucester-road, Regent's Park, May 25. aged 75, May 24.
LINDSEY, wife of Maj. R. C. , Bengal StaffCorps, at Drogheda, May 23. TRIMINGHAM PILGRIM - At Bridgetown, Barbadoes, Mr. W. P. REID, Mr. W., M.D. , at Dublin, aged 59, May 28.
LIVINGSTONE, Mrs. G. R. , at Birkenhead, May 25. Trimingham, to Elizabeth A., daughter of Mr. H. Pilgrim, M.C.P. , RICARDO, Mr. A. O., late of the 8th Hussars, at Bure Homage,
LYSONS, wife of Capt., late 23rd Royal Welsh Fusiliers, at Meadow- of The Garden, April 29. Christchurch, aged 21, June 1.
bank, by Aberdeen, May 31. VON BORTELS- BRADY -At Brooklyn, New York, Mr. H. Von RICH, Mary A. , widow of Mr. J. , formerly of the Madras Medical
Bortels, to Mary A. A., daughter of the late Mr. J. Brady, of Service, Highgate, aged 78, May 31.
MACFIE, Mrs. J. W. , at New Ferry. Cheshire, May 29.
MASTER, Mrs. C. , jun., at Cirencester, June 1. Brixton, May 12. RISLEY, Rev.atW. C., at Deddington , Oxon, aged 70, June 1.
MILLS, wife of Rev. W. W. , at Aylmerton Rectory, near Cromer, WARD-ARTHUR- At Chelsea, Dr. M. Ward to Mary A. , widow of ROGERS, Mary, relict of Mr. H. , of Gelby, Cardiganshire, at Mor
May 26 (stillborn). Mr. J. Arthur, M.D. , also of Chelsea, May 31. nington-road, aged 82, May 13.
MILNES, Mrs. W. S. , May 27. WELD- WALMESLEY-At Spanish -place, Walter, son of the late Mr. RUSSELL, Jane A. C., widow of the late Mr. F. W. , Bengal C.S., at
MOOR, wife of Rev. D. , M. A. , at Redland, Bristol, May 28, G. Weld, of Leagram Hall, to Frances, daughter of Mr. H. Upper Porchester-street, aged 73, May 12.
NORRIS, Mrs. T. P. , at Lymm, Cheshire, May 25. Walmesley, Gidlow, Wigan, June 1. SADLER, Mr. B. G. , at Dublin, May 28.
PARKES, Mrs. A. T., at Tring, Herts, May 30. WHELER- HALL --At Ospringe, Kent, Charles W. , son of Rev. C. SALE, Mr. W. , at Rugby, aged 73, May 24.
PAYNE, wife of Rev. Dr., Chaplain H.M.S. Boscawen, at Weymouth, Wheler, of Otterden-place, Kent, and Ledston Hall, Yorkshire, SHEPHERD, Mr. J., at Rome, aged 66, May 7.
May 27. to Elizabeth T., daughter of Mr. W. Hall, of Syndale, Kent, SKELTON, Mr. W., J.P. , at Sutton-bridge, Lincolnshire, aged 81,
ROBBERDS, wife of Rev. F. W. , Chaplain at Hazareebagh, at Hen- WIDDRINGTON June 1. May 25:
rietta-street, Cavendish-square, May 29. SKEET- At St. Mark's, Hamilton-terrace, Mr. SLOAN, Ellen, wife of the Rev. J. W., M.A. , at Tacna, Peru,
ROWLAND, Mrs. F. B., at Ramsbury, May 27. E. A. D. Widdrington, late Captain 87th Royal Irish Fusiliers, to aged 27, April 19.
SCHNEIDER, Mrs. H. W., at Ryde, Isle of Wight, May 26. Ellen E. , daughter of the late Mr. R. Skeet, of Maida- hill, May 27. SMITH, Mr. M. , late of the Bengal C.S. , of Tunbridge Wells, at
SCOTT, wife of Major S. , Bombay Staff Corps, at Brighton, May 25. Woons-PICKARD-At Plymouth, Lieut. H. B. Woods, R.M. , to Oxford-square, aged 58, May 29.
SMITH, Mrs. T., at Blackheath, May 29. Annie, daughter of Lieut. - Colonel Pickard, R. M. SMITH, Mr. H. A. , formerly of Melbourne and Sydney, at Richmond,
SPARKS, wife of Capt. , Royal Fusiliers, at Aldershot, May 27. May 28.
TANNER, wife of Rev. W. A. , at Ealing, May 25. DEATHS. SMITH, Mr. R. E. , Solicitor, at Blackheath, aged 48, May 26.
TAYLOR, Mrs. R. , at Londonderry, May 25. SOLE, Mr. W. C , of Oxford-terrace, Hyde Park, aged 58, May 30.
TOULMIN, Mrs. F. S. , at Upper Clapton, May 22. ADDIE, infant daughter of Mr. J. , at Loancroft, Uddingston, near ST. JOHN, Caroline E., widow of the Hon. General F., at Brighton,
VAWDREY, wife of Rev. A. A. , Vicar of Mabe, at S. Agnes, Cornwall, AIKEN, Glasgow, May 31. aged 85, May 27.
May 27 (child survived only twelve hours) . Jane, wife of Mr. W. , of St. Paul's place, Islington, daughter STEPHENS, Frances M. , at Campden-grove, Kensington, aged 71,
WHITLA, wife of Mr. G., R. H.A., at Woolwich, May 27. of the late Dr. A. Gibb, Bengal Medical Service, aged 59, June 1. May 27:
WILKINSON, wife of Col. F. G. , at Eller Howe, Grange, Lancashire, ARCHER, the Rev. E. , M.A. , at West Barkwith, near Wragby, TAYLOR, chester,Susanna G. , wife of Mr. T., M.R.C.S. , Bocking, at Col-
May 28. aged 65. May 26. May 25.
WINGATE, wife of Lieut., R. N. B. Fusiliers, at Kurrachee, April 15. ASHTON, Mr. J. P., C.E., at Gipsy-hill, aged 39, May 31. TAYLER, Rev. J. J., B.A. , Principal of Manchester New College,
YULE, wife of Sir G. , at Harehead, Selkirk, May 22. BAILEY, Elizabeth, daughter of the late Mr. J. , of Bedford, at Tacna, London, at Hampstead, aged 72, May 23.
Peru, April 14. THOMSON, J. D., son of the late Mr. J. D. , late of Sunny Bank,
MARRIAGES. BENNETT, Harold, son of Mr. W. C. , of Greenwich, aged 19, May 29. Brecon, at Herringfleet Hall, Suffolk, aged 30, May 28.
BAILEY ATKINSON-At Bristol, William Swaffield Bailey to Frances BROADHURST, Mr. W., late of Regent-place West, Brunswick-square, THRING, Jane, widow of the Rev. W. D. , D.D., at Clifton, aged 78,
at Bucklebury, Berks, aged 82, May 28. May 30.
Magdalene Atkinson, June 1. BROCKLESBY, Frances, at Brigg, May 25. TRAHERNE, Mrs. J. P. , at Coytrahen, Glamorganshire, aged 42,
BRODRICK--CHAPMAN--At St. Michael's, Chester-square, Hon. H. BROOKES, Mr. J. Y., at Hounslow, aged 86, May 28. May 27.
Brodrick, son of Viscount Midleton, to Alice, daughter of Captain BROOKS, Mr. S. , ofthe Uplands House, Stourbridge, aged 76, May 28. TREDWELL, Mrs, J., of Streatham-hill, aged 66, May 22.
A. Chapman, of Eaton-place, June 1. Major , Cantonment Magistrate of Trinchinopoly, at TRYON, Elizabeth, wife of Major- General, at Southampton, June 1.
CHIPPINDALE HEDGES At Great Berkhampstead, George, son of BROWN, London, May R. 29. VERNON, Robert B. G., son of the Hon. G., at Montague-square,
Mr. C. Chippindale, of Brighton, to Jane E., daughter of the late BROWN, Maria, relict of Mr. S. P., late of the H.E.I.C.S., at Den- aged 2, May 29.
Rev. C. Hedges, M.A., of Great Berkhampstead, June 1. mark-hill, aged 77, June 1. WALKER, Penelope, widow of the late Mr. J., M.D., at Bebington,
CLEMENCE CARUGHI- At St. Peter's Italian Church, Joseph A., son BROWNE, Susanna, widow of Rev. A. , Rector of Flempton-cum- Cheshire, aged 53. May 27.
of Mr. V. Clemence, of Les Bois, Switzerland, to Serafina, daughter Hengrave, Suffolk, at Clifton, aged 88, May 29.
of Mr. P. Carughi, of Queen-square, Bloomsbury. WALSH, Mr. J. W., Solicitor, at South Lambeth, aged 52.
CRUMP MITCHELL - At Claines, Worcester, Mr. F. W. Crump, BRYAN, Catherine, widow of Mr. T. , late of Uppingham, Rutland, at WARD, Catherine I , relict of the late Rev. G. , Chaplain at Bareilly,
Frisby-on-the- Wreake, Leicestershire, aged 69, May 30. at Aldridge-road Villas, Westbourne Park, aged 74, May 31.
M.A. , of St. George's-square, to Anne, daughter of the late Mr. BURGE, Mr. G. W., of South Hackney, aged 59, May 30. WINTER, Mrs. T. , at Twickenham, aged 25, May 27.
S. Mitchell, of Brokencote Hall, Worcestershire, May 26. BUTLER, Mr. W. O'B. , J.P. , at Bansha Castle, Tipperary, May 22. WRIGLEY, Mr. D. , at Liverpool, aged 42, May 29.
[ 394 ]
 JUNE 25, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 3

scene of sanguinary disturbances between a lawless set of inde-

pendent settlers who had established themselves there and the
THE PALL MALL BUDGET . natives, partly from fear of the French anticipating us ; but, more
than either, in obedience to the impulse of a number of clever but
rather pedantic persons who formed themselves into a party for the
FRIDAY, JUNE 25, 1869.
promotion of colonization, and possessed parliamentary interest
enough to make successive Ministries uncomfortable. Between 1847
and 1852 alone -we take these figures from Lord GREY'S work on
COLONIAL ASPIRATIONS. colonial policy- nearly £200,000 of British money was expended
in aid of the civil government of this favoured community ;
Two pieces of information bearing on the present unhappy state of " assistance most generously supplied by the Imperial Parlia-
things in New Zealand have reached the public during the past ment," so Sir GEORGE GREY, who heads the present memorialists,
week. The first is a confirmation of the telegraphic account from calls it in a despatch of July, 1849 , printed in that work.
Dunedin of the Mohaka massacre, concerning the accuracy of The colonists used to say that this succour was all misspent by
which some had hopefully entertained doubt. This is accompanied Governor GREY in his " flour-and-treacle policy "—that is, in buying
with the consolatory intelligence that the last news were more off the natives by presents ; but, if there was any truth in this,
favourable, whatever that may be worth. Mohaka, the scene of the colonial dealers were the chief gainers by the process . But these
occurrence, is the middle point of the shore of Hawkes ' Bay, and sums, however employed, were as nothing compared with the mili-
forty miles north of Napier, the capital town of that province. tary expenditure lavished in the Northern Island. An army num-
That is to say, it occupies a site unfortunately favourable for the bering from 10,000 men downwards, in numbers varying according to
concentration of the force of such natives as are in arms
supposed exigencies and real importunity, has been continually
against us, both from the north and west, and one at the maintained there. The consumption of that army, of course,
same time not accessible without considerable delay by colonial enriched colonial pockets. It has been, in fact, the main source-
reinforcements. We await, therefore, further details not without a precarious one, no doubt-of the prosperity of that district of the
some anxiety respecting the immediate future, although there can colony in which the troops were stationed. The colonists of the
be none as regards ultimate results. The Maori " rebels " are, South, the really industrious and thriving of the islands, of course
perhaps, as confident in their own bravery and strange discipline, derived comparatively no pecuniary benefit from it ; but it has, at
and as resolute believers in their military superiority to unwarlike all events, cost them nothing so long as the mother country
settlers and unwieldy soldiers, as they were in 1847 and 1860. maintained the troops.
"You white people are good at building houses and ships ; you The Government of New Zealand was rendered " representa-
" are like the rats, you are always at work : but you are like them tive," though not as yet " responsible, " in 1846 ; but the representa-
"also you know how to run." But they wax rapidly fewer in tions of Sir GEORGE GREY as to the danger of collision between
numbers, and more and more divided among themselves ; a portion settlers and natives caused free institutions to be suspended until
are in arms on our side, and not likely to fight for us the less 1852, when Governor GREY, having maintained the home authority
willingly because, it seems, some of their wives and children have with a good deal of tact and success, came away just in time to
suffered with the European victims under the murderous hands of escape the difficulties which were sure to follow on its curtailment.
TE KOOTI'S savages, and a few more mails may bring confirmed " Representative " and " responsible " government were rapidly con-
tidings of the restoration of security. stituted by a series of concessions. But no statesman would face the
The other circumstance to which we allude is of domestic origin. great and obvious questions : How about the army ? Is the Colonial
The friends of New Zealand- that is, the old colonial clique, com- Government to direct its movements, while the Home Government
prising as it always has done a number of able and energetic men, pays it ? How about the natives ? Are they to be fairly handed
though not so many influential ones as formerly-have " improved over to colonial administration, or is the Governor to rule them
the occasion " in the usual way. We learn from their organ, the without his Ministers, while he rules the settlers through his
Spectator, that a memorial, full of irresistible eloquence, has been Ministers ? No one would venture (in dread of colonial pressure
presented to the Colonial Office, subscribed by leading colonists of through the Parliament) to define sharply the limit of home and
various sections of the colony, the name of Sir GEORGE GREY, colonial power : no one would venture (in dread of the missionary
twice governor, heading the list. Its object is, of course, the usual party in the same Parliament) to give over the natives, absolutely,
onc-to " ask for more." The grounds of the request, or rather to the tender mercies of the settlers . The consequence was a kind
demand, are that on a fair settlement of moral account a large of impracticable compromise, of which we will borrow our descrip-
amount remains due from the mother country to the settlers. tion from a pamphlet published by the present Bishop of ELY in
The public has, of course, not yet had access to the memorial, defence of his brother, Governor BROWNE, in 1860 :-
but we may fairly presume that it will recapitulate the
old tale of grievances with which we are very familiar. The position of the Ministers (under responsible government) as regards the
natives was this : -They could not enforce their counsels on the governor. In
They will urge, no doubt, that although these islands, under
the fostering influence of British expenditure, have come in colonial affairs, indeed, he was bound to take their advice, for they only were
twenty years to possess 200,000 white inhabitants, and export four responsible to the Colonial Parliament. But in native affairs he was independent
of their control, for he only was responsible to the Government at home. Yet,
millions and a half of produce, they would have flourished still
even in native affairs the Ministers were not only privileged but bound to give
more if the mother country had indulged them with more money
him their best advice, though he might refuse it ifhe chose.
and more self-government. They will point out (as they well may)
instances of erroneous policy on the part of their rulers ; they Such was the hybrid arrangement which prevailed until the last
will cite to their purpose from inconsistent despatches of vacillating few years, in which the more consistent policy has been attempted
Secretaries of State ; but they will omit to show how much of of at once withdrawing the troops and abandoning all share in the
that vacillation was produced by the urgency of colonial partisans government.
of different views. They will insist on the large arrears of support For the real mischiefs which followed on that most absurd parti-
and assistance which have thus become due to them : they will tion of powers (while it lasted) the Home Government is in all
(if they adopt the usual colonial method of reasoning) maintain fairness responsible. But if the remonstrants were disposed to
that Britain ought to send them more troops ; ought to pay wholly follow the example of Mr. SUMNER, and make the consequences of
or in part for those troops, and ought to leave the " responsible mistakes in government ground of pecuniary charge, the answer to
Colonial Government the full control and direction of affairs with them would be conclusive. Had the Home Government been
the natives, for whose subjugation those troops are sent. Such, we allowed its own way, the northern portion of New Zealand would
repeat, will probably be the extent of their demands ; if they are have been administered from home both in civil and military .
content with less we shall joyfully acknowledge our error, and be matters. But this the colonists would by no means tolerate, and
thankful for small mercies. the House of Commons, on such questions as these, was always
So far we should have no right to quarrel with the memorialists ready to concede colonial demands for the reason which Lord
in their well-understood character of advocates. But if it be true, DERBY'S famous " navvy " gave for allowing his wife to beat him :
as the Spectator indicates, that the memorial concludes with a hint " It amuses her, and does not hurt me."
of secession if its prayer does not prevail, we can only regret that The true policy would have been, as we have ventured to urge
men of sense should have given vent to a threat so foolish in the before, to leave all the several colonies which constitute the
present state of public opinion on colonial subjects, so especially geographical whole called New Zealand in full possession of self-
unmeaning in the present state of the affairs of the colony, of government, except those (few) in which the Maories are really
which more than one-half is seeking any decent opportunity for formidable ; and to keep these under a temporary dictatorship,
"seceding " from the remnant. backed by a reasonable supply of troops, paid in part from the
All this, however, is only conjecture on our parts, and we must colony, in part (if necessary) from home, but directed absolutely,
wait to see how far it is verified by the contents of the memorial both in civil and military matters, by a chief responsible to the
when made public. Meantime, a short résumé of the position of Home Government only. And we are not without faint hope that
the question, which nothing in the memorial can materially alter, this plan may yet be resorted to, if the evil and danger continue ;
may not be out of place . New Zealand was annexed most at all events when the several expedients of divided government
unwillingly by the British Government, partly because it was the have had their trial and ended in demonstrable failure.
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4

friends of the Irish Church to look out vigorously for the

CHURCHES BY LAW AND CHURCHES BY If they clearly understand the
interests of their client.
CONTRACT
state of the question, they have admirable cards to play.
THE debate in the House of Lords has reduced the questions still They have got to haul down their flag. They must eat their
at issue as to the Irish Church Bill to a very narrow compass. leek. They must become in every sense a voluntary asso-
We may hope that such topics as the Coronation Oath, the Act of ciation. But when once these terms are accepted cordially and in
Union , and the question of sacrilege are finally laid to rest, and good faith, there is great room for consolation, both in money and
will disturb the debates no more. The real issue now is upon in feeling, and it is their own fault if they do not so arrange
what terms is the Irish Protestant Church to be shifted, to use matters that the disestablished Irish Church will be the richest,
the beautiful and pious metaphor of an eminent Christian, from the most influential , and the best organized of voluntary religious
that rock of law on which it has hitherto been founded, to associations. It is quite true, as has been frequently said in the
the sand of contract which in the eminent Christian's opinion course of the debate, that the clergy of the Church of England
is fit only for " pothouses, racing, and matters of that kind." cannot, as the Roman Catholic priesthood can, levy a spiritual
It is impossible, by the way, not to observe that the legal rock has distress upon their congregations, but this, which is in some
not proved the most stable of foundations. When the floods respects their weakness, is in others their strength. The
descended and the winds came and beat upon the Established Church of England was in its origin a refuge from spiritual
Church it did not turn out to be altogether safe. On the contrary, despotism for religious but sensible people. It is almost the only
it is now in the very act of falling, and that by the consent, though form of Christianity which can, with any sort of plausibility, profess
against the inclination and protests, of Lord WESTBURY himself. to reproduce the creed and the form of church government of the
The real question now is, What is involved in the fall, and what early Christians, freed from the superstitions which were afterwards
precautions will it be necessary to take with respect to it ? introduced into the system from various sources. Every one, of
The great leading difference between a Church established by law course, is familiar with the logical difficulties of this view of the
and a Church based upon contract is that the first is not, whereas matter, for no Church and no system whatever has been criticised
the second is, a corporation, and that not merely in the technical with such merciless severity, especially by its own members.
but in the broad and true sense of the words. A Church established Every one, however, ought to be aware of the fact, for it is
by law is and must be, in so far as it is established, nothing more undoubtedly true, that equally effective attacks may be and have
nor less than a popular name for the aggregate of a great number been directed against the theories upon which other Churches rest
of corporations, the objects, powers, and privileges of which are their pretensions, and that it is quite as true of the Church of Eng-
ascertained by the law of the land. On the contrary, a Church land as of the Church of Rome, that the real objections to it are
based upon contract is, or in the present case will be, a single objections to Christianity itself. A more or less distinct perception
corporation under hardly any legal control, but endowed with large of this, however, does reach the minds of that large number of
funds and with considerable powers of corporate action. The people who combine strong good sense and an obstinate determina-
difference between the Church as it was and the Church as it will be tion not to be imposed upon by what is manifestly false with a large
is that it has hitherto consisted of a number of practically isolated share of those feelings from which all religion springs, and a clear
individuals bound together by their common subjection to a very perception of the narrow reach of their own knowledge upon religious
loose and easy system of laws, whereas for the future there will subjects. It is amongst men and women of this class that the Church
probably be a smaller number under a system of private rules of England, established or disestablished , will find its natural
agreed to by themselves, and better and more closely adapted adherents, and it will be the fault of its clergy if, with the power of
to the objects for which the body will still exist as it has appealing to such feelings, they do not maintain and even extend
hitherto existed . In short, the difference will be not unlike their influence. There is much, one would think, in the essentially
that which distinguishes a feudal militia holding lands gentlemanlike character of the Church of England which ought to
by the tenure of military service from a comparatively small affect the Irish favourably when its ministers no longer stand
regular army recruited by voluntary enlistment. This ought not to before them as intruders and usurpers ; and if the clergy would only
give any very discouraging view of the future prospects of the remember that the strongest argument which has been put forward
Church to those who really believe in its claims to be what in a in favour of the maintenance of the institution to which they belong
religious point of view it professes to be. It will no doubt have was found in the healthy influence which they exercised over their
lost something. It will have lost the prestige of a national esta- neighbours as resident country gentlemen, they will, perhaps, be
blishment. An admission will have been made that the origin of able to learn a lesson of considerable importance as to the way in
the institution was wrongful, and that the principles on which it which they may be most useful under the new conditions which
was founded were oppressive and unjust. It will, also we fear, be are being imposed upon them. Let them renounce sacerdotalism,
found that the position of the Protestant clergy in the Catholic and think more of kindness than of controversy, and they will
parts of the country has lost the significance and part of the in their true position teach a lesson to their English brethren
utility which formerly belonged to it. They will for the future which it is highly desirable that they should learn. They ought to
find it difficult to support the character of resident country gentle- show some common sense in the matter, for their representatives
men bound by many ties to those who differ with them in religious in Parliament have shown a great deal. Few other cases can be
belief. As, however, there is no good in denying the unpleasant mentioned in which a body in possession , and called upon to give
side of the measure, so there is no use in exaggerating its way, has been wise enough to agree to do so in time to make com-
importance. Whatever there was that used to be invidious in the promise possible. If CHARLES I. , if the French aristocracy and
position of the Protestant clergyman will now be removed. The clergy, if the old unreformed Parliament would have compromised
income of the present generation of clergymen at all events will be in time, what bargains they might have had ! The Irish Church
untouched, and if, after all is said and done, they feel that their is a small matter when compared to a sovereign prince, or Legisla-
true position is that of small and benevolent squires resident ture, or a dominant class, but it has, let us hope, been wise in time,
upon their own property, they will practically be able to retain and with a little discretion may reap an excellent harvest.
that position.
The Protestant Church itself, however, as distinguished from
the individual clergy who belong to it, will, if it is wise, be both a PRESENT ASPECTS OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN
rich and a powerful body, and it is perfectly clear that the good
sense of the majority of the House of Lords has put its friends in QUESTION.
a position to make an excellent bargain for it. Amendments IT is natural that the Anglo- Indian journals should continue to
meant as indirect modes of throwing out the bill by frus- discuss the visit of the Ameer of Caubul to Umballah ; and it is
trating its objects can hardly be honestly put forward or creditable that they discuss the subject with moderation. We do
insisted upon by those who have agreed in the course which has not, however, derive from these discussions any very definite ideas
been sanctioned not only by the example but by the arguments of of the policy of the Government of India . In all probability, even
the distinguished opponents of the bill who voted and spoke in the " best-informed journals " had no very clear knowledge of the
favour of its second reading. Amendments intended to let down acts and intentions of the Viceroy, and it is at least possible that
the existing system easily and quietly, and to increase the power the Viceroy himself may have had no such settled and determined
and resources of the new corporation, will be readily acquiesced in. views in the direction of Afghanistan as to entitle them to take
As every one has admitted from first to last, the sentimental rank as a policy. The visit of SHERE ALI to Lord MAYO
grievance, the insult to the feelings and convictions of the Irish may be only a detached incident in Indian history, not a
people, is the real grievance which has to be removed . Not only is link in a great chain of political events. At all events,
it not a question of money, but the money which will come in it would seem to be the desire of Government to make
from the operation is a positive incumbrance, and it is morally the outside world believe that there was not much meaning
certain that the outgoing Church by judicious management after all in the meeting at Umballah . And we cannot be
may get and may keep a great deal of it. The The great
great bulk
bulk of
of the
the surprised at this. All public men to whom any responsibility
people neither understand nor much care about the detailed attaches are afraid of the " Central Asian question ." We have
arrangements of an intricate matter of business, which does not in never yet made anything out of it. In the retrospect it is
any way touch their pockets or appeal to their feelings. Now, surrounded with an atmosphere of failure ; it is to be seen only
accordingly, is the time for the judicious and experienced through a halo of disaster and disgrace. As a burnt child is said
[ 480 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 5
JUNE 25, 1869. ]

to dread the fire, so the statesmanship of England seems antagonism there is a powerful blister ever ready to be applied to
instinctively to recoil from the danger of active interference in our Eastern extremities, drawing thither large bodies of European
Central Asian affairs. But even apart from these warnings of the troops, which we would fain employ in the West. One Russian
past, there are present difficulties which may well suggest caution journal, the Viest, states that " England regards with great appre-
and dispose us to hesitation. We are profoundly ignorant as to " hension the Russo- American alliance, not because it fears the
the actual extent of " Russian progress in the East." We do not " invasion of India, but because the proximity of Russian dominion
mean by this merely the degree of latitude to which the Russian " will have a strong influence on the minds of the people of India,
legions may have advanced, but the depth to which Russia has " who already see with joy the approach of a European Power to
struck root in the Central Asian soil-the hold which she has upon " which they can apply for assistance in case of necessity." The
the countries which she occupies. Hitherto, wisely or unwisely, our wish is plainly father to the thought.
Government has discouraged every offer that has been made by Meanwhile, it is to be hoped that SHERE ALI will not be
enterprising individuals to discern the truth with English eyes and inflated overmuch by his reception at Umballah, and stimulated by
to gather facts upon the spot. We have suffered too much both in our assistance in the shape of money and of arms to undertake any
purse and in reputation by allowing English officers to jeopardize foreign enterprises in the direction of Turkistan which may bring
their lives and liberties in strange places on the outskirts of civiliza- him into dangerous contiguity to the Russian outposts. Now, so
tion, not to be very chary of again incurring similar risks. But long as the Ameer of Caubul confines his aims and objects
although we can plainly see the sources of this disinclination, we are to the recovery and repossession of territory which he has
not altogether convinced that, in such a case, we may not err on the formerly held, or which rightfully belongs to the throne of
side of over-caution . Of course the risks must be reduced to the Caubul, there can be no reasonable objection on the part of
lowest possible point by the selection of the fittest agents and the Russia to what is legitimate consolidation, not unrighteous conquest
wise observance of right conditions of travel and inquiry. But and annexation. But if he should avail himself of the strength
this done, it may, perhaps, be sounder policy in the end thus to acquired by the English connection to go beyond this point and to
throw light upon the subject than to go on much longer helplessly endeavour to acquire new territory on the side of Turkistan, not
groping in the dark. only Russia, but England also, would have a just right to complain.
But there are, probably, other causes of the manifest reluctance It would be most unfortunate, indeed, if the adoption of an
of Government to grapple with the Central Asian question which aggressive policy at Caubul should give rise to a suspicion that
do not lie upon the surface. Considerable efforts have been made SHERE ALI had been instigated by the British Government to
in the course of the present session to force on a parliamentary advance his frontier in the direction of the Russian conquests. As far
discussion of the question, and to draw forth from the archives of as we can estimate, the policy both of the late and the present Govern-
the Foreign Office and the India Office some elucidatory corre- ments, both in India and in England , the one idea in the minds of our
spondence. Ministerial tactics have, however, up to this time statesmen has been to strengthen the de facto ruler of Afghan-
baffled all these attempts. And so a belief has gained ground that istan at home. The best neighbour that we can have is the strongest.
there are certain as yet unaccomplished diplomacies between We can never rely upon the continued friendship of a distracted
London and St. Petersburg which it would at the present time State. RUNJIT SINGH was a strong ruler ; but when he died,
be inconvenient to make known to the world. The opposition internal distractions precipitated external aggressions ; our friends
to the desired ventilation is supposed to emanate from the Foreign became our enemies, and we were compelled to possess ourselves
Office, and it may be gathered from some hints in Russian journals, of the Punjaub. It may have been wise, therefore, to strengthen
especially the Moscow Gazette, that there is between the two the neighbour with whom our possession of the Punjaub has
Governments a question of neutrality which it is not easy to solve. brought us into immediate contact. But we feel assured that the
Our own inspired, or half-inspired organs, are remarkably reticent . last thing contemplated by our Government was anything in
We can gather nothing from them illustrative of the actual the shape of encouragement to Shere Ali to commence a career
position of affairs, and therefore we are thrown back upon the of external aggression. If such a result had been contemplated, we
Muscovite press, which has, for some time past, been discoursing are convinced that the British Government would have been slow
upon the moderation of Russia, her friendly disposition towards to part with its money and with its arms. But if the Ameer of
Great Britain, and her willingness to respect the integrity of Caubul has embarked , or should embark, on such ambitious enter-
Afghanistan. All this we may accept with ready credulity. And, prises, we must not be surprised if Russia suspects that England is
accepting it, it may appear that we ought to be satisfied. With at the bottom of these movements ; and the sooner, therefore, we
Afghanistan, with its horrid rocks and abysmal ravines, lying restrain or repudiate them the better. It is alike the duty and
between the British Indian Empire and the new acquisitions of the policy of SHERE ALI not to spend our money on the prose-
Russia and a Government at Caubul whose good offices are secured cution of objects of illegitimate ambition abroad, but upon the
by English largesses, we might possess ourselves in confidence and consolidation of his power at home.
in patience. But the question is, " What is Afghanistan ? " In
Mr. BROWNING's first great poem one of the dramatis persona says :
You have a very decent prophet's fame, CONCURRENT ENDOWMENTS.
So you but shun these details.
WHEN the history of the great political change through which we
Now, the essence of diplomacy, as of prophecy, is to " shun these are now passing- the abolition, namely, of the Irish Church- is
details." So long as emperors or kings or ministers can scatter considered with more dispassionate judgment than can at present
ambiguous words over addresses or despatches and keep themselves be the case, it is probable that nothing will wear so anomalous and
to the safe champaign country of vague generalities, there is no inconsistent an aspect as the variations of sentiment which have
difficulty if there be much doubt. But, when they reach the point taken place on the special question of disendowment. But it will
at which definitions become necessary, the difficulty commences, be perceived, by attentive inquirers, that there has been a certain
and nations are fortunate if their representatives can proceed any purpose, not in individual minds, but in public opinion, throughout
further in perfect accord. It is very mortifying, but all experience these variations ; a gravitation towards a final settlement hostile to
proves it to be very natural, that two contracting parties, mutually religious endowments in general ; a settlement which ingenious
anxious to conciliate cach other, and concurring with respect to men would fain evade and postpone ; but, as it seems, with little
the basis of negotiation and the general principles to be respected, hope of success. The "levelling up " design of the late
should break down upon a question of detail . The " so far Government came to premature extinction, because that Govern-
shalt thou go and no farther " is always a dangerous turning-point ment had to rely for support on the old Protestant party,
in a negotiation ; and it requires no great sagacity to see that, in to whom any endowment of Popery appeared an insult.
such a case as this, where the frontiers of different States are unde- But, on the other side, Lord RUSSELL was chivalrous
termined and territorial rights are matters of dispute, perhaps of enough to give vent to similar aspirations. He would, if he could,
active contention with alternating results, it must be especially have divided the spoils of the Irish Church among other com-
difficult to fix the desired limitations. In such circumstances, it munities. But he, too, was deterred by the rising murmurs of the
is sound discretion to " shun these details " and to leave defini- tide of opposition from that vast Dissenting interest which formed .
tions to the " chapter of accidents." It is not improbable in like manner the strength of his side, and to which such endow-
that the accident which will determine the Central Asian ment of Popery appeared not merely an insult, but a sacrilege.
question will be one rather of European than than of Asiatic Now, however, that the substance of the measure is no longer in
origin. It may be gathered, indeed, from the hints of the Russian danger, the second reading having been carried, there is evidently
journals that the question of supremacy in Turkistan is one of a strong inclination-and not, as is shown by the amendments of
secondary importance in the eyes of the statesmen of St. Petersburg, Lord GREY and Lord RUSSELL, confined entirely to one side-to
and that the point on which their whole policy is to turn is much revive the principle of " concurrent " endowment of sects. There
nearer home than Bokhara. But this, perhaps, only increases the are many who are satisfied of the justice and expediency of that
gravity of the situation. At all events, it indicates that apart principle on general grounds. But there are a good many others
from the question of a Russian invasion of India, there are elements whose real anxiety is, under cover of it, to get back for the injured
of future difficulty and danger in the proximity of the Muscovite establishment some portion of what the bill in its present shape
battalions to our Anglo- Indian frontier. Russia is anxious to make takes from it. And, generally speaking, it may be said
it manifest that it is the true policy of Great Britain, in the event of that all that class who in the old French religious wars
that all that class
a European war, to array herself on the side of the Czar. In case of were called " Les Politiques "-people who entertained a funda-
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mental contempt for the excesses of religious zeal on both refused this mark of obeisance. He was bonneted with a blow of
sides, who wanted to bring faith under State influence, and thought the fist by a zealous bystander. The police, with Voltairian
that the best way of rendering zeal harmless was through quarterly impartiality, immediately carried off both bonneter and bonneted
payments- adopt in their hearts similar views, and avow them as to the station-house. But among the newspaper comments on the
far as they have the courage. So do many of our most respectable little occurrence, some were to this effect : that the processionists
politicians of what may be called the traditional class : men who were in the wrong, inasmuch as the ceremony was of a novel
go back to the days of PITT or CANNING for dogmatic views of character, and, taking place in the public streets, might be regarded
policy. The whole body of people entertaining these views is as an insult to Protestants and Jews. And this in a country where
respectable from its numbers, and far more so from the authority Protestants form scarcely one-twentieth of the population. Such
of the individuals composing it, and for the reason and moderation is the development of French logic pushed to the extreme under
which characterize their arguments. But our strong persuasion is the system of concurrent endowments. It is a system possessing
that they will not prevail. Against them is ranged whatever is very obvious merits in the eyes of those who would have religion
zealous and determined on every side. The Romanists them- help to keep the peace among us, instead of throwing firebrands.
selves repudiate all endowment short of reinstatement. The But it is not our system, and it is utterly alien at present from our
Orangemen of Ireland, the Dissenters and Low Churchmen of manners and sentiments. Is there any real prospect of its becoming
England, though politically ranged for the moment on different congenial to them ?
sides, are firmly agreed in their determination not to endow The course of events in our country was the very opposite of
what they esteem falsehood. And below these superficial move- what took place in France and Germany. The Church by law
ments, and probably stronger than any, rises the ground swell of established retained its property through all our fluctuations of
advancing hostility to all public endowment of religion in any government and opinion, in each of the three kingdoms. It became,
shape. It is difficult to doubt which side will prevail in such a by degrees, the Church of a bare majority in two of them, and it
conflict. If the Opposition seek to win back a portion of the had always been that of a small minority in the third. But statesmen
sequestered wealth of the Irish Church through bit by bit amend- and theologians alike continued to repudiate all idea of sharing its
ments for that Church alone, they may fail by reason of the incom- property with other communities. Those communities were driven
patibility of the process with that judgment which the country has to maintain themselves ; and they attached their notions of pride,
already pronounced . If they seek to recover them by admitting and independence, and purity of faith itself, to that system of self-
other communities to a share of the spoil, they are exposed to be maintenance. Nor was this all. Forty millions of Europeans by
beaten both by the earnestness of the popular opposition which descent, of whom a large majority are cousins of ours, row people
they will provoke and by the defection of the more zealous part of the emancipated and remaining colonies of this country. They are
their own supporters. of different religious faiths and political sentiments ; but in one
Politicians in general totally fail to comprehend the real strength thing they all agree, they have thrown off one by one the last
of sincerity and earnestness among the mass either of their sup- remnants of the system of establishments, and repudiate altogether
porters or opponents. SYDNEY SMITH was an incomparable wit, the notion of State endowment for religion . In Anglo-Saxon
and he was also a wise man ; but his wisdom has been very much countries, so to speak, that notion is defunct, except among the old
exaggerated by those in whose eyes sharp wit and real wisdom aristocracy of this ancient realm of ours, and those classes of the
have the same value. He distrusted earnestness altogether, and people whose sentiments the aristocracy control or direct.
was wont to pass by any demonstration of it with a sneer, or more We may see cause for regretting this. We may be of opinion
commonly a good-humoured smile. Most of his mistakes in poli- that, unity of faith having ceased among us, it would be better that
tical speculation -and he was guilty of many-arose from this kind the State should care for many Churches than care for none. We
of miscalculation. " The Rev. SYDNEY SMITH," said Lord WEST- may believe that on the whole the French or German ecclesiastical
}}
BURY- a very congenial spirit- in the recent debate, " made an polity of concurrent endowment is preferable to " voluntaryism ;'
"excellent proposal- namely, that a sum of money should be that religious feeling in those countries is not less real than in
" offered to the Catholic clergy ; and if they did not accept it, that ours, while it is certainly more peaceful. But what conceivable
" it should be placed in a bank, when it would be seen how long prospect is there of introducing such institutions among us while
" their self-denying spirit would reject it. There was a great deal public feeling is wholly unprepared for them ? and how can public
" of sense in that humourous illustration." Lord WESTBURY was feeling be educated for their introduction while the whole tendency
unfortunate in thus bringing forward one of the most conclusive of thought and action for a century past has been in the other
instances of the difference between witty common sense and real direction ? And yet this is the experiment on which those states-
sagacity. The prophecy has been utterly disproved. For thirty men and writers are really bent who, just at this moment, are
years the money has been, if not literally in a bank, as completely seeking to break the fall of the Irish Church by making over
within the reach of the Catholic clergy as if it were. For thirty portions of its wealth to rival communities, instead of devoting the
years the slightest movement towards negotiation on their part whole to public purposes.
would have been cagerly welcomed by political leaders and the
ruling class in general, as offering a prospect of settling on amicable
FRIDAY NIGHT'S DIVISION.
terms the most perplexing question of the time. But the Catholic
clergy have never given a sign, nor shown the slightest symptom THE result of the debate in the House of Lords on the Irish
of yielding. Politicians-always, as we have said, disinclined to Church Bill is happily such as to disappoint men of extreme
the theory of sincerity- may believe that this self- denial on their opinions only. The bill has not been rejected by the Peers ; they
part springs from the selfish motive of a desire to maintain their have passed its second reading by a majority of thirty-three. How
influence. Be it so. Whether the cause of it be policy or obstinacy disappointing this must be to ardent Tories and violent Protestants
or principle, the fact remains the same. And the advocates of need not be said ; but there is another party who must be at least
"concurrent endowment " must prepare to deal with it as they may, as disheartened by it-the Radical party. They seem to have
and to deal, at the same time, with the equally sturdy resolution of counted with much confidence upon a conflict between the House of
those who object to paying what the priests object to receiving. Lords and the country ; which, of course, meant more particularly
" Concurrent endowment " has been hitherto unknown in this conflict with them. Granting that there were a few men of capacity
kingdom , save in regard to the trifling exceptions of the Regium in that House, the whole body of peers formed such a hopeless
Donum and Maynooth grant, which serve only to prove the rule. corporation of stupidity that of course they would reject the bill ;
In continental Europe, wherever liberal institutions or governments and then would come the long-coveted opportunity of " conflict
in any degree prevailed, the Church property of the middle ages with the Lords," fulfilment of the aspiration which ennobles all
found its way in modern times into the hands of the State. The minds of the " great tribune " cast, of actually going into the ring
State, in order to maintain religious peace in countries of mixed with a duke. The House of Lords has damped out these expectations
faith, took upon itself to pay the different religious communities of they have been exhaled and turned to nought by those qualities
importance in proportion to their numbers. Such is the rule which which alone give even Radicals a right to political existence-
now prevails in France, Germany, and other advanced continental good sense, moderation, care for peace, and willingness to do
countries. And the habits of the people have gradually conformed justice. We are rejoiced at this result. On all grounds the rejec
themselves to the established usage. The idea of free, unendowed tion of the bill would have been deplorable ; but since there was
Churches, with their wars and jealousies and proselytizing ten- never any doubt that in some shape it would become law
dencies, appears to them incompatible with political order ; the speedily, the most deplorable consequence of its rejection
idea of a single paid Church among a number of others entitled by would have been the loosing of two fanatical and intolerant
parity of reasoning to payment, at once illogical and oppressive. parties at each other's throats : the Orange Tory and that
And each community, whether small or great, having once obtained other tyrant, the Red Radical . This danger is averted at present.
a title to State maintenance, stands in their minds on an equal Violence has been made ashamed by moderation -totally thrown
footing. The so-called State Church has only a kind of pre- out of its calculations by reason ; which has triumphed where its
cedence. Neither may insult or attack the other ; neither, existence was denied. The small majority for the second reading
except within closely watched limits, may proselytize from the which was thought to be achieved up to the Thursday night by
other. The other day the clergy of some large church in Paris sheer argument " (this is acknowledged by the Spectator, which
improvised a rather unusual procession in the neighbouring streets. is also of opinion that most peers are fools, and which last
The people took off their hats as it passed. One sturdy recusant week made the startling discovery that dukes " jerk ”—extrą,
[ 482 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 7
JUNE 25, 1869. ]

ordinary circumstance ! ) -this small majority, so gained, grew

Now, whether it be or be not another MORALS IN DRESS.
to be a large majority.
sign of the atrociously superfine character attributed to us THAT dress is an important agent in the moral history of the world few
in some quarters, we confess ourselves pleased, and not at all will deny. That a history of dress would be a history of domestic morals
chagrined, that either House of Parliament should arrive at sound sounds a bold generalization, and yet perhaps it might better stand the
conclusions through sheer argument ; it is a matter of con- test of inductive reasoning than many an accepted theory. The dress of a
gratulation for the whole country that it should be so - not only as certain age or of a certain people has features which are no less distinct
regards this particular case, but in prospect of future legislation ; than its laws, manners, and customs ; and as the character is affected by
especially as all legislation is wrought out through conflict of outward circumstance as much as the physical type is affected by climate,
opinion, At present the great question under discussion stands no one can question its importance. Of itself the subject is too interesting
to need any apology. However little we may esteem dress as a moral or
in a position perfectly satisfactory. Not only has agitation
æsthetic element, we are unconsciously influenced by it. We cannot help
been discouraged by the course and the result of last week's
receiving impressions through the eye, and the temperament being more or
debate, but the agitator has been thrown, and happily crippled less subject to the imagination, these impressions sway us whether we will
for present operations. What gives us most solicitude now is the or no.
degree to which the Lords may be encouraged by the recoil If we remember rightly, statistics showed a marked increase in the
of Mr. BRIGHT's letter, by confidence in their own judgment, by number of suicides during the few months following the Prince Consort's
desire to vindicate their own independence, and in the exertion death, which was attributed to the depressing effect of a whole nation in black.
of their unquestionably Conservative temper, to make alterations To take another instance, a lady visiting a country workhouse noticed the
in the Bill. It is quite evident that the measure has been unusually melancholy look of the younger boys, as well as a grotesque
sanctioned as a whole in deference to considerations which appearance, for which she could not at first account. At last she discovered
the reason. The matron, having an extra supply of bonnets and a dearth
are not included in its own terms. The majority for the second
reading is great because the House clearly understands and loyally of hats, had made the bonnets do for the little boys, thus, from sheer callous-
accepts the definition of its powers traced out by Lord SALIS- ness, inflicting an indignity far beyond that of the severest punishment.
We give a familiar and more pleasant instance. Who does not recall the
BURY the object of the bill is the will of the nation ; and
the House defers to the nation while it dislikes and dreads elation of spirits with which he first found himself among the gaily clad
populace of Vienna, Madrid, or Rome ? Dress the Viennese beauties, the
the purpose of the bill. But, in doing so, it has shown clearly by Madrilenians, and the Italian peasantry in the sombre colours ofthe North,
the mouths of many even of its more liberal members, that the and halfthe enchantment would be gone. Mr. Lecky, in his last work, goes so
means by which the House of Commons propose to achieve the far as to infer that the blue blouse of the French peasantry conveys to English
end desired do not all recommend themselves to the judgment eyes the repulsive idea of a rustic population clothed like butchers ; but
and feelings of the Peers. Against much in the bill a strong this would surely apply to minds of extraordinary sensitiveness only. In
spirit of opposition has been manifested amongst those who the struggle between barbarism and civilization, we find that the dress of
have given the majority to the Government. Now it is for the advanced race has effected little less than his arms. A love of clothes
them to be wary of carrying this spirit too far. Fair amendments is one of the first and often most fatal lessons imparted by the white man to
-amendments for which good reason can be shown, alterations the savage ; and gay-coloured handkerchiefs and glass beads have paved the
which are calculated to fulfil the first promise of the Government way to conquests and extermination. The prestige of apparel among rude
to make the measure a generous one-the country will sanction tribes was witnessed quite lately by the fact of Theodore robing himselfin
without doubt ; but to secure them there must be no attempt at the very ugly yellow mantle-now exhibited at the South Kensington
such alterations as may be called radical. Museum-when fain to inspirit his troops before the fight at Magdala.
" For oft the apparel doth proclaim the man," Shakspeare wrote, and even
In this view it is instructive to observe the gradual elimination of
in the present day of levelling fashion we find men and women clothed with
irrelevant and untenable arguments, and the tendency of the contro- some regard to their social, political, and religious opinions. " Whoever has
versy to settle down into one or two broad general issues of a suffi- studied the physiognomy of political meetings," says Mr. Herbert Spencer,
ciently distinct character. It is only by an examination of the in his essay on Manners and Fashion, " cannot fail to have remarked a
discussion in this aspect that we can form any idea of the practical connection between democratic opinion and costume ; " and he goes on
effect of the division on the questions which remain. The conven- to speak of the bare necks, shirt collars à la Byron, waistcoats cut Quaker
tional interpretation of a second reading, that it affirms the principle fashion, wonderfully shaggy great-coats, and other oddities seen at a lecture
of the bill, assists us only in those rare rare cases where the on socialism or a Chartist meeting. History affords ample proof of the
principle is of an exceedingly simple character, and is specifically effect of dress upon manners and morals. The Church, always quick to
expressed in the preamble. In this sense it might perhaps use such weapons as lay at hand, attracted the imaginative to her ritual by
be said that the principle of the measure which has just been the gorgeous robes of her priests, imparted an added terrorism to her
read a second time is conveyed in the words " disestablishment and power by the awful garb of the inquisitors, and made the habiliments of
her children emblematic of meekness and poverty throughout the world,
disendowment," but it is only by reference to the debate that
An austere régime like that of the Commonwealth has been accompanied
we can ascertain whether these words have any precise and
by a fashion that seems seductive now for its very simplicity, while a
generally accepted meaning. As to the first, indeed, there is not reactionary period of sensuality and looseness is characterized by every
much difficulty. Lord DERBY stood almost alone, not only in frivolity of costume that the mind of man or woman could conceive.
attaching importance to the arguments about the Coronation Óath Compare the austere heroes of early Roman history to that Emperor whose
and Act of Union, but in drawing the conclusion for which he portrait was taken in the elaborate costume described by Gibbon : he
used them, that the official connection between Church and wore robes of silk and gold, after the loose-flowing fashion of the Medes
State must continue to be maintained . To pretend that and Phoenicians ; on his head was a lofty tiara, his collars and bracelets
either the oath or the Act interposed an insuperable obstacle were adorned with gems of an inestimable value ; his cheeks were painted
to reducing the Establishment to the level of other denominations with artificial red and white. Juvenal speaks of a Roman dandy who
involved, as Lord SALISBURY pointed out, the inexpressible went abroad in a toilette costing as much as two funerals, and Horace
absurdity that men might be committed for ever and ever to laughs at the Syrian perfumes and the wreaths of roses with which even
endurance of a state of things which they regarded as foolish and grey-haired moralists of the Empire loved to array themselves. But it is
unjust, simply because any number of centuries ago such a state of chiefly women who have sinned by vanity in dress since the days of Eve-
things had been created for the sake of objects never fulfilled, or so say the moralists -and the Patristic writers even bade them be ashamed
of their dress, since it memorialized their fall. The author of the " Anatomy
since discovered to be objectionable. Lord CAIRNS, Bishop MAGEE,
of Melancholy," after citing a score of instances to show the evil effects of
and all the really able men on the Conservative side were careful
undue regard to apparel, warns women lest with all their " new-fangled tires,
to clear themselves even from the suspicion of resting their case on
preparation, far-fetched and dear-bought stuff," they do not damn their souls.
such an unreal and fantastic basis. Acquiescence in disestablish- The aesthetic importance of dress is hardly less apparent than the
ment, as far as it implies the severance of official ties moral. As the type of countenance, nay, of form, varies under the modi-
between Church and State, may be inferred from the division ; fying influences of costume and climate, so we can be at no loss to under
but there is, of course, room for abundant controversy as to stand the supreme beauty of Greek art and the sensuous perfection it
how far the retention of endowments by the Church will typifies. The Greeks not only enjoyed an exquisite atmosphere and
constitute establishment. There are two leading questions on lovely scenery, but perceived another kind of beauty which seemed to
which the Committee on the bill will be chiefly exercised first, how them more glorious than all-the beauty of the human form. And having
much in the nature of private property is the Church entitled set themselves to reach this, and having gained it, as Mr. Ruskin observes,
to retain as strictly her own, and how much of the national they gave it their principal thoughts, and set it off with beautiful dress.
Could one of the old Greek sculptors be transported into a modern
property she has hitherto enjoyed should be left to her on
grounds of public policy. It is ominous that the answer given by drawing-room he would surely wonder less For that we have no better
the truth stares every
art than that we should have any at all.
the bill to these questions provoked disapproval from all who thoughtful person in the face. We are daily doing more and more to
took part in the debate with the exception of the Ministers
travesty the human form and to set at nought those very principles of
themselves. The date at which private endowments should be held
harmony inculcated by our æsthetic teachers with so much vehemence.
to commence, and the disposal of the glebes, are both questions on It is true we have discarded some abominations, such, for instance, as tight
which some minor amendments might perhaps be accepted by the lacing of which it is related that Mrs. Inchbald died ; one among
Government for the sake of peace, but the Lords will act wisely if thousands -thin shoes, crinolines that rendered daily locomotion a torture,
they adhere to the spirit of Friday night's division rather than the stocks, cravats stiff as pasteboards, and one or two other fashions equally
letter of their speeches, and avoid alterations in the measure likely unbecoming and unpleasant. In spite of these reformations the modern
to jeopardize its fate. dress of both sexes by no means accords with the simplest laws of beauty,
[ 483 ]
 8 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 25, 1869.

hygiene, and economic science. And, take it for all and all, perhaps the THE PEABODY FUND.
dress of a lady was seldom more inartistic, unhealthy, and extravagant
than at present, and surely never more vulgarizing. WHEN Mr. Peabody established a fund for the benefit of the poor of
Consider the fashion of earrings. Now it is obvious , as Mr. Tylor London he expressed a wish that a report of all that had been done
remarks in his " Early History of Mankind," that the reason of women should be laid before the public once a year. The trustees have respected
mutilating their ears is not to be found in the circumstances among which this injunction, and a complete account of the money they have received
we are living. The modern earring of cultivated nations is a relic of and spent during the year is regularly transmitted to the newspapers.
ruder mental and moral conditions, and though we have outlived the One thing will occur to anybody who looks over the balance sheet :
barbarism we persist in retaining the fashion of barbarians : a case among the fund is most economically managed. No expensive offices are
many in which the result of progress has been negative and not positive. kept up and no large salaries are paid. The entire charge for these
Again, regard a lady's toilette as mere drapery. The eye is tortured purposes has averaged about £270 a year. This of course does
by the multiplicity of angles, lines, and points, and what with the frag- not include the management of the Peabody Buildings, but the cost
mentary appearance of the dress and the unaccountable mass of flounces of that also is very moderate. Each block is under the charge of a
running over it at random, one is. reminded of the piecemeal structure of superintendent, who receives 255. a week and his rooms. The heaviest
the animals called Articulata. Harmony of colour is regarded as little charge connected with these properties is incurred for local and parochial
as harmony of proportion, and the passion for novelty has induced taxes. Last year £744 10s. 3d. was paid in this way.
extreme wastefulness. Twenty dresses of inferior stuff are preferred It is comparatively easy to ensure economy in the general management
to one of rich and artistic material, and the thought and care of the fund, but a question of very serious anxiety to the trustees was how
that might devise a really beautiful costume are expended upon the money might be applied with the greatest profit to the poor. Mr.
the manufacture of a hundred as uniform as they are unbecoming. Peabody, in his letter announcing his first gift of £ 150,000, stated that his
These common-place dresses being quickly worn out, Fashion, the modern object was "to ameliorate the condition of the poor and needy of this
Sisyphus, begins its uphill work by inventing a hundred more. Women , great metropolis, and to promote their comfort and happiness." The fund
whose chief business it is to dress according to fashion, are not likely to was to be of service to " future generations," and therefore it was necessary
interfere with the graver concerns of life ; and in a work of deep and to render it reproductive. After long consideration the trustees resolved to
painful interest lately published by Dr. Maudsley on the Physiology of build dwelling-places for the industrious poor, partly to demonstrate to holders
Mind, great stress is laid upon the connection of frivolous pursuits and of house property " the practicability of rendering the dwellings of the
mental disorders. There is a slightly greater disposition to insanity among labouring poor healthful, cheerful, and attractive," while securing a fair
women than among men, which is partly accounted for by the baneful return upon investments. Since that plan was formed Mr. Peabody has
system of female education, engendering, as it does, puerility of occupation, increased the amount of his gift to the total sum of £ 350,000.
paucity of resource, and a habit of total dependence. The writer looks to The trustees have now completed four of the buildings which were
the higher education of women not only as an element of their social and thought best calculated to accomplish the donor's design. It is impos-
intellectual regeneration, but of physical well-being, since a purposeless sible, in our opinion, to contend that these buildings are as perfect
or ill-directed life induces, among other ills that flesh is heir to , the most as they might and ought to be, or that they are cheap. They have
terrible of all- insanity. cost, with the land, £ 151,194, or a little more than Mr. Peabody's original
But let women begin the process of self-education by cultivating the gift. A return of two and a half per cent. is the utmost the trustees obtain
ethics of dress. This is their empire. What do they make of it ? We from their investment ; so that if Mr. Peabody had not made his second
have spoken of the vulgarizing effect of modern fashion, and surely this donation the work accomplished by means of the fund would be over for
statement will not be denied. Dress, said Hazlitt, is the great secret of some little time to come. In that case, we doubt whether any one
address ; and young women who imitate the so-called " fast " style of would have been quite satisfied with the results. The earlier efforts of the
Parisian fashion insensibly acquire the " fast " style of speech and manners architect were by no means brilliantly successful. He seems to have had
also. This is imitated by the lower classes till even our domestic servants but one idea to erect an edifice which should be a sort of cross between
are ashamed to wear sober colours and last year's bonnets. Extravagance a workhouse and a gaol. The rooms were small, the passages were cold
is the rule, moderation the exception, among all ranks. and narrow, the whole style of the building was heavy and gloomy, and
There is a yet graver side to the question. Is the dress of the present finally the rents were not remarkably cheap. In fact, the landlords in the
day quite as decent as one would wish it to be ? We hold not. One immediate vicinity of a " Peabody Building " had to lower their rates only
would think that in a climate like our own, aguish, catarrh-giving, con- a very little in order to compete on level terms with the trustees. There is
sumption-fostering, there would exist no necessity to decry the so-called an improvement in the later buildings, and the one recently finished at West-
décolleté style ; but it is carried to greater excesses than ever. Health minster is perhaps the best specimen we are likely to get of a bad and
and decorum are sacrificed - Heaven only knows why- in modern drawing- ill chosen style. The whole design of these " homes for the poor " is
rooms to the Moloch , fashion , and it stands to reason that just as sensa- capable of great improvement, and a competition among architects would
tionalism in literature affects the moral tone of society, sensationalism in bring out ideas by means of which the Peabody fund would be rendered
dress is like a little leaven that leaveneth the whole lump. twice as useful as it is at present.
Clearly, we want a reform in dress that should work towards moral , At the outset, the desirability of buying the land instead of taking it on
æsthetic, and social ends. Dress should be, in the first place, lease may be questioned. For example, an enclosure was bought at
conscientious ; in the second, beautiful ; in the third, appropriate. A crusader Shadwell, and a building of that kind which architects say will " last for
against fashion must send traditions to the four winds and acknowledge no ever" was erected upon it, the entire cost being nearly £45,000. At that
canons but those of reason. Tradition imposes upon men perhaps a time employment was provided for large numbers of men in the dock-
convenient but certainly as ugly a costume as could be devised. Tradition yards and other places in the neighbourhood. But the trade of the
imposes upon women an elaborate, foolish, and often unhealthy toilette. district has declined ; and already there are numerous empty rooms in
But what is tradition to us ? Why should not the one sex discard chimney- the Peabody Building. It is too far away from the localities where
pot hats and swallow-tail coats, and the other décolleté dresses and corsets ? employment can be found to be of any great service to the poor. Labouring
Why should men enjoy all the ease and women all the elegance ? men do not care to walk several miles every day to and from their work,
It is universally acknowledged that the happiest state of society is one especially if a dismal locality like Shadwell is to be their home. It is quite
which makes woman the companion of man ; but this companionship is certain that if the trustees had to sell the land at Shadwell they would find
limited by an undue idea of appropriateness in dress. In public walks a great disproportion between the buying and the selling price. Moreover,
and parks, for instance, little boys are allowed to play about helter- with so much capital sunk the fund is to a great extent crippled.
skelter ; but little girls, because they will spoil or disarrange their Sir Sydney Waterlow has built homes for the poor upon which he gets
clothes, are compelled to walk demurely beside their nurse or more than 22 per cent. interest for his money, and he neither buys land
governess. Again , the daily walk of a man is an accessible pleasure in nor erects extravagant buildings. He aims at providing the poor with
most weathers ; but how many women keep at home, either from really comfortable homes. Mr. Darbishire's barracks can scarcely be said
dislike of the elaborate process of lacing boots, fastening hooks and pins, to have secured this end . Most of the rooms which we have seen in them
tying strings, adjusting tippets and mantles, and so on ad infinitum ; or have a bare, chill, unhomely look. The walls are simply whitewashed, and
from want of time to achieve both toilette and exercise, or from want of a it appears to us that the rooms are not large enough to ensure that decent
dress really suitable for inclement weather? The consequence is that an accommodation for poor people which it was Mr. Peabody's desire to supply.
occasional promenade takes the place of anything like healthful exercise ; Not more than three rooms are let to one tenant. For these, at West-
and the same habit is carried to the watering-place and the country. A lad minster, 5s. 6d. a week is charged. Some of the tenants have seven or
who should take his sisters for a rough walk through the woods would eight children ; and since there must be one room set aside for cooking
assuredly get a scolding on account of torn muslins, sodden shoes, and and meals, it is easy to understand that large families are not embarrassed
sunburnt faces ; and he grows up with the notion that girls are very pleasant with space in the Peabody Buildings. The general answer of a contented
companions once in a while, but a good deal of trouble to look after. tenant to the question how they like their quarters, is " Pretty well, but the
This state of things is very inexpedient, and what Fashion should be rooms are so small ; we can scarcely find room to turn round in them."
founded on is expediency. We admit that an easy intercourse between A laundry is provided at the top of the house for the use of all the
the two sexes improves the character from childhood upwards, and renders inmates, and this is a great accommodation . But if the scheme is to be
the relations of after-life happier ; yet we allow the complications of quite successful, the rooms should be larger and the rents lower. If smaller
costume to stand in the way of all intercourse but that of the drawing- buildings were erected , without aiming at eternity, and with more attention
room. Simplify dress and more would be done to strengthen the character to the comfort of the inmates, we cannot doubt that the hard working
and fortify the health of women than by any elaboration of hygiene or poor (whom alone Mr. Peabody wished to assist) would derive far
greater benefit from the fund than they do at present. It is very doubtful
education. We are not perhaps justified in hoping that the lessons of
utilitarianism will be readily taken to heart ; but tradition is being unseated policy to spend much money in building such houses to " last for ever."
from its throne, and we may hope that the freedom extended to theological In the first place the conditions of the locality may change in a few years,
and scientific inquiry will be also extended to the less obvious but hardly and in the next place a glance at Mr. Darbishire's creations assures us that
less influential expression of individual men and women in their social the art of constructing cheap and comfortable dwellings will presently show
and domestic relations, Till then it were vain to preach against the some advance. Workmen may be expected by and by to decline to take up
slavery of dress. their abode in a big house where the best apartments are like prison cells.
[ 484 ]
 JUNE 25, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET.
9

These considerations may be fitly urged at a time when the trustees of been slow in following up the lead set by France ; so that we are now in
this noble fund have still a large sum to expend. . They possess a fine site fair way to see at least the continental ocean service wholly in our neigh-
at Chelsea, another at Brixton, another at Bermondsey, and they are trying bours' hands.
to get still another in Westminster. Why not build in these districts homes
By the preceding tables it will be seen that the Post Office is as sensitive
for the poor of a different character from their present achievements ? to the convulsions of trade as any other branch of the revenue, but this
Their object is simply to administer Mr. Peabody's fund to the utmost reaction is not apparent when we come to look at the actual numbers of
advantage. Their own services are given without reward of any kind. It letters, &c. , passing through the post, and in both countries the results
would be a great mistake to bind themselves always in one set of notions, of the crisis are shown in the increased expenditure thrown upon the
or to remain under the fascination of an idea that no suitable plans for departments in the year 1866. If we attempt to measure the intellectual
" Peabody Buildings " can be obtained outside the office of one particular activity or commercial enterprise of a country by the amount of corre-
architect. The Westminster home, as we have admitted, is an improvement spondence carried on by its inhabitants, we shall find enough in the Post
upon the others. The same architect has a specimen of his earlier style Office statistics to strengthen us in our preconceived notions. Any one
close to the Westminster building. It has been in occupation for two or acquainted, however slightly, with the habits of either Frenchmen or
three years, and already it presents a most gloomy and even offensive Englishmen would have little hesitation in crediting the latter with the
appearance. The yellow and white colouring of the walls is covered with largest number of letters written and received ; but no one who did not
dirt, and the whole place seems abandoned to decay. The Peabody Buildings know the keen interest which Frenchmen take in their newspapers would
may be cleaner, but some are not very much better in design. It would be a guess that three times as many of these latter pass through the post in
good plan to allow the tenants greater freedom in decorating their rooms. France as in England. Of course, the number of newspapers passing
Some ofthe tenants at Westminster, we noticed, have endeavoured to brighten through the Post Office is no exact criterion of their circulation throughout
up their apartments, and there were several " sets " which looked comfortable the country, and although France can point to no ubiquitous newsagents
enough- that is to say, they were clean, tidy, and not overcrowded. But like Messrs. Smith, yet they are not without imitators. And Lord
a new mind is needed for the task. At Brixton especially it might be Hartington's implied argument that England was the only country where
possible to give the tenants a garden. In several of the present buildings a threepenny or a penny newspaper was to be purchased at a railway
the tenants practise horticulture in a handful of mould outside their station at its published price was altogether beside the mark, and calculated
windows. A more promising field for their taste might easily be supplied to mislead.
at Brixton. Roots and plants are given away every year by various public III. Circulation of Letters, &c.
bodies, and a common garden could be kept up with very little expense
to the trustees. If these improvements were made the labouring poor 1865. 1866. 1867.
would have more reason than even yet they have to remember Mr. United Kingdom : --
Total letters delivered 720,467,007 750,000,000 774,831,000
Peabody's name with gratitude.
Books, newspapers, & c. 98,538,882 101,784, 185 102,273,301
Registered letters 1,800,982 1,955, 141 1,964,980
Returned letters..... 3,602,995 3,618,888
THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH POST OFFICES. France :-
JUST at present, when an important postal reform is under the considera- Total letters delivered 317,280,954 327,541,394 346,403,990
Books, newspapers 275,285,920 290,091,680 306,195,880
tion of the authorities at St. Martin's le Grand, it may be interesting to Lettres chargées.... 3,774,159 4,016, 199 4,386,320
compare the leading characteristics of the French and English Post Offices. Returned letters (lettres
tombées en rebut)... 2,353,596 1,904,609 2,066,688
In both countries an annual report of the actual position of the Post
Office is drawn up and published by its chiefs. At the very outset we From the foregoing table it will be seen that Mr. Graves's calculations
are struck by a radical difference in the conception of the duties of a post-
are substantially correct, and that the ratio of letters and newspapers or
office in the two countries. With us the necessity of making it a source book-packets to the population is as follows :-
of revenue is paramount. But our French neighbours (and in this they Letters to Newspapers,
again are outdone by the Belgians) hold that their first duty is to convey each Person. Book-packets, & c.
letters as cheaply and as quickly as their means allow. In France, as a matter United Kingdom……………. 28.2 3.77
France 11.89 9.09
of fact as well as of principle, every letter is delivered by an agent of the
administration to the person to whom it is addressed. No villages are It would also appear that as a rule the French are either less careful in
thought too insignificant to require their regular delivery, no cottage is too addressing their letters than our fellow-countrymen, or else they shift
remote to receive its daily (if necessary) visit from the postman. In
their abodes more frequently ; the number of letters missent being 1 in 173
England, and more especially in Wales and Scotland, the case, as we in France, against 1 in 236 in England. It is, however, only right to add
know, is quite the reverse. It does not pay the Post Office to send occa- that in both countries only a very small proportion of these returned letters
sional letters to every village, or regular letters to each out-of-the-way fail either to reach the intended recipient or to be returned to the writer.
country house, and the result is that they have to be fetched at the There is one other curious point of difference between the French and
receiver's expense. It has been the object of the French Government to English systems which is worthy of note. With us it is generally supposed
reduce from time to time its rates of postage, especially for the interior of that a letter once posted becomes the property of the person to whom it is
the empire ; and its efforts have, as might be naturally expected, met with addressed, the Post Office acting as trustee only in the matter. In France
an appreciative response on the part of the public. Acomparison between every letter becomes, from the moment of posting until it reaches its
the net results of the English and French Post Offices will show that in destination, the property of the Government. The practical benefit gained
both countries under different systems the results arrived at are in a great from the French arrangement is that a writer may, if necessary, correct the
degree similar. The cost of the carriage of mails by sea as well as land is address of a letter after it has been posted ; and under certain conditions,
included in both cases, and a reference to the second table, where these may, if he wishes, actually have his letter returned to him. Furthermore,
charges are separately stated, will show how greatly the large subventions the French Post Office acknowledges its responsibility for registered letters
given by the French Government to their mail- packet companies have which may miscarry through the fault of its employés, and during the year
reduced the net profits of their Post Office. 1868 paid indemnities to correspondents to the amount of 17,300 francs.
I. Total Receipts and Expenses of Post Office. It may readily be supposed, in the absence of any statistics afforded by
our Post Office, that the minimum charge of 3d. for each money order-
Receipts. Expenses. Net Revenue. no matter how small the amount- is a serious bar to the transmission of
a. Great Britain :-- small sums through the post. The French Post Office is far more liberal
1865. £4,423,608 £2,941,086 £1,482,522 on this point, and has established a system based on an actual percentage
1866. 4,599,667 3,201,681 1,397,986 on the value of the order (mandat). Besides this all sums of less than
1867. 4,668,214 3,246,850 1,421,364 10 francs are free of the droit de timbre. It is to be regretted that the
report of our Post Office gives no return of the actual number of money
B. France :-
1865.. 3,149,088 2,321,500 827,588 orders issued, or of the proportion borne by the smaller envois to the larger.
1866. 3,274, 141 2,480,975 793,166 IV. - Money Orders.
1867.......... 3,459,534 2,488,556 970,978 Amount received for Value of Orders
a. United Kingdom :— Money Orders. issued.
In comparing these figures it should be borne in mind that whilst
in this country more than £ 120,000 per annum, received by the Inland 1865 £157,113 £ 15,257,385
1866 166,430 16, 107,999
Revenue on account of impressed newspaper stamps , appears under the 1867 172,085 16,463,487
head of Postal Revenue , the French Post Office has to deliver gratis to
B. France :-
each subscriber three newspapers , viz.- Le Bulletin des Lois, Le Moniteur 1865 £64,048 £4,906,257
des Communes , and Le Bulletin des Arrêts de la Cour de Cassation , and whilst 1866 74, 104 5,351,412
the whole of the receipts for insurance , & c., of letters is in England 1867 81,599 5,840, 199
carried to the Post Office account, the droit de timbre -rising from
The average value of each order issued by the French office
£20,000 in 1866 to £24,000 in 1868 - is in France credited in the during 1867 was 29 f. 22 C. , slightly lower than the average of the
budget of l'Administration de l'Enregistrement et des Domaines .
preceding year, but a fraction higher than that for 1865 . It should not
But to return to the cost of the packet services of the two countries. be forgotten that the system of sending sums of money by cheques in
The amounts are :-
France is far less common than with us ; but, on the other hand, bankers'
II.
England. France. and other bills are freely used for the transmission of money, and the large
1865 £825, 185 £813,400 circulation of these may be gathered by the very large proportion of lettres
1866 845.365 949,504
1867 chargées to ordinary letters, as shown in Table III.
809,609 954, 188 We have thus briefly summed the various points of contrast between
Not long since this country carried all the ocean-going mails of Europe, our postal system and that of our neighbours ; but, before concluding, we
but of late years, and especially since 1864 , the French have discovered feel bound to express our surprise at some of the avowals made by members
the advantages of competition, whilst Germany and Belgium have not of the present and late Government in a recent debate. How does

[ 485 ]
 10 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 25, 1869.

it happen that it is so much cheaper to send a paper from Palermo to when the latter is applied to vessels of very light draught, and bad form for
Aberdeen than from the House of Commons to the Strand ? Either the speed." But the hydraulic was applied to a vessel of precisely the same form,
foreign rates for newspapers and book packets are remunerative or they are and is therefore entitled to every credit which is given to the screws for
not. Ifthey are, it must follow that the profit is greater in carrying a paper capability of doing better in a better ship. As a means of obtaining speed,
for short than for a long distance ; if they are not, what becomes of the so far the trial proved the water propulsion to be at least equal to the screw.
theory that the Post Office is a revenue department ? What too , for the Inferior at half speed and in turning at full speed, it was superior in facility.
sake of argument, would prevent a company from collecting all the circulars, of manoeuvring, and it retained all its incontestable advantages of safety,
newspapers, &c., in the kingdom, shipping them to France or Belgium, freedom from fouling, concentration of weights, and uniformity of action.
and posting them there ? The Post Office, under existing conventions, Here is precisely the balance of advantages and disadvantages which calls
would be bound to deliver them, and its revenue would not, we imagine, for more experiments. And if the experiments ought to be made, surely
suffer. We know too, perfectly well, that it costs us twice as much to they ought to be made at once. If the invention is really valuable to the
send a paper from London to Palermo as it does to send the same paper country, we ought to reap its advantages without delay. If it is not, we
back to England. And this inequality is the more striking when ought to learn the fact at once, that we may know we have nothing to
we take into consideration the fact that, whereas foreign post offices admit expect in that direction.
nearly all printed matter at newspaper rates, we only accord this privilege In putting the case on this reasonable ground, we are purposely leaving
to such as are registered for transmission abroad. Thus it may happen out of view the fact that the inventor, in a pamphlet just published, strongly
that the same packet which is sent from the Continent to England for a impugns the fairness of the comparison between the Waterwitch and the
halfpenny cannot be returned for less than fourpence. In the face of such Viper and Vixen in the trials already made. He argues that the actual
anomalies can our postal treaties be called reciprocal ? horse-power developed by the Waterwitch engines, though apparently
greater, was really greatly less than that ofthe engines of the Vixen and Viper.
Into this we do not enter, for it seems to us unnecessary to determine the
point by calculation when the only rational method is by further experiment.
HYDRAULIC PROPULSION.
But the fact that the Admiralty on the one side object that the screws
It is about two years since the public heard of the trials made in H. M.'s worked at disadvantage, and that the supporters of the water propulsion on
Waterwitch of a new method of propulsion, destined , so its inventors the other seek to demonstrate that their system really accomplished more,
affirmed, to supersede screws and paddles alike in the merchant service with less power than their rivals, certainly forbids either side from claiming
and the navy. The method indeed was not new in the sense of being a a decisive victory. Now as the Admiralty has confessedly not established
recent invention, for it had long before been brought before the world by that the screw is in all respects superior to the hydraulic, it is bound to try
Mr. Ruthven, so long that the original patent had expired, and an exten- the question again with as little delay as possible. When the points at
sion of it had been granted by the Privy Council. But the singularity of issue are so many and various, and the merits of a new system so unques-
the proposal was itself sufficient to account for its slow progress to success. tionable in some respects, it is only by repeated trials that the relative
The system consisted in pumping water into a ship, and ejecting it through advantages as a whole can be fairly tested, and it is in the last degree unsatis-
nozzles at the sides with such force towards the stern as to drive the vessel factory that such an inquiry should be indefinitely deferred. We hope Mr.
forward ; or, if need were, towards the bow so as to drive the vessel stern fore- Childers will at once look into this matter, and reconsider the resolution of
most ; or forward on one side of the vessel, and aft on the other, so as to turn Mr. Corry to put off an investigation so interesting and so extremely
her on her centre. When the novelty of this idea was overcome, it was seen by important.
practical men to possess several obvious advantages. The propelling
agency was perfectly steady in its action, working alike in any weather or LADIES AT PIGEON MATCHES.
sea, saving the risks of external screws or paddles, and the weakening of
the vessel by the interference of the screw shaft with the stern , free from It would seem evident that full recognition and concession of the rights
all danger of fouling, having the immense advantages of getting rid of of woman cannot be long deferred, and among the most significant signs
almost any quantity of water a leak could admit, and presenting extraordinary of our somewhat revolutionary times is the way in which ladies are
facilities for stopping or turning. What remained to be tried was the question extending the circle of their interests. Even with curtailed crinolines
of speed. To test this element the inventor had a vessel constructed to their gallery in the Upper Chamber at St. Stephen's is shrunk a world too
ply on the Thames as a passenger boat, in competition with those regularly narrow to hold the political enthusiasts who crowd to it, and on a great
at work. This experimental boat, christened the Nautilus, tried against match day the ground at Hurlingham Park shows like a parterre in the
one of the Citizen Company's boats, of rather smaller size, but more stand at Ascot. Beauty rains influence on the chivalry of the breech-
powerful engines, fairly beat her. The Nautilus also developed all loader, if it does not precisely adjudge the prize, and the birds of Love and
the other advantages claimed for the new method of propulsion, Venus are butchered to the strains of soft music-" choice operatic selec-
with the additional merit, important to landsmen, of being found tions by the band of the Scots Fusilier Guards." Pigeon shooting is
entirely free from vibration due to the engine. Meantime the Admiralty a sport like another, and there can be no question that to drop a blue
selected the Waterwitch, then in process of construction , with the Vixen rock in high condition is very pretty practice and a very fair test of eye and
and Viper as sister gunboats, of 160 feet in length, 750 tons, and 160 nerve. The strain on the latter and the odds on the bird are obviously
horse power, for an experiment of their own. The former was fitted with increased by the introduction of a " gallery " of ladies as an element in
the hydraulic propeller, the two latter with twin screws. On the first trials, the scene. We wonder whether the new institution has given a great
at Maplin Sands in 1866, the Vixen and Viper made respectively 9.2 and impulse to the sale of bijou betting books in morocco and Russian leather.
9.1 knots. At the same place the Waterwitch, on her first trial in Then for a man mewed up in town for the season , far removed from
January, 1867, made 9.9 knots. Further trials were ordered at Stokes salmon streams, when all other sports are things of the past or future, and
Bay, and came off in August, 1867. The Vixen then made 9.06 knots, the autumn's birds are yet in embryo or the nursery, it is something to be
the Viper 9.47 knots, the Waterwitch 9.23 knots. At half power the Vixen able within a cab fare of Pall-mall to enjoy an afternoon of suburb if not
made 7.34 knots ; the Viper, 7.33 knots ; the Waterwitch, 6.16 knots. In field sports. Men, it is admitted, are hard-hearted by nature, nor does it
circling the Vixen and Viper made the full circle in 3 min. 20 sec., the do to scan too closely the character of their pet amusements. The best
Waterwitch in 4 min. 11 sec. Except in the matter of full speed these hearted of sportsmen are the active agents of inflicting on the brute
figures are against the Waterwitch, but on the other hand she underwent creation a good deal of the misery they share with their superiors
some trials in which her rivals could not compete with her. She went under the primeval curse. It is their nature to ; and at a pigeon
astern at a rate of 7.9 knots, and she turned on her centre, without use of match they go to work under the excitement of an emulous rivalry stimu
her helm, in 6 min. 25 sec. , and by reversing the discharge pipes she was lated by jealousy of skill and by heavy stakes. But when you see a
stopped from full speed ahead in 1I min. 9 sec. , or within a space only twice woman there, you can't for the life of you help asking, " Que diable allait-
her own length. elle faire dans cette galère ?" She sits in cold blood to see the shattered
These results were so satisfactory in the matter of speed -the only victims drop in theirs, fortunate, indeed, when the death comes on them
point in which a deficiency was anticipated--that it might have been swift and sudden as their own flight. Possibly they flutter down out of
expected the experiments would have been continued and extended. But bounds, winged, broken backed, but still sentient ; perhaps they are lucky
unfortunately the Waterwitch is one of the vessels that are not built to enough to be " tinkered," and, living to be trapped another day, carry home
swim. On her voyage from Portsmouth to Plymouth she all but went to a pellet or two as souvenirs through the barrels of free guns who watch the
the bottom, the risk being so great that the Admiralty presented purlieus of the grounds. It seems to us that since cock-fighting went out
a watch to the chief stoker as a reward for courage in remaining of date, there is more of business-like butchery in pigeon shooting than in
at his post in time of danger. This misadventure was attributable any British sport, and that it is a very fair substitute for the Spanish bull-
solely to the seas breaking over her, and was in no way connected fights we are so hard upon. Talk of the cruelty of a bull-fight, and
with the character of her propeller. But her unseaworthiness being the truculent depravity of the fanned and mantillaed señoras who project
thus proved, of course no good experiments could afterwards be eyes and soul into the blood-stained ring ! There at least they see some-
made with her, and the Admiralty have rightly refused to send her to sea. sunstroke
thing of the dignity of danger. To say nothing of the chance of
The inventor applied to have the engines and propeller taken out of her in going and returning, the picadors occasionally do get a broken rib,
and fitted up in another vessel ; but this, " my Lords," on August 1 last and now and again El Toro does overleap the inner barricades and run
year, formally declined , on the ground that "the Waterwitch is, notwith- a muck in the pit. Then for death and wounds among the beasts, the
standing her defects, too useful a vessel for many purposes to justify their bull is invariably condemned beforehand, it is true, but he sinks on the
bodies of his victims, mad with the joy of battle. His victims are a
lordships in removing her engines from her ; and the proposition to fit
another vessel with the hydraulic propeller must be deferred for the superannuated horse or two who have long outlived the allotted
present." space of Iberian horseflesh, and whose lives -to judge by galled sides and
This last determination is one for which it is hard to see the reason. cavernous, famine- stricken eyes-must long have been such a burden to
In the letter from which we have quoted, their lordships concede that "the them that even the rip of a bull's horn can hardly be a sensation to frames
speed obtained slightly exceeds, perhaps, what was expected by the blasé in their misery. But a pigeon match in June ! Leaving out of mind
Admiralty." That admission being made, why should the favourable the sufferings of the birds themselves who make the Belgravian holiday,
result not lead to at least further experiments ? The official letter declares might not women be expected to think of the sharp but slow pangs of
that " the hydraulic is as a propeller somewhat inferior to the screw, even physical anguish in many a dovecot in the home counties ? Do they
[ 486 ]
 JUNE 25, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. II

suppose these strong vigorous birds have been condemned to a life of a trial of projectiles, of which one uses a percussion fuze, is of peculiar
celibacy to spare the feelings of their mates and offspring ? or is it not importance) appears to be all that need be desired. Advantage has been
more probable that they have been netted and hampered, heedless of the taken of this to place the targets in all sorts of positions. Now they
helpless little creatures who sit open-beaked, gaping in growing feebleness represent lines of infantry, now columns ; now they are on the brow of a
for the accustomed food ? Parental affection and unjust self-reproach may steep ascent covered with brushwood, now they are covered in front by
have as much to do as instinct with the arrow-like decision of flight with wet boggy ground ; now the position is broken ground covered partially or
which the pigeon shoots homeward from the trap when the string makes wholly with brushwood or scrub ; now the targets are retired behind the
a gaol delivery. crest of a hill, so that only the top of the front target is visible. In some
There can be no doubt a match of the kind is the chosen carnival of instances higher targets, representing cavalry, are employed ; in others dum-
the sporting loafer, whether his habits lead him to lounge about pheasant mies are disposed as skirmishers, eight feet apart, in the open or among
copses of an autumn evening with the stock of an old double-barrel up his brushwood, on the flat or on a slope. Or the rows of targets are placed as
back, and its barrels down his velveteens, or to flaner up Piccadilly of a columns of infantry, in echellon or masses. Lastly, a position is to be
summer day in a frock coat and lavender gloves ; whether Jem Noakes selected and entrenched rapidly, behind which the targets and dummies
turn up at the " Jolly Sandboys " to shoot sparrows for a fat pig or an are to be placed. The infantry targets are six feet high, the cavalry nine
eighteenpenny sweep, or my lord comes home with a few hundreds in his feet. Both are made two inches thick, in order to measure the penetrative
pocket from a pigeon match limited to members of the clubs and officers effects. Then, again, in most cases in the field the range would be
of the services on full pay. The taste is growing ; and from being the unknown, at least it could be known only by the application of some field
fashion of a set, commonly thorough bred sportsmen, as in the old days telemeter, for which latter purpose Lieutenant Nolan's instrument, before
of Ross and Osbaldeston, it is spreading in society season after season described in these columns, is employed, while in some of the trials no
in ever-widening circles. It has crossed the Channel, and promises to measurement is permitted. The programme also includes the conditions
become an institution with our neighbours, and the affiliated and admirers of rapid and deliberate practice. Over certain ground percussion fuzes
of the Jockey Club threaten to run our English champions hard. We would be so clearly inadmissible that the segment shell is to be fired in
should say, in fact, it appeals to the French taste far more than to what some instances with time fuzes only. In some cases the time and percus-
we are in the habit of regarding as the English one. It addresses itself right sion fuzes will be used conjointly. In others, the percussion fuze alone.
and left to their ambition- not love of sport, and to their turn for To frame a programme calculated to exhibit the relative efficiency of the
gambling. It is the ecarté table moved into the open air, with the gallery projectiles under these various circumstances requires very great care and
clustered round it, struggling to put down their louis over each other's skill, but the Committee appears to have accomplished this important part
shoulders. It is even a vast advance on the battue in the shrubberies we of its task in a manner which augurs well for the general conduct of the
have here. You have a day's shooting without its natural toil, with the experiments. To make the trial more complete common shell are used in
certainty of game, without the risk of fagging or over-heating yourself, some of the positions ; and after the first object of the trial is satisfied
without the contingency of a ducking. After your late déjeuner, your it will be interesting to observe how the common shell acquits
coffee, your chartreuse to steady your hand, you can step into your itself in comparison with the segment under certain exceptional circum-
coupé or your dog- cart, in varnished boots and the master-pieces stances, as, for example, against the entrenched position. A camp
of Jouvin fils, and you return in the afternoon a hero, possibly, has been formed at Dartmoor of one battery of Horse Artillery
conquering and enriched. In France there is a great future for with 9 -pounder breech- loading Armstrong guns, and one field battery with
the sport, especially if the French ladies can only be interested in it. 12 -pounder breech-loading Armstrong guns. There is also a garrison
Nothing like the presence of the fair sex for giving a fillip to a French- battery to assist in placing the targets, throwing up earthworks, & c.; so
man's gallantry in the double sense of the word. To the French hunting- that each branch of the regiment of artillery is represented. Altogether
man the day would be blank indeed if he had not patrolled every street of all the materials for a very thorough and exhaustive trial have been col-
the town in scarlet and on horseback before fairly starting for the meet. lected, and it is satisfactory to observe the spirit in which this important
It is woman who seduces him- after a long training of sedentary life and experiment has, not too soon , been entered upon, and the evident deter-
three miscellaneous meals per diem have puffed him up to over fourteen mination on the part of both the War Office authorities and the Committee
stone-to figure in a steeplechase conspicuous in crimson silk jacket and to do justice to it.
white satin sash, courting there certain discomfiture and possible danger. If The experiments commenced on Tuesday and were continued
women would only imitate their English sisters and take the Parisian matches throughout last week. Our contemporary the Standard has published
under their wings, it is hard to estimate the impulse they would give to the an interesting and detailed account of the trials as far as they have
sport. Bankers and Bourse-men would follow the gilded youth to conquer gone, and from this account it is easy to see that as yet the shrapnel shell
the costly admiration of the vestals of our Lady of Lorette, and with the has had very much the best of the competition. The first day's work was
system of handicapping no excessive penalties need baulk their aspirations. at a known range of 1,300 yards, the targets being on moderately broken
Unfortunately the sex in Paris is frivolous in its tastes, leaning to comedy ground, in two rows, three feet apart. Fifteen rounds of segment shell
rather than tragedy. At the Théâtre Français it deserts Corneille for from the 9-pounders appear to have given only the following results : -
Emile Augier, which is perhaps excusable, and to him again it prefers an Front row of targets, 4 segments and splinters through, I lodged, 3 struck ;
opera of Offenbach's, a vaudeville at the Variétés, or a Palais Royal rear row, 3 through : total effects, 11. With fifteen rounds of shrapnel the
farce. Our women have taken the lead, as befits a nation in the van of results were : Front row, 54 bullets and splinters through, 4 lodged, 9 struck ;
liberal ideas, but it may be hoped the French ones will follow them, the rear row, 50 through, 8 lodged, 21 struck : total effects, 146. With the 12-
rather that such a reform would be in harmony with the spirit of an Empire pounders, the segment drove 24 segments and splinters through the front
whose Court patronizes the bullfights of Bayonne and Nismes. Meantime, row, 26 lodged, 42 struck ; rear row, 9 through, 4 lodged, 14 struck : total
to come back to England before leaving the subject, why should a silver effects, 119. Shrapnel -front row, 69 through, 10 lodged, 9 struck ; rear
pointer have been chosen as the objet d'art to be offered at the last fête at row, 68 through, 14 lodged, 8 struck : total effects, 178. Those who are
Hurlingham ? Surely there, in flesh or metal, the dog was singularly out of familiar with this subject will not need to be told that the relative achieve-
place, nor, however pigeon shooting may be adapted or developed, is he ments of the two shell cannot be fairly estimated by a comparison of the
likely ever to figure in it in the future. Our wives and sisters may change total effects, since the proportion of fragments which strike with sufficient
their natures, but we presume the pigeons will keep to theirs, nor are we killing or wounding force to pass through or " lodge " in the targets is of
likely to see them building on the ground and lying to dogs. We should so much more importance than the proportion of those which merely
suggest for the next occasion, as at once more appropriate and more " strike " or graze the target without inflicting dangerous injury, that it is
poetical, a figure of Venus weeping over her murdered doves, to be pre- usual in trials of this sort to ignore effects of the last class altogether, or
sented by the youngest and fairest and-presumably-the most tender- (as is perhaps fairer) to assign a very much reduced value to them.
hearted of the assistants. Considered in this way, the success of the shrapnel shell on the first day
was very marked indeed.
Similarly, on the second day, when the practice was at 1,000 yards, we
find the number " through " with the shrapnel (both rows of targets)
THE EXPERIMENTS AT DARTMOOR.
amounted to 359 with the 12-pounder against 187 with the segment, and
If any doubts had existed as to the desire or the ability of the Committee 307 with the 9-pounder shrapnel against 72 with the segment. On the
on Segment and Shrapnel Shell honestly to determine by varied and third day the practice commenced with the 9-pounders across a valley at
exhaustive experiment the relative merits of the two projectiles, the pro- targets distant 1,000 yards, covered by skirmishers placed to represent one
gramme which is now being worked out would certainly serve to dispel rank kneeling and one rank standing, the dummy skirmishers being eight
them . It is by no means so easy a matter as it may seem to arrange the feet apart, and the two ranks twelve feet apart. The supports were repre-
details of a trial of this sort so as to give no accidental advantage on one sented by a line of infantry targets eighty yards in rear, forming a front of
side, and fully to elicit the good and bad points of the rival shells- a fact from fifty to sixty feet. A mistake of about seventy yards was made in the
which is sufficiently evidenced by the failures of former Committees in this range, and this experiment was repeated on the following day. Owing
direction. It is requisite for this purpose to bring within the limits of an to this error, the effects with both shells were very small, but slightly in
experiment as many as possible of the conflicting conditions of field warfare. favour of the shrapnel. At 1,200 yards with 12-pounders the shrapnel
One of the first of these conditions is the uncertain and varied character obtained a more marked advantage, for it killed 97 men (if by this
of the ground. This condition appears to be admirably satisfied by the expression we denote the bullets " through "), against 19 only killed by the
ground at Dartmoor. The position is about fifteen miles from Plymouth segment. When Thursday's 9-pounder practice was repeated on Friday,
and one mile from Prince's Town. It is free from human habitation, and at 1,000 yards, the shrapnel killed 27 of the skirmishers and supports, the
very little frequented, and there are two convenient mounds, Harter Tor segment 14. Then the practice opened at 900 yards, at skirmishers and
and Cramber Tor, by which fragments or bullets are stopped. The land, supports arranged nearly as before, but moved higher up the hill, so that
the supports were more retired behind the crest. Behind, 173 yards
which belongs to Sir M. Lopes, is entirely uncultivated . Portions are
covered with heather and thickly sprinkled with huge blocks of stone, distant, was a mass of reserves disposed in three bodies-right, centre,
whilst marshy ground, deep peat over rock, and ground on which left- each having a 36-feet front. The segment shell on this occasion were
artillery can manoeuvre are also to be found. There are valleys and fired with percussion fuzes only. The result was 36 killed by the shrapnel
undulations of all sorts, and opportunities, in fact, for representing against 13 killed by the segment. This was followed by practice with
positions of almost every description. Therefore, the ground (which in 12 - pounders at an enemy disposed as above, but 1,500 yards off. The victory
[ 487 ]
 12 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 25 , 1869.

of the shrapnel was still more marked, being 61 killed, while the segment communion with him. My concierge, Alphonse, who brings me up my letters,
only killed 9. appeared one morning bearing visible marks of a personal conflict. His
We have stripped this account of all superfluous detail, in order that left eye was black, and the place where his nose should have been was
the results may stand out in all their naked significance. No comments occupied by a swollen mass, which, as M. Victor Hugo would say, presented
are needed to show on which side the advantage has thus far lain, and it the appearance of nothing human . Alphonse was an old soldier, and
is hardly necessary to point out that the practice (which has been rather scrupulous about his personal appearance. " What's this ? " I asked ;
beyond the effective ranges of musketry) made with the shrapnel must "you don't mean to say you've been getting yourself into any of these
be regarded as very formidable, and the result so far certainly appears to election squabbles ? " Alphonse approached the looking-glass, surveyed
justify the importance with which these experiments have been invested. himself grimly in full face and in profile, and then answered with
But little interest attaches to the performances of the common shell fired solemn quiet, " C'est mon ami Jules qui m'a arrangé comme
under the conditions adopted for these first experiments ; and it is merely cela ; mais c'est égal ; on va 66lui payer ça plus tard." " What was
necessary to say that, as might have been expected , they have hitherto it all about ? " I repeated . Figure to yourself this," exclaimed
done nothing worthy of notice, beyond establishing most conclusively the Alphonse, gesticulating. " Yesterday evening I go to see my friend Jules,
fact, which hardly needed proving, that for general field purposes, against to talk about these elections. Says I, ' It's M. Devinck, the chocolate
an enemy in the open, common shell are scarcely of any value whatever. merchant, who's the Emperor's candidate in this district. It's the duty of
an old soldier to obey the orders of his chief, so I vote for M. Devinck.'
' No,' says Jules, who's an old soldier too , ' I don't like chocolate. I
6
MEN OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. shall vote for the Emperor.' But,' I explained, ' it's all the same thing ;
the Emperor can't be a deputy himself, so he puts forward M. Devinck ;
No. XIII. - LE JUGE DE PAIX. if you vote for M. Devinck you vote for the Emperor. ' ' I tell you I don't
WHEN the Emperor Alexander visited Paris in 1867 there was something like chocolate,' cried out Jules ; if it was a coffee merchant, I don't say ;
he admired even more than the cascades of Mdlle. Schneider, or the but chocolate doesn't agree with me, so I vote for the Emperor.'
Lafitte, 1846, of the Café Anglais, and that was the institution of the "Then your vote won't count,' I said. ' Ah ! the devil it won't,' cried
Justice de Paix, established in every mairie of the capital. Justice, such Jules, springing up, my vote 'll be as good as yours any day,' and, piff,
as it is administered at the Palais de Justice, more especially in the Sixth paff, before I could utter a word he gave me a blow in the eye, a blow on
Chamber, towards journalists, he was perfectly conversant with, having the nose, and a kick behind, which sent me rolling outside down the stair-
seen something of the kind in his own domains ; but justice cheap, case. " " Mais c'est égal," burst out Alphonse, warming again at the
impartial, and expeditious was a thing altogether original, which struck him remembrance of his injuries, " I have assigned Jules this morning before the
in a new, unexpected light. His Majesty never tired, as the semi-official juge de paix, et vous allez voir, il me paiera ça." " I will go with you,"
organs said, of watching the juges de paix dispose of the long rolls of I said, "to see the law wreak its vengeance upon Jules. But tell me how do
cases submitted to their judgment. He would stroll incognito into the you obtain an assignation (summons), and what does it cost you ? "
mairies at ten o'clock of a morning before breakfast ; and on leaving " It costs fifty centimes (5d.)," answered Alphonse, " and it is easy to
France for his native land he announced to somebody or other his get ; all you have to do is to state your case. If Jules is condemned, it is
intention of acclimatizing in Russia the excellent institution he so much he who will pay the ten sous." "Yes, but what if he should not appear?"
fancied. I confess this reminds me slightly of an anecdote told by a " Ah ! " cried Alphonse, "then Maître Robin issues a second summons
traveller in Africa- (it is always travellers in Africa who tell one these which costs two francs, and this time Jules pays whether he is guilty or
stories)--about a certain king, whom, for the sake of euphony, we will call not. If he refuses to come the second time, there is a third summons of five
Bungo. The traveller having entered the realm of this intelligent potentate, francs, which, as before, he is obliged to pay ; should he still refuse to
was requested by him to give some description of the land whence he came. appear, then the juge goes to him and adds for so doing another twenty
Nothing loth, our traveller instantly recounted the glories of Trafalgar- square, francs to the bill. This time there is no escape. The juge calls upon
the splendour of the equestrian monument on Constitution- hill, and the him to make his defence. If the decision is against him, he is given so
beauties of the stone monarch prancing opposite the Alhambra ; then much time to pay ; at the end of the time, if he is not ready with his money,
flying from these to loftier themes, he spoke of our noble British Consti- there is a seizure of his property and a public sale." "The chances are
tution, compounded in equal doses of Queen, Lords, and Commons. His that Jules will appear then," I remarked. " Trust him for that," growled
language was so chalorous that Bungo waxed enthusiastic. " By Gum, Alphonse, and thereupon he departed to make his toilet.
66
you stranger," he shouted, you see next time you come here I have Our mairie is one of those new monumental buildings which Paris owes
Parliament too." Probably the traveller put little trust in this to the munificence of M. Haussmann. The staircases inside are as vast as
assurance, for he may have remembered that a sort of European those of a palace, so that although there is always a fair crowd besieging
Bungo who reigned at Naples had made a similar promise to Sir the justice de paix, yet Alphonse and I could wend our way up to the door
William Temple in 1848, without much intention of keeping it. How- without being hustled. The inevitable garde de Paris, with shako, cross-
ever, in this case the Sovereign kept his faith right royally ; for when next belt, and sword , guarded the entrance to the sanctum, so as not to let the
the traveller passed through his kingdom he cried out to him, in the tone of room grow over-full. Alphonse, however, from being an " appellant,"
one rejoicing over a new pair of boots, " I say, you mister, you come long obtained immediate ingress through a small door closed to the public.
with me. I got new Parliament to show you." And so saying, he slid off Without having any right to do so, I followed him.
his throne and emerged into the open air with the avowed intention of There is nothing like the justice de paix in England, although
having his Parliament opened. The ceremonial was simple but imposing. Napoleon I. , in founding the institution , borrowed the English name of
First came the King, attired in a pair of cotton drawers and a hat, closely justice of the peace. A British police- court cannot be said to resemble it,
followed bythe Prime Minister clad in the same way minus the hat. Behind for the juge de paix does not deal with crimes or misdemeanours. A great
trooped courtiers , soldiers, people, and the Englishman. The procession had many of the cases submitted to French judges of the peace are of the kind
not far to go. A few minutes' walk brought them to a field where a couple which English police magistrates would declare themselves incompetent to
of hundred negroes were working. Here the King stopped, the Prime adjudicate on. Almost every day one may read in the English papers that
Minister began to blow through a horn, and the two hundred negroes a poor man or a poor woman has presented himself or herself before
rushed up in haste, a few laggards being stimulated to activity by the Mr. This or Mr. That, and, after the recital of a most grievous case, been
parliamentary exertions of several " whips.' " There now," cried the King, dismissed with the words, " I deeply sympathize with you, but I regret to
addressing himself to this assembly, " all you, there, you my faithful say I am quite powerless to afford you help." One seldom hears such a
Commons, and I send for you to show you to dis stranger. Now we going reply as this from a juge de paix. If any injustice has been done
to have a division ; I be speaker ; ' tention. All you dat love me, content (and provided, of course, there be no politics mixed up with the
to pay taxes, and like to see me happy, go to de right. And all you dat business), the chances are certainly ten to one that he sees you righted,
be idle wagabones " (here his Majesty brandished a sword with ominous and this without expense, delay, or trouble, in the best, most sensible, and
significance), " all you dat hate me, not like to see me happy, and not wish most unceremonious way possible. The room into which I followed
me to be king, go off to de left. " With touching unanimity the whole of Alphonse was divided by a bar into two unequal parts -the larger for the
King Bungo's Parliament converged to the right. " Berry good," said the public, the lesser for the pleaders. On a dais raised about a foot from the
King, 66 now dat be enough for one day, you go back to work." Then ground was an armchair and a table. In the centre of the space reserved
turning towards the edified Englishman : " Dat my House of Commons, for the pleaders was a large table covered with an infinity of objects of
mister ; tell me what you tink of ' em ? " various kinds, all relating to quarrels about to be settled. At this
Judging from the accounts we receive every now and then from Poland, table sat a gentleman writing ; this was the clerk (greffier). The
where lands are confiscated , property seized, and contracts annulled without seat on the dais belonged to the juge de paix, and was filled
of the
the shadow of a reason, Alexander II.'s method of applying justice of the by my small friend in gold spectacles, the frequenter
peace to his subjects must be considered as nearly akin to King Bungo's café X. At first sight the room might have been mistaken for an
notions of parliamentaryism. But, after all, this is no business of mine. ordinary French court of justice, but at a second glance the difference was
Passons, as the French say ; for I have a few words to write about Maître easily discernible : there was no seat for a Procureur Imperial and no
Robin, the juge de paix of our arrondissement. barristers. Every man must speak for himself at the justice de paix ;
I had often seen this little man strut contentedly out of the mairie plaintiff and defendant being questioned alike. The judge does his best
at the end of his day's work- that is, towards five P.M. - and wend his way to get at the truth, and to do this well he has no need of lawyers. The
towards his habitual café, where, true Frenchman-like, he spends his hour case being tried when we went in was one that would have been dismissed
over a choppe of beer, a game of dominoes, and the evening paper. I by any English magistrate as frivolous. A workman had bought a pot of
had frequently admired the shrewd look of his features, the brightness of pomatum-cost, a franc. On returning home and examining his purchase
his gold spectacles, the trim cut of his grey hair, and the dapper neatness he finds the pomatum to be rancid and unfit for use. He appeals to the
of his black clothes. His face was smooth shaven all but a slight rim of perfumer to let him take another pot in exchange. Refusal ofthe perfumer.
whisker ; he wore the red riband of the Legion of Honour at his button- Customer argues, protests, vociferates, and finally takes out a summons.
hole, and he invariably eschewed absinthe ; three things which stamped him The juge de paix sets matters straight in a minute and a half. After
at once as an homme sérieux and made waiters speak to him with reverence. looking at the pomatum, " Why do you refuse to give this man
I might, however, have passed many days of my life without knowing who he another pot ?" says he to the perfumer. " I don't see why I
was had it not been for a notable occurrence which brought me into close should," responds the latter ; " Monsieur comes in and chooses a pot ;
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13

if it's a good one so much the better, if it's not so much the worse ; he in their evening chroniques, and contrived in one way or another to pick up
must take his chance." " Nonsense," cries the judge, " you don't keep a a heap of information as to where they live, how much they earn, what
lottery, but a shop ; in taking your customer's money you agreed by tacit sort of lives they lead in private, and where they get their clothes made.
contract to give him good pomatum. You must pay I franc cost of the When, therefore, the badaud hears that one of his favourites, Achille
pot, 2 francs to compensate this man for loss of time, and 50 centimes cost Pinson, or Hector Pincette, for instance, has got himself into trouble,
of the summons. Go along with you. Call the next case." This next his soul immediately becomes filled with restlessness. He cannot
case was that of a landlady who had let some rooms for three months to dine until he has obtained a glimpse of Achille to see how that hero bears
a gentleman without knowing that he played the flute (gentleman and flute up with his calamity. The short paragraph in which Achille modestly
produced). After being fairly installed the lodger had begun one day at announces that " notwithstanding this new blow struck at him by oppres-
noon to practise upon his instrument and had continued without cease till sion, he shall continue to fight on the breach with the same courage,
six. The landlady contended that under these distressing circumstances fortitude, and disinterestedness as before " is closely scanned to see if it
she had a right to eject. The lodger, on the contrary, maintained that can afford any trustworthy clue to the present state of Achille's mind.
he was entitled to stay his three months, and to play the flute as often During the week or so that elapses between the indictment of Achille and
as he liked. "No doubt you are," assented the judge, " but, Monsieur, do his trial, the badaud dogs the journalist about the boulevards, lies in
you think it would be the act of a galant homme to strain your privilege wait for him in the cafés, and writes him an anonymous letter
at the expense of a lady ? " With these words galant homme and lady, to express his admiration. On the day of the trial itself he is at
you can turn a Frenchman round your little finger. The flutist began the Palais de Justice, standing three deep on the staircase of the
to stammer, and from that moment it was not difficult to bring him to an Police Correctionelle, or trying to push his way into the 6ème Chambre, or
agreement, the terms of which, as far as I can remember, were that the being excitedly shoved back by the " municipal " on duty, who asks him
contract should be annulled, à l'aimable, but that the lodger should be with gesticulations whether he thinks it possible to get in in that way?
allowed to remain in possession until he had found new rooms, on the Somehow or other, though, the badaud usually contrives to effect an
understanding, of course, that meanwhile he should cease playing. In thus entrance, albeit the crowd of Achille's friends, masculine and feminine,
settling this little matter, which would certainly never have been arranged muster in such force that he is obliged to content himself with standing
by the parties themselves, the judge took care to lay it down as " a law of room near the door. But the badaud is not particular. What he wants is
honour" that a person afflicted with a mania for playing the flute was bound to behold Achille in the dock, to hear how that fertile genius, whose pen
to make known his infirmity to those with whom he desired to lodge. distils three columns per diem, will answer to the charge of exciting to
This said, he rapped his pen against the inkstand, and called, in his usual hatred and contempt of the Government. Perhaps he will make a
voice, for the next case. speech. Who knows ? Did he not declare three weeks ago that
A score more affairs were disposed of within the next two hours, and if ever he were dragged into a court by the myrmidons of power
amongst them that of Alphonse, whose ami Jules was requested to pay he would make his judges tremble and the bust of the Emperor
ten francs in two weekly instalments to heal his friend's eye. In all the Napoleon blush scarlet ! It is a palpitating moment. Ten minutes
cases the judge seemed to do his best to conciliate the contending parties ; yet remain before the proceedings will commence. The badaud,
and when he failed to do this his adjudications were always honest and who feels glowing all over, raises himself on tiptoe to get a
equitable. Some of the cases submitted to him involved large sums of better look at the literary celebrities scattered about the benches. There,
money ; others hinged upon mere trifles. There is no limit to the juris- not three yards off, is Timothée Trimm- Leo Lesfrès, as he is called in
diction of a juge de paix. If accepted as referee by plaintiff and defendant, private life -who, after making the fortune of the Petit Journal, is busy
he may give judgment in a matter of millions as well as in that of a few making that of the Petit Moniteur. He has a piece of paper and a pencil
pence. Of course, however, it often happens that in affairs relating to with him, and is writing on his hat. Evidently, that man knows the
disputed sales a juge de paix has need to be assisted in his decisions bythe value of time, and is inditing his chronique for to-morrow. On the neigh-
opinion of professional appraisers. There are accordingly a staff of experts bouring bench sits " Cham," or rather the Viscomte de Noé, for the badaud
attached to each mairie, and these men, whose collective knowledge likes to show that he is conversant with the real names of people. He
embraces every branch of trade, are at hand to advise the judge as to the too has a pencil and paper, and- may the gods pardon me !- but he must
value of any object, animate or inanimate, which it is possible to buy or surely be sketching the face of that " municipal " who has a nose like a
sell. After listening to Maître Robin a whole afternoon, I was not sur- beak ; we shall see that soon in the Charivari. Place aux dames now, for
prised to hear that the decisions of the juges de paix are seldom appealed here are two ladies, all silk and chignon , nibbling at some pralines out of a
against before the superior courts. The Parisian who believes in nothing bag which M. Adrien Marx has given them. Has the badaud seen their
believes in the juge de paix. He never makes sport of him, has the faces before ? Of course he has, for he knows everybody. One is Mdlle.
fullest trust in his integrity, and flies to him for redress or arbitration where Turlupine, of the Bouffes, and the other Mdlle. Gredinette, of the Folies
an Englishman would never think of consulting anybody. This is one of Dramatiques. Both have a " tender sympathy " for Achille. They do not
the disadvantages of the facile working of the justice de paix. It serves quite know why he is here ; they have a vague belief that he has been
to make Frenchmen less self-reliant than they ought to be. It makes them trying to make a barricade by himself; but never mind, they will both .
a great deal too prone to fancy that a man has no need of brains when make a point of crying by-and-by when he is sentenced to three months'
there is an " administration " there to think for him. imprisonment, and meanwhile they exchange nods with their admirers, and
But there is a yet darker side to the justice de paix than that just men- talk between them of " ce pauvre garçon ," the brave but luckless Achille.
tioned, and for this reverse to the medal it is the Government who are Tush though, for the door behind the dais has just opened. A small
responsible. Great and well justified as is the confidence which the juges usher emerges and shouts " La Cour ! " Hats go off, everybody rises ;
de paix inspire in large towns where they are to a certain extent under the pencil, paper, and pralines disappear, and one after another, like three
supervision of the press, they do not always deserve the same confidence mutes at a funeral, come Minos, acus, and Rhadamanthus, the three.
in rural districts where they are virtually free from control . In the country judges who are to punish Achille.
there is a juge de paix for every canton, a canton comprising from half a Ifthe most interesting person at an execution is the culprit about to suffer,
dozen to a dozen communes. Now, as in his canton the juge de paix is the next most interesting is certainly the executioner. This is why, when the
the great arbiter of those innumerable squabbles that are continually three magistrates have taken their seats and the audience have done like
arising betwixt peasants, it is not to be wondered at that his influence wise, all the eyes in the room, from those of the badaud to those of Mdlles.
should be both very extensive and very powerful. Farmers and workmen Turlupine and Gredinette are fixed upon the presiding judge, M. Minos.
will think it worth their while to keep on good terms with a man to whose As the judges of the Sixth Chamber are usually changed every year, I shall
impartiality they may be obliged at any moment to appeal. This the be designating nobody in particular if I say that M. Minos is a stout, florid man,
Government know, and the statesmen of the Second Empire have not with keen hawk eyes and amassive forehead. Dressed all in black, with agown
scrupled to turn the great influence of the juges de paix to account for and pair ofbands, he would give one rather the idea of an English clergyman
electoral purposes . of the Church militant, were it not for the flashing scarlet ribbon and white
The juges de paix, corrupted by promises of
decoration and promotion , have been of late years in country districts the enamel cross which adorn his breast. This ribbon and this cross stamp the
avowed electioneering touts of the official candidates. More than even man at once ; M. Minos is a judge who knows how to do his duty. Let
prefects, mayors, or priests, have they contrived to fill the ballot boxes no one accused of an offence against the Government seek to move him-
with subservient votes ; and the result is that amongst those of the country let no journalist and no street-rioter appeal to his indulgence. M. Minos
populations, which are now beginning to wake out of their long slumber, has a cold, hard look for appeals of that sort ; he would be not unlikely to
the juge de paix, instead of being what Napoleon I. said he ought to be double the penalty.
-that is, the father of the canton - is beginning to be looked upon with For the benefit of those unversed in the ways of French procedure, it
feelings in which filial affection cannot be said to count for much. should be observed that a trial in England and a trial in France are two
different things. When a Frenchman is arrested or summoned , the first
judicial officer he is brought into contact with is the juge d'instruction .
No. XIV. THE MAGISTRATE. This functionary corresponds to a certain degree with an English police.
Most French journalists, sceptic or otherwise, believe in the bad luck magistrate, but he has only power to examine, he cannot pass sentence.
which attends Friday, for it is on Friday that press offences always come His duty is to collect evidence, which he does by cross- questioning the
on for trial in the Sixth Chamber of Correctional Police. Whilst curates accused and all the witnesses separately. Of course to a British mind this
fast and dowagers pray the knights of the pen wend their way in detach- system of cross-examination in secret must appear unfair, but it has this
ments of one and two towards the tribunal of penance, as well known to merit,that it is a prettyinfallible means of getting at the truth. Duringthe time
Frenchman who handle a quill as the " swishing-room " is to Etonians. that he is under examination - and the time may vary from two days to
This is always a great day for the Parisian badaud. Accustomed to see three months- the prisoner is allowed to communicate with nobody. He
journalists sign their names at the bottom of their articles, and accus- neither sees the witnesses, nor hears them. Sometimes he is questioned
tomed, moreover, to see them lounging about the boulevards in a motley as many as fifty or sixty times by the juge d'instruction, and every one of
procession every afternoon regularly between three and five, he soon gets the questions put to him, together with the reply he makes, are taken down
to imagine himself on terms of familiar acquaintance with them. Not in writing by a clerk. It is very seldom that a prisoner, if guilty, can brave
that, as a rule, he has ever spoken to one of them ; but this makes no out this severe test to the last. Those who can stand fifty examinations
difference. He has seen them at the Café de Madrid, supped side by side without once letting themselves be caught tripping are men of very
with them at the Helder, been addressed by them as " Ami Lecteur " exceptional stuff. Most of them give in at the end of a few days and make
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a clean breast of it ; there was even a recent case in which an unhappy represents public opinion in Paris, will go about saying that he has suffered
woman, driven half mad by the questions of the juge d'instruction, confessed for the cause of liberty, and ought to be made a deputy at the next elections.
to a crime she had never committed, simply to be left in peace. When Foolish badaud ! Foolish Minos ! Lucky Achille !
the juge d'instruction has done his work, he proceeds to one of two And what will the Government say to M. Minos ? Will M. Lacoche,
measures- either he discharges the accused, or he commits him for trial. the Minister of Justice, call him and cry, as Louis XVIII. did to M. Corbière,
If the offence is a délit (misdemeanour), he sends him before the police. " Pour l'amour de Dieu, Monsieur, ne me rendez pas ridicule ! " Not a bit
correctionnelle, where there are three judges, without jury. If it is of it. After a year or so of this work, M. Minos will be promoted to be
a crime (felony), he refers his case to the chambre des mises en accusation , Conseilleur à la Cour Impériale, and rise at the same time to the rank of
a sort of permanent grand jury, who revise the evidence and generally officer in the Legion of Honour. Were he to have ventured to acquit
commit the prisoner to the cour d'assises, where he is tried by three Achille, it is probable that next year M. Lacoche would have transferred
judges and a jury of twelve. On the day appointed for the trial him to some insignificant judgeship in a country town. So true is it that
the prisoner appears in the dock, and, whether it be at the cour d'assises there is nothing so blind, nor so senseless, nor so completely ludicrous as
or the police correctionnelle, has to listen to the indictment of the avocat despotism.
impérial (public prosecutor), a lengthy document in which every action of
his life from his birth upwards is revealed. After this he is cross- questioned FRANCE.
once more, but in public this time, by the presiding judge, and every
answer of his is of course carefully compared with those which he (FROM A PARISIAN . ) June 21.
gave to the juge d'instruction. When this is done, the witnesses THE Emperor's letter to M. de Mackau, from its origin and its purport, is
are heard, the public prosecutor and the counsel for the defence fully entitled to be a nine-days' wonder. I am therefore justified in
each make their speech, and the judges or jury, as the case may discussing it, although five days have now elapsed since its publication,
be, retire to consider their verdict. Now, it is easy to perceive that and although it is not very unlikely that some other Imperial communication
the part which the French law assigns to the presiding judge at a trial is may have made its appearance before this reaches you. The impression
one which it requires a man of really iron rectitude to fill impartially. produced on the general public has been so unfavourable to the Government.
If the judge is in the least prejudiced against the accused, his questions that it may be considered politic to efface it by some fresh surprise.
assume an aggressive form which make them look like denunciations. The letter has satisfied only the ultra-Bonapartists- a small and daily
French judges often address the accused in a way which would cause an decreasing band-- and the men at present in office, M. Rouher and his
uproar in a British court of justice ; and many Englishmen after hearing at colleagues. To these latter it represents a renewal of their lease of power,
French trial go away with the idea that the judge and the public prosecutor and they may consider themselves for the present as secure as any holders
are one and the same person. For this reason the magistrature do not of office can be under personal government. The Emperor not only will
enjoy the affection or the full confidence of the French people. There is not concede " a principle," he refuses to make " the sacrifice of indi-
a dogged belief amongst Frenchmen of the lower classes that when a man viduals." This is very pleasant reading for M. Rouher and his
is once brought up for trial he can only be acquitted by a fluke ; and this friends. Beyond that narrow circle, however, there is great disappoint-
belief obtains to a certain extent amongst educated people, for it has almost ment and no little irritation among the politicians. I say the poli-
passed into a proverb in France that where there are any politics mixed ticians advisedly, although I know " France " would sound much better,
up in a case the defendant's chances are hopeless . A good Government for (as I have had occasion more than once to acknowledge with
would have done its best to remove this damaging impression by doing its deep sorrow) I do not think that the aspirations of France towards
utmost to heighten the independence of the judges. It would have care- liberal reforms are as yet so general and so vehement that the Emperor
fully avoided conferring any of those favours which astonish the public and need fear to provoke rebellion by thwarting them. But the politicians are
make people cry at once, " That judge has been decorated ; what secret a class which, though numerically small at present, is growing steadily in
service can he have rendered ! " It would, above all, have committed the strength and boldness, and, with the help of the now unmuzzled press, is
judgment of all press and political offences to a jury ; for even then the gaining daily a greater hold on the public mind - or I should say, perhaps,
judges would still have had quite enough to do to appear impartial in their on those feelings which, speaking to the public, are termed by courtesy its
cross- questionings. Instead of following this course, however, the various mind. France, thanks to the newspapers, is no longer what she was a
ministers of the Second Empire seem to have made it one of the chief ends year ago, and Napoleon III., if he were that wise prince that English
of their policy to heap discredit upon the magistrature. Had they expressly journals are so fond of painting him, would take the change into account.
desired to excite universal contempt for the whole body of judges, they The smallest amount of political wisdom ought to suffice to show him,
could not have acted otherwise than they have done. Take, for instance, at any rate, the folly of nipping in the bud the liberal dynastic opposition
the case of M. Minos. which was just forming. There lay the best chance of salvation for his
Our worthy friend Achille Pinson has not been two minutes in the dock Government. Hitherto the Opposition had been exclusively composed of
before it is evident from the questions launched at him from the bench hostile and irreconcilable parties-- of parties whose scarcely veiled object
that M. Minos has made up his mind not only to convict him, but likewise was the destruction of the Empire ; there seemed at last a chance in the
to give him three months of imprisonment. Achille Pinson, be it remarked, new Legislature of compassing that desirable object, the formation of " his
has written a rather mild article upon the condition of France-about Majesty's Opposition "- a thing unknown up to this day in French Parlia
which he knows little-as compared with that of America-about which he ments. A small knot of men, not devoid of talent, and full of ambition, who
knows nothing. Had the Minister of the Interior let that composition were content to upset the Ministry without overthrowing the Government,
alone nobody would have suffered much except Achille himself, for it is have seen their hopes dashed by this letter. If it is unwise, as it undoubtedly
probable that nobody would have read the article, and Achille would have is, in any Government to proclaim that it will make no concessions as regards
been grieved thereat. Achille, however, has been summoned, and after a measures, it is far more impolitic to make the same declaration in respect
single examination been committed for trial. Now if M. Minos were what of men. M. Rouher is fast assuming in the eyes of the public the aspect
the French call un homme d'esprit, he would content himself by proving of a Guizot- or maybe a Polignac-of the Second Empire. If this is to
very courteously to Achille that his article was balderdash slightly tinctured be the case, what politician with any personal ambition (and, as a rule, all
with insanity. After which he would discharge him with the truthful politicians are ambitious) will consent to embrace the wearisome career
assurance that so long as the Government had not more difficult enemies of expectant Minister to a " liberalized " Empire ? When the Chamber
than he to cope with it had not much cause for fear. The effect of this opens it will be seen, I suspect, that the letter to M. de Mackau has exercised
would infallibly be to drive Achille half mad. He would retire from the no small influence on the attitude of MM. Ollivier, Segris, Buffet, and
Palais de Justice discomfited. His friend the badaud near the door many others of less note.
would titter, his friends the journalists would laugh. On the boulevards The most disappointed man in all France, however, is undoubtedly the
the thing would be cited as a joke. The Government would earn, very Mayor of Beauvais. The Emperor is to visit Beauvais in a few days-on
cheaply, a character for liberalism ; and M. Minos a reputation for equity the 26th, I believe - and it was fully expected that he would take the
and wit. Before three days had elapsed the editor of Achille would opportunity of confiding- in more or less enigmatical language-his views
probably request him to abandon the department of politics and take to to the chief magistrate of that town. Have not mayors, ever since the
that of faits divers ; and Achille, with rage in his heart, would confine establishment of the Second Empire, been the favoured recipients of august
himself thenceforth to chronicling shocking deaths and appalling accidents. communications ? Was it not the Mayor of Bordeaux, in? times long gone
Well, no, the thought of making this masterstroke does not so much as by, who was first informed that " the Empire was peace "? Did not the
occur to M. Minos. Big with importance, gravely intent upon swelling a Mayor of Arras, in 1866, learn before all the rest of the world, and on the
molehill into a mountain, he is about to raise a rather mediocre writer, best authority, that " the treaties of 1815 were to be lacerated "? Was it
without much genius or principle, to the rank of political martyr. Watch not to the Mayor of Arras that the imperial oracle first declared, in 1867,
how he questions Achille. Every line of his insipid article is made to glow that there were " dark spots " on the political horizon ? and, on a still more
with latent treason, as if it were a streak of phosphorus which might set recent occasion, was it not to the Mayor of Chartres that the alarming fact
flameto the Empire. M. Minos, who is a man of education, exhausts all the of the reappearance of " subversive passions " was first confided ? Well
resources of his brain in trying to prove that our excellent though ignorant might the Mayor of Beauvais entertain the hope, founded on his civic
Achille is a man oftranscendent and dangerous ability. Achille of course office, that his name would go down to posterity linked with some startling
submits to it all with resigned and inflated composure. He looks about, and utterance of Napoleon III.; and here, at the last moment, M. de Mackau
sees his friends gaze upon him with admiration. Mdlle. Turlupine and Mdlle. has stepped in and robbed him of his privilege ! Poor mayor ! even inthe
Gredinette are beginning to quarrel about him. The badaud near the midst of general disappointment one may spare a thought for his individual
door is pulling off his gloves so as to be able to applaud him when he sorrow. But who knows ? Fortune may have a compensation in store
comes out of court ; and when at last M. Minos shouts out the words, for him, and, as I hinted in beginning, there may be other disclosures at
" Three months of prison and a fine of a thousand francs," Achille feels, Beauvais which will throw into shade the Mackau letter. Of one thing only
with reason, as though a crown of gold had just been set on his head. are we certain with our present ruler ; and that is that we are destined to
Yes, a crown of gold, for this sentence will raise by 5,000o the cir- be surprised. Indeed, there is something theatrical in our politics which,
culation of the paper in which Achille writes. Editors will begin to on the long run, is very irritating and humiliating to all sensible people.
bid for him. His value in the literary market will be doubled . His As to M. de Mackau, he seems to have been selected, like the confi
friends will respect him. Mdlle. Turlupine and Mdlle. Gredinette will go dants of our classical tragedies, for his very dumbness. It is the custom on
and visit him in his prison ; and that stupid badaud near the door, who our stage-political or dramatic-for august personages to confide their
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 JUNE 25 , 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET. 15

secrets to mutes. Many Englishmen, I dare say, have asked who is this Gallery." It is a new thing to have to say of his work that it is only negatively
M. de Mackau whom the Emperor thus honours ? He is nobody ; a good. A modest little work, bearing a name unknown to us, is " The Solo,"
perfectly silent member of the ex-Legislature, re-elected recently by the by Mr. Pope. The method of painting is straightforward and simple, the
department of the Orne ; one of the ultra-Bonapartists, or " Arcadians," as russet-brown colour and half light well managed, and the subject— a monk
we call them here, from their first place of meeting, a club in the Rue de solacing himself in his cell with his violin-well fancied and set before us.
l'Arcade ; an agriculturist, whose chief claim to notoriety is that he married A little genre picture by Mr. Holl, representing a bereaved family, is perhaps
some years ago the original of that charming portrait by Flandrin, which is too tragic in sentiment for the department of art to which it belongs ; but
known to all artists under the name of " La jeune fille à l'œillet." There its pathetic quality is undeniable. Pathos occupies but a secondary place
is no doubt that M. de Mackau did write a letter to the Emperor in the name in Mr. Fugerlin's "Jealousy," an admirable example of the Düsseldorf
of his 15,000 and odd constituents, since the Emperor has answered it thus school. The lucky sister, who is repaying with broad responsive smiles the
publicly, but that letter has not been published, and probably never will be. gallantries of a sailor, enjoys them all the more for the childish, unreserved
If we examine the Emperor's answer carefully, it admits but of one disappointment which his preference sends rippling in pout and dimple and
interpretation. It is an imperial non volumus-a declaration that personal quick flush over the face of the neglected sister, who watches them from the
government is to be continued in spite of " the aggression of parties." side ofthe room. This last figure is instinct with lively grace and direct natural
The Imperial writer goes on to say that " the concession of a principle or feeling. The accessories show that critical refinement to which study and
the sacrifice of individuals is always ineffectual in the face of popular move- tradition have brought this branch of art in Germany. Mr. Boughton, to
ments, and that a Government which respects itself ought to yield neither whom we should have pointed as an example of this kind of qualities in
to pressure, to excitement, nor to revolt." Although the word " revolt "- our own school, is less happy this year than usual. His " March of Miles
which, by-the-bye, should rather be " riot " (émeute)-seems, at first sight, to Standish " is a picturesque assemblage of Indian costumes, but little more.
point to the recent disturbances in Paris, there can be little doubt that the Mr. J. Smetham, whose etchings published some years ago may be remem-
Emperor in fact alludes to the aggression of parties as shown in the elections bered as inventive and agreeable designs, sends an important picture,
of Paris and other great towns. The pressure to which he refuses to yield is "The Hymn of the Lord's Supper." Christ and the Apostles are standing
not that of the ragamuffins who smashed the benches and the kiosks of the round the table, and singing. The difficulty of preserving dignity in con-
boulevards, but that of the influential minority which throughout France, for nection with this action was very great. A grave refined sentiment, which
one cause or another, voted against his system of government. It is pre- is manifest throughout the work, has enabled the painter to surmount this
posterous to suppose that any one expected him to yield to the rioters of danger. His arrangement of artificial light over the heads of the figures is
Paris, who in reality formed no distinct demand, except, indeed, clamouring solemn and satisfying. On the right hand a door is held ajar by Judas,
for Rochefort, whom the Emperor himself (were he so disposed) could whose figure is seen behind it in a ghastly green moonlight. This
not give them for their deputy, since universal suffrage had refused is the blot in the picture-a stage horror suiting ill with the rest.
to elect him. Long before the letter to M. de Mackau was published Mr. Hodgson's " Arab Story-teller " deserves mention, being, like all his
the official organs of the Government had declared -and the magistrates work, agreeable bythe refinement and knowledge it displays. But of direct
had shown by the liberation of more than three-fourths of the arrested interest it has far less than his pictures of last year. The strange reddish
persons- that the riots of Paris were without gravity ; the Emperor would light is its most noticeable feature, but the figures are rather a set of
be doing them too much honour by admitting that they could be supposed separate studies than the elements of a harmonious whole. A young
to influence his policy. His " No surrender " is addressed to other adver- French painter, M. G. Bellanger, makes his first appearance among us with
saries, and on that account is very serious. The Emperor, it must be a truly beautiful picture of two children, " La Lecture," representing an
observed, does not refuse liberal concessions, he only refuses to make them elder sister superintending her little brother's studies. The grave colour
in the face of " popular movements. " They must be a free gift, originating and severe manner in the figures remind us of M. Legros ; the bouquet
in his personal will. He will keep the initiative of reform in his own hands, of flowers on the table recalls the works of M. Fontil. " A Cloudy
and such liberties as he may think fit to grant must be accepted as a boon. Morning," bearing the unknown name of Ascroft, is equally true and
He will choose his day and his hour, and the French , like good children, pleasing in its opposition of leaden cloud to yellow stubble, and in the
will get all the more if they ask for nothing. Such is the substance of his simple grace of gleaning figures.
letter, truly interpreted. Sir Edwin Landseer's swan tragedy should have been noticed earlier, in
We have lived on surprises- more or less liberal- for the last eighteen defiance of an arbitrary classification . It oppresses the imagination with all
years, and the Empire has had to deal hitherto with no " revolts "" or and more than all the horror of a human battle scene. The writhing
"popular movements ; " but times are altered, and the Emperor must be beautiful birds are so vulnerable and so defenceless- their assailants so
blind if he does not see it. I am far from denying that Napoleon III. has armed for attack and defence, so wantonly and inexorably cruel. At least
voluntarily relaxed his authority, that he has to a certain extent freely this is the impression the picture leaves on us ; others, however, think
made concessions which France had but feebly asked, and knew not that the swan on the left is successfully contending with its foe, and a
how to enforce ; but by those very concessions he has relinquished that Frenchman remarked, with reference to M. Hugo's new journalistic
monopoly of initiative which he now claims. Never again will he obtain campaign against the Empire, that it is of good augury to see a swan
that universal silence which he requires as a preliminary condition for overcoming an eagle. Experts declare that eagles never follow their
granting further reforms ; never again, unless he has recourse to violent and prey to the ground, nor fight elsewhere than in the air. Whether
dangerous reaction, will the press cease to claim fresh liberties ; never again this be so or no, it is certain that Sir Edwin's picture is a most
will he have an opportunity of granting freedom unasked. The pressure of powerful and impressive work, nor does it err, like some of his best
which he complains can never be removed but by another coup d'état, for it pictures, by importing a directly human sentiment into the actions
is the pressure of public opinion making itself felt through the medium of and features of animals. His life-size studies of two lions are some-
universal suffrage, from which he derives his own power, and of the press, what disappointing. They seem wanting in the quality of bony weight
which he has himself enfranchised. and massiveness- that clothed but still palpable Cyclopean archi-
The doctrine of personal government is daily losing ground with his tecture of the skeleton to which some terrible reserve of contained
subjects ; and he has committed an anachronism, pregnant with serious strength gives freedom of local movement, while the line of strained or
consequences, in declaring that the dignity of his Government forbids it to pendulous sinew completes its harmonious expression. But whatever
yield at the very moment that the nation is awakening to the consciousness may be the shortcomings of this great Englishman's work, we must
that its dignity compels it to make demands. go back to Snyders for his rival as a painter of animals ; while for
long-sustained vivacity of genius, though England possesses and has pos-
sessed not a few illustrious examples, there seems every reason to hope
ROYAL ACADEMY that he will be reckoned among the most illustrious.
(FOURTH ARTICLE. ) Landscapes and sea-pieces have been better received than usual. Two
MR. ARMSTRONG's " Hay-time " reminds us by its sentiment and by some of the greatest masters now living, MM. Corot and Daubigny, are present
points of execution- e.g. the treatment of the hay itself-of M. Jules for our instruction as much as for our delight. The former has an
Breton's peasant poems . The figures have a delicate and finished refine- insatiable refinement of fancy, and a shrinking enjoyment of the slender,
men which removes us at once in feeling far away from the reality. In the aspiring forms, the willowy greyness, the shifting half shades and half lights,
picture we are considering the scheme of colour is colder than in and the unceasing but gentle stir of life that together form the graceful
M. Breton's works, but the sentiment is the same. Of the three tall and spirit of French woodland scenery. The classical figures which he intro-
graceful figures which stand on one plane in the foreground we prefer that duces may, with a little allowance, seem at home. In their passage
on the left, whose action of holding her child is simple and statuesque, through the chambers of the northern imagination, they have seen less
while the drapery and suggested movement are delightfully in harmony congenial resting-places than this. In M. Daubigny's work, on the other
with the balmy reposeful moment. M. Alma-Tadéma's bright glimpses hand, we have a force and solid brilliancy of effect, a dense luxuriance fed
of historical realization are as intelligent, as hard, as deficient in by northern winters and defiant of the northern sun ; a perpetual conflict
artistic, and as abounding in literary, interest as ever. His " Phyrric between the aggressions of light and the invincible resistance of massy
Dance " seems to speak to the ear as much as to the eye. forest shades. The landscape which he has sent to England is a noble
hear the rhythmic clangour with which the stamp of the steel-clad example of such a contrast made palpable indeed but not violent, in which
band fills the marble presence chamber. Mr. Solomon's " Toilet the simple lines and the few deep opposing tones at once recall and com-
of a Roman Lady " has something of the sentiment of force and pride in plete our impressions of the reality.
the principal figure which was so vividly expressed in his " Habet ! " a few Mr. H. Moore has a palette and a ruling sentiment as peculiar and
years ago. But the attendants are not so good, the action is trifling, and
individually expressive as those of M. Corot. From the white of creaming
insufficient to concentrate the meaning of so many heads, and the com- surge to the clear brown of moist sand and the lavender shades that lie
position is languid and diffuse. No canvas that Mr. Solomon has touched banked in his distances, he modulates with inconceivable refinement and
fails to give evidence of his thoroughly artistic fibre and appreciation of the variety. This delicious charm of colour is, however, less helped than it
broadest and greatest elements of pictorial pleasure ; but without some might be by firm and studious composition. Mr. Moore's pictures want
special as well as this general inspiration, the conditions of a good picture unity, and till this want is supplied they will hardly attract or secure the kind
are not complete. Mr. Marks, whose graceful and self-sufficing talent we of admiration which is felt for such works as Corot's. A passing mood of
have often admired, seems to us to have left out the spice in his procession sympathetic, perhaps even intense artistic emotion needs to be compressed,
of musicians being ushered by the portly seneschal into the " Minstrel's to be shaped, to be reflected, as it were, a second time from the mind which
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experienced it, before it will inspire a work of art. A similar criticism

ROYAL ITALIAN OPERA.
applies in an equal degree, though certainly with less force than in former
years, to the works of Mr. H. W. B. Davis. His studies of dry sand, blown THE manager of an opera-house is a public character from whom much,
in heaps around the roots of spreading shrubs, render much of the beauty, no doubt, is expected ; but one thing which might be thought to fall
much even of the sentiment of such desolate scenery. But the artist who within the scope of his duties seems scarcely to be required of him at all—
saw thus much, saw assuredly much more. From each of the scenes which that he should produce new operas. It is not that the old ones are
he has isolated there came forth one imaginative effect, created by the uncon- considered quite good enough, but that new ones are scarcely to be found.
scious action of the mind in attending to congenial aspects, and neglecting " La Sonnambula," " Linda," " Lucia," " La Traviata," and other works of
the more remote. It is that inner picture that we want to see, the work of about the same calibre, which form the stock-in-trade of the light soprano
swift imagination, which Mr. Davis's literal method toils after in vain. In a variety of the prima donna, so flourishing just now, are not looked upon
far simpler manner Mr. Peter Graham, a Scotch painter, has rendered some by any one as unapproachable masterpieces ; but no newer operas than
of the scenes of his native country. His large canvas, representing a various these certainly no newer Italian operas- of the same degree of merit are
crowd of the long-horned wiry cattle of the national breed filling the valley in anywhere to be heard of. The manager of an ordinary playhouse must
the foreground, with a fine range of heights behind, is vigorous, simple, every season, and several times every season, offer some novelty to the
faithful to local character, and full of interest. Though in many respects public ; but the operatic impresario is under no such obligation , nor, if he
Mr. Graham's art is of a more ordinary kind than that of Mr. Moore or were, could he in the present day by any possibility fulfil it. However, no
Mr. Davis, yet he understands far better, as it seems to us, what goes to one seems to grieve very much. The labours of the impresario, already
make a picture. The masses in his work are powerfully arranged, the sufficiently arduous, are lightened, or at least are not rendered more heavy;
interest well concentrated, and the result is a satisfying whole which and who cares whether that always charming opera " La Sonnambula " be
adequately interprets the unity of the impression made by various elements new or old, provided Mdme. Patti plays the principal part ? Who
upon the observer. A similar praise applies to the admirable works of inquires as to the age of " Lucia di Lammermoor," or the intrinsic
S. Vertumni, of Rome. His " View in the Pontine Marshes " shows value of " La Traviata," when the Lucia or the Violetta is Mdlle.
what may be made by a really instructed painter out of the Nilsson ?
very simplest elements of natural scenery. Less impressive and, it The managers of our dramatic theatres, if they think of the matter at all,
must be added, less simple than S. Vertumni's works, those of must reflect with envious feelings on the fact that the directors of the
S. Costa illustrate equally well the excellences of foreign schools which Royal Italian Opera were able to get more than half way through
correspond to deficiencies in our own. The somewhat florid grace of the their season without producing one novelty more important than the weak
foliage which he sparingly introduces, the rich sobriety of colour, are as little operatic farce called " Don Bucefalo." That work could not
much parts of a poetical expression of nature as the cadence of language have been reckoned among the " attractions " of the present season,
and the colouring of epithets in a good poem. " There is a form in these which has been unusually successful, and has owed its success
things ; there is a form," but it is arrived at by the best kind entirely to the merit and personal charm of the prima donnas. Even
of experience, that which works under self-imposed restrictions for up to the present time there has been no real demand on the
the attainment of freedom and beauty. With all our talk and discussion part of the public for a new work, or such numerous audiences
about nature, the landscapes of Poussin and Rubens, two of the most would not have assembled, night after night, to hear old ones. It is
" conventional " among landscape painters, still give a more constant and a interesting, no doubt, to hear Mdlle. Nilsson in a part written
deeper intellectual pleasure than any of the realistic attempts which have expressly for her ; but, were it not for Mdlle. Nilsson's very natural and
superseded them in popular estimation. It seems hard that Mr. Brett, becoming wish to make herself so heard, there would have been no neces-
whose realism has hitherto been in excess, should be illtreated by the sity at all for bringing out M. Ambroise Thomas's new musical version of
hanging committee this year, when his work shows far greater freedom than "Hamlet," which was produced on Saturday night, with Mdlle. Nilsson in
usual. So far as it is possible to judge it in its position under the ceiling, the principal part of Ophelia, and Mr. Santley in the subordinate character
"Wide Waters " gives admirably the effect of a ground swell which heaves of Hamlet.
without breaking the surface of the sea. A line of fishing boats sways An opera entitled " Hamlet," and founded in a great measure on
idly on this moving mirror under a lazy breeze. A little work by Mr. Shakspeare's play of that name, ought, it may have been imagined, to
Frank Walton, representing a lake overhung by a beech-tree in sunset light possess special attractions for an English audience. But the worst of it is
deserves notice for firmness of composition and simplicity of motive. that " Hamlet," as presented by Shakspeare, is by no means a suitable
Among the water- colours we find few of the most popular masters repre- piece for operatic treatment ; while " Hamlet " arranged as MM. Barbier
sented, and in consequence little of the deadly conventionality which and Carré had previously arranged " Faust " and " Wilhelm Meister," so as
distinguishes the exhibitions of the societies. The head of a lady " At to adapt those works to the exigencies of musical composition, could only
the Opera," by Miss C. Madox Brown, has a fine dusky colour, originality in remind an English audience at every step that such a production was not
arrangement, and forcible expression. The most agreeable drawing here is " Hamlet " at all, or that, at most, it was but " Hamlet " travestied. In
perhaps "The Loosened Team," by Mr. Fildes. The horses are moving with the libretto of " Romeo and Juliet," as set to music by M. Gounod,
lazy enjoyment into a shallow stream. Behind them rises a steep little hill, Shakspeare's drama is followed closely enough ; and it is not the fault of
marked out by hedges into orchard and hayfield and kitchen-garden , over the librettist if M. Gounod's opera has already gone the way of all the
all of which the last light of a summer day casts its charm of repose and other operas by M. Gounod, with the single exception of " Faust." The
refreshment. Mr. J. W. North, who is known by his drawings for books, " Hamlet " libretto, however, is far from being in conformity, even as to the
has several pleasing sketches. Not only, however, do they want positive principal features of the story, with the original play. We cannot say what
finish, but also, as it seems to us, some of that affectionate care with which effect the new version of " Hamlet " produces, in a dramatic point of
Mr. Fildes has interpreted a corner of Devonshire. A Bavarian painter, view, upon an audience unacquainted with the parent work, but even
Mr. Horschelt, sends some most vigorous sketches of the wild dependent in Paris the success of the opera is attributed by every one to Mdlle.
population of the Russian empire-Lesghian cavalry and Tartars from the Nilsson's charming impersonation of Ophelia, to her admirable acting in
Caspian. M. Régamey's large drawing of a Zouave trumpeter shows the scene of Ophelia's madness and death, to her exquisite singing, and to
remarkable power of the order commonly described as chic, which does the happy manner in which M. Ambroise Thomas has studied the qualities
not, as similar merits would in this country, connote vulgarity, but merely of her singularly beautiful voice , so as to exhibit them to the greatest
a large, easy, and popular picturesqueness. possible advantage. This he certainly has done in the grand scena which
Among the crayon drawings, a large half-length of himself by Mr. may be looked upon as the heart of the opera, though its animating
Bracquemond shines out with extraordinary force. The head recalls the principle is undoubtedly Mdlle. Nilsson's voice. It will be remembered that
Flemish noblemen of Holbein, and the implements of the art of etching, Mdlle. Nilsson introduced Ophelia's scena last year at Signor Arditi's
in which M. Bracquemond is one of the greatest living masters, are grouped concert. But it was given without orchestral accompaniments, which in
below. The miscellaneous engravings, etchings, and drawings include two this case was equivalent to the omission of an essential part, and, of course,
magnificent copper -plates by Mr. Horschelt, representing the troops of without scenery, and without the obbligato ballet accompaniment-another
Russia and their wild adversaries climbing almost perpendicular heights of essential. Mdile. Nilsson was able, all the same, to produce a great effect
the Caucasus. On the strength of two names- those of Mr. Seymour by the solo part, supported only by a pianoforte accompaniment. It,
Heyden and Mr. Edward Edwards - we may already speak of our native indeed, contains passages so perfectly suited to her voice and style that it
school of etchers. Mr. Heyden is represented by only one specimen of his was easy to understand the brilliant success she had achieved at
work-" A Rough Passage, from Nature " -full of the intricacies of light, the French opera, apart from the necessary scenic and orchestral accessories.
broken surfaces, and intercrossing lines in which he delights. It is very In fact, whatever any one else may think of the operatic " Hamlet,"
delicate and very beautiful, but we always feel in Mr. Heyden's work Mille. Nilsson is bound to have a high opinion of it ; and she has certainly
that the peculiarities of the art itself its strangeness, subtlety, and responded in the most admirable manner to the confidence placed in her
suggestiveness -almost exclude force and directness of line and surface. both by the librettists and by the composer. For Mdlle. Nilsson the part
Mr. Edwards's etchings, on the contrary, are before everything strong of Hamlet has not, according to the ancient joke, been " omitted ; "
and simple. " London, from the top of the London Observatory," but it has been thrown into the background, that Ophelia may hold the
a plate of extraordinary size, conveys an impression of intricacy and most prominent place. For Mdlle. Nilsson, Gertrude's narrative of
multitude in the subject that is wonderfully combined with breadth and Ophelia's suicide, which has furnished more than one painter with the
unity by the liquid sky which overarches the city. In the studies of works subject of a picture, has been treated dramatically in a highly picturesque
in progress on the Thames Embankment and at Blackfriars-bridge, Mr. scene. Finally, for Mdlle. Nilsson everything that a composer could do in
Edwards has subjects peculiarly suited for the art which he practises, the way of appropriate vocal passages has been most cleverly done. She
and these plates are full of mystery and delicacy. Mr. Legros's etchings is the excuse for the work as it now stands. Considered seriously as a
are sombre, strange, and powerful. The " Death of St. Francis " is espe- lyrical version of " Hamlet," the opera is full of faults. Think, however,
cially fine in its profound monkish feeling, grave dignity of types, and of Mdlle. Nilsson's voice " and you will forget them all."
severe simplicity of method. Mr. Rudolf Lehmann's pencil drawings are It has often occurred to us that the real author or originator of the
arranged in two long frames, of which the upper contains a series of heads operatic " Faust," as of the operatic " Mignon," was Ary Scheffer ; whose
of distinguished persons, including the present American Minister, as well sad, pensive Mignon, with all her grace and beauty, bears so little
as the late Mrs. Browning ; and the lower has a number of interesting types resemblance to the Mignon of " Wilhelm Meister. " In the case of
and gestures from the dignified peasantry of Central and Southern Italy. " Hamlet " the authors had no pictorial types so generally known, nor
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 JUNE 25, 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET. 17

so striking in themselves to follow ; though Delacroix has painted a the near neighbourhood of the footlights if not immediately in front of
remarkable " Hamlet " (in the churchyard scene), whose attitude and them. Edendale is a Virginian estate owned by one Colonel Vandeleur,
costume M. Faure could not fail to study. A good deal has been made a Southern gentleman, whose daughter Ada, the Juliet of the play,
of the ghost, who, instead of having only a consulting voice, as in the finds her Romeo in Esmond Fairholt, an officer in the United States
drama, assumes in the opera the absolute direction of affairs. Claudius is army. Edendale is first exhibited while peace yet prevails and the
much enfeebled, and poor Polonius undergoes a change for the worse in a course of true love between Ada and Fairholt is running smoothly
moral as well as in a dramatic point of view. enough. Then comes the news of the attack upon Fort Sumter.
Without saying a word about the music (except that there are five acts of Fairholt has to join the forces of the North, and to take arms against
it) or of the performance generally, let us confine ourselves for the present the Vandeleurs and the South. The lovers, parted under these painful
to a short and simple account of the changes which it has been thought circumstances, do not meet again until Edendale has been ravaged by war
necessary to make in reducing the tragedy of " Hamlet " to the operatic and the Confederate cause has suffered terribly. Ada hardens her heart
level. M. Ambroise Thomas has been very unfortunate hitherto in his against her lover and holds him in detestation as one of the oppressors of
relations both with Shakspeare and Goethe. Perhaps " unfortunate " is her country. Colonel Vandeleur is killed in action and his son is taken
not precisely the word, inasmuch as he has been very successful with the prisoner. An interval of eighteen months separates the events of the
public, both " Mignon " and that comic nightmare called " Le Songe second and third acts. The war is over. Fairholt has become a general,
d'une Nuit d'Eté " (in which the tenor, Shakspeare, makes love to and has received from the President a grant of the Edendale property as a
the soprano, Queen Elizabeth, and is visited by her Majesty in Windsor reward for his services in the field. He restores the estate to Mrs.
Park the favourite haunt of the celebrated deer-stealer) having been Vandeleur and obtains the release of her son from captivity. Ultimately
represented an immense number of times at the Opera Comique, their Ada softens towards the generous conqueror, and the curtain falls upon her
appropriate birthplace. At all events M. Ambroise Thomas cannot be complete reconciliation with him.
complimented on having caught, nor even on having tried to catch, any- The play is neatly contrived, but as the play advanced the tax upon the
thing of the spirit of the poets from whom he (or his librettists for him) spectators' powers of belief became more severe, while the interest of the
has borrowed the titles of the works just mentioned and the names fable was not proportionately heightened.
of the characters introduced therein. In " Hamlet," however, the The entertainments concluded with a burlesque on the subject of
grotesque absurdities of " Le Songe d'une Nuit d'Été " have been " Norma."
avoided ; and though Hamlet lives to ascend the throne of Denmark, A new drama in four acts, written by Mr. Tom Taylor, and entitled
he does not marry Ophelia, as he might have done had the " Mary Warner," has been produced at the Haymarket Theatre " Mary
librettists and composer been so minded. Ophelia might at the Warner " differs in little respect from those plays of the prisoners' van,
last moment have been saved, as the Colleen Bawn is saved, by a as they may be called, which, indigenous to the suburban stage, have
"tremendous header ;" and there would have been nothing more ridiculous of late years taken root and thriven in the theatres of Western London.
in her becoming the wife of Hamlet than there is in poor poetical little The taste for this school of dramatic entertainment has increased and
Mignon's becoming the wife of Wilhelm Meister. Yes, there is one slight spread with epidemical force and swiftness. It is with regret we have
objection to the operatic " Hamlet " being adorned with a "happy now to chronicle that the Haymarket Theatre, hitherto devoted to
ending," for in the musical version of the play Polonius, the father of better uses and distinguished for representations of a more refined
Ophelia, is also the accomplice of Claudius in the murder of Hamlet's class, has been seized with an attack of dramatic gaol-fever of a most
father. That we should have lived to see the feeble, chattering old courtier virulent kind.
represented as a black-hearted, melodramatic villain ! But there are other George Warner and Bob Levitt are fellow-workmen, in the service of
things quite as strange as this in the operatic " Hamlet," to which we may Messrs. Dutton and Downes, of Lambeth, mechanical engineers. The
call attention on another occasion. shopmates present the familiar contrast of character. George is everything
that is good ; Bob everything that is bad. Dismissed from the works for
incompetence, Bob steals his employers' cash-box, containing a large
THE THEATRE. sum in bank-notes. A share of this ill-gotten money he hands over
to George, and leaves in George's lodgings the cash-box and other
THE premises in King William-street, Strand, at one time occupied by the evidences of guilt. George is suspected, some of the missing notes.
Oratorians and used as a chapel, and lately known as Mr. Woodin's are found in his possession, and he is charged with the crime.
Polygraphic Hall, having undergone reconstruction, were opened last The case against him is apparently so strong that even his wife,
Saturday night as the Charing Cross Theatre. The house is very small, Mary Warner, is convinced of his dishonesty. Thereupon, to save
and what is called the " auditorium " has the look of being rather a tight him from imprisonment and disgrace, she makes a false confession of guilt,
fit for the audience. Much has been done, however, to recreate the eyes and avows that it was she, and not her husband, who stole the cash-box.
of the spectator if it has been found less practicable to regard his physical She undergoes five years' penal servitude in Brixton gaol. George,
comfort in other respects. The interior of the building is as bright and naturally believing his wife to be the thief she confessed herself, visits
smart as gilding, colour, gas, carton -pierre decorations, and new upholstery her but once during her captivity. An angry scene ensues between
can make it. them. Each believes the other to be guilty of felony. George is
The entertainments presented upon the miniature stage were ambitious ashamed of his wife, and treats her with coldness ; she rebukes him for
in their variety. The performance commenced with an operetta called his cruelty and ingratitude in suffering her to bear, unsolaced, and
"Coming of Age," the words by Mr. Carpenter, and the music by Mr. Hime. unthanked, the penalty of his wrong-doing. Upon her release from
This is an attempt to give dramatic life and action to the subject of Mr. prison she determines not to rejoin her husband, and sinks very low indeed .
Frith's popular picture, and further to string together upon a thread of story in the social scale. She is without means ; she cannot obtain employment,
-
divers ballads and concerted pieces. The plot- if plot it is to be called and is driven to pawn her wedding-ring to buy food. Presently she is again
is of the most shadowy kind, yet it seemed to be generally regarded as in the hands of justice. She is taken to a police-court, charged with
substantial enough for the object with which it was planned. Henry, " accosting " a gentleman in Westminster and robbing him of his purse.
the son and heir of Sir Leonard Langley, " the lord of the hall," The gentleman is no other than her husband, George Warner, who
attains his majority, flirts with Patty Mayberry, " the village coquette," and has risen in the world and, no longer a working man , has become
finally marries Mabel, "the Lady of the Lea," having encountered no an employer of labour and a capitalist. The husband with-
kind of let or hindrance in the way of his accomplishing these various draws the charge against his wife on the ground that he cannot
proceedings. The operetta was fairly represented, and gave satisfaction to identify her as the lady who accosted him. Nor was Mary Warner
the audience. That the music should find favour was not surprising : it is so in truth guilty of this impropriety, the real offender being a wretched friend
replete with tunes closely resembling such as have long since secured of hers, one Milly, the wife of Bob Levit, the thief of the earlier scenes.
popularity. The composer has--perhaps wisely- depended for success What with sloth, drink, and remorse, Bob has become reduced to a very
rather upon rousing the fond memories of his audience than upon venturing deplorable state. The conclusion is now obvious. Weakened by gin and
to perplex them with anything like novelty or originality. penury, Bob's moral constitution becomes pervious to virtuous influences.
The operetta was followed by a three-act play written by Mr. Cheltnam He makes a tardy confession of his theft of Messrs. Dutton and Downes's
and entitled " Edendale." The drama is noticeable as the first intro- cash-box. The curtain falls upon the restoration of a good understanding
duction upon the London stage of the American war as a means of exciting between Mr. and Mrs. Warner, and their thorough conviction at last of
theatrical interest. Episodes in the Crimean campaign and the Indian each other's innocence.
mutiny have frequently occupied the mimic scene of modern times, and no This remarkably unpleasant story is set forth at great length and pre
reason exists why the contest between the Northern and Southern States sented on the stage with even more than the ordinary regard for realism of
should not similarly furnish material to the playwright. The loves and effect distinguishing the performance of works of the class. One scene is
afflictions of a Federal hero and a Confederate heroine, or vice versa, should occupied with vast steam engines in full operation ; in another a picture of
be as suggestive of dramatic interest and situation as the conflicting the interior of Brixton prison is provided. There is further an elaborate
emotions, the struggle between affection and duty, of a Guelph and a representation of a squalid alley in Lambeth lit with real gas-lamps ; a
Ghibelline, a Catholic and a Huguenot, or a Montague and a Capulet . grimy garret interior commanding the usual fine view of the illuminated
To give an air of novelty to an old and approved dilemma has been the clock tower at Westminster ; and a police court with prisoner's dock,
frequent task of the dramatist, since iteration of incident must constantly witness-box, constables, spectators, and presiding magistrate all complete.
occur on the stage no less than in actual life. But Mr. Cheltnam, asking No pains have been spared to impart vividness and reality to the play
himself perhaps with the Chorus in " Henry the Fifth "- down to its most repulsive particulars.
Can this cockpit hold The character of Mary Warner is sustained by Miss Bateman, who
The vasty fields of France ? or may we cram plays with genuine force and feeling. A certain hardness of manner that
Within this wooden O the very casques pertains to her was not unsuited to the character, while she kept well under
That did affright the air at Agincourt ?— control that inclination to extravagance of action and excessive violence of
has forborne to bring upon the limited stage of the Charing-cross Theatre declamation which has hitherto much detracted from the merit of her
much more than a hint of the great American civil war. The rival hosts acting. On the whole, she has perhaps played no part so evenly, and
of the North and South do not cross the boards, although in the course of therefore so well, as Mary Warner. Whether the part was worth playing
one of the scenes an affair of outposts is supposed to take place in at all is another question.
[ 493 ]
 18 PALL MALL BUDGET.
[JUNE 25, 1869.

OCCASIONAL NOTES. another, riots have repeatedly occurred almost as a matter of course, and
that his language and demeanour are clearly an incitement and provo-
As a good deal of confusion appears to prevail as to the new cation to disorder, disposes of the difficulty. In our opinion the Mayor
title of the Viceroy of Egypt, it may be as well to say that the of Birmingham acted with vigour and intelligence, and deserves to be
title of " Khidiw," or, as pronounced by the Turks, " Khidivé," granted supported by the Government.
to his Highness about two years ago, does not necessarily imply royalty ;
and although there is no lack of courtiers, European and Oriental,
Mr. Reverdy Johnson has not been deterred by the reproaches he has
who constantly address him as though he were an independent sovereign,
encountered for speaking well of England from telling his countrymen a
the Viceroy himself, thus far, has carefully eschewed any such assumption
few plain truths on the subject. He has given them to understand what
in his official correspondence. Some months ago we were enabled to give
the interpretation which ' Ali Pasha, the Ottoman Prime Minister, attached he has very good reason to know, that while much may be extracted from
to the title, and as he had doubtless some hand in conveying the new us by the use of soft words, threats are likely to miss their mark. " They
dignity, it may be worth while to repeat what he understood by it. His are," he has authorized a correspondent to assure the American public, “ a
Highness said : " Khidivé means, in Turkish administrative language, veryproud people, a powerful people, and cannot be frightened." He also gave
illustrious or exalted . It is a title given to the highest Mushîrs. In it as his opinion that a war between the two countries would end in disaster
for America. Mr. Johnson's courage has evidently undergone no change.
existing Turkish phraseology it does not imply royalty. It is something
We are glad to find that he cherishes some pleasant recollections of
between the highest Pasha and the Chief of the State, but certainly not
King. " England. He told the correspondent, " They dine there about eight
o'clock in the evening, and those public entertainments are splendid
affairs." Here " his eye twinkled, and his face was wreathed in smiles."
Lord Cairns's judgment in the case of Martin v. Mackonochie has
Here, at least, is one American who appreciates us.
strengthened the hands of the Bishops, and three prosecutions have been
commenced against beneficed clergymen for ritualist excesses. The
Bishops of London , Chichester, and Winchester prosecute the incumbents We recommend those religious bodies who are anxious to educate
of St. Peter's, St. George's-in-the-East ; of St. James's Chapel, Brighton everybody in every quarter of the globe but that occupied by themselves,
(the Rev. James Purchas) ; and of St. Michael's, Ryde. We hope that to study the report of Mr. J. S. Laurie, who was appointed to inquire into
these trials will in their turn end in judgments as clear and the state of education in the West African settlements. Speaking of Sierra
conclusive as Lord Cairns's, for ecclesiastical litigation is much in Leone, he says that the redundancy of schools is most remarkable, and
want of precedents. It is true that contradictory authorities in when contrasted with the prevailing poverty of resources can only be
any number may be cited from antique sources, and this it is explained by the determination of every religious body, however small
which has made proceedings hitherto for the most part inconclusive and numerically, to have a school of its own for the training of the rising
unsatisfactory ; what is needed is a " modern instance " or two, " germane generation in its own form of faith. In a village containing but 500 souls,
to the matter," drawing a clear line which incumbents will know they he found three schools where one ought to suffice, and it was the deliberate
cannot overstep without a certain and speedy incurrence of pains and intention of the clerical representative of a section of a certain sect to esta-
penalties. Even from the present beginning in a few years it may come to blish a fourth school bearing the same name as that appropriated by the other
pass that suits in ecclesiastical courts will be brought to a conclusion as section of the same sect. It further appears from Mr. Laurie's report, that in
soon and easily as was a case of Admiralty jurisdiction at Liverpool reported Sierra Leone, which is the same size as the Isle of Wight, there are ninety-
last week, which occupied no more than four days, but which, we are sorry five elementary schools, of which two only belong to the Roman Catholics ;
to say, the judge noted as almost without precedent in English law. that fromthe inability ofthe children to pay for the necessary school appliances
their instruction is brought to a standstill at the precise moment at which
it is desirable to go on ; and that even supposing the schooling of a child
There is some danger of falling in too quickly with a Ministerial has been adequately facilitated , he is, on its completion, suddenly bereft of
desire to effect economy in the printing of returns moved for by members every means of secular improvement, for the dearth of literature is of
of Parliament ; the question, at any rate, has two sides. Parliamentary course still greater outside than inside the school.
publications are an effective means of public instruction, and a free,
reasonable exercise by independent members of the power of moving for
returns is of great value for the public. There is no doubt that every Govern- Following up Lord Grey's amendment on the preamble of the
ment as well as every public department is more or less anxious to avoid Irish Church Bill, Lord Russell has given notice of a specific
inquiry and criticism, and to refuse or evade inconvenient returns ; a Govern- proposal for the application of the surplus to " satisfy, as far as
ment, on the other hand, is always ready to publish anything in departmental possible, upon principles of equality as between the several religious
denominations in Ireland, all just and equitable claims." He would
defence or apology. An example is furnished by the recent publication of a
lengthy correspondence about a dismissed consul-general, whom the Foreign make grants to Presbyterians and Catholics to enable them to build
Office seems not unwilling to expose ; while by way of contrast but a few churches, chapels, or ecclesiastical residences, and to acquire glebe
years ago the prayer of a dismissed diplomatist, whose case excited much lands not exceeding thirty acres to each residence ; and would also
sympathy, for publication of papers, including his defence, was refused by authorize the Commissioners to provide graveyards for Protestants and
Mr. Layard, then representing the Foreign Office in the House of Com- Catholics in any parishes the inhabitants of which petitioned for such
mons, as something totally impossible, and improper for him to consent to. accommodation. This is, no doubt, " concurrent endowment " in its
The total expense for parliamentary printing for the ensuing year is estimated mildest form , but the principle involved remains the same, no matter
at £82,000, a portion of which is recouped by the sale of parliamentary to what degree it is intended to be carried. That principle we
papers. It is well, of course, to economize here if possible ; but the main have discussed in another page ; and we need only now repeat that,
part of the expense arises from bulky annual publications of departments however plausibly it may be advocated, the fact remains that last
and reports of commissions of inquiry. The action of independent year the Conservatives, on the mere hint of it, were compelled to
members should be encouraged rather than restrained. Mr. Ayrton, a eat their words, and that the Liberals were also pledged on the hustings
neophyte official, has occasionally preached during this session economy as in the most positive manner against levelling up, and in favour
to printing members' returns ; but there should be suspicion and fear of a of levelling down . Lord Romilly has added an amendment to the
saving of this sort urged from the Treasury Bench. Advertising for tenders. list of notices, providing that any appeal on the doctrine or discipline of
for Government printing, or some less expensive mode of publication , might the new Church should be heard by the Privy Council and not by the
provide the desired economy, without checking the healthy and legitimate House of Lords. It is probable that the suggestion of " Anglicanus,"
curiosity of independent members of Parliament. in a letter to the Times, will also be embodied in a specific amendment-
namely, that the Irish Church should be declared to be identical in
doctrine with the English Church, and related to the latter in the same
In reply to Mr. Greene, the Home Secretary stated that the way as a colonial communion.
Mayor of Birmingham in arresting Murphy, the Protestant agitator, had
acted not on any Act of Parliament, but on the broad principle of salus
populi suprema lex. He added that he was not prepared to say whether In republishing an article on " Chinese Gordon " from Fraser's Maga
the mayor in so doing acted in accordance with strict legal principles. zine, the writer has added a good suggestion . It is that the officer whose
We do not blame Mr. Bruce for declining to commit himself on exploits are therein recorded should be sent out to New Zealand to settle
a question of such importance, if he had not had time to give accounts with the natives. Colonel Gordon, as our readers are doubtless
it careful consideration and consult with the law officers. But we aware, is the Engineer officer who, at the head ofthe Ch'ang Sheng Chi'un,
must express a very strong conviction that it would be most improper to or Ever Victorious Army, as it was officially called in the Chinese records,
leave the matter as it stands. If Mr. Bruce is not prepared , as accomplished the overthrow of the dreaded Taipings, and relieved the Imperial
the representative of the Government, to say what is the law, how Government from a danger which at one time threatened its very existence.
are municipal officers to know their duty ? Of course Mr. Bruce's To appreciate the remarkable character of this achievement it must be remem-
opinion on the subject, however authoritative, would not be final, but bered that the force which afterwards acquired such an imposing title
it would at least be a guide to the local authorities in a very difficult and was, when Gordon first assumed command of it, a loose, straggling, undis-
serious case. For our own part we can only repeat what we have before ciplined body of 3,000 men all told, chiefly foreign mercenaries of equivocal
said, that in our opinion it is perfectly within the power of the authorities, trustworthiness ; that he was destitute of anything in the shape of an organized
at common law, to put a stop to proceedings which there is good reason commissariat or transport service, and embarrassed by official routine and
to believe will certainly be followed by a breach of the peace. jealousies ; and that he had to lead this army under such trying circum-
No doubt there is an obvious risk in entrusting such a discretion to a stances, through an exceedingly difficult country in the face of a wily and
mayor or other official who may take a peculiar view of what is dangerous desperate foe, flushed with continuous victory, and excited by fanatical
to public order. One can easily conceive an abuse of this authority, and fervour. The moral ascendancy which Gordon established over all
it would, of course, have to be exercised with great caution and moderation. who came in contact with him,"his card decision and force of
Everything turns on the question whether there is good reason character were even more remarkable than his military energy and genius.
to believe that certain proceedings will cause a disturbance. In Murphy's He was no less successful in restraining the excesses of his own victorious
case, however, the fact that wherever he has lectured, in one town after troops than in routing the Taipings. In sixteen months he took four cities,
[ 494 ]
 JUNE 25, 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET. 19

and a dozen strong places of minor importance, and with 3,000 men vestry. Mr. Horsell, the usher, deserves the best thanks of the community,
of the kind we have described scattered before him an enemy and, however fatiguing may have been the learned burden it devolved on
fifteen times as numerous. Having done these feats, Colonel Gordon, him to bear, he has the satisfaction of feeling that he has set an example
in the most modest and disinterested manner, withdrew to England, where which, if followed, cannot fail to be of inestimable value to our public
he has since been engaged in superintending the construction of some institutions.
military works in the marshes near Gravesend. There are thousands of
men, of course, quite fit for such work as that ; but it would be difficult to The Hon. E. J. Monson has lately been gazetted consul at St. Michael's,
point out any one in the service more signally qualified for such work as Azores, and Mr. Samuel Vines consul at Islay, Peru. These are both
awaits doing in New Zealand. consulships for which, in the Civil Service estimates of this year, there is
no return for fees received, and it follows that the consuls have hitherto
received fees on their own account. But it is to be inferred from the
The members of the House of Commons are not unnaturally rather
respective salaries, £400 and £500, that the consuls of St. Michael's and
jealous of the feminine attentions which were last week showered upon Islay have not been permitted to trade. It is to be hoped, therefore, that
the Lords. One can readily conceive the feelings of a Commoner on passing
on the occasion of these new appointments, the Foreign Office will put
from his own dull drab chamber into the blaze of light and colours
these consulships on the footing of receiving fees for the public exchequer,
in the Upper House on the night of a great debate, and observing making suitable fixed allowances in addition tothe present ostensible
the sort of fluttering excitement imparted to the scene by the
salaries, according to the recommendation of the Consular Committee of
presence of the ladies in the gallery. Mr. H. Herbert on Thursday week 1858 - viz. " Appropriation of all fecs, except in the cases of unpaid
asked the First Commissioner, amid approving cheers, whether the gratings
consuls, to the public account, the expenses of the office being regulated
in front of the ladies' gallery in the Lower House could not be removed,
and defrayed by the Government."
and better accommodation provided. Mr. Layard hinted that this rested
altogether with the members themselves, and that, for his own part, he con-
sidered the ladies' gallery more fit for a chamber of horrors than for its We are informed that Prince Alamayoo, son of King Theodore of
present purpose. Abyssinia, will leave England for India, under the care of Captain Speedy,
by the next steamer from Southampton. The Indian climate will probably
The curious geographical anomaly which places a little bit of Flintshire suit him better than our own ; and it would have been an act of great unkind-
all by itself within the borders of Shropshire is reproduced on a smaller ness on the part of Government to have severed the boy from his guardian,
scale in Buckingham Palace, where it appears the Secretary of State for who has received an appointment in Oudh. As to the future of
War has jurisdiction over the guard-room only, while the rest of the the young prince, it is impossible to speculate. It is not an easy problem
building is under the control of the Commissioner of Works. A collision that we may have to solve after the lapse of some ten years. Meanwhile
has just occurred between the two departments which supplies an amusing it is our duty to do the best that can be done for him in the way
instance of red-tapeism . The ventilation in the guard-room being of general education and training to fit him to play his part,
insufficient, the military authorities pierced six windows in the wall ; whatever it may be, in the great drama of life. He is repre-
but the outside belonging to the civil power, it promptly bricked sented to be an intelligent and loveable child, with great quickness
them up, as they were an injury to the façade. The consequence of observation, and a somewhat excitable temperament. His tastes, as
was that an immense amount of slow and creaking official machinery far as they are yet developed, are on the side of manliness and muscularity.
was set in motion, and the affair has finally come before the House He has ridden to hounds and has brought down his bird with a fowling
of Commons. The exact limit of the tenant-right of the Horse piece. That he could not be in better hands is palpable to all
Guards is certainly a case for counsel. If Mr. Layard can brick up who have seen Captain Speedy and his young charge together. The boy
windows which spoil the façade, he may build up doors for a similar and his guardian are obviously much attached to each other ; and with
reason, and then he has only to cover up the skylights, and the guard will apparently a good natural disposition on the one side, and gentle, judicious
be smothered while the official correspondence is going on. Perhaps, treatment on the other, we may not unreasonably look for excellent results.
however, as custom has established so clear a right of way through the
door the Secretary at War would be justified in throwing down at once
any brickwork erected there. We were all deeply impressed recently by the doleful cry which came from
Barking in reference to the accumulation of London sewage in and around
the town. There were banks of ten feet deep, and a backwater of
We have all of us, though we do not admit it, a great yearning for undiluted sewage swept up Barking Creek. These and many other
cruelty. We are too respectable now to sanction cockfighting or bull- horrors were described to us in a way which could not fail to shock
baiting, but we have been lucky enough to find a capital substitute for even the Metropolitan Board of Works. The inhabitants of this gloomy
these manly sports by ill-treating " welchers." At Ascot one unfortunate
region have, however, had an opportunity of substantiating their complaints
man accused of this crime was stripped of his clothing and half
before a Home Office Commissioner, but none of the memorialists
murdered. At Henley Regatta the gaiety of the scene was heightened by
attended. Several persons, however, came forward voluntarily and gave
the sight of a miserable wretch who was dragged to the river by several evidence which seems to prove that the present drainage system is far from
men and nearly drowned amid the applause of the spectators. Far
perfect. Filth sent down from London does collect in large quantities at
be it from us to check the holy indignation every one must feel Barking, and to that is attributed a peculiar form of throat disease with
at the wrongs of betting men. The sport, too, must be most exciting, which the inhabitants are troubled, and also an attack of scarlatina last
for even respectable old gentlemen who probably go to church twice year. The water in the creek could once be drunk by mariners,
on Sundays and would not hurt a fly in private life seem to take a positive though the witnesses do not state that the mariners were in the
pleasure in poking the miserable victim in the ribs or eyes with the ferrules habit of taking it in large quantities. Now, however, the very
of their umbrellas as he vainly endeavours to escape the clutches of his smell of it makes people sick. But then a manure-carrying trade goes
tormentors. Still we have some qualms of conscience on the subject. on in the town, and some say that this has caused all the sorrows of Barking.
In the first place, what evidence have we that the tortured individual is a The town possesses no sewers of its own, having had enough, perhaps, of
welcher ? And then, again , is it not rather cowardly for several hundred other people's. It is quite clear that Barking is not a place to which any
people to torment a helpless fellow-creature, whatever sins he may have com- man need be anxious to transplant himself at present.
mitted, without even the ceremony of a trial ? How few of us even know
the exact definition of " a welcher "! On the whole, however great the
fun
may be, we think it would be better as a general rule not to assist a The Kirghiz rebellion still defies all the efforts of the Russian Govern.
howling mob in attempting to tear any individual to pieces. The majesty ment to subdue it. A letter from Orenburg, published in the Goloss ofthe
of Lynch law is sure to be sufficiently asserted by the ruffians who throng 16th inst. , says that great alarm prevails in that town in consequence of
the racecourses, who scarcely need the zealous help too frequently afforded the receipt of several telegrams from the commandants of the principal
them by bystanders. forts in the district, stating that a large body of Kirghiz were advancing to
attack them from the sandy waste known as "the great Barsoukis." No
On the very day that the House of Lords was discussing the best traveller now dares to cross the steppe, and the Ambassador of Khokand,
means of preserving order in that august assembly, a scene was enacted in who has just arrived at Orenburg from his mission to St. Petersburg, is to
the court-house of the Middlesex sessions which shows what may be done proceed on his journey via Omsk, in Siberia, in order to avoid the dangers
by decisive measures in the way of checking disturbance during the of the direct route. Numberless caravans have been attacked and plun:
transaction of business. It appears from the report in the Daily News that dered on the steppe by the Kirghiz, and one of them, conveying property
M. Brierly, a barrister, having made a great noise, was ordered out of to the value of 35,000 roubles (£ 5,000), has entirely disappeared. Strong
court by Sir W. Bodkin, and not complying with this order, Mr. Horsell, reinforcements of Cossacks and recruits, originally destined for service in
the usher, took him up in his arms and carried him out amidst Turkistan, have been despatched by forced marches to Orenburg, where
some confusion and excitement. We have little doubt that this " carrying- they are to be placed under the command of General Kondratieff, and held
out" system, as applied to barristers at the Middlesex sessions, will, if in readiness to proceed to the field against the rebels. The authorities
extended, greatly tend to raise the tone of the profession generally. How chiefly rely, however, on the assistance of the celebrated Kirghiz chief, Iset
many a barrister might with advantage be carried out by a stalwart usher Kutebareff, to enable them thoroughly to crush the rebellion. Iset has
when the brow-beating of a witness has reached its extreme limit and be often been described by English and French writers on Central Asia as
deposited in the nearest gutter ! Again, in the House of Commons a national hero fighting for the independence of his countrymen, but the
the carrying-out system would at times be invaluable if applied to Polish traveller Zaleski, who has lived for several years among the Kirghiz,
bores, though we fear, from the frequent necessity of its adoption, the shows in a recent work that he was nothing more than a rather daring and
office of serjeant-at-arms would be no sinecure. Nor need the practice be skilful robber chief whose predatory achievements gave him a certain
confined to secular institutions ; the Church of England is at the present reputation on the steppe, and that Vambéry is mistaken in supposing thathe
moment in rather a sensitive condition, otherwise we would suggest that had any political influence. His first achievement was to steal nine horses
with the view of shortening the services, on a signal from, say, two-thirds from a Russian fortress on the Irghiz, and he continued his depredations on
of the congregation, the clerk might be empowered to cut short an over- the Russian authorities, until the latter determined to use him for their own
lengthy discourse on the part of the preacher by carrying him into the purposes. He was invited to St. Petersburg, and M. Zaleski relates that
[ 495 ]
 20 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 25 , 1869.

on his return he expressed great surprise at the clemency of the Emperor. and so often broken, that we fear the tunnel with the best intentions may
" He is a fool," he said. " If I had had a man in my power who had be a failure in this respect ; but it will, at least, diminish the horrors of sea
played me as many tricks as I have played him, I should have cut his sickness, which are almost, if not quite, as bad as the horrors of war. At
throat ; and he not only sends me back unharmed, but gives me a silver the same time, it is only right we should warn the French people that
teapot. " This, however, was not the only result of his visit to the capital. unless great haste is made with the work, they have very little chance of
He obtained a sort of roving commission from the Government to protect finding the conservatism and wisdom the Commission leads them to expect
the Kirghiz frontier, and has been repeatedly employed with his band of on these shores.
marauders in keeping down the rebellious tendencies of his countrymen.
In this he has been so successful that his services have again been called Who is " Lord Hamilton " ? A nobleman of that name, as we gather
into requisition, and valuable presents have been sent him in order to from the police reports, has recently established himself amid the congenial
stimulate his zeal,
society of Ratcliffe-highway. He is usually to be found in a beer-shop
called " Paddy's Goose," where his favourite diversion appears to be to
The gentleman who has charge of the ventilation of the Houses scramble money among the thieves and prostitutes who form his court.
of Parliament must find some difficulty in pleasing everybody. Lord The Marquis of Hamilton writes to say that the " gentleman styled ' Lord
Albemarle complained of the cold air which came up through the Hamilton " has no connection with the Abercorn family.
floor during the recent debates, to the great discomfort, suffering, and
even danger of their lordships. Lord Granville replied that for his own part
the temperature had suited him so exactly that he had expressed his The establishment of the Iron and Steel Institute, at the first
satisfaction with the way in which it had been managed. The difficulty meeting of which on Wednesday the Duke of Devonshire, as president,
of adapting the temperature to a great variety of tastes and temperaments delivered an inaugural address, is an indication of a new era in
was further illustrated by the complaints which the officer in charge the history of this great industry. The objects of the institute are :-
of this department had received from two members of the Government " To afford a means of communication between members of the iron and
in the other House, one coming to protest against the intolerable heat steel trades upon matters bearing upon the respective manufactures,
and the other within a few minutes exclaiming against the insufferable. cold . excluding all questions connected with wages and trade regulations. To
arrange periodical meetings for the purpose of discussing practical and
scientific subjects bearing upon the manufacture and working of iron
It is well known that in many parts of Ireland and Scotland the natives and steel." In other words, the Institute has been created for the purpose of
prefer their ragged dirty one-pound notes to the brightest sovereign . Indeed, establishing the iron and steel manufactures on a more scientific basis, and
the more soiled and worn the paper the better it is liked , the theory being that may thus be regarded as a satisfactory proof that the recent discussions
it must be genuine since it has passed through the hands of so many on technical education have not been without their effect upon our country-
different people ; had there been anything wrong with it it would have men.
been discovered before. Sometimes a traveller in a secluded part of either
country finds a difficulty in getting his gold accepted at all, and has Some new revelations as to the ceremonies of the strange Russian sect
to make an abatement of value to the amount of 6d. or IS. The of "the mutilated " (Skoptzi), of which we gave an account a short time
Chancellor of the Exchequer on Wednesday mentioned another instance. ago, have just been published in the Russian Contemporary News. These
of popular caprice and prejudice in regard to coinage. The Australian revelations are stated to have been taken from a manuscript memoir
sovereign has a pale yellow look from its silver alloy, and is written by the late Monsignor Plato, metropolitan of Moscow, at the
consequently distrusted in England, where people prefer the " red request of the Emperor Alexander I. , and they fully explain the nature of
red goid " of the old songs. But in India, on the other hand, the " two communions " of the Skoptzi, which has hitherto remained a
the Australian sovereign is most readily exchanged, because the old gold profound secret. The first communion, says the memoir, is called
mohur of that country has exactly the same sort of alloy in it, and closely that of the Flesh of the Lamb, and is administered at all the
resembles it in appearance. general meetings of the Skoptzi ; the second, which is only admin-
istered to the elect on extraordinary occasions, is called that
of the Blood of the Lamb. The women of the sect are bound under
Two years ago the Viceroy of Egypt visited us, and was treated with
considerable indignity ; but with a disregard of petty slights uncommon in terrible oaths to live a life of chastity, but it nevertheless often happens
an Oriental prince, he forgave it all ; afterwards heaping coals of fire on that they have children , and this is usually ascribed by the Skoptzi, not to
our heads by his magnificent reception of the Prince and Princess of the women having broken their vows, but to divine interposition. The
Wales in Egypt. But now we have had the opportunity of wiping out. child, if a male, is " sacrificed " on the seventh day after its birth. A
the reproach ; and what happens ? The Viceroy from the very first moment bandage is tied over its eyes, its body is stretched over a dish, and a silver
of his arrival has been subjected to at least the appearance of marked spear is thrust into its left side, so as to pierce the heart. The " elect "
disrespect. He has been too often reminded that, whatever he may be in of the Skoptzi then advance in turn and suck the child's blood. This is
what is called " the communion of the blood of the Lamb." As soon as
his own country, in this his rank and importance are not sovereign.
the ceremony is over the body is put in another dish full of sugar, where
Of course it is important to remember that we are bound to
recognize the Sultan's suzerainship, but it is neither necessary nor it is left until it dries up ; it is then crushed into powder, and administered
graceful to do this ostentatiously. No doubt it was only by accident that in sinall cakes to the ordinary members of the sect as "the communion of
the Prince of Wales was five minutes late at the Charing- cross station ; the flesh of the Lamb."
that the escort was ten minutes late, and finally escorted nobody. But it
could scarcely be accidental that when the Viceroy arrived at Buck- The death of Mr. Henry J. Raymond creates a gap among the public
ingham Palace, he was let in at a side door. Visitors of rank naturally men of America which it will not be easy to fill. He occupied an excep
enough called at the main entrance, but were informed that it tional position before his countrymen , for he had proved that he possessed
was not to be so used, and they were compelled compelled toto make
make great parliamentary gifts, and he had acquired a reputation as a journalist
their inquiries at a door usually allotted to the equerries. And there in which no other American was his equal. Garbled news, malicious
is a story, which we really cannot believe, that diplomatic representa- attacks, wilful or ignorant misrepresentations, were too common even
tions have been made to the effect that the Viceroy must not be allowed in the leading New York papers until Mr. Raymond's ambition
to sleep in the bed occupied by the Sultan. Now surely we ought not to and high principle led him to adopt a nobler standard. The New York
blunder in this way twice. Even though it be true that etiquette is Times, which he established and edited from the first, soon gained an
sometimes a matter of international polity, and that we are bound not to honourable distinction for the impartiality and moderation of its comments
receive the Viceroy as a sovereign prince, it is nevertheless our duty to on public affairs, and for the talent which was displayed in its columns.
give him a handsome and noble reception. Mr. Raymond always worked hard at his paper, but that did not prevent
him from undertaking the duties of several important offices. He
had been Lieutenant-Governor of New York, and for a long time was
It appears that the Board of Trade have received the report made by a one of the leaders of the Republican party. Just after the war he pleaded
Special Commission appointed by the Emperor Napoleon to examine into earnestly in Congress for a generous treatment of the South, and
the practicability of executing the proposed tunnel between England and thus brought down upon his head the ire of Republicans, who were
France. The members agree on the practicability of the undertaking as more in harmony at that time with the merciless sentiments of Mr.
proposed by the English engineers, but there are some differences of opinion Thaddeus Stevens. Mr. Raymond called a meeting of brother members
as to whether the amount of probable traffic would be remunerative at at his house in Washington, and many of them promised to support thim
first. As to the first point, the opinion of the commission may be taken Bu he
in his appeal for the crushed and ruined population of the South.
for what it is worth, which some people will think not much ; but as to the was afterwards left to fight the battle alone, and he fought it, as all
other question, we beg leave to observe that this is entirely a matterforthe adınitted, with consummate ability. His speeches deeply moved all
consideration of the first shareholders. Our railways and other useful who listened to them, and the oldest members acknowledged that a more
accomplished debater never sat in Congress. But he had " fallen out of
public works have been chiefly built at the expense of retired governesses
and speculative clergymen. Most of these are in prisons, madhouses, or line" with his party, and persons, who were utterly incapable of rendering
graves, but their good works remain behind them for the benefit services to the Union such as Mr. Raymond had given for many years, cried
of the public, who buy the shares at a discount. If the members out that he was turning " Copperhead." He retired, but although he held
of the Commission would only hold their tongues, the new gene- the absolute control of a very powerful organ of public opinion, he never
ration of the class we have mentioned would probably come out sought to return evil for evil. It was not, indeed, in his nature to do
of their hiding places and be only too grateful if they were an injustice. People who injured him came to him afterwards for help in
allowed to bridge the Channel with sovereigns for the benefit of their trouble, feeling confident that they would not be refused. Of all who
fellow-creatures. The report goes on to say that other matters than knew him there is probably not one who will have a single act of
traffic should be considered, " such as the advantage of strengthening the unkindness to remember against him. In outward manner he was some-
bonds which unite France to an industrious conservative and wise people, times reserved, or even cynical, but those who were familiar with him
whose alliance constitutes a valuable pledge for the peace of the world." were aware that he was a man of a most gentle disposition, moved in an
As to pledges for the peace of the world, they have been so often given instant by any story of hardship or suffering ; and they valued him not
[ 496 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 21
JUNE 25, 1869. ]

more for the earnestness and fidelity of his friendship than for the Commissioner of Works had enunciated sentiments of an opposite character
unblemished character which he preserved through all the temptations and they would soon show him " the way out. " It is enough to make anybody
vicissitudes of American political life. He will be deeply lamented in shiver to hear our great men talk like this, and the odd thing is that every-
America, publicly and privately, and there are some in this country to body who knows anything of the people of London thinks that, notwith-
whom the news of his untimely death will bring profound sorrow. standing their Anglo-Saxon principles, they will before long show some of
our metropolitan bodies "the way out," including possibly Sir John
himself.
We must have been unduly excited on the subject of running our two-
year-olds if we are to believe the account given by the St. Petersburg There was a discussion a short time ago in the House of Commons
correspondent of the Tablet last week of the preparations for the horse respecting a very useful little office, although little known to the general
show at Moscow, It seems that among the troop of horses sent from public, called the Examiner of Criminal Law Accounts Office, but, like
Asia was a little foal which when only a few hours old set out on its first many other discussions in that House, it took the form of words and
journey, and accomplished in the day about fifty-five English miles. Our nothing more. The business of this office is to examine the accounts of
two-year-olds may learn a lesson from this barbarous foal ; at the same time the clerks of the peace for the counties and boroughs in England and
we fear that the inexperienced animal must have formed a somewhat Wales, the accounts for the maintenance of prisoners other than those
disagreeable impression of the requirements of the state of existence on sentenced to penal servitude, and the sheriff's accounts. The establish-
which it had just entered, and not improbably have wished itself back in ment consists of two examiners at £ 1,000 a year each, and a staff
its former sphere. of seven clerks, the maximum salary of the latter being £450.
On the superannuation of the late chief clerk, who enjoyed a
Mr. Goldwin Smith's career of usefulness at Cornell University is not special salary of £ 500 a year, we believe no promotion took
likely to be very protracted. His friends here may hope for his quick place, and the vacancy was not filled up. When opportunity offers it
return. He has been telling the Americans now, from the safe retreat of would seem to be worth consideration whether it would not be possible to
Canada, that Englishmen will not allow their character to be abused reduce the number of examiners to one, to appropriate part of the saving
or their honour impugned, and that " serious consequences " will thus effected for the benefit of the taxpayer, and the other part, if it is not
ensue to the said Americans if they do not keep this fact in mind. This
particularly wanted, to the benefit of the clerks who, unless we are mis-
is not the sort of thing that Mr. Goldwin Smith's American admirers have informed, do most of the work, and would probably do it none the worse
loved him for, and as he has contrived to challenge a fight with the press,
if some day they were allowed the chance of a little promotion.
his life is likely to be made far from agreeable. The papers come out
every morning, and Mr. Goldwin Smith only makes a speech about once a
week. He has been ridiculing one journal for writing an article on the In recently commenting upon Mr. Lefevre's return of life assurance
hats and boots of a rival editor. His fate is settled. Already a news- companies we noticed that the paper, which only embraced a few pages,
paper, once devoted to him, has sneered at the library he presented to was "destitute of totals , though the statistics could have been easily
Cornell University as " an old box of books," and made out that he gave supplemented with a brief and useful summary." The suggestion was not
it on the principle of throwing a sprat to catch a herring. Mr. Goldwin thrown away , for a week afterwards the Board of Trade issued a " general
Smith has found that there are corrupt politicians in America as well as summary. " This, in justification of our criticism , we here in substance
in England-perhaps, too, a venal press. He appears to have become reprint , very slightly, under the exigencies of space , altering the form. The
deeply attached to his own country. After all, his visit is not likely to be companies are divided into three classes , thus : -
without good effects upon his mind. I. Registered under the Act of 1844 ( 7 and 8 Vict. c. 110).
II. -Formed and registered under the Companies Act of 1862 ( 25 and 26 Vict. c. 89).
The Katholisches Volksblatt, a Limburg newspaper, reports a highly III. -Companies (previously existing) registered under the Companies Act of 1862 for
the purpose of winding up under that Act.
interesting fact. It seems that a boy, two years old, and born of Protestant
parents, fell ill of the scarlet fever and was given over. His despairing Capital. Number ofCompanies.
mother, as a last resource, besought certain Catholic children to walk in Class Number Whose
procession to the convent of Marienstadt, there to offer up a prayer for his of of Amalgamated Business has or Wound-up
recovery. Forgetful of all difference of creed and remembering only the Company. Companies. Nominal. Subscribed
for. Pa id-up. with other been supposed
Trans- to have ceased
Companies. ferred to other Business .
distress of a fellow - creature, they complied with her request ; and, Companies.
accordingly, when the youthful suppliants returned from their pious errand, £ £ £
they found the child, which had a short time before been utterly prostrated 157 38,461,500 24,405,696 2,428,726' 6 26 102
and unable to stir, now suddenly recovered and playing about its room in IS -- I 3 8
perfect health. Implicit as is our faith in the above story, we think it right 92 30,096,000 3.794,095 737.997 3 5 37
11. -
to state that some of the miracles which have lately occurred in the Divan 3 ---
of Limburg are of a nature so startling as to be almost incredible ; lest, I 500,000 378,900 I
III.
however, any one should withhold his belief from the tale on the ground 4
of its improbability, it is but fair that we should call his attention to the 255 69,057,500 28,578,691 3,166,633 9 31 140
following recital of a somewhat important prodigy vouched for by several Totals .... 22 I 3 12
witnesses, believed by several persons of undoubted ability, and told in an * These are mutual companies, or companies limited by guarantee, having no capital to which these
English book oftravels :-"The age ofmiracles," says the author, " is not gone headings apply.
by. At the beatification which took place during the Jubilee of 1825, the
account of one of the attested deviations from the common course of Some instances having occurred at practice of Palliser shot and shell
nature, in favour of the person who was to receive the holy honours of the breaking up in the bore of the gun, which is thus exposed to the chance
day, was placarded on the door of St. Peter's ; it stated that the ' Beandus ' of serious injury, a committee was recently appointed to consider the subject.
coming one fast-day into the kitchen of an unscrupulous Catholic, beheld The question divided itself into the two branches of the strengthening ofthe
sundry thrushes and larks on the spit. The good man was scandalized, existing projectiles, and the adoption of remedial measures for future manu-
facture. The evidence appears to point to the failures having been due to
and to reprove and punish the offender, ordered the birds to resume their
plumage and their lives and to fly away ; they obeyed." If half- cooked the blowing in of the base plug with which the hollow in the projectile is
thrushes could act with so much decision and common sense, it is surely closed. The failure ofthe shot has apparently proceeded from the same cause,
for the shot are cored and not solid ; and there seems to be no doubt that
not impossible that a procession of children may have been sufficient to
the construction failed to afford proper support to the plug in cases in
scare away the scarlet fever.
which the casting was slightly " rotten " or imperfect at the base.
understand that the remedy which it is proposed to apply to the existing
The inevitable banquet which took place after the opening of Southwark shot and shell, and which promises to be successful, is the adoption of
Park last Saturday seems to have been rather a painful festivity. Some- a plug with a broad head or shoulder, which thus has a good bearing upon
thing had evidently put out Sir John Thwaites, for in returning thanks for the base ofthe projectile, and cannot be blown in. A number of projectiles
the Metropolitan Board of Works he said very little about the park, but strengthened in this way have been fired without showing any disposition
made all kinds of uncomfortable allusions to district boards and vestries, to break up prematurely. The plug admits of easy application to the
and the " Anglo-Saxon " mind. We learn from his observations that the existing shell by simply unscrewing the present plug and substituting one
Metropolitan Board of Works and the vestries, although they may possess
of strengthened pattern. In the case of the shot which have the plugs
a thousand stomachs, have but one opinion, and that is that "the Govern- wedged in, this fixed plug must be bored through and " tapped "
ment will find it a hard job to take from them all municipal control. " for the introduction of the stronger base. In the first instance , the
It seems that the universal disgust which they have inspired is subversive remedy will be applied experimentally only until its efficiency is thoroughly
of " ancient Saxon principles. " It has become, Sir John tells us, the established. It can then be introduced generally, with little inconvenience
fashion "in a certain place "" to run down vestries and district boards. and at small cost. With regard to future manufacture, it is likely that the
He did not vouchsafe to inform us what " certain place " he alluded to, bodies of the projectiles will be " sand-cast," the heads only being
although there can be little doubt he meant London generally ; but he gave chilled. This arrangement, which was proposed and experimented
us a piece of information which is most valuable because none of us knew upon with satisfactory results about two years ago, presents several
it before ; he said that " vestries and district boards are most useful bodies," advantages. It imparts a certain toughness or additional strength to that
and that those who run them down " know very little about the matter." portion of the projectile in which hardness is not specially required , and
Having thus edified the company, Sir John proceeded to snub poor Mr. where strength and tenacity (as opposed to brittleness ) are necessary ;
Layard .
That unfortunate gentleman had stated that he was sure he and with this toughness it at the same time gives us in the bodies a material
might trust the people not to injure the grounds which had just been which, unlike chilled iron, can be attacked with boring tools. Thus the
opened for their use, and considering that it is not very long since " the production of the projectiles is facilitated, and the application of any
people " seriously injured one of the parks, Mr. Layard's observation seems plug or breech closing arrangement is made more easy and efficacious.
rather generous than otherwise. Sir John, however, informed the company This method of production was included by Major Palliser in his
that he knew something of the people of Southwark, and that if the Chief original specification, and some experiments with projectiles of this
[ 497 ]
 22 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 25, 1869.

construction were made at Shoeburyness last week against the 8-inch control, but they cannot grant rights which interfere with or limit the exercises of the
target. The main question to be determined was whether the shot would authority of the National Legislature so far as that authority is derived from the
penetrate as well as those which were wholly chill-cast ; and this point Constitution of the United States. Although not yet the subject of judicial determination,
appears to have been determined in the affirmative. It is therefore pro- this constitutional power has been repeatedly asserted and exercised by Congress.
bable, should last week's experiments be confirmed, that Palliser shot and We presume, however, that, notwithstanding this adverse opinion, the
shell will henceforth be made with sand-cast bodies and chilled heads ; cable will be landed in America.
and thus all liability to premature fracture will, we trust, be avoided. This
explanation became necessary in view of the very exaggerated reports of
failure which have been circulated. A French doctor has discovered that turpentine is a sure antidote to
phosphorus, and he commends this discovery most especially to parents
whose children have been sucking lucifer matches. It appears that, in
A few years ago it would have scarcely been an exaggeration to say more than twenty cases of this kind he has employed turpentine (one tea-
that the longboat of a British man- of-war was a fair match for Prussia's spoonful neat) successfully ; and his report on the subject of these cures
whole fleet ; and one can understand the feeling of legitimate pride with has been favourably received by the Academy of Medicine. We hasten to
which Count Bismarck lately found himself able to assert that her navy add that we do not ourselves vouch for this remedy, so that if any of our
is at this moment second to none in the Baltic. The extraordinary readers wish to try the experiment of eating a few matches, and then
rapidity with which ironclad after ironclad has been built and launched in drinking a little turpentine, they must not sue us for damages if they are
the Prussian ports, and the scarcely disguised pretensions of the Prussian incommoded by the results. We are not prescribing, we are only
Government to the supremacy of the Baltic Sea, have created no little reporting.
jealousy and anxiety in Russia. Last year, at the suggestion of Count
Bismarck, the Prussian and Russian fleets cruised and manoeuvred together An interesting paper appeared in the Courrier de l'Algérie the other
during the summer months ; but a proposal to renew the same exercises day on the subject of the Algerian steppes, a region occupying some
this year has met at St. Petersburg with an unqualified refusal. This millions of acres between the Sahara and the Tell- that 'cultivable belt of
incident has caused much sensation in Russian naval circles, the general land already appropriated by French colonists. This vast tract, carpeted
impression being that the Government is aware of the present superiority by wild thyme and alfa grass, seems well adapted for sheep-grazing on a large
of the Prussian navy and unwilling to let their fleet serve as a foil to scale. The explorer goes so far as to declare it equally suited to agriculture
that of their active and enterprising neighbour. as the Tell itself ; whilst the alfa grass, Stipa tenacissima, can be profitably
used in the manufacture of paper. It is suggested that rights of pasture-
hitherto monopolized by the native nomad population - be granted by the
We are afraid that the hopes entertained that the reported murder of Government to European colonists, who would only require a few camels
Mr. Powell's family in Abyssinia might turn out to be a mistake rest upon a for the transport of their produce to the coast, and would thus stand an
very slender foundation. Official accounts have, we understand, been received equal chance with the Arabs themselves. But how would the Arabs like
by Government which leave little doubt of the truth of this lamentable story. it ? Of course they will enjoy the benefit of example, will learn how to
They come from M. Munzinger, at Massowah, and are based upon the save their flocks by laying up fodder, and how to make the wilderness
evidence of Swedish missionaries, two of which fraternity also have blossom like the rose by dint of wells and agricultural implements. Thus,
fallen. It seems that there is no just ground for the supposition say the projectors, who sum up their arguments by saying that if these
that the animosities engendered by the recent war were the causes " moniteurs de la colonisation pastorale " find their neighbours unpleasant,
of this melancholy sacrifice of European life. It was a more com- means are at hand to ensure any amount of security.
monplace and characteristic affair altogether. It is stated that the
cupidity of the barbarians was excited by the extent of the paraphernalia,
laden on camel-back, which Mr. Powell had taken with him, and Our Vienna correspondent, writing on the 11th inst., says "In a few
that the party were murdered for the sake of spoil. It is asserted days the new law for trying press offences by jury will come into operation.
that after the death of her husband and child Mrs. Powell made Hitherto, even under the more liberal Governments of Germany, this con-
a grand resistance, and wounded several of her assailants before cession was looked upon as too dangerous to be admissible, and although
she fell exhausted to the ground and was despatched by the murderers. trial by jury was allowed in cases of robbery or murder, press offences
The calamity seems to have occurred on or about the 18th of April, at a were invariably dealt with by the official tribunals. In Austria, however,
place on the frontier of Tika and Burka." it was considered that the new liberal Constitution could not be complete
without this important safeguard of public liberty, and a bill for the purpose
was accordingly introduced last session in the Reichsrath, and passed
Akind word for the Eton eight who won the Lady's Plate at Henley by a large majority. The regulations to be observed in the formation of the
last week. Ever since 1860 , when the Rev. Edmund Warre first took the court and the drawing up of the lists of jurymen are conceived throughout.
coaching of the boats in hand, the school has turned out a wonderful set in the most liberal spirit. Every citizen who pays 20 florins a year in
of crews. A few years ago— that is, before Mr. Warre's time- no Eton taxes, or who has completed his studies at a university or technical school,
"eight " could have held out for above a mile against even an ordinary is qualified to have his name placed on the jury list. Government officials
university torpid. Now Etonians beat Oxford and Cambridge crews of (except professors) , clergymen, military men, and teachers in the elementary
grown up men. This says so much for the results to be obtained by careful schools, are excluded . The nomination takes place through the medium of
training that one cannot help asking how it is that Messrs. George Dupuis commissioners, one half of whom are appointed by the mayor and town
and Mitchell do not succeed in doing for the school " eleven " what their council, and the other half by the president of the court. From the long list
colleague does for the " eight." Is it that they are less enthusiastic and of names thus obtained forty-five are drawn by lot in the open court at the
painstaking than Messrs. Bob Grimston and Ponsonby, who coach the commencement of every quarter sessions, and these have to take their
Harrow teams, and seem to throw all their time and spirit into the places in the jury-box, or hold themselves ready to do so should a vacancy
work ? or is it that they turn their attention too much to the batting, occur. A majority of at least two-thirds of the jury is required to convict
and leave the bowling and fielding departments to take care of themselves ? and even then the court has a discretionary power of intervening in favour
This last, we should say, was more likely to be the real cause. Eton sends of the offender. That is to say, if the court is of opinion that the verdict
splendid " bats " every year to Lord's ; but the bowling, and especially the of guilty' rests on a misconception of the evidence, it may call a new
fielding of the eleven, are abominable. This was the case ten years ago, jury, and thus enable the defendant to have full justice done him. This
it was so last year, and, judging by all accounts, it is likely to be so again power, however, is in no case to be exercised when the accused has been
this year. We hope not, however, for Harrow has had too long an innings acquitted."
of victory. Eton has not won since 1862.
The difficulties of the compounding system were illustrated very
distinctly in the discussion on Mr. Vernon Harcourt's amendment.
The Great Eastern has now commenced to pay out the French Atlantic
cable, which, if we are to take the opinion of the Hon. E. R. Hoar, the The effect of making the occupier responsible for the rates, as at
Attorney-General of the United States, cannot be legally landed on its present, is practically to inflict upon him a proportionate addition
shores, although the company have the authority of the State of Massa- of rent, since he has to pay his rent as before, and the rates into the
chusetts for so doing. Here is another illustration in addition to the bargain. On the other hand, to saddle owners of small house property
Alabama business of the uncertainty which attends negotiations between with the rates would, unless accompanied by compensation of some
European countries and the great Republic, in consequence of the kind, be met by landlords either raising their rents or extending
the duration of tenancies so as to evade the law. The question
complicated relations and jurisdictions of the several State Govern-
ments and the Federal Government. Here is the language of the Attorney- then arises what amount of compensation should be allowed to
General :-- landlords, and should compounding be optional or compulsory. It was
decided by a large majority that 25 per cent. was a sufficient deduction to
I am of the opinion that the control of telegraphic communication with foreign nations,
so far as it is exercised by means of cables leading from the shores of the United States, is cover the owner's risk, and no impartial persons can doubt that, reckoned on
within the constitutional authority of Congress to permit, regulate, or prohibit, in such the ordinary principles of commerce, it is an ample allowance. If, however,
cases and under such circumstances as their judgment shall direct ; and that consequently any landlords are dissatisfied and refuse to co-operate, their tenants will be
there can be no security for such enterprises while no authority or protection for them as badly off as at present. As long as compounding is purely optional, there
has been derived from the acts of Congress. In other words, that the jurisdiction of the will be constant fluctuation and diversity in this respect, and one of the
United States Government to regulate commerce with foreign nations, including every main objects of the bill - to secure uniformity of rating-will equally be
kind of commercial intercourse, is complete and supreme, that it can be exercised and defeated by the proposal, which Mr. Goschen consented to adopt, that
asserted whenever and in such manner as Congress shall think fit, and that no action of the vestries should be permitted to determine whether compounding should
the Government of any ex parte State of the Union can confer any rights upon any be compulsory or not. There is only one way of effectually redressing the
person or corporation to carry on intercourse with foreign nations by a telegraphic mischief already done, and that is for the Act to enforce compounding on
cable, which will afford any permanent security for the value of their continuous owners in the case of all small houses, with a deduction to cover their risks.
enjoyment, unless the previous assent of Congress has been obtained. The separate
If 25 per cent. is not enough, let it be 28 or 30, and split the difference with
States may grant the enjoyment of their own rights of soil and of privileges within their Mr. Rathbone and his friends. To leave it to the vestries will only be to
[ 498 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 23
JUNE 25, 1869. ]

open another door for trickery and corruption, and there can be little doubt we possess from his pen and his great oratorical powers have given an
how the plurality of votes will work. The small landlords will have it all immense impetus to and have largely extended the knowledge of chemistry.
their own way, and will contrive somehow to get the better both of their M. Dumas's lecture was given at the Royal Institution to an
tenants and the public. unusually large assemblage of chemists, who had come from all parts of
the country to hear it, and to witness the presentation of a medal specially
As Mr. Lecky's book has given a fresh stimulus to the old controversy struck in honour of M. Dumas's visit. Commencing with a brief éloge
on the genesis of morals, the following concise statement of French opinion of his friend, M. Dumas with admirable eloquence passed to the
on the subject (from the Vie Farisienne) may perhaps be interesting at this consideration , first, of what he termed " la matière brute," and of its
moment ; at least, it is decided enough :-" Il n'y a ni bien ni mal ; ni forces ; and, secondly, of organic matter and the forces special to it.
vice, ni vertu ; ni beauté, ni laideur ; il y a des traditions reçues, des He traced the origin of some of the more important modern chemical
usages admis, et des appréciations relatives au temps et à la société doctrines to the labours of the Greek philosophers, and indentified
dans laquelle on vit." the principle of the ancient classification into fire, air, earth, and water,
with that of Lavoisier's chemical elements. He acknowledged his great
In the Second Chamber of the States General of Holland a bill to admiration of the labours of Dalton and Prout, and in a most lucid manner
abolish patents for industrial inventions has just been carried by an pointed out relations between the atomic weights of the now received
elements which lead him to infer the probability of many of them having a
overwhelming majority of forty-nine against eight votes. The Premier of The audience was reminded that many years ago
common basis.
the ex-Conservative Cabinet, Mr. Heemskerk, protested most energetically
upon it till M. Dumas had contended that organic bodies are constituted in a manner
against this measure ; and proposed to delay the discussion
September, when the new Chamber will meet. He undertook that he similar to mineral bodies, and he took occasion to show how the progress
would then lay before the members a bill to improve the existing patent of chemical research had confirmed the truth of this view, he himself being
law. This proposal, however, was rejected. The bill will, when approved disposed to limit the term " organic substance " to those very few
compounds which take part in the growthof organized beings. The
by the First Chamber, come into operation on the day of publication.
lecture was very eloquent and clear throughout, and his impassioned
reference at the end to his friendship for Faraday and to the act of duty
A Parisian contemporary points out with some grimness how it may be and "pious homage " he had so willingly performed in crossing the
safer under certain circumstances to slay one's neighbour than to thrash Channel to help to perpetuate his memory carried his audience by
storm .
him. An unfortunate man named Patry, having acquired proofs of his
wife's infidelity, recently killed her and fired at her seducer, a learned but The meeting of Thursday week was followed by a dinner on the Friday,
gallant attorney. For this double crime, murder and intent to murder , he at which M. Dumas was entertained by the Fellows of the Chemical
was tried at the assizes of Tours, and acquitted with honours. " Now," Society. The gathering of the representatives of English science on this
remarks our contemporary, " if, instead of killing his wife, this man had occasion was, we may venture to say, stronger and more remarkable than
merely given her a beating; and if, instead of shooting three slugs at the anything of the kind which has been seen for a long time. In fact the
atttorney, he had caught hold of that worthy by the neck and belaboured dinner brought out an additional feature of the lectureship, namely, the
him in the market place the law would certainly have punished him with a opportunity that it affords of an interchange of goodwill as well as of ideas
fine of 100 francs on the first count, and two months' imprisonment on the between the leading men of science of different nations, and we hope that
second. Whence it ensues- such at least is the obviously French con- M. Dumas's visit will be made as pleasant to himself as the idea of it is
clusion-that a double-barrelled gun is a more useful adjunct to a marital honourable to the Chemical Society, who have thus linked the progress
trousseau than a horsewhip. of science on the grand scale to the memory of a great name.

We congratulate the housekeepers' rooms and servants' halls of this THE WAR OFFICE.
country on the prospect of a pleasing and gorgeous addition to their inte-
resting community. The Detroit Free Press informs us of the departure of WE should very much like to know what the exact position of affairs is at
Senator Chandler with his family for New York preparatory to their sailing the War Office. It will soon be two years since Sir Henry Storks and
to Europe. His wife and daughter each take with them a coloured female General Balfour were appointed to reorganize everything. Then there
servant, and the Senator himself takes two black male servants. These was a very promising departmental committee formed, consisting of
servants are to be fitted out in New York with very showy liveries. The Mr. Anderson, Lord Northbrook, and Mr. Stansfeld, who were thoroughly
coats of the men are to be of lavender colour, with white button upon to inquire into the matter. From time to time we have heard that this
which is the Michigan coat of arms, except that the stags support the committee was taking evidence in all directions, and reporting and
letter C, which is of red enamel with a gold edge. The female re-reporting. We were led to believe some three months ago, when the
servants wear large belt buckles bearing the same design as that army estimates were brought forward, that Mr. Cardwell was to complete
upon the buttons. The hats of the men are black with a wide the necessary reforms at Pall-mall without much further delay ; but if we
purple band and a large silver cockade, in the centre of which is may judge from his briefstatements the other night, he was at least premature
one of the buttons aforesaid. We feel sure that these illustrious in his promises. The discussion on the War Office vote subsided, under
strangers will receive a warm welcome from the British footmen and ladies' cover of the great debate in the Lords, into a short and, on one side, a
maids, who will have an opportunity which rarely occurs of showing their snapping conversation between Sir John Pakington , the late, and Mr.
sympathy for their black cousins. Cardwell, the present, Secretary of State for War. The former, with
characteristic flippancy, said that all the reforms were ready when he left
office, and wondered why their announcement had been so long delayed,
while Mr. Cardwell expressed himself flattered at being thought capable of so
THE FARADAY LECTURER.
soon settling what had so long posed his predecessors. The vote of £220,000
ON Monday a meeting was held in the theatre of the Royal Institution , was then passed in a few minutes without a question or condition, and Mr.
with the Prince of Wales in the chair, to concert measures to erect Cardwell now has carte blanche for the next twelve months to do as little
a monument in St. Paul's to the great Faraday. In this movement the or as much as he pleases. Is it true that advantage has been taken of this to
cultivators of all branches of science will, no doubt, take part, and we suspend the action of the departmental committee, and that the whole
may have another opportunity of referring to what was done. Our present question of War Office reform is adjourned sine die ? Hard words are not
purpose, however, is to draw attention to another movement, with a some- fashionable just now ; but does not all this recall a recent phrase of some
what similar end in view, which we owe entirely to the Chemical Society. notoriety which we shall not easily forget- " childish tinkering "?
The Chemical Society's memorial of Faraday is a noble one, worthy Just as there is no limbo like a departmental committee with instruc-
alike of England and of the man ; it consists of a " Faraday Lectureship," tions " thoroughly to investigate and report," so there is no more
tenable for a year by a foreign savant distinguished in the science of immovable, impassible, agonizing thing in our body politic than a great
chemistry, which Faraday cultivated and helped so materially to develop. public department. The vis of its
its inertia is incalculable, and its latent
As was remarked by Dr. Williamson, the President of the Chemical power of doing nothing ever new and astonishing. The self- sufficing way
Society, at the inauguration meeting, the lectureship has been founded to in which such institutions continue to preserve tranquillity in the midst
promote the development of human knowledge, and as the highest tribute of a public outcry has no doubt aggravated many men into becoming red
of respect to a great man ; doing in his name what he would best have revolutionists. In this country, where we are never tired of vaunting our
loved to be done. The progress of science depends largely upon the power of governing ourselves, and every house is a castle, such a place of
store of ideas possessed by each worker in its domain, and without doubt strength as a great self-governed department is not indeed unassailable, but
there is a great deficiency in the public arrangements for the interchange inexpugnable in its abuses.
of ideas, since books and papers convey only the skeleton of a science in But in the meanwhile let us ask in all earnestness what is the practical
the form of hard facts, without the interest and life with which they are effect in a large department of such a state of things as exists in the army
invested by the personal narrative of a discoverer. Scientific societies offices. Is the prompt and efficient transaction of the public business
sometimes give us this further stage, but even more good is to be done helped or hindered by unsettling, not for months but for years, the minds
if, instead of bringing together minds of similar habits and constitution, of 500 officials upon matters so vital and personal to them as their
intercourse between minds of different nations and trainings is rendered daily bread and future prospects ? Surely it requires a very slight
possible. acquaintance with the world to guess that while successive Ministers,
Such are the ideas which have been developed into the " Faraday who are practically unable to cope with the condition of affairs,
lectureship," the first lecturer appointed being M. Dumas, the Secrétaire are adjourning the question and crying down their subordinates in the
Perpetuel of the Paris Academy of Sciences, a close friend of Faraday's, House of Commons, they are not cultivating the very best working tone
and the most illustrious representative of the progress of chemical science. in the various branches over which they rule. We are ready to make all
His services in connection with atomic weights, the introduction of the still sorts of allowances, and to attribute any or all of the delay to the political
most generally available method of determining vapour densities, the juncture, but let us pray fervently that the Irish Church question may be
doctrine of substitutions generally, and the establishment of the fact of the soon got done with, and that this other really most important question of
the reform of the administrative branches of the army may be well and
conversion of starch and sugar into fat in the animal economy, tend to place
him in the foremost rank of living chemists, while the classical treatises which thoroughly dealt with, and that quickly.
[ 499 ]
 24 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ JUNE 25 , 1869 .

FOREIGN AFFAIRS. (FROM OUR ROMAN CORRESPONDENCE. )

ROME, June 18.
(FROM OUR PARIS CORRESPONDENCE. ) At dawn yesterday the cannon of Fort St. Angelo announced tothe Eternal
THE Emperor started for the camp of Chalons on Monday accompanied by City the anniversary of the election to the Papal throne of Pius IX. twenty-
the Prince Imperial and some officers of his staff. Next day he received three years ago, and the Pope opened the day by attending a religious
the Archbishop of Rheims and Bishop of Chalons in the camp, and then service in the Sistine Chapel. The Holy Father afterwards received the
went out to manoeuvre the troops with Marshal Bazaine. The Empress Sacred College, headed by Cardinal Patrizi, who, as sub-dean, expressed to
presided on Wednesday over a Cabinet Council held at the Tuileries ; him the congratulations of the Cardinals. The Pope replied by first
the chief preoccupation of Ministers is now to meet the various charges acknowledging the mercy of the Author of all good and all light, who had
of intimidation, &c. , which are to be brought against several official enabled him for twenty-three years to confront the enemies of the Church.
deputies. The Minister of Public Works is greatly puzzled to explain his He then thanked the Sacred College for its co-operation and support during
promise to the electors of the Hautes Alpes of erecting a château in that this period, which had been signalized by so many difficult circumstances and
department for the Prince Imperial, and getting his Highness to reside there. sinister events. The time was an unhappy one, for society ranged itself in two
We are now assured that M. Rouher has persuaded the Emperor great parties, one composed of the men of peace and order and morality,
to be politically silent at Beauvais, and to open the new Chamber the other of innovators and disturbers, full of evil passions, and
by commission, although it was never more important than it is to-day more and more inclining to communism, socialism, and impious
for the country to learn from his Majesty's lips the line of policy he philosophy. Governments could certainly dam up the torrent if they
intends to pursue . No one here disguises the fact that the future of the resorted to rigorous and salutary repression ; but, unfortunately, they
dynasty depends on the amount of satisfaction the Emperor is inclined showed the revolution too much indulgence. Still, we must not despair
to concede to public opinion , and it will certainly not be to his of the future, for there is no limit to the divine control, and the future rests
advantage if he allows himself to be eclipsed by M. Rouher, and with God.
refrains from announcing his intentions till some time in February This address was delivered by the Holy Father with so much sadness
or January next. It appears to be certain that Ministers will that a deeper impression was made by his manner than his words. The
endeavour to cut the session which is to commence on Monday as short truth is the Vatican has received very alarming despatches from Paris.
as possible, but there is nothing in the Constitution to prevent interpella- What these communicate I am unable to say, but as soon as they arrived
tions, and the Liberal party will be sure to make trial of its strength. The the Pope summoned an extraordinary council, composed almost wholly of
deputies for Paris stand pledged to demand an impartial inquiry into the reactionary cardinals. This consultation is said to have resulted in a
recent disturbances in the capital and other large towns, and this it will be resolution to send to the French capital Cardinal Berardi, the most subtle
difficult to refuse. It is probable that the whole system of official candi- diplomatist of the Court of Rome, and the alter ego of Cardinal Antonelli.
dates will be brought before the Chamber. But this statement must be received with a certain caution , for the beliefis
The OfficialJournal has announced the appointment of M. Schneider as general that the Cardinal started on his mission some days ago, though I
President of the Corps Législatif, with Messrs. Alfred Leroux, Jerôme have ascertained that he is still in Rome.
David, and Du Miral, for Vice- Presidents ; and another decree invests The statement in the Opinione Nazionale that the Pope has had another
Baron Jerôme David with the dignity of Grand Officer of the Legion of epileptic fit is untrue. The Pope's attack was nothing but one of the
Honour. The view at first taken of the promotion of Baron Jerome swoons to which he is subject, and he is now enjoying excellent health.
David may possibly be a wrong one. It was supposed that the Emperor In apprehension of coming events, General Kanzler is making an
had conferred honour on the chief of the Arcadians as a mark of inspection of the Pontifical frontier, with the view of resisting a Garibaldian
favour to the whole ultra-Conservative party ; but it is now asserted inroad. The General will take especial precautions at Arsoli , Trisulti, and
inroad.
that some time ago the ex-captain of Zouaves, who is on intimate terms Casamari on the Neapolitan border. It is certain, however, that any attack
with M. Rouher, received a promise of the President's chair from the would compel the Pontifical Government to abandon these posts, and
Emperor, and that his Majesty would certainly have kept his word but for concentrate its troops in Rome. The army is greatly reduced in numbers,
the Liberal character of the late elections. In face of the national vote the desertions, mentioned in my last, continuing on the same scale ;
the Emperor has deemed it more prudent to indemnify Baron Jerôme and the Liberals declare the withdrawal of the French will be the signal
than to set him up in the seat of M. Schneider, who is not a violent for a general insurrection in the provinces, which, if the frontier posts are
partisan ; so the star of Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour may retained, would cut this small force in two. Even officials acknowledge
simply mean that his Majesty deems it expedient to take into account the that the Pope must confine his efforts to the defence of Rome.
manner in which France has voted. It is believed that the Holy Father, in the consistory of the 25th, will
On the meeting of the Corps Législatif the President will call upon the confer the dignity of bishop in partibus on Monsignor Nina, assessor of the
four youngest members present to act as secretaries ; the nine committees will Holy Office ; Monsignor Simoni, secretary of the Propaganda; Monsignor
then be formed, and deputies will proceed with the verification of powers , Bartolini, secretary of the Congregation of Rites ; Monsignor Svegliati,
dealing first with the uncontested elections. Reports will then be made on secretary of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars ; and Monsignor
elections the validity of which is disputed. Two out of the three elections Vannetelli, auditor of the Nunciature. The Pope's allocution will throw a
which took place in La Vendée are to be rigorously attacked ; the Prefect sop to Poland by animadverting on the law of conscription and the perse-
is accused of having defeated M. de Falloux and obtained the triumph of cution of the Polish Church.
M. de la Poeze, chamberlain, by means of promises, threats, calumny, and At this season there is little to chronicle in Rome of the diplomatic
other unfair proceedings. In the case of the Hautes Alpes, where M. world. M. de Kisseleff is said to be coming here expressly to demand
Clement Duvernois was returned, M. Gambetta has been retained by the the expulsion of Father Wolyaski. Count Armand, first secretary of the
defeated candidate to contest the election. The chief grounds alleged French embassy, has gone to Paris. The Marquis de Banneville will pass
against the validity of this election are that the Ministers of Public Works the whole summer in Rome, but there seems to be no doubt that M. de
and of Justice, &c. , promised the restoration of the Cathedral of Malaret will be recalled from Florence, though his successor is not yet deter-
Embrun, a canal , and a château for the Prince Imperial, in case the official mined. They are still in expectation here of the arrival from Florence of
candidate should succeed. Signor Fava to settle the question of the Pontifical debt. At the Vatican
The Constitutionnel makes a vague sort of announcement that Italy is considered to be manoeuvring to gain time.
the Government has commenced an inquiry into the causes of the Assurances of support have been received by the Court of Rome from
recent disturbances. The examining judges have now released all the Catholic deputies in the French Legislature ; and, in reply, Cardinal
the prisoners captured during the émeutes with the exception of 173 , but Antonelli has recommended an agitation for the restoration to the Holy
since the disturbances ceased a number of domiciliary arrests have been See of the Marches and the Umbria. An article in the official journal of
effected . Editors are certainly incorrigible under the new and benign press Rome on the French elections contains the following passage :- :- "The
laws, which prefects were publicly called on to apply with moderation ; check sustained by the Catholic Liberals, whose appellation alone is an
there are at present no less than twenty-one journals being prosecuted by insult to reason, is a great fact, and we place it among the triumphs
the Government. of Rome and of the Roman organ in Paris (L'Univers). The triumph
The case of M. Schiller has excited perhaps as much laughter as seems in some sort to clean out the stable, and disembarrass the
pity. By profession this gentleman is a publisher, and, as fate would committee from unreasonable pretensions. It suffices for the Church
have it, he printed at the same time the most ultra-Imperialist and most to have to combat her declared enemies. We hope the committee
ultra-Radical sheets-the Pays and the Rappel. Of course M. Schiller was will profit by the lessons, and that from this time till the 8th of December,
never likely to get into trouble for printing the Pays, and for some time, the Catholic Liberals, throwing off their fashionable vestments, will pass
that is to say during the elections, the Rappel was unmolested , but directly without restriction to the ranks of the Catholics, or will finish by declaring
the urns were closed, and the émeute was organized, the authorities for revolution. In this grand conflict, the Government which calls itself
began making arrests ; the offices of the Rappel were ransacked, and personal has lost its liberty-that is to say, the liberty to abandon the Pope.
half the editors consigned to Mazas. M. Schiller grew alarmed, and Soon it will find, in presence of the true and legitimate representatives of
refused to continue to print the paper. It therefore happened that France, that the French nation requires it to revive, for the benefit of the
he was prosecuted by the Minister of Justice for exciting, as an Pope, the reservations which the Emperor happily coupled with his recog-
accomplice, to the hatred and contempt of the Government, in the nition of the kingdom of Italy."
last two numbers of the Rappel, while he was prosecuted by the I string together a few items of local news. There is a great improve-
proprietor of the journal for breach of contract in refusing to continue its ment in the condition of Cardinal Quaglia. Cardinal Riario-Sforza, Arch-
publication. The unfortunate M. Schiller has been found guilty in both bishop of Naples, has unexpectedly arrived here, but apparently only for ea
rd
cases ; for printing so seditious a paper as the Rappel he has been sentenced short stay, as he has taken up his quarters at the hotel Minerva. A ho
to a fine of 1,000 francs, and one month's imprisonment, and for refusing to of 500 brigands entered Napi to carry off the bishop, Monsignor Lenti, but
print the said journal to a fine of 1,000 francs. Macaulay said that it was he either frightened them away or paid them for going. There has been a
held as no excuse if a man was taken up for over-driving a dog-cart that he bloody conflict in the Campagna between the police and some house-
had conducted himself well at Waterloo , and with M. Schiller the printing breakers. In Rome we have had a sensation murder, a man having in a
of the Pays does not seem to have been regarded by the judges as frenzy of jealousy killed his bride, a young and beautiful girl.
There is no
a set off to the crime of printing with the same type the prose of Henri truth in the statement by the Italian journals that a case of cholera
Rochefort. has occurred in Rome.
[ 500 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 25
JUNE 25, 1869. ]

" THE WAR OFFICE LIST"* uninteresting to the general public-they are certainly incomprehensible ;
but those we are about to record command attention , and seem to us to
THIS publication of 268 pages is not quite so formidable as it at first evince a considerable amount of indecision in the Cabinet Ministers who
sight appears, miscellaneous information, such as is usually found in have from time to time had charge of the War Department. The office of
calendars, being inserted, and rather well arranged, and 105 pages being Assistant Under-Secretary of State was created in 1857 for the late Mr.
devoted to the personal records of we are afraid to say how many officials. Godley (a man who justified the creation of any office) , abolished in 1861 ,
Still, the never-ending lists of employés of all sorts and descriptions, appa- and re-established in 1862. In fact, the " creations " and abolitions are so
rently compiled with considerable care, are nothing short of bewildering. numerous that they may be put into a tabular form :-
That heterogeneous department, the War Office, as at present consti-
tuted, has been fed from many sources. Before the outbreak of the Office. Created. Abolished.
Russian war in 1854 the functions pertaining to the administration of the Assistant Under- Secretary of State 1857 1861
military forces of the country were scattered. The Secretary of State 99 1862 exists
for War and the Colonies, sitting since 1801 at the Colonial Office, was Secretary for Military Correspondence 1857 1861
Director of the Commissariat 1855 1858
constitutionally supposed to have a general control, but it was practi-
Director of Stores ..... 1855 1868
cally limited to time of war, and threw upon him no responsibility Director - General of Artillery 1855 1868
for the details of army management. The Secretary at War, from his office Naval Director-General of Artillery 1855 1866
at the Horse Guards, superintended the finance of the personnel, except Superintendent of the Barrack Department 1862 1868
the artillery and engineers, but had no control over the matériel of Inspector-General of Militia 1858 1868
the army. The power of the Secretary at War was, however, con- Inspector-General of Volunteers .. 1860 1868
Principal Clerk . 1855 1857
siderable in his quality of parliamentary minister of the army. To the " Librarian and Précis Writer ". 1860 1865
Commander-in-Chief was conceded, under the Sovereign, absolute control
over the army as concerned discipline and command, and he administered We print the table without further comment, but apart from this we
its patronage, but was unable to carryout measures involving financial changes fancy we can point to some causes of the present large number of War
without the concurrence of the Secretary at War. At the same time no Office employés. Some pains have been taken to analyze the dates in
defined relationship existed between the respective responsibilities of the this List published " under permission of the Secretary of State for War,"
Secretary at War and the Commander-in-Chief, and it is worthy of rote and it is found that no less than 107 of the individuals now serving in the
that the following words, used in a minute of Council of the 29th of War Office were added to it during the period of the Crimean war.
May, 1812 " His Royal Highness the Prince Regent . . . is hereby That is to say that permanent appointments were made to meet temporary
pleased to command that the line of separation between the duties of the pressure ; a fact from which it is not necessary to draw obvious conclusions.
aforesaid offices, which either usage or the provisions of an Act of Parlia- At this time, when a special committee is investigating the department
ment have introduced should continue to be observed "—it is of which we write, it is of some importance that the details of
worthy of note, we say, that these indefinite expressions are paralleled with the duty performed should be made public, and we are glad to
singular fidelity in the Royal warrant of the 11th of October, 1861 , perceive that this has been done in " The War Office List." It would
appointing the Duke of Cambridge. be of considerable advantage if similar detailed information as to the
The command of the army has not, however, been always vested in a business transacted in the military offices at the Horse Guards were
Commander-in-Chief. In 1660 the Duke of Albemarle , in 1669 the Duke given in future editions of this publication . The details at present given are
of Monmouth , in 1702, 1712 , 1745, and 1798, the Dukes of Marlborough, not, however, always to be understood by the vulgar, and they seem to be
intended rather for official than for public information . However, in the
Ormond, Cumberland, and York held the post as "Captains-General. " In
1778 and 1793 , the office was filled by Lord Amherst as "General on the interest of the public, military and civil, who may have business in the
Staff." At times, as from 1719 to 1744 , 1763 to 1765 , 1770 to 1777 , and 1783 department, we may perhaps presume to suggest a few questions to Mr.
Stansfeld . For instance, a solicitor's department existing in the War
to 1792 , the office has been absolutely vacant, and it is also on record that
when the Duke of York died in January, 1827 , Lord Palmerston , who was Office, why should " questions connected with the Mutiny Act " be the
"business of another " subdivision "? One subdivision's business
then Secretary at War, at once, assumed his duties, and continued to dis-
charge them until the Duke of York's successor, the Duke of Wellington , was includes "criminal lunatics ; " another subdivision is concerned with
66
appointed. The Duke resigned office in April, and Lord Palmerston was correspondence relative to the confinement of lunatic soldiers." The
again invested with the duties of Commander-in- Chief, which he adminis- contract department appears to be charged with the " letting of lands,"
tered with those of Secretary at War for some months. When Sir George while the business of the works department includes " financial business
Yonge was Secretary at War ( 1784-94) he in like manner conducted the relating to lands " and " examination of boundaries of War Department
lands." There is a barrack department, but a " subdivision " of the works
duties of Commander-in-Chief in his own person during an interregnum
above pointed out, and a similar course was pursued by Secretaries at War department called " barrack buildings " deals with " business relating to
in the time of the Dukes of Marlborough and Cumberland. barracks ." All this seems to indicate the absence of competent central
While the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, the Secretary at direction , and a want of power of arrangement and organization .
War, and the Commander-in-Chief, performed the duties above set forth, Notwithstanding the numbers of highly paid officials in the War Office,
the control of the " Ordnance Services " was vested in the Master-General it is curious to observe that duties that seem to us to be ofthe first importance
and Board of Ordnance, who supplied the army with warlike stores of all are imposed on " third-class clerks," whose salaries commence at £100 a year.
kinds on the requisition of the Secretary at War, and whose province it Two ofthese gentlemen appear to be charged with accomplishing the " codifi-
was to furnish adequate artillery and engineer contingents at the demand . cation and revision of regulations ;" three of them " prepare the annual parlia-
of the Commander- in-Chief. Before 1852 the militia had been under the mentary estimates ; " another is engaged in " conducting all purchases on
direction of the Home Secretary, but was at that date transferred to the commission ; " and a seventh is " clerk assistant to Major-General Balfour. "
Secretary at War. Had we not seen these facts in print, with Mr. Cardwell's imprimatur,
After the early Crimean failures came the deluge. The Colonial we should have thought them incredible. It is also worthy of remark
Secretary was curtailed of his war duties. In 1854 a Secretary of State for that there are nine clerks vaguely occupied on " constitutional and mili-
War was created, and in February , 1855, he absorbed the office of Secretary tary subjects connected with militia, yeomanry, and volunteer corps ; " and
at War. The Board of Ordnance was abolished after an existence of more surely the duties described as " inquiries after effective soldiers " and
than three centuries, and with it were swept away indiscriminately many "irdexing of pay lists and casualty returns " do not require the
good points of organization. The military functions of the Board were employment of a higher class of labour than might be obtained
vested in the Commander-in-Chief, and its civil duties in the Secretary of from intelligent soldier clerks. It also appears that there are eighteen
66
State for War. This is briefly the history of the genesis of the War Office temporary clerks " employed in the various branches of the War Office.
Some of these have been employed since 1853 and 1854. This almost
which has, since 1857, comprised all the civil administrative offices of the
army. Several minor branches, of which mention has not been made, will makes one doubt the accuracy of the assertion so often made as to the
be found in the subjoined table, showing the changes that have taken place possibility of reducing the department . One fact more, and we have done.
in the War Office since 1857 :— There are now 343 superannuated officers of this department ,
whose annual pensions amount in the aggregate to £84,500 a year.
Departments, 1857. Intermediate Changes . £9,225 of this amount arose in the year 1865 , when , in consequence of
Departments, 189.
considerable parliamentary pressure, some reductions were attempted in
Chief Clerk's the office. It is well to recall that those reductions now cost us upwards
Assistant ChiefClerk's United, 1861 ; merged in Central Depart- Central.
ment, 1866. of £9,000 a year, or at 3 per cent. the interest upon £307,500.
Fortifications... Works.
Stores.... Title changed to Works, 1862 ....
Stores.
Clothing. United, 1857 ; separated, 1863 Clothing.
Artillery.. Abolished, 1858. THE CAUCASUS.*
Accounts Accounts.
Chief Examiner .. United, 1860 ; THE Alpine Club, it is well known , has for some time past been in a highly
Title changed to Assistant
Accountant-General, 1857 separated, 1865 Audit. critical position : not that their enthusiasm has fallen off, or their powers of
Militia, detached from Chief;
Merged, Jan. Reserve Forces. endurance diminished, but their field of enterprise has been exhausted.
Clerk's, 1858 .... 1868, in
Volunteers, formed 1860 It is not strictly true that no peaks remain to be climbed within the Alps ;
Ordnance, formed 1861 Ordnance. but the few which still remain owe their immunity rather to their obscurity
Library, formed 1860 ; merged in Central than to their difficulty, and would scarcely win much glory for their successful
Department 1866. assailants. Where, then, are ardent mountaineers to seek for fresh scenes of
Barrack duties, formed 1862 Barrack duties.
victory ? The Pyrenees are as effete as the Alps ; the Spanish mountains
These, with the contract, commissariat, purveyor's, medical, chaplain-gene- shelter only one small glacier ; the Carpathians, the Apennines, and other
ral's, solicitor's, and survey departments, constitute the existing War Office. ranges which make a figure on maps are, in the eyes of the true zealot, no
The erratic arrangements shown in the foregoing table are probably better than hills. The nearest mountain district which has genuine peaks and
*
" The War Office List and Administrative Directory of the British Army. ' " Travels in the Central Caucasus and Başhan. " By Douglas W. Freshfield.
(London : Harrison . 1869. ) (London : Longmans and Co, 1869. )
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 26 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 25, 1869.

glaciers and everything handsome about it, is the Caucasus, and more and always remains, a mere parvenu amongst the genuine monarchs
than one of its summits has long been known to exceed Mont Blanc in of the mountain world. We are therefore glad to say that ther
height. Revolving the train of argument suggested by these facts, three are peaks of a more genuine character in the Caucasus. The two
bold members of the Alpine Club-Messrs. Freshfield, Tucker, and Moore great mountains, Koschtantau and Dychtau, are described as apparently
-resolved upon the immediate annexation, in a mountaineering sense, of inaccessible and of singular beauty. They are each about 17,000 feet in
this promising district. The final reduction of the country under Russian height, and with the means at their disposal our mountaineers very wisely
rule doubtless appeared to them in the light of a providential arrangement, declined an attack, which could hardly have been successful, and must have
expressly designed to facilitate the approach of English climbers at the been exceedingly dangerous. Near them rises another grand peak, which
moment when their original task was accomplished . The hour had come from the outline somewhat resembles the Weisshorn in its most majestic
and the men ; and in the very pleasant book before us Mr. Freshfield aspect. Scarped cliffs, hanging glaciers seamed with deep crevasses,
chronicles the result of their labours. It is written in a simple and manly soaring pinnacles, steep snow slopes, and narrow broken ridges mark
style, and gives an agreeable impression of the spirit in which the travellers these majestic mountains as worthy to be ranked at least on a level
Another impressive group of
carried out their design. To appreciate fully certain pages perhaps requires with the finest of the Swiss Alps.
a preliminary inoculation with the true Alpine fever ; but if, as is natural, summits culminates in the Adai Khokh ; but the finest scenery
mountaineers will be its warmest admirers, persons of a less aspiring turn of of all appears to lie in the upper valley of the Ingur, which
mind may read it with much amusement, and will close its pages with a unluckily is also inhabited by the fiercest and most independent tribe.
sense of gratitude to these courageous pioneers of the destined army Here is a gigantic wall, exceeding in height, steepness, and apparent
of tourists. We will endeavour to sum up shortly our answers to the inaccessibility the southern side of Monte Rosa. Through one break in
questions what are the achievements which it commemorates ? and the ridge flows a glacier, the fall of which, "for its height, breadth, and
what is the inducement which it affords to other enthusiasts to go and purity exceeded anything we had seen elsewhere, either in the Alps or the
do likewise ? Caucasus." But, above all, here rises the tremendous peak of Uschba, over
To the first we reply as follows :- Messrs. Freshfield and Tucker went 16,000 feet high, which seems to have completely appalled the travellers.
as far south as Tabreez, and made an unsuccessful attempt upon Ararat. " Tier above tier of precipices," says Mr. Freshfield, " rose straight up from
Afterwards, in company with Mr. Moore, they ascended Kazbek, which the valley, culminating in two tremendous towers separated by a deep
may roughly be considered as analogous to Monte Rosa in the Alps. They depression. The idea of climbing either of them seemed too insane
forced their way over difficult ground, and through natives of questionable to be so much as suggested, and even the lower spurs of the mountain
character, along the southern side of the chain, which would correspond to above the meadows of Betscho are so tremendous that it looked as if a
a journey by the Val d'Aosta and its confluents to the neighbourhood of stone dropped from either peak would scarcely stop rolling before it reached
Courmayeur, pausing at one point to cross and recross two high the valley. There was no mistake about it ; the Caucasian Matterhorn was
glacier passes, equivalent, as we may say, to the Col de Collon found at last, only here we had one Matterhorn piled on another and
and Col des Bouquetins. They then crossed the chain to the north multiplied by two. " It is unlucky that this is in the district where
and ascended Elbruz, corresponding again to Mont Blanc. Thence, murder is still fashionable ; where the travellers had on one occasion, at
after visit to the civilized town of Pätigorsk, they returned least, to save their luggage by exhibiting their revolvers.
along the northern side of the mountains to the neighbourhood of This is, of course, the great drawback to travelling in the Caucasus at
Kazbek, thus completing a tour of the central region of the Caucasus. present. Mr. Freshfield, indeed, has a good opinion of many of the tribes,
Considering the great difficulties to be encountered in a country totally especially of those on the northern side of the chain. The apparition
ignorant of the British tourist, and where murder was till lately considered of so singular a being as a British mountaineer was naturally puzzling ;
to be a necessary part of the accomplishments of a gentleman, they met although the natives seem to have had sufficient presence of mind under
with a very creditable degree of success. Of the higher expeditions their astonishment to raise the prices of provisions and guides with com-
which they undertook, the attempt upon Ararat alone was a failure ; mendable rapidity. Still it is not to be expected that things will yet be
and this is amply explained by the total want of training in assaulting a made pleasant for tourists, and Mr. Freshfield says that some introduction
mountain 17,000 feet in height. As it was, Mr. Tucker succeeded in to the Russian official is useful if not essential. He further suggests
reaching a point less than 1,000 feet below the summit. It is remark- that an old volunteer tunic would produce a good moral effect. In short,
able, by the way, that Mr. Freshfield, in common with most modern the country is in that state in which the travellers must rely a good deal
mountaineers, refuses to believe in any difficulty arising from the rarity upon their power of commanding respect, and must be prepared under all
of the atmosphere, even at heights of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet above circumstances to go through much rough work. We do not see, however,
Mont Blanc. It is obvious that at some point or other, human beings that, for a party of active young men, with a due supply of money, energy,
must feel the deficiency of air. Judging à priori, we should have and good temper, there is any just cause or impediment why they should
naturally supposed that even at the height of Mont Blanc, where not explore the Caucasus thoroughly and break their necks on Uschba with
about half the ordinary pressure is removed, the difference would be very as much satisfaction to themselves as they could derive from doing it on
perceptible. As experience seems to prove that the earlier accounts were the Matterhorn.
at least much exaggerated and unfounded, we must presume that our lungs We have only to add that, in addition to the tours to the Caucasus and
are more capable of adapting themselves to circumstances than might have to Ararat Mr. Freshfield describes a trip across the Jordan to the Hauran
been supposed. At any rate, even on the summit of Elbruz, at a and the supposed " giant cities " in Bashan, which is not without interest.
height of 18,500 feet, the party does not seem to have been distressed. The On the whole, we may congratulate him on having achieved a much rarer
other difficulties of the successful ascents were trifling. On Kazbek, feat than the ascent of mountains, that of recording his performances in a
indeed, a mistake in the route led the travellers into some of the ordinary thoroughly satisfactory manner.
troubles of a steep ice-wall with a treacherous coating of snow ; but now
that the proper line of ascent has been laid down, it seems clear that any
walker of ordinary powers may count upon reaching in safety an elevation. SPECTRUM ANALYSIS.*
nearly equal to that of Mont Blanc surmounted by the highest of our
English hills. The only serious troubles to which the party was exposed It is very difficult to say who will most thank Professor Roscoe for his
were encountered on one of the high glacier passes. From the description book -the many-headed monster called the general public, who long, at
given, this seems to have resembled an exaggerated edition of the well-known least many of them do, to become acquainted with a branch of science, the
passage of the sézacs on the Col du Géant. There was the additional disad- opening up of which has landed us in a sort of fairy land ; or scientific men
vantage that the valley from which the ascent was made was almost desert themselves, very many of whom are eagerly pursuing what they will
and inhabited by a scanty population ofsemi-civilized and totally unintelligible certainly find to be a research of the greatest importance in not one but
many walks of science.
natives ; that the travellers did not know whether they would be able to
effect a descent to their baggage on the other side ; that they had next to The book may be broadly divided into two portions -first, the lectures
no victuals, and only one guide, François Devonassaud, an accomplished themselves, which present to us in a popular form the subject- matter with
native of Chamouni. It was evidently a very courageous exploit, and which the author deals ; and secondly, appendices containing the scientific
shows that any want of mountain ascents was at least not due to want of memoirs on which the lectures are based. The outsider may read the
lectures and then - rest and be thankful, if he cares not to dive deeper
mountaineering energy. Mr. Freshfield and his friends may, however, be
into nature's secrets. The scientific man will hail the whole work as a
content with having climbed the two highest peaks of the Caucasus,
crossed some of its finest glaciers, penetrated into its remotest valleys, and complete handbook of what may be well called the rising science a
thoroughly opened up the way for any explorers who are ambitious of a science which enables us to detect the eighteen millionth part of a grain
more minute acquaintance with an interesting district. of sodium in a room ; to determine the constituent elements of stars so
And, now, what are the inducements held out to such enterprising remote that light, which travels some 186,000 miles a second, requires
persons ? Leaving the question of scientific interest, upon which more than 100 years to reach us from them ; and to note the velocity
Mr. Freshfield does not profess to speak, we may say that the mountaineer, with which a storm is passing over the surface of the sun.
pure and simple, has evidently a new opening for his energies, which may As has often happened before in the history of science, such a retrospect
give him employment for some time to come. The ordinary tourist will, as this book affords us impresses us strongly with the idea that we have been
perhaps, be surprised at the contempt which Mr. Freshfield expresses for long battling with nature after the battle has really been won ; for it is
Elbruz as 66 a mere volcanic accident." A mountain 18,500 feet high clearly shown that the recent application of spectrum analysis to terrestrial
should not, he may think, be treated cavalierly, on the ground of substances might as well have been made in 1822 as now, for in that year
its origin volcanic or otherwise. Nay, a rash person may be Sir J. Herschel wrote : " The colours . . . contributed by different objects
inclined to fancy that it should rather add to the charms of a to flame afford in many cases a ready and neat way of detecting extremely
mountain that it is, or has been, capable of emitting flames of minute quantities of them." Fox Talbot made the next step. Not content
fire and streams of lava. But great would be the error of such a hasty with examining the colour of the flame merely, he profited by Newton's
critic. A volcano, as a mere heap of ashes, is totally beneath the genuine discovery of the fact that when a beam of light is made to pass through a
mountain, with sheer precipices and sharp granitic ridges. Size is not prism the beam is resolved into its constituent rays, so that with
everything in mountains ; and a volcano can no more compare itself with white light we get a rainbow-coloured band of light continuous from
a true peak on the score of height than some overgrown weed with a
forest tree. A reed, though it were a hundred feet high, would still be a * Spectrum Analysis. Six Lectures delivered in 1868 before the Society of Apothe
caries, London. " By H. E. Roscoe, F.R.S. , Professor of Chemistry in Owens College,
reed, and not an oak ; and , in the same way, the volcanic erie is, Manchester, (London : Macmillan and Co. 1869. )
[ 502 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 27
JUNE 25, 1869.]

red to violet. Talbot examined these coloured flames by means of a called accidental, for so little did Mr. Huggins expect to find the nebula
prism, as Newton had examined white light. 22
He took the " red fire to be what Sir William Herschel had announced, that when he obtained
dear to playgoers, and found that its light, instead of giving a rainbow from them bright lines indicative of their gaseous nature he thought his
band, contained bright lines here and there in the different colours, the instrument was out of order.
bright lines being separated by dark spaces. He remarked- " A glance This, the celestial side of spectrum analysis, brings forcibly before us
at the prismatic spectrum of a flame might show it to contain substances the extreme difference in the extent and value of the results secured by
which it would otherwise require a laborious chemical analysis to detect. " means of this research by chemists and astronomers. The new power
Here, then, one would think that spectrum analysis was fairly launched. seems to have been grasped with a firmer hand by the latter, and even
Not so. It is not too much to say that it was not grasped in all its much of the purely chemical work has been done by them to aid them in
importance till a very few years ago, when two German physicists by one their observations. Such, indeed, is the activity in this field that while
grand generalization extended its application not to all chemical substances Mr. Roscoe's book has been going through the press even we have
on the earth, but to the chemical substances in the sun and immeasurably been startled, month by month, by the most brilliant spectroscopic dis-
distant light-giving bodies in the depths of space. coveries. First, the nature of the strange prominences seen here and there
The story of this grand achievement is one of the very best portions surrounding the sun in total eclipses has been detected by means of the
of Mr. Roscoe's book. Kirchhoff and Bunsen, the two physicists referred spectroscope in broad sunlight, as Mr. Lockyer suggested it might be
to, had undertaken a research on the position of the various bright lines three years ago. Next, we have established the existence of a continuous
found in the spectra of the various metals, and they determined to use as envelope surrounding the sun, which the spectroscope alone at present can
points of reference the dark lines in the solar spectrum. These dark make visible to our eye. Next, we have gained a clear insight into the
lines had been observed long ago, and were looked upon as so utterly meteorology of the sun, and the rate a storm is travelling along its surface,
beyond our finding out that hardly a suggestion as to their meaning was and the rate its tremendous convection currents bring up heated material
hazarded ; for, whereas the light of a match, or a candle, or a fire, or any from its interior have been detected ; in short, a whole harvest of facts
burning or incandescent solid gave us a spectrum exactly like the rainbow- which throw a new flood of light on the structure of the sidereal universe
that is, a band of continuous light from red through yellow, orange, green , generally, and on the past history of our earth, have been garnered by
blue, lavender, and indigo ; and whereas, as we have seen, Fox Talbot astronomers during the past few months.
had shown that certain vapours gave out bright lines with dark intervals, We do not find an equal activity in the chemical world, and it is con-
the sun's spectrum was utterly dissimilar : innumerable dark lines crossed soling to think that Mr. Roscoe's book is admirably adapted to make
what would otherwise have been a rainbow band. chemists alive to their responsibilities and the magnificence of the field which
Kirchhoff and Bunsen did not intend to explain these dark lines, they lies before them. It is true that much of the work to be done is detailed
merely wished to use them ; and they commenced operations by testing an and surrounded with difficulties ; but who shall say that the result to be
assertion made in 1814 by that marvellous optician, Fraunhofer, that two of attained is not worth the labour ? Who knows what is lurking behind ?
the black lines in the solar spectrum actually corresponded in refrangibility Let us take an instance. Bearing in mind Kirchhoff's assertion that
-that is, in position in the coloured band-to the two bright lines given gases and vapours give us spectra containing bright lines, and that, as a rule,
out by sodium vapour. Kirchhoff examined a faint solar spectrum chemists must work with gases and vapours, the observations of Plücker
in which the double D lines were visible, and during his observa- and Hittorf, that the spectra of some gases change so enormously under
tion passed a flame coloured with sodium, so that the spectrum of certain conditions that those observers were driven to the conclusion that
the light coming from the sun and the spectrum of the light coming the gases existed in various allotropic conditions, was long thought by
from the flame were mingled. He observed the bright sodium lines. some to take away from the value of spectrum analysis as a certain means
coming from the lamp putting out the dark lines in the spectrum ; here, of detecting the various substances. This, however, is but a superficial
then, the point as to coincidence was settled. Then Kirchhoff drew his view, and the recent announcement made by Frankland and- Lockyer, that
bow at a venture : " In order," he says, " to find out the extent to which the they have observed the spectra of gases and vapours to change according to
intensity of the solar spectrum could be increased without impairing the pressure so constantly that the spectrum of hydrogen, for instance, is now
distinctness of the sodium lines, I allowed the full sunlight to shine through continuous, now represented by one thin faint line only, points to an enormous
the sodium flame, and to my astonishment I saw that the dark lines possible extension of our knowledge, as a spectrum will no longer indicate
appeared with an extraordinary degree of clearness." Other experiments substances only, but some of the conditions under which they exist.
were at once made which led Kirchhoff to the conclusion that " the sodium To those who care nothing for science itself, but appreciate its practical
flame absorbs rays of the same degree of refrangibility as those it emits, outcome, we would commend Professor Roscoe's third lecture. He there
11
whilst it is perfectly transparent for all other rays.' describes the Bessemer process of making steel, by which process five tons
We do not gather from Mr. Roscoe that Kirchhoff at once applied this of cast iron are converted into cast steel in five minutes provided the
key to the solution of the great problem presented by the solar spectrum, operation is stopped at a moment so precise that a mistake of ten seconds
but at all events he did not wait long ; for one day, still using these dark of either way spoils the whole charge. Mr. Roscoe then shows how this
lines as his guides, he began to study the spectrum of iron. precise moment is at once determined by the spectroscope.
Judge (remarks Mr. Roscoe) of his astonishment when he observed that dark solar We cannot part with this book without referring to the extreme beauty
lines occurred in positions coincident with those of all the bright iron lines ! Exactly as and high scientific value of the illustrations. Mr. Roscoe has been fortunate
the sodium lines were identical with Fraunhofer's line D, so for each of the iron lines of enough to obtain permission to introduce exact copies of Kirchhoff's and
which Kirchhoff and Ångström have [since ] mapped no less than 460, a dark solar line Ångström's maps of the solar spectrum, and many others, all perfect in
was seen to correspond. Not only had each iron line its dark representative in the solar colour, and accurate in detail ; the colour being of the highest importance
spectrum, but the breadth and degree of shade of the two sets of lines were seen to agree to the general reader, as it helps him greatly in rightly understanding the
in the most perfect manner, the brightest iron lines corresponding to the darkest text. Of the woodcuts we cannot say more than that they come up to the
solar lines. French standard- no faint praise, and a subject of congratulation, for our
To those who have not themselves witnessed this coincidence it is impossible to give backwardness in this respect, especially with regard to scientific books, has
an adequate idea by words of the effect produced on the beholder when, looking into fallen little short of a national disgrace.
the spectroscope, he sees the coincidence of every one of perhaps a hundred of the iron
lines with a dark representative in the sunlight, and the idea that iron is contained in
the solar atmosphere flashes at once on his mind. DEPORTMENT ; BY A COUNTESS. *
This experiment was final. Kirchhoff at once grasped the meaning of WHEN an enterprising publisher conceived that a code of good manners
the strange solar spectrum. Suppose the bright shining surface of the sun, would be popular among many who desire to get into society, it was a
he argued, to be solid or liquid , we should get a continuous ( rainbow-like) happy thought on his part to catch a countess to edit the work. We can
spectrum. Now, bearing in mind what happened with the sodium flame, only regret for the sake of students that the countess has hidden her name in
suppose that surface to be surrounded by an atmosphere containing the a little blaze of printer's stars, for books of this kind are immensely relished
vapours of sodium and iron, these vapours will act as the sodium flame by the middle classes when the oracle who addresses them is a recognized
acts, and will absorb the light which they themselves would emit, and the leader of fashion. In order as far as possible to assist an industrious
black lines are nothing but indications of this absorption --this strange admirer of the peerage in attempting to raise the veil which the Countess
riddling of the light-and therefore of such a physical constitution of the of Eight Asterisks chooses to wear on this occasion, we call attention to
sun as had been supposed . the representative number under which she conceals her title. Bearing it
Although we have lately become aware that this hypothesis of Kirch- in mind, and travelling through the pages of Debrett, we have no doubt a
hoff's is not strictly accurate, it was, nevertheless, one ofthe most brilliant
searcher would be satisfied that the role of Chesterfield has been taken up
and useful generalizations of the century, and Mr. Roscoe carries his by a lady of qualified position for the task, and not by a member of that
readers pleasantly over firm scientific ground -almost a fairy land --which
vague aristocratic circle which supplies the London Journal with its tales of
Kirchhoff may be said to have discovered. He shows how sodium and iron
gentility and murder.
form but a percentage of the substances now known to exist in the sun The introductory portion of the treatise is of a profoundly literary
and even in the distant stars.
character. Mr. Thackeray, the Poet Laureate, and Professor Huxley are
The next important discovery which Mr. Roscoe dwells upon is inde- severally quoted as to the best means oftraining for the complete acquisition
pendent of Kirchhoff's work, and deals not with sun and stars, but with of politeness. From this we get to "the arrangement of a lady's house
nebula ; and here again one wonders that we should have waited so long. and the management of servants," in which the virtue of tolerance is incul-
Sir William Herschel was the first to strongly insist that the nebulae were not cated, and some sensible views are closed up by a piece of scriptural
masses of stars so fearfully remote that the individual stars could not be tapestry relative to the model wife. Instructions in morning calls, cards,
detected, but really cosmical clouds, and the observation of them by means and letters of introduction will be serviceable to boobies, inasmuch as they
of the prism might, one would think, have been undertaken by astronomers are of a conveniently definite kind ; but one does not learn much from
after Fox Talbot's discovery. The fact that this was not done is only one being told that " no one would resent a little exclusive politeness to a duke,
proofthe more of the long time which always intervenes between dawn and a nonagenarian, or a Victor Hugo. " We are reminded that slang
sunrise in scientific work. scandal, puns, religion, proverbs, arguments, and compliments should
The discovery to which we now refer was made by Mr. Huggins, well never find a place in modern conversation. Glum looks are also
known for his patient work in the continuation of a research begun by
Fraunhofer in the beginning of the century—namely, the mapping of the * "Good Society ; a Complete Manual of Manners. " By the Right Hon. the
Countess of **** (London : George Routledge and Sons. 1869. )
dark lines in the spectra of the brighter stars. And the discovery may be
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 28 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 25 , 1869.

forbidden, and no gentleman should be guilty of classical quotations in the NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS.
presence of ladies without apologizing for himself and Horace. The turf,
'Change, and the farm are not elegant topics either. Don't talk of art or Count de Gasparin's " L'Egalité " (Paris, Lévy) shows a good deal of fami
literature unless you are old enough, 'ware anecdotes, and be cautious how liarity with the contemporary politics and the course of social events in
you address people of rank. If you meet the Prince of Wales, for instance, England and America. It consists of a series of decidedly diffuse “ confér-
remember he is only spoken to as " Sir," and the Queen as " Madam ," by ences " held last winter at Geneva on the subject of its title. A lengthy " note"
66
those who converse with the Royal family. Should you stumble across an is appended on Women and Political Equality," which contains some sensible
66
author anywhere, talk to him about his forthcoming book. Having remarks. Supposing women to be given votes, he says :---
furnished the topic, you need only listen, and you are thought not only The female elector will fill her rôle as mother equally ill with that of wife ; they will
agreeable, but thoroughly sensible, amiable, and well informed. " Mothers both be lost in the whirl of politics. In the first place public life claims time.
Those who invite woman to become a man really only wish it to a
of children, and those who paint pictures, are as interested in the products One is a man
of their own genius as the writers of volumes, and the rule of " furnishing minimum extent. Unfortunately, logic has its inexorabilities.
or one is not. One enters public life or one does not ; it is a question of taking up or
the topic " applies to them all equally. letting alone. The women who embark in public affairs must devote a portion of their
It would seem almost unfair of the Countess to give mankind a glimpse lives to reading the journals, studying public and political opinion, assisting atwomen's
public
of the rites of Bona Dea in a work designed for universal circulation , but meetings, and following parliamentary discussions. We should see
the " Lady's Toilet," as here described, has no mystery more disturbing clubs, salons of political women, and journals written by women (very well written, I
than honest soap and water to disclose. Paint is condemned as at once doubt not). We should have to stand by at the coming of the female man (femme-
homme), inferior both to the woman and to the man, who would have renounced
unhealthy and immodest. The gentleman's toilet should , like the lady's, all grace and not have exchanged it for strength. Think of woman delivered
commence with the bath. " Long hair is never indulged in except by over to the press reports, to the insolences of caricature. Trained to the
painters and fiddlers." Be modest in jewellery. The most elegant gentle- contest, giving and taking hard hits, she would soon lose the charm of softness
and modesty which are at once a charm and a defence. I know well what
man with whom our author was acquainted, " aman familiar with all the Courts
the family would lose, I wish to be informed what politics would gain. Would there be
of Europe, " only wore three black pearls in his shirt front, each the size of a less intrigue, fewer passions, less prejudice, fewer personal questions taking the place of
pea. Green glasses in yourfull-dress spectacles are detestable. Never be seen questions of principle ? · Woman is superior and influential only on condition
in shabby clothes, but remember " if there is one thing in this world about that she is a true woman. Take from her neither her silent action nor her noble domestic
which we can entertain any degree of moral certainty, it is that we must empire, which includes her household, her children , her husband too, and in addition to
these the sick and the indigent. Deprive her not of her exquisite sensibility nor her
pay our tailor's bill." What consolation this sentence will impart to the ermine-like delicacy ; do not plunge her into the rude whirl of outside affairs. She will
artists in the region of Savile-row ! Under the heads of riding, driving, lose all, even to her grace, even to her beauty. The political woman, the blue-stocking,
and the promenade we have appropriate hints for conduct in these respective the woman who has exchanged the family for the public, stands already before us in the
situations. Never stare at ladies in the street. " If you so far forget road on which we are urged, as a warning and a scarecrow. Still, I am not
scandalized when I occasionally see a woman filling a man's part, no more than when I
yourself as to smoke in the street," never omit to fling away the offensive see a man taking a woman's. A poor widower may keep house and become almostthe
weed ifyou speak to a lady. With reference to morning and evening parties, mother of his children without our building theories upon it.
" where the sexes are the same always present the inferior to the superior,"
and if asked to sing comic songs mind what you are about. The Countess " The Bayard Series." (London : Sampson Low and Co. 1868 and 1869.)
was once at an evening party given in honour of a distinguished lady of The present series, taking its name from its opening volume, which contained
colour, when to the infinite dismay of the company a "thoughtless a translation of the life of the knight without fear and without reproach, will
amateur " burst into the horribly suggestive nigger song of " Sally come really, we think, fill a void in the shelves of all except the most complete
up." In the ball-room " all casino habits " are to be scrupulously avoided. English libraries. These little square- shaped volumes contain in a very manage-
It is not proper, for example, to affront a highly bred lady by holding her able and pretty form a great many things not very easy of access elsewhere,
hand behind you or on your hip during a round dance. " Young gentle- and some things here for the first time brought together. What special
men are earnestly advised not to limit their conversation to remarks on the connecting principle runs through the series and governs the selection we
weather and the heat of the room. " have been unable to discern. The one point which is clearly in common
The dinner à la Russe is far preferable to any other. Select your between some of these writings is their tendency towards moral edification,
servants with care ; those who breathe hard and are obliged to cough are either through the force of example, as in the lives of Saint Louis and the
undesirable. Eat and drink noiselessly ; don't cut bread, break it ; eat Chevalier Bayard, or of precept and allegory, as in the stories of Rasselas and
asparagus with a fork, and never carry your knife to your mouth. "Tis Abdallah. But there are other volumes, such as Mr. H. Morley's collection
"inexpressibly vulgar " to drain a wine-glass to the last drop. Be cautious from the poets of the seventeenth-century wars in England, and Mr. R.
that the soups or puddings are cool enough before you venture to taste Buchanan's versions of the Scandinavian ballad-poetry, which do not seem
them-awful effects have followed from neglect of this rule. It is bad allied even by this tie with the rest :-
breeding to abstain from taking the last piece on a dish, because it implies " The Words of Wellington " (which, by the way, sounds a little too like the
a contempt on your part for the resources of your entertainers. Are you Wisdom of Solomon) is the title of a collection of passages either characteristic,
to suppose for a moment they have no more of the same in the
or such as seem to the editor characteristic, of the mind and style of the great
house? To be engaged and married politely, always bear in mind that Duke. They are taken from all sorts of sources-- letters, anecdotes of
your emotions must be repressed. There must be no kissing in the vestry.
conversation, military despatches, and parliamentary speeches, and if some of
When visiting at a country house amuse yourself as much as you can them are both intrinsically and from the nature of the circumstances dull,
without depending on the exertions of your host or hostess. You can they will nevertheless bring home to the hearts of a large class of readers
retire to the billiard-room and " practise cannons by yourself," or walk --particularly, as their purpose, it seems, especially is, of American
about the neighbourhood if you can do nothing else. Having gone the
grand round with our author, we come now to "General Hints to both readers -the straightforward good sense and integrity of this prose hero of our
Sexes." Wear a smile for general use, read the works of Macaulay, Sydney century.
Smith, Southey, Jeremy Taylor, Defoe, George Eliot, and Anthony Trollope. Mr. R. Buchanan's muse, when she leans upon the arm of the Scandinavian
Gentlemen should never nurse their legs or ladies cross theirs ; sniffling ballad-writers, is in our judgment more graceful than when she walks alone-
or snuffling " must never be performed in society under any consideration ; " we say " walks," since to speak of her as creeping would be ill -manners, as
a gentleman should know how to box, to ride, to shoot, to swim, and to flying, flattery. Even , here, however, Mr. Buchanan's work is not free from the
play at billiards ; a lady should dance, skate, swim, ride, and drive. " Never quality of pinchbeck ; his versions run fluently enough, and the old ballad forms
refuse a present except under very exceptional circumstances." Never are imitated freely. But in spite of abundance of terms, such as " all in the
yawn or boast of your money. The Countess is not yet done with her moonlight," " tremblinglie," " mournfullie," and so on , these versions have not
pupils. In an appendix, compiled from the book of ready-made speeches, to our ear the true ring.
the graces of oratory are neatly imparted as finishing touches to a gentle- The editor of this edition of " Rasselas " gives us a short and sensible
man's education. With this appendix, comprising not only speeches for account of the genesis of the story, and serves up for us Boswell's old com-
numerous occasions, but one hundred toasts and sentiments for say a parison of " Rasselas " and " Candide." But the date has long passed when a
public dinner of Foresters, or a goose club, reunion, or any other assemblage Boswellian enthusiasm was possible to any human being over the sonorous
where toasts and sentiments are popular, a gentleman must invariably be generalities and antithetic platitudes of this stately but clay-cold fiction. It
master of the situation . We give a few samples of the toasts :- requires all the allurements of its present form to induce one to plod, though
Bacchanalian-May the moments of mirth ever be recorded on the dial of reason. the distance is not so great, from its first page to its last ; and few who have
While we enjoy ourselves over the bottle may we never drive prudence out of the room. done this but will be glad, pace Boswell, to turn from the pedantry and wisdom
Comic - Here's to the man who never quarrels with his bread and butter. Our native of Imlar to the pedantry and foolishness of Pangloss.
land may we never be lawfully sent out of it. May the tax-gatherer be forgiven in
another world. Conservative-The man who builds up rather than he who pulls down. For the reprint in this series of Hazlitt's " Round Table " we should all be
Liberal-The British lion may he never rise in anger or lie down in fear. Loyal— grateful. With all his perversities and eccentricities, Hazlitt must rank as one
May an Englishman's house be his castle for ever. Military—The memory of Wellington. of the three or four critics of the first order that England has produced ; and
Surgical- The man who bleeds for his country. the essays of Charles Lamb himself are not more entertaining than those of this
To wind up all, we are presented with a short vocabulary of the writer, brilliant and spirituel as a Frenchman ; but yet for vehement prejudices
language of flowers and some hints on carving. The Countess has not and unaccountable warps of taste as insular, heart and soul, as that John Bull
done her work badly considering the difficulties of the undertaking. Her of whom he has drawn so keen and so savage a likeness.
remarks are frequently sensible though dull, but we presume the qualifi- Mr. Henry Morley has made his selection of the poetry of the years 1630-1670
cation is in accordance with one of her own rules levelled against wit. as might be expected from so distinguished an English scholar. For those
She bases her system of minor morals upon ethics and piety, so that the who are not able to refer to the originals, this volume will be a valuable sample
very bills of fare in her pages savour somewhat of religious exercises. Her ofthe various phases of a poetry intensely national, intensely interesting, but
book is , however, by no means so foolish as many such manuals are, and it much more talked about than read. We do not, bythe way, see any adequate
contains many useful hints for persons afflicted with ignorance of certain reason for the division under the heads Cavalier and Puritan of poems many of
forms in society which it is necessary to know, although an artificial which are in no way political. Mr. Morley prefaces his collection with a
acquaintance with them, even through the medium of a real countess, résumé of the controversy on the merits and authorship of the MS . poem by
may not quite supply the deficiencies arising from a want of practical him last year discovered in the British Museum, of which he gives a facsimile,
familiarity with people of ordinary good manners. and which he still ascribes to Milton,
[ 504 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 29
JUNE 25 , 1869.]

prevailed in the silk trade, but denied that it was due exclusively, or even mainly,
Parliamentary Review. to the commercial treaty. He attributed it to a combination of causes, such
HOUSE OF LORDS. as dearness of material, closing of the American market by the civil war, the
American tariff and changes of fashion, which had given other kinds of goods
FRIDAY. -The Irish Church debate was resumed amidst signs of a preference over silk. There were symptoms of a revival of the silk trade, and
"diminished interest," doubtless due to the growing certainty that the second he advised its representatives to wait another year and see what it might bring
reading would be carried by a sufficient majority, if there was even a divi- forth before insisting on an inquiry. In the meanwhile, the Government would
sion. Lord Russell challenged some of the details of the bill, but on its general lose no opportunity of negotiating with the French Government for a reduction
principle his approval was unequivocal. He confessed, however, he would like to of the tariff on English goods. After some further discussion, the motion was
see some glebe lands and chapels given to the Episcopalian clergy with a viewto rejected by 155 to 101.
keeping them amongst the people, and thus promoting the civilization of the The Endowed Schools Bill was read a third time and passed. Mr. W. E.
country. To the relief of the county cess from such a source he objected ; and Forster announced the names of the Endowed Schools Commissioners - viz.
the provision set apart for lunatics would require a whole province to go mad in Lord Lyttelton, Mr. A. Hobhouse, and Canon Robinson.
order to absorb it.
The Duke of Abercorn urged the House to disregard any excitement in the MONDAY.- Sir J. Gray drew attention to the letters of Mr. Johnston, member
public mind on this subject, taunted the Government with subservience to for Belfast, calling upon the Orangemen of Ireland to " turn out everywhere "
Roman Catholic priests and Nonconformists, and traced the measure to the on "the coming 12th of July," " to "" assemble in their tens of thousands," and
personal ambition of a single Minister. The Duke of Argyll remarked that the " emphatically " " to commemorate "the glorious triumphs of the past." Mr.
stress with which the Opposition dwelt upon the loyalty of the Irish Protestants Chichester Fortescue regretted that Mr. Johnston should use his influence to
implied unjustly the disloyalty of the Roman Catholics, and another alarming stimulate these lamentable demonstrations, and assured the House that the
inference from their speeches was that even the loyalty of the former, our only Government would use every means in their power to uphold the law.
stay and support, was of too mercantile a nature to be much depended on. Mr. Candlish proposed that the members of the Select Committee on the
Such insinuations were unfair to both parties, and had a most mischievous Abyssinian war be as follows :-Mr. Baxter, Sir Stafford Northcote, Mr. Grant
effect. Bishop Selwyn, presenting himself as a disestablished and disendowed Duff, Sir John Hay, Mr. Seely, Mr. Eastwick, Major Anson, Mr. Christopher
prelate of fourteen years' standing, offered an “ unprejudiced opinion " against Denison, Mr. White, Mr. Howes, Sir Patrick O'Brien, Lord Elcho, Captain
the bill. Beaumont, Mr. Charles Turner, Mr. Mundella, Sir James Elphinstone,
The dinner hour was over, and the House had again filled, when Lord Mr. Holms, Colonel Barttelot, and Mr. Candlish . Mr. White objected to the
Westbury rose from the bench immediately behind the Ministry, and proceeded names of Sir Stafford Northcote and Sir John Hay, on the ground that their
to pour down almost literally on their heads a bitter denunciation of their conduct would more or less form the subject of inquiry. Mr. Childers said
policy and motives. Borrowing from Burke, he called them " admirable the list had been selected with very great care, and he did not think that the
architects of ruin." Their bill was absurd and profane, the child of fear and presence of the two gentlemen referred to would at all interfere with the
offspring of weakness --a mere instrument of wanton destruction. impartiality of the inquiry ; in fact, Sir Stafford Northcote himself had
The Lord Chancellor defended the bill in a straightforward , manly speech , seconded the motion for the appointment of the Committee. A division, in
asserting, on Mr. Hallam's authority, the right of the State to deal in corporate which there were 26 for and 5 against Sir Stafford Northcote's nomination,
property with far more latitude than with private property. revealed the fact that there was not a quorum present, and the House there-
Lord Cairns rose about one o'clock and spoke for two hours in a cold, fore stood adjourned at half-past one in the morning.
argumentive strain, basing his resistance to the bill chiefly on the necessity of TUESDAY. In reply to Lord H. Lennox, Mr. Childers said the reorganization
maintaining the Royal supremacy in Ireland, and the cruelty of stripping a of the Admiralty was still proceeding. No clerks had been discharged against
Church for the mere sake of depriving it of property which the despoilers were their will. He expected a total saving of £ 25,000 a year, minus £ 15,000 for
puzzled to dispose of. superannuations. The establishments of clerks and civil officers in the dock-
At three o'clock the division was called, resulting in the carrying of the bill yards were now undergoing revision.
by 179 to 146 votes. The division appeared to have taken place in the fullest Mr. Gladstone intimated that the Bill for the Courts of Law would be post-
House which has assembled within living memory-325 peers having personally poned till a Select Committee had reported on the subject, and subsequently a
recorded their votes, while eighteen paired. Committee was appointed.
MONDAY.-Lord Grey, in giving notice of an amendment on the Irish The greater part of the morning sitting was devoted to the Bankruptcy and
Church Bill, suggested that their lordships should sit on Wednesdays till they Imprisonment for Debt Bills, the former being passed through Committee and
had disposed of the measure. Lord Granville said the Government would the other advanced as far as clause 5 .
gladly agree to such an arrangement if agreeable to the House ; but Lord At the evening sitting Mr. Rathbone moved a resolution declaring " That,
Cairns opposed the Wednesday sittings, since many peers had made engage- in the opinion of this House, a closer and more harmonious correspondence
ments for those days in advance. between the central and local poor-law authorities, and in consequence a more
Lord Grey's amendment is to the effect that the words in the preamble uniform and efficient system of parochial administration would be established,
restricting the application of the Church surplus to any religious purposes what- and the incidence of local taxation would be safely rectified , if, as in the case of
ever should be omitted. education, grants, conditional on efficiency, were made from national sources,
TUESDAY.- Lord Shaftesbury gave notice of amendments on the Irish through the medium of the Poor Law Board."
Church Bill to the effect that in the commutation of life interests greater The motion was supported by Mr. Dixon and Mr. Liddell, and opposed
longevity should be assumed on the part of the clergy, and that the surplus of Mr. Lowe. The argument of the Chancellor of the Exchequer was that such a
Church property should be treated as a fund for the granting of small system would fail to supply any test of efficient and economical administration.
loans, at a moderate interest and on adequate security, to the peasantry of The resolution was then withdrawn.
Ireland. Mr. Rylands next moved a resolution declaring that a prohibition of the
Replying to a motion by Lord Townshend for a Royal Commission on the sale of liquors on Sunday should be included in any measure which might be
subject of pauperism, Lord Granville deprecated an inquiry which would only proposed for a general revision of the licensing system, but after some
result in the accumulation of facts already ascertained. discussion withdrew it on an appeal from the Home Secretary in consideration
The disorderly manifestations of applause and disapproval in which of the pledge the Government had given to deal with the whole subject next
the " strangers " indulged during the recent debate formed the subject of a year.
complaint which Lord Romilly addressed to the House, suggesting that if this Mr. C. Reed's bill for exempting ragged and Sunday schools from local
Occurred again the galleries should be cleared. In enforcing this advice, he taxation was committed pro forma, in order that it might be amended by a
referred to the tumultuous demonstrations which used to take place in the more precise definition of the institutions in question. The Deceased Wife's
National Assembly at the time of the French Revolution. Unless these mani- Sister Bill came on at one o'clock, and after two divisions on motions for
festations were stopped, they would acquire such a head that their lordships adjournment, was postponed to the 30th inst.
would in the end be unable to check them. Lord Granville, acknowledging WEDNESDAY. - The business began with Mr. Delahunty's bill for
that such interruptions could not be tolerated, hinted that the disturbers were abolishing £ 1 notes in Ireland. Sir F. Heygate moved the rejection of
impulsive Irishmen. To this Lord Cairns retorted that he was disposed to the measure, remarking that the safety and utility of the small note system
regard their conduct as an example of that John Bullism which had recently was shown by the fact that neither in Scotland nor Ireland had there been
been commended in that House, and which was always sure to make its innate any deterioration of value. Mr. Anderson also ridiculed the idea of robbing
ideas and convictions known, without reference to suitability of place or time, a country to make it rich. The Chancellor of the Exchequer pointed out
or to the manner in which they were expressed —a hit received with laughter that the objection to £1 notes related simply to their amount. It was
and cheers .
a mere superstition that there was any advantage in doing business by
Other breaches of order were also mentioned. Lord Longford had seen a means of gold rather than paper. On the contrary, there was consider-
bishop invite three friends to sit on the steps of the throne. Lord Carnarvon
able disadvantage, since the wear and tear of gold was very expensive,
was annoyed by the hum of conversation from the bar, but Lord Salis- and we should shortly have to pay £ 400,000 on that account. Of
bury and Lord Malmesbury thought there was more talking among their course a note circulation required to be guarded by convertibility into gold,
lordships than anywhere else. There was always a dead silence, Lord Malmes- limitation of issue, and provision of sufficient security. The first two con-
bury said, when any speech worth listening to was being delivered. Lord ditions were completely satisfied in the case of the Irish notes, and if the
Beauchamp illustrated the anarchy of the assembly by saying that he had security was not quite so good as might be desired, that would not be improved
had to call the very messengers to order. He also protested against the
by raising the notes from 1 to £5. Theoretically, therefore, there was no
invasion of the space in front of the throne reserved for peers' sons and of the good reason for abolishing the £ 1 notes ; they worked well both in Ireland and
peeresses' gallery by persons having no such title to admission. A suggestion Scotland ; and if there was to be any assimilation of system throughout
made by Lord Salisbury that the Lord Chancellor should have more extended the three kingdoms, it should be rather in the direction of reducing the English
power to preserve order, like the Speaker of the House of Commons, was notes.
opposed by Lord Carnarvon, Lord Redesdale, and other peers, including the Mr. Delahunty, congratulating himself on his " great victory," in having
Lord Chancellor himself, on the ground that such authority ought not to be pledged the Chancellor of the Exchequer to bring down England to the level of
exercised by a political minister appointed by the Government, but by an officer Ireland, withdrew his bill.
elected by the House itself irrespective of political considerations.
Dr. Brady's bill for enabling Irish boards of guardians to grant super-
THURSDAY.- Lord Albemarle moved the second reading of a bill for annuation allowances to their medical officers was read a second time on the
repealing the land qualification of county magistrates, but in consequence of the understanding that certain restrictions should afterwards be introduced into it.
opposition offered by the Duke of Richmond and other peers, withdrew it, The three rival Scotch Game Bills next gave rise to a smart discussion, in
though only, he said, for the present. which some hard hits were exchanged, Mr. M'Combie calling, in the name of
the farmers, for the abolition of the game laws root and branch, and Sir J.
HOUSE OF COMMONS. Elphinstone retorting that the whole question was an imposture, got up for
electioneering purposes by agitators and a certain newspaper editor. On an
FRIDAY. At the morning sitting the Bankruptcy Bill was again before the assurance from the Lord Advocate that the Government would consider the
House of Commons. The fourth clause of the Imprisonment for Debt Bill, matter with a view to legislation next year, Mr. McLagan withdrew his bill,
relating to the power of imprisonment exercised by county court judges, was and the other two measures, Lord Elcho's and Mr. Loch's were postponed to
under consideration when the hour for adjournment arrived.
July 28.
At the evening sitting Mr. Staveley Hill, the member for Coventry, moved The Seeds Adulteration Bill was referred to a Select Committee.
for a Committee on the operation of the commercial treaty with France, basing
his demand chiefly on the injurious effects of that measure on the silk industry THURSDAY. - The Assessed Rates Bill was passed through Committee with
of his constituents and of Macclesfield. Mr. Bright admitted the distress which amendments, as was also the Greenwich Hospital Bill.
[ 595 ]
 30 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 25, 1869.

spoke with much satisfaction of the opening of the first German war-port at
Summary of the Week's News . Heppens, which, he said, is a memorial of German activity and sagacity. In
FOREIGN NEWS. a speech which the King delivered at the opening of the port he said that he
looked forward with confidence to the further development and to the future of
The election excitement in France is now over, and pending the meeting of the young German navy. Count Bismarck does not seem to have
the new Legislative Body there appears to be very little news stirring. found the Customs Parliament more disposed to passive obedience
M. Schneider has been reappointed President by an Imperial decree. than the other Parliaments with which he has to deal. On the last
Messieurs Leroux, David, and du Miral have been reappointed vice-presidents, day but one of the session a proposal to impose a tax on the importation
M. David has been nominated Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. These of petroleum was definitively rejected, notwithstanding the Minister's declara-
appointments, together with the Emperor's letter to M. Mackau, noticed last tion that should the Parliament oppose that measure the President of the
week, are thought by some persons to indicate an intention to adopt a policy of Zollverein would not consent to the introduction of other amendments in the
reaction. There have been no further disturbances among the miners at St. Zollverein tariffs.
Etienne, and the Official Journal states that the negotiations between the
employers and the workmen's delegates lead to the hope that an understanding The Vienna Press states that in the Austrian Red-book which will shortly
be issued there will appear a note respecting the diplomatic correspondence
between the contending parties will be shortly brought about. between the Minister for Foreign Affairs and the Austro- Hungarian Ambas-
The Great Eastern arrived at Brest on Sunday with the French Atlantic sador at Rome stating that " the Government will continue to observe a policy
cable on board. In the evening it was successfully spliced to the shore end, of reserve with regard to the Ecumenical Council, as the course which will be
and at daybreak the following morning the great ship proceeded on her voyage, adopted by that Council cannot yet be foreseen." Some anxiety has been
accompanied by the Chiltern and Scandinavia. While the Great Eastern lay created at Vienna by the sudden disappearance of Prince Couza, the ex-Hos-
off Brest on Sunday a banquet took place on board, at which several Govern- podar of the Danubian Principalities. It is feared that he is contemplating a
ment officials were present. Toasts were given for the Emperor, Queen Victoria, revolutionary movement of some kind.
and the President of the United States. According to the last accounts, the
submersion of the cable is going on successfully. It appears that about 180 A declaration has been signed between Denmark and England to relieve
representatives of the French press, who were invited to Brest to witness the the subjects of each from liability to military service, or to contribute to any
forced loans.
laying of the cable, met with a severe disappointment. They were not allowed
to go on board the Great Eastern, and had to content themselves with merely The Portuguese Chamber of Deputies has voted the details of the loan
looking at her out at sea. Upon returning to Brest an indignation meeting was concluded with Messrs. Fruhling and Goschen. The indemnity to the South
held, and it was resolved by those who were present not to attend the banquet Eastern Railway Company has also been passed.
to which they had been invited by the company. An opposition banquet was
organized in its stead, which took place the same evening. The ill-feeling The Greek Chambers were opened on the 17th inst. by the King. His
aroused among the journalists was, however, ultimately appeased by the expla- Majesty, in his speech from the throne, alluded to the late Conference at Paris,
nations of Mr. Reuter and Baron Erlanger. and said that the Greek Government adhered to the principles laid down by the
Marshal Serrano was sworn in as Regent of Spain on the 18th inst. , and Conference, which he considered to be in the interest of Greece. Speaking
of the finances, his Majesty said that Greece would fulfil her obligations, and
afterwards made a speech, promising to respect the Constitution and the would support all measures for the development of the resources of the
liberties of the country. In reply to this, Señor Rivero, as President of the country.
Cortes, promised the Regent the support of all Spaniards. Marshal Serrano
left the House amid cries of 66 Long live the Regent, the Constitu- We learn by the Atlantic cable that the United States Government has been
tion, the National Sovereignty, and the President of the Cortes ! " On taking measures to stop the violations of the neutrality laws by the sympathizers
Saturday the new Cabinet which had been formed was presented to the with the insurrection in Cuba. Several persons, some of them Americans and
Cortes. The only changes are the appointments of Señor Silvela as Minister others Cuban, connected with the revolutionary junta of Cuba, who were arrested
of State, and of Señor Herrera as Minister of Justice. The other in New York last week and released on bail, have been again taken into custody.
members of the Cabinet remain in office under General Prim, who in Several fresh arrests have been made in New York, and also in Baltimore and
his speech to the Cortes asked the indulgence of all, and especially entreated Richmond, and the organization established in New York for filibustering
the Republicans not to make a systematic opposition. The Government enterprises in Cuba is stated to have been entirely broken up. An American
had, he said, sworn to observe, and to cause to be observed, the Consti- schooner, laden with war materials, which were supposed to be for the
tution, and would require equal respect to it from all Spaniards. He insurgents of Cuba, though they were ostensibly destined for Hayti, had
hoped, with God's help and their Own strength, together with the been captured by the Spanish steamer Fernando and sent to Havannah for
support of the Cortes, disorders would not again arise. The Government adjudication. President Grant and his party have been staying at New York
were very resolved on this point, and in enforcing it would be hard, inflexible, as the guests of Mr. Stewart on their return from Boston . What Mr. Motley
and even cruel, Respecting finance, he said, the Government would will do and what Mr. Motley will not do seem to afford the New York papers
study to introduce economies, but they must be reasonable economies , an inexhaustible subject of disquisition . We are now told on the authority of
and would seek to obtain money by means which would not involve too great "the Washington correspondents of several New York journals " that Mr. Motley
cost. It is supposed that these hints imply the creation of new taxes , instead will take no important action until Congress meets in December next.
of loans. After the General's speech a fierce debate took place respecting Mr. Reverdy Johnson is said to be preparing a vindication of his course while
the arrival ofthe Duke de Montpensier in Andalusia, the Republicans intro- American envoy in England, in which he declares that he will be able to show
ducing a resolution inviting the Cortes to express displeasure at this occurrence. that he strictly obeyed his instructions, and that among others Mr. Sumner
A counter proposal, to the effect that the point was not worthy of deliberation, knew of and approved them before he sailed for England. M. de Katalasi,
was carried by 113 to 67. The arrival of Count de Cheste and General Pezuela who has been appointed Russian Minister at Washington , is charged by the
in Madrid on Friday, the 18th, caused great excitement, and instant orders Emperor to congratulate General Grant on his election as President of the
for their arrest were despatched by General Prim. The president of the Repub- United States. It is stated that the Supreme Court of Georgia has decided that
lican Club at Cadiz has also been arrested for speaking disrespectfully of the the intermarriage of whites and negroes is illegal, null, and void, and that the
Regent. Since Monday last the Cortes has been engaged discussing the Legislature cannot define the social status of citizens. Mr. Henry J. Raymond,
Budget, editor of the New York Times, died from apoplexy on the 18th inst.
The Italian Government have announced that, though the financial conven- The Canadian Parliament has been prorogued. The Governor, Sir John
tions have been withdrawn in consequence of the adverse report ofthe committee Young, in his speech, expressed satisfaction at the wise measures which had
of the Chambers, they have not abandoned the entire financial scheme proposed been adopted to secure and consolidate the Confederation of British North
by Count Cambray- Digny. They are still resolved upon the abolition of the America, and also at the retrenchment which had been effected. Sir John
forced currency and the establishment of an equilibrium between income and said that the vigilant supervision of the public expenditure had obviated the
expenditure, and the financial scheme already propounded will be presented to necessity of increased taxation . Before the prorogation the Parliament adopted
the Chambers, when they again assemble, with some modifications. There
an address to the Queen, praying for the annexation of the Hudson's Bay
have been some disturbances at Milan, Genoa, Naples, and Bergamo, the object territory to the Dominion of Canada on the terms recommended by Earl
or pretext of which appears to have been to " demonstrate" the popular indigna- Granville and accepted by the Hudson's Bay Company in April last.
tion at the attempted assassination of Major Lobbia. At Milan the troops were
called out, but at the sight of them the mob ran away, and there was no A Repeal League Convention has been sitting at Halifax, Nova Scotia,
fighting. The Opinione says that the attempted assassination of Major and has passed a resolution protesting against confederation , and recommending
Lobbia was used as a pretext by the Mazzinian agents to excite disorder, the formation of leagues throughout the province, with a view to procure by
and that a conspiracy existed to provoke a simultaneous movement in the honourable means annexation to the United States. The proceedings of this
various cities of Italy on the 24th inst. The major is recovering from League are watched, it is said, with a good deal of interest in the States.
his wounds. The King has returned to Florence in order to support the Numerous papers see in them a token that the " manifest destiny " of Nova
Scotia is to be annexed.
Government in the measures they have adopted for preserving order. The
Duchess of Aosta is seriously ill at Spezzia, and on Tuesday was in so critical A telegram of news from Rio de Janeiro states that according to advices
a condition that the last sacraments were administered. The latest bulletins from Paraguay the allied army was on the 15th of May ready to march into
issued announce a slight improvement in her health. According to the Italia the interior. A rumour was current at Buenos Ayres that peace had been
Militare, considerable progress is now being made in the suppression of concluded through the intervention of the American Minister, and that Lopez
brigandage. From March, 1868, to April, 1869, 237 brigands were captured had agreed to leave the country. It is added, however, that the statement is
in the provinces of Terra di Lavoro, Aquila, Molise, and Benevento. The regarded as " very doubtful."
country population, it is said, now no longer assist the brigands as formerly,
but in many instances have given information about them to the authorities. The Indian mail which was delivered on Monday last left Bombay so soon
From Rome we are informed that on Friday, the 18th, the anniversary of after the despatch of the mail immediately preceding it that it brought no
the Pope's accession , his Holiness received the congratulations of the Sacred news of general interest. From China and Japan some items of news
have been received by telegram via New York. From Hong Kong it
College. In his reply, he said : - " The world is divided into two societies.
On the one hand, there is the Revolution allying itself with Socialism , and is reported that there had been several outrages on foreigners, and that the British
rejecting both religion and morality ; on the other hand, we see the faithful Minister had made a complaint to the Chinese authorities on the subject. The
calmly awaiting the triumph of religious principles." His Holiness added that Mikado of Japan had arrived at Yeddo. The Northern party was again
active and threatening. Admiral Ennomato, who had made an unsuccessful
he trusted in Providence for the protection of Rome against all assaults. attempt to seize the Mikado's iron ram Stonewall, had fortified himself at
Monday was the anniversary of the Pope's coronation , and his Holiness ,
wearing the tiara, assisted at mass in the Sistine Chapel at eleven o'clock Yeddo, and was awaiting the attack of the forces of the Mikado.
in the morning. Afterwards he received the congratulations of the Sacred The Viceroy of Egypt, on the personal application of Mr. Walter Powell,
College and public dignitaries. Rome was illuminated in the evening. In con- M.P., has furnished that gentleman with letters to the Diwân at Cairo, directing
tradiction of some reports which have appeared in the continental papers, a them to afford Mr. Henry Powell and his brother-in-law every assistance in
Roman telegram says that no Power has yet expressed to the Pope any opinion their projected trip to the locality of the recent outrage on their kinsman and
in reference to the Ecumenical Council. In particular it is denied that France his family by, as is supposed, the Bâsenah tribe, near the river Mâreb, on the
has done so. The Austrian Lloyd's and the Messageries Impériales steam north of Abyssinia. Some faint hopes were raised a few days ago that the late
companies are offering a free passage to Civita Vecchia to all bishops pro- massacre may have been, at least, exaggerated, by an announcement that
ceeding to the Council. the first information received of the murders was not altogether correct.
Two of the German Parliaments were closed on Tuesday by the King of In the two accounts received respecting the murders--one from Kerim
Prussia - that of North Germany and the Customs Parliament. His Majesty Bagos, Abyssinia, and the other from the French vice-consul at Massowah-
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 JUNE 25, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 31

mention was distinctly made of Mr. Powell's servant having been killed. This held in the presence of her Majesty in Windsor Great Park. On Monday there
servant was generally supposed to be Donald, a Scotch gamekeeper, whom Mr. will be a breakfast at Buckingham Palace, and the Viceroy will dine in the
Powell had taken with him ; but a telegram
66 received by Mr. Walter Powell, evening with the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland at Stafford House. On
M.P., through the Foreign Office, says : Donald, Mr. Powell's gamekeeper, is Tuesday there will be a grand fête given at the Crystal Palace, by Royal
reported to have escaped, and to be at Massowah ; so possibly other parts of the command, in honour of his Highness, including a musical festival arranged for
first story may have been exaggerated." The locality where the reported murders the occasion, to be conducted by Sir Michael Costa, and a great pyrotechnic
took place is believed to be about 150 miles from Massowah ; consequently it display. On the following day the Viceroy will attend Frances Countess of
will not be so difficult as was at first anticipated to obtain a trustworthy Waldegrave's ball at Strawberry-hill, at which the Prince and Princess of Wales
account. will be present .
HOME NEWS. On Friday the 18th inst., the Queen held a Council at Windsor at which
were present the Earl de Grey and Ripon, Mr. Gladstone, the Earl of Cla-
The Irish Church Bill still continues to be the principal topic of the day. rendon, Earl Granville, and Viscount Sydney. Mr. Motley was introduced to
Last week the chief subject which occupied public attention was the pro- her Majesty by the Earl of Clarendon, and presented his credentials. Lord
bable result of the debate on the second reading in the House of Lords ; this Lyons also had an audience of the Queen. On Saturday the Princess ofWales
week people have been talking of the unexpected largeness of the and the Crown Prince of Denmark visited her Majesty. Lord Lyons dined
majority obtained by the Government, and discussing the probable with the Queen in the evening. Mr. Theodore Martin arrived at the Castle on
future of the bill. In Ireland, the friends of the Church are said by
Thursday and left on Saturday. On Monday Lord Bessborough, Lord Sydney,
the Times correspondent to be " stunned and bewildered for the moment Lord Otho Fitzgerald, and Lord Castlerosse went down to Windsor and
by the result of the debate. "The more sanguine and impatient are presented to her Majesty addresses from both Houses of Parliament for the
exasperated, but those of cooler judgment comfort their friends with appointment of Royal Commissions on the reported bribery at Norwich, Bridg-
the assurance that it is better that the question should be settled now, when water, Beverley, Cashel, and Sligo.
there is a reasonable chance of a liberal compromise, than to prolong a hopeless
battle, which would inevitably end in more ruinous defeat." In a sermon preached The Prince of Wales has again had a busy week. On Friday, the 18th inst.,
in Exeter Cathedral, on Sunday, the dean-an Irish divine -spoke ofthe country he attended the speeches at Wellington College, and in the evening the Prince
as being " on the point of a terrible experiment ; " and he conceived it possible and Princess and the Crown Prince of Denmark dined with the Duke of Cam-
that " our Queen may yet be led to stand in the breach against this terrible bridge at Gloucester House. On Saturday afternoon the Prince held a levee at
experiment, and say, notwithstanding the arguments and eloquence of her St. James's Palace on behalf of her Majesty. He was accompanied by Prince
advisers, This thing must not be, and I say it shall not be.' " The very rev. Arthur, the Duke of Cambridge, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, and the
gentleman observed, however, that " this might be a dangerous step." The Prince of Teck. The presentations were about 200 in number. His Royal
Ulster Protestant Defence Association have met and passed a resolution record- Highness afterwards shot with the Peers in the annual pigeon match between
ing their determination, notwithstanding the vote in the Lords, to " continue the Lords and Commons, at Hurlingham Park, Fulham. The Peers won the
their uncompromising opposition to the Church Bill, but it is stated that the match by two birds. The Prince killed five birds out of six at twenty-five
movement against the bill has fallen almost entirely into the hands of the yards rise, and two out of six at thirty yards. On Monday his Royal Highness
Orange Society. The prevalent opinion amongst more moderate defenders presided at a public meeting held at the Royal Institution to promote a memorial
of the Church, both in Ireland and in England, is that an attempt to Professor Faraday.
should be made to resuscitate in a certain limited degree the notion It has been officially announced at Manchester that the Princess of Wales
of concurrent endowment ; that is to say, as far as the giving of a house and will accompany the Prince on his visit to that city next month. The Prince
glebe to the ministers of different denominations. The retention of their parson- was last week elected an honorary member of the Société des Agriculteurs de
ages by the Established clergy, with the repayment of the charges upon them France.
out of the surplus funds ofthe Church, instead of the repayment coming out ofthe
pockets of their respective occupants, will be made a sine quâ non by the most Among the speakers at the meeting held to promote a memorial to
liberal Conservatives ; and as the bill professes to be based on the principle of Professor Faraday were General Sabine, M. Dumas, member of the French
equality, it will be urged that the Presbyterian minister and the Catholic priest Academy, the first " Faraday lecturer," Sir Henry Holland, Sir Roderick
ought likewise to have a manse and garden . An attempt to do something in Murchison, Professor Owen, Dr. Lyon Playfair, M.P., and Professor Tyndall.
this direction will no doubt be made. The Prince of Wales, in opening the proceedings, expressed the pleasure
which it gave him, both on public and on private grounds, to preside over
Lord Shaftesbury has explained in the Record why he did not speak in the meeting, and read a short narrative of the steps taken by the presi-
the late debate. He writes :-In the whole course of my life there has been dents of the Royal and other societies to induce the Government to provide the
no subject on which I have been more anxious to say what I felt ; but a recent funds for a national memorial by a grant of public money for the purpose ; but
loss (the death of a sister) detained me from the House, and when on Friday I he stated that this idea had been negatived by a letter, in which the Chancellor
went down, having had an assurance that an opportunity would be reserved for of the Exchequer expressed his regret that he had no funds at his disposal for
me, I found that the list of speakers was arranged for the entire evening. To such a purpose, except in the case of men who had played a part in what is
attempt the disturbance of such an arrangement would have been unbecoming called, par excellence, public life. Under these circumstances the council of
on my part, and I was shut out from recording a protest - and the will of the the Royal Society and the presidents of the various other learned societies had
nation, expressed both on the Suspensory Bill and at the general election , had resolved to take the matter seriously in hand without further loss of time. A
reduced the constitutional action of the House of Lords to nothing but a committee, of which General Sabine will be president, was appointed by the
protest against the most momentous measure that, except in times of revo- meeting to receive subscriptions and take the necessary measures for providing
lution, was ever submitted to the deliberation of a legislature." It has been a memorial in honour of Professor Faraday, which it is thought will probably
stated also, apparently on authority, that the Bishop of Oxford went down to the take the shape of a monument in St. Paul's Cathedral.
House intending to speak, but found on his arrival that the list of speakers had
already been filled up. The Crown Prince of Denmark took leave of the Prince and Princess
of Wales on Wednesday, and left for Dover, en route for the Continent.
A curious letter, purporting to be written by Archdeacon Denison, appeared
in the Telegraph on Wednesday. It commenced by stating that "Above the Prince Christian presided on Wednesday at the University College Hospital
bar, on Saturday morning last, June 19,6 A.D. 1869, Lord Salisbury and the dinner at Willis's Rooms.
Bishop of St. David's cut the throat of Church and State.' Below the bar, It is stated that Prince Arthur will leave Liverpool on the 14th of August,
the two Archbishops, having neither boldness to assist nor courage to forbid, in the Inman Company's steamer City of Paris, for Halifax. On arrival out
rang its knell. Lord Salisbury, it is said, comes into Lord Derby's place ; but the Prince will join the 4th Battalion of Royal Engineers, now stationed in
there is no place to come into.66 Conservatism ' has slain itself with its own Canada. He will return to England next spring.
sword." The writer suggests Hybridism " as the new party name, and says
that " Church and Queen " is a cry which has no meaning now, and that though A grand fancy bazaar, in aid of the funds of the Royal Cambridge Asylum
the clergy " may still say the prayer for the High Court of Parliament, it cannot for Soldiers' Widows, took place on Tuesday and Wednesday in Cardinal
be said without mockery." Referring to a statement made by a Conservative Wolsey's Hall , Hampton Court Palace, under the immediate patronage of the
paper that nothing more has been done by the vote of Saturday last than to Duchess of Cambridge, Princess Christian, and Princess Mary of Teck, each
declare in favour of disestablishment, he says : " Conservative vision is not of whom acted as stall-keepers, and did a good business in the disposal of the
keen. A nation accustomed to an established and endowed Church is not going articles entrusted to them for sale. The Prince of Teck assisted in the sale of the
to let the Church go free with its property in its hand." He cares nothing articles with which the tables were strewn, and amongst the other ladies and
what now becomes of the bill, and if he were a Peer, he should not go gentlemen who either presided at stalls or took an active interest in the general
near the committee. " The blow," he continues, " has fallen, doubtless, management of the undertaking were- Maria Marchioness of Ailesbury, the
more from the fault of Churchmen than of anybody else. What I want is, if Countess of Dalkeith, the Countess Spencer, Lady Albertha Hamilton , Lady
possible, to help to open eyes to the position, so that when the Nemesis which Gomm, the Hon. Lucy Kerr, the Hon . Miss Grosvenor, the Hon . Mrs. Wellesley,
the two Archbishops have invited comes upon the Church in England, as it will Miss Macgregor, Mrs. John Leslie, Mr. and Miss Wood, Mrs. Alexander
come, we may be a little more ready to meet it than we are now. Meantime, I Ellice and Miss Ellice and Miss Napier, Mrs. Baring, Mrs. Dadson , Lady
am for withdrawing from all meddling and muddling attempts at influencing Louisa Feilding, Mrs. Stewart, Mr. Wheeler, Colonel Seymour, Colonel Stewart,
legislation, which is in its issue invariably against the Church of England and and Captain Dadson.
for the Church of Rome, or for no religion at all." Lord Cranstoun, of Creeling, county Roxburgh, in the Scotch peerage, died
The Viceroy of Egypt arrived in London on Tuesday evening. Lord Alfred on the 18th inst. after a short illness. His lordship was born at St. Kitts in
Paget and Colonel Cavendish, who have been deputed by the Queen to attend 1809, and succeeded his father in the family honours in September, 1818.
upon his Highness during his stay in this country, received him at Dover, and He was never married, and is succeeded by his brother, the Hon . Charles
travelled up to town with him. At Charing- cross he was received by the Frederick Cranstoun , born in 1813. The deaths are also announced of Mr.
Prince of Wales, and a guard of honour of the Scots Fusiliers, with the band and Charles Sturt, formerly of the 39th Regiment, one of the earliest explorers of
colours, was drawn up on the western platform. An escort of Life Guards the Australian continent, and subsequently Colonial Secretary of South
should have awaited the Viceroy at the entrance to the station , but it came too late. Australia ; and of Mr. Douglas Lascelles, R.N., brother of the Earl of Hare-
The Prince and the Viceroy drove to Buckingham Palace in a state carriage wood, who died at Vancouver's Island on the 15th inst.
amid cheers from a large number of persons who lined the streets and the The Owl states that it is the intention of her Majesty's Government to confer
carriage way through the park. No preparations, however, had been made to upon Mr. Panizzi, late chief officer of the British Museum, the decoration of
keep the road clear. There were no pickets of Life Guards on duty, and, as we K.C.B. On the same authority we are told that Mr. Tite, M.P. for Bath, will
have said, no escort, the procession of closed carriages being headed by a single shortly receive the honour of knighthood .
mounted inspector of police. In the evening the Viceroy visited the Prince of
Wales at Marlborough House, afterwards went to the Royal Italian Opera, and The Gazette of Tuesday last contained the appointment of fourteen members
thence to a ball given by Lord and Lady Alfred Paget at their residence in of the outer bar to the rank of Queen's counsel. Amongst them are four
Queen Anne-street, at which the Prince and Princess of Wales and the Crown members ofthe House of Commons- Mr. T. Hughes, Mr. H. James, Mr. H. C.
Prince of Denmark were present. On Wednesday there was a State concert at Lopes, and Mr. G. O. Morgan.
the Palace, at which the Prince and Princess of Wales and other members of The Home Secretary has appointed Mr. W. Bruce, barrister, the first
the Royal family, and the Viceroy, were present. Yesterday (Thursday) the stipendiary magistrate for Leeds, with a salary of £ 1,000 a year.
Viceroy went to Windsor on a visit to the Queen. This evening (Friday) he
is to dine with the Prince and Princess of Wales at Marlborough House. On Mr. Vernon Lushington, Q.C. , has accepted the appointment of permanent
Saturday he will be present at the grand review of the household troops to be secretary to the Admiralty, in the place of Mr. W. G. Romaine, who has been
[ 507 ]
 32 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 25, 1869.

appointed judge advocate in India. It is stated that previous to the departure employer himself, to claim for working men rights which he claimed for himself,
of Colonel Clarke on his mission to Jahde Mr. Childers offered to that officer, and was prepared to give his hearty support to the bill now before Parlia
who has had a lengthened experience in naval affairs, the vacant post, which ment. Mr. Morley, however, pointed out that non-unionists also had their rights,
he declined on the plea that its acceptance would have involved the necessity and said that the principle of converting an opponent by throwing into his
of his abandoning the further pursuit of his profession. Mr. John H. Briggs, house the means of destroying life and property must not be allowed, nor must
who has been at the Admiralty for forty-three years, and who was 66 reader a man's free rights be interfered with. Mr. Hughes, M.P. , said he had
to several successive Boards, will, it is believed, be advanced to the post of never expected to see what had taken place that evening -- a large
assistant-secretary, with an increase of salary. employer of labour presiding over a trade unionist meeting -and he
had hopes now that the working men would have justice done to them.
On Wednesday evening, according to custom on the anniversary of the Among the other speakers were Mr. Mundella, Sir Henry Hoare, Professor Beesly,
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the Lord Mr. William Newton, and Mr. George Potter. Resolutions were adopted
Mayor entertained the archbishops and bishops at dinner at the Mansion approving of Messrs. Hughes and Mundella's bill, empowering the trades' con-
House. The company was about 260 in number, and included the Arch-
ference delegates to wait upon the Home Secretary to solicit the Government to
bishops of Canterbury, Armagh, and Dublin, the Bishops of London, support it, and thanking its framers and introducers.
Llandaff, Gloucester, Rochester, and Hereford, and one or two colonial
bishops. The Revs. T. Binney and Newman Hall and other Nonconformist Mr. R. Rawlinson , C.B. , commenced on Monday, on behalf of the Govern-
ministers were also present. The Archbishop of Canterbury, in respond- ment, an inquiry at Barking into the allegations of the memorial which was last
ing to the toast of the evening, said that he thought the Society for the year sent to the Home Office complaining of the bad effects of the discharge of
Propagation of the Gospel did a great public service in keeping the the sewage of London into the Thames at Barking. None of the leading memo-
colonies united to England, and remarked, referring to Dr. Selwyn (who had rialists were present, and the solicitor who appeared to support the memorial
preached the sermon in the afternoon at St. Paul's Cathedral), upon the circum- said he had been so recently instructed that he had not had time to get up his
stance of a man who had been a missionary for twenty-three years reappearing evidence. Some impromptu witnesses were then examined, and cross- examined
in London as an English bishop, and upon the present First Lord of the by the counsel who appeared for the Board of Works, with the view, apparently,
Admiralty and the Chancellor of the Exchequer having won their spurs in the of showing that the evils of which the inhabitants of Barking complain are
colonies. The Bishop of London replied to the toast of " The clergy of all attributable to other causes than the sewage. Several witnesses admitted
denominations." With regard to " the denominations," his lordship said the that offensive smells were often caused in the town by a manure- carrying
only rivalry the Church of England desired to carry on with other Churches was trade, in which the local vessels are employed ; that unpleasant odours
the rivalry as to who should do most to win sinners to Christ. were wafted from the irrigation farms, about two miles off ; and that
there was no drainage in Barking, no governing body, that the old
The Lord Mayor has invited her Majesty's Ministers to a banquet at the system of cesspools still existed, and that the contents of the Barking sewers
Mansion House on the 30th inst. It is rumoured in the City that, as an were deposited in the creek. One of the inhabitants who addressed
acknowledgment of the able and satisfactory administration of his lordship , the commissioner at the close of the evidence said he should be glad if that
a large section of the livery intend to invite him to accept the office a second gentleman would put them in the way of supplying their present want of local
time. government. Mr. Rawlinson said that if the Secretary of State were memo-
The Duke of Newcastle's effects have been sold this week at the mansion rialized an engineer would be sent down to make inquiries, and the inhabitants
in Carlton House-terrace. Among the plate were four race cups - the would be compelled to pay rates for the purpose of carrying out whatever
Doncaster Race Cup, 1866, which sold for £ 120 ; the Monmouth Race Cup, sanitary improvements were necessary. He strongly advised them, however, to
1859, which sold for £ 114 ; the Beaufort Cup, 1868, which fetched £203 ; and adopt the Local Government Act. The inquiry was adjourned.
the Clifden Cup, 1867, which went for £ 135 . The last of the Duke's horses, The new Southwark Park was opened on Saturday afternoon with some
the brood mares, stallions, horses in training, and yearlings, were sold at ceremony by Sir John Thwaites, who was accompanied by Messrs. Layard and
Clumber on the 18th inst. by Mr. E. Tattersall. There were forty-three Locke, the borough members. The park is situate near the Spa-road railway
lots, which realized a little over 9,000 guineas. The brood mares and foals station, and between Paradise-row, Rotherhithe, the Deptford Lower-road,
brought the highest prices. One of the latter, Polynesia, by Kingston- and Rotherhithe New-road. It consists of about sixty acres, of which some
Omoo, was bought by Mr. W. S. Crawfurd for 1,550 guineas ; Gomera, sixteen are reserved for building sites. Its total cost has been about £95,162.
by Marsyas Palma, was bought by the Duke of Hamilton for 700 guineas ;
and Lady Bird, by Newminster- Black Eyed Susan, by Mr. Morgan for 600 The number of deaths registered in London last week was 1,236, being 36
guineas. The five-year- old Julius was bought by Mr. Smyth for 700 guineas. less than the estimated number. The mean temperature was 51.3 deg., which
In the meantime the case of the Duke and his creditors has assumed is 7.7 deg. below the average of the last fifty years. The highest day temperature
another phase. As is stated in another column, a petition has been presented to was 73.0 on Sunday the 13th, and the lowest night temperature 39.4 on
the Court of Bankruptcy to obtain an adjudication in bankruptcy, and notices Thursday the 17th.
have been served on the sheriff of Middlesex and others. The application of The Liverpool Mercury tells a story of a new method of putting on the
the proceeds of the sale of the Duke's property will become a material question election screw. Some time ago a well -educated young Welshman came
- whether the execution creditors will benefit from the sales, or whether the into possession of a farm left him by his father, and being a Liberal in politics,
money will, deducting expense, be available for all the creditors. he voted at the last election for the Liberal candidate. He was in the
Mr. Forster proposes that the Endowed Schools Commission shall consist habit of churning his butter by water power, which he obtained from
of Lord Lyttelton , Mr. A. Hobhouse, and Canon Robinson. a brook which ran through the land of his neighbour, a powerful Con-
servative landed proprietor, and member of Parliament. To punish the young
A deputation from the Established Church of Scotland has waited upon the farmer's audacity in voting according to his principles the Tory magnate
Premier to urge the abolition of the right of lay patronage in respect of that ordered the course of the water to be diverted, so that it might not be used
Church. Mr. Gladstone intimated that so late in the session no measure not any longer to churn the Radical farmer's butter. This was actually done.
of pressing and vital importance could be brought forward, and he suggested The farmer found one day the water turned from his house, and now he
that a full statement of the whole case should be drawn up for future has to churn his butter by hand.
consideration.
The annual Oxford and Cambridge cricket match was played at Lord's on
A deputation, introduced by Lord Bury, M.P. , from some of the principal Monday and Tuesday. The contest was the thirty-fifth since the establishment
legal firms of the City and West-end, waited upon Mr. Lowe and Mr. Layard of the match in 1827 , and was also the " rubber game," each university having
on Saturday last to urge the adoption of the Thames Embankment as the site for previously won sixteen events. The weather on the first day was very unpro-
the new law courts. Mr. Layard said that the Government had no preference pitious, rain beginning to fall shortly before ten o'clock, and continuing without
for one site over another. The primary questions upon which their opinion intermission until the afternoon. The second day was fine. The match termi-
had been formed were, first, the convenience of access for all parties ; nated in a victory for Cambridge, the total scores being 255 and 197.
secondly, the cost, which was by no means unimportant. After these Another attempted murder in Ireland is reported. The steward of
came the question of beauty of design , which was not to be overlooked. In
Mr. Farrell, of Moynalty, county Meath, a man named Gargan, has been
reference to the question of cost, the Government had taken the very best
fired at near his own house. One of the slugs discharged from a blunderbuss
opinions they could get from the persons most qualified to give them, and entered his side and another his arm. Several bullet marks were found on the
they had come to the conclusion that the construction of the courts on
the Carey-street site would involve a cost of not less than £ 1,000,000 in gate near which he stood. The criminal act was most deliberate, a hole
excess of that resulting from the adoption of the Government site. Mr. Layard having been prepared in the hedge by the assassin in which to rest his piece.
A young man named Lynch, son of a herd on the estate, is under arrest.
said before long an additional sum of £ 500,000 would be needed to make new
approaches, and even this would not suffice to place the site in a state that would No motive for the outrage can be assigned in the neighbourhood, Gargan being
an inoffensive man.
satisfy the public wants. He believed that not less than two or three millions at
least would have to be absorbed in making the site suitable to the business trans- At the Causeway petty sessions last week informations were taken against
acted upon it. He also expressed an opinion that the Embankment site would three policemen for firing on the people at Ballyheigue. They were committed
be quieter and better ventilated than that at Carey- street. The Chancellor for trial at the assizes, and bail refused. They were removed in custody, amid
ofthe Exchequer also dwelt upon the enormous expense that would be incurred the exultation of the populace .
by building upon the Carey-street site.
The inquest on the body of Campbell, the man who was shot at Blackrock
It is stated that a political committee consisting of fifty members repre- by Mr. Gray, whose house had been attacked, was opened on the 18th, and was
senting every shade of Liberal opinion has been constituted at the Reform Club adjourned after formal evidence, Mr. Gray and his wife being unable from
for the purpose of forming a sort of court of conciliation for the settlement of illness to attend. At Campbell's funeral on Sunday an attempt was made to get
the rival claims of Liberal candidates in such cases as those in which the test up a Fenian demonstration, but it proved a failure. About 500 persons only
ballot has recently been resorted to. attended.
It is stated that overtures having been made to the Chancellor of the Cardinal Cullen has issued a circular to his clergy, in which he asks what
Exchequer for the purchase of the seven acres of land known as "the Carey- the great fathers of the early Church would think if they revisited Ireland
street site " of the new courts of law, the negotiations have been suspended and heard the violent harangues of those who seek to impede the con-
until the bill for the acquisition of the new ground in Howard -street has been cession ofreligious equality. He complains that some few Catholics join " those
sanctioned by Parliament. The London and North-Western Railway Company Orange enemies of Ireland " in uttering the vilest sentences against Rome.
are, it is believed, disposed to treat for the site as a great central terminus to
communicate with the metropolitan district system. In the House of Commons on Monday night, replying to a question put by
Sir Stafford Northcote, Mr. Grant Duff said that till very recently the auditor
A large meeting of trade unionists was held on Wednesday night in Exeter of Indian accounts held two appointments. One he held under Act of Parlia-
Hall to express their views concerning the bill introduced in the House of ment, and its duties were to audit the home accounts of the Government of
Commons by Messrs. T. Hughes and Mundella. Mr. Samuel Morley, M.P. , pre- India, to check, in other words, any appropriation of the funds of India by the
sided. Mr. Applegarth stated that the unions generally accepted the bill, and Secretary of State in Council to non- Indian purposes. The other he held at
would not accept delay in dealing with it. Certain members who had obtained the will of the Secretary of State in Council, and its duties were to examine
working men's votes on the understanding that support would be given to the all claims preferred by departments of the Imperial Government, chiefly the
bill, were, he stated , pleading to put it off till next year, but the trade unionists War Office and the Admiralty, against the Indian Government. His position
desired to see a division, even if the bill should be voted for only bythe was thus a somewhat anomalous one, partly independent and partly dependent.
proposer and seconder, for then they would know their opponents and friends. All this is now altered . The duties which the auditor discharged under the
The chairman said he had attended the meeting in the interest of peace, as an Secretary of State in Council are now discharged by the head of the financial
[ 508 ]
 JUNE 25, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 33

department, and the auditor now simply examines and checks the home accounts matter, and having found that the performances were in all respects unexception-
of the Government of India under Act of Parliament, including the transport able, he says he had no hesitation in sending the children. Dr. Vaughan adds : -
66
accounts . It appears to me that, in proportion as a clergyman is bound to protest against
On the same evening, Sir S. Northcote asked whether the Government were such public amusements as are demoralizing in their character, he is bound, on
taking any steps for the preservation of the fisheries in those rivers in India and the other hand, to show, by word and act, that he rejoices in those popular
Burmah where irrigation works had been constructed or were in contempla- recreations which are innocent and of good report."
tion. Mr. Grant Duff said that Dr. Day was now examining the Indian sea A well-known Church Association in London has addressed a memorial to
and river fisheries with special reference to this very important subject, and the Pope praying that the validity of the episcopal orders of the archbishops
the Secretary of State had directed the Government of India to give every and bishops of the English Church may be acknowledged by the Western
encouragement to officers who, like the acting collector of South Canara, took Church, and that they may be admitted to the (Ecumenical Council.
an intelligent interest in our fisheries.
A deputation from Bolton, Blackburn, and other places in Lancashire, THE ARMY AND NAVY.
accompanied by the Mayors of Manchester and Bolton and several Lancashire
members of Parliament, waited upon the Duke of Argyll on Tuesday to present The Home Government has received the resignation by Lord Napier of
and support memorials from factory operatives, calling attention to the depressed Magdala of his post as Commander-in- Chief at Bombay ; and Lieutenant-
condition of the cotton trade, and praying the Government to encourage the General the Hon. Sir Augustus A. Spencer, K.C.B., has been nominated as his
development of the resources of British India as a cotton-producing country, successor.
and to enable it to compete on equal terms with the United States of America.
The Army and Navy Gazette says, by the death of Lieutenant- General Sir
The memorialists also prayed that the Indian import duty might be repealed, Robert Garrett, K.C.B., the following promotions will take place :-- Major-
so that British manufacturers might find a better market in India for
General J. T. Hill to be lieutenant-general ; Colonel H. C. B. Daubeney, C.B.,
their productions. The Duke of Argyll expressed regret at the general formerly of the 55th Foot, to be major-general ; Majors T. J. Maclachlan , R.A. ,
tenor of the memorials and of the speeches made by the deputation, until Gulliver, R.E., Maunsell, R.E. , Thomas, R.A. , Sankey, R.E. , Tennant, R.E.,
hearing which he was not aware that the distress in Lancashire extended so Medley, R.E., Innes, R.E., Chesney, R.E., Warraud, R.E. , Brownlow, R.E., and
far. With regard to the encouragement of the growth of cotton the Govern-
Hovenden , R.E., to be lieutenant- colonels ; and Captain H. H. Pratt, Staff
ment had the question before them, and they were taking active steps both Officer of Pensioners at Limerick, to be major in the army.
directly and indirectly. He looked upon the extension of railways as the great
agency for opening up internal communication in India, and at this moment The Windsor Castle, Captain Charles Douglas, R.N.R. , arrived at Spithead
the Government had before them a large scheme for the promotion of works of on Saturday from Bombay, with the following passengers : -Captain Stockwell,
that nature. They had also issued instructions to their officers in India to 2nd battalion 10th Regiment (in military command) ; Captain Rimmington,
purchase good seed ; and though all these steps were being taken , he would B.I.C. , and wife ; Lieutenant Malcolm, 2nd battalion 10th Regiment ; Assistant
not say that others might not also be adopted. With regard to the tariff, the Surgeon J. Waters, 82nd Regiment ; Assistant Surgeon Anderson , R.A.; 121
Duke said he was not aware that it was at all of a protective character, except men belonging to different corps, 16 women, and 36 children, invalids.
for the purposes of revenue, and without carefully looking into the matter he
was not prepared to answer an important question on so vast a subject as The present uniform and clothing of our soldiers is to undergo at once some
taxation. The Government of India required a large revenue, and he thought alterations. The present tight tunic will gradually fall into disuse, being,
that, in proportion to their wealth, the people of India were already heavily according to orders now to be published, reserved for the Queen's parades
taxed. Ifthe tariff was found to be of a protective character and to encourage and purely special occasions. A loose, blouse-like, or " Norfolk " coat is to be
artificial manufacture, it would be obviously vicious and opposed to the true issued to the troops, which will be worn on all duties, fatigues, and parades
rules of political economy. usually comprised in the soldier's routine of duty. A band running on
the inside of the coat will draw it into the figure, and add much to its appear-
Sir George Grey, late Governor of New Zealand, has joined, with Sir Charles ance. An improvement is also to be made in the shirt. About twenty
Clifford, Mr. H. Sewell, Mr. H. A. Atkinson, and Mr. J. Logan Campbell, specimens are to be at once issued to each regiment for trial and report. The
formerly connected in various capacities with the government of the colony, in material will be a mixture of cotton and wool in equal proportions. The present
publishing a protest against Earl Granville's published despatch declining to great- coat, which weighs as much as four pounds , will be made much lighter,
guarantee a New Zealand loan. They declare that the allegations expressed and it is also suggested that a waterproof cape might be advantageously added,
and implied in Lord Granville's despatch are calculated " deeply to injure the to be used with or independently of the coat itself.
Europeanpopulation of New Zealand in the estimation of their fellow -countrymen
An address, illuminated on vellum and handsomely framed, was presented
in Great Britain, to inflame the passions of the natives already in arms against the
Government, to produce disaffection among those who are friendly, to drive on Wednesday by the Woolwich Board of Health, on behalf of the inhabitants
those who are neutral or wavering into the hostile ranks, and at the same time of that town, to Major- General Sir Edward C. Warde, K.C.B. , on the expiration
to create a bitter feeling of hostility on the part of the colonists towards the of his five years' term of command of the troops at Woolwich. The address
Government of the mother country, which it is to be feared may become a thanked Sir Edward for the courtesy which he had always exhibited, and the
national tradition." The publication of the despatch in England at the anxiety he had at all times evinced to meet the wishes of the inhabitants for the
present time is pronounced to be unjust, because the colonists, not improvement and prosperity of the town.
having had time to reply to it, are thus condemned unheard . The An eight- oared match between officers of the Royal Artillery and Royal
despatch itself is declared to be fraught with danger to the colony. Engineers was rowed yesterday from Putney to Chiswick Eyot. Three or four
"The moment it becomes known in the colony, in will be interpreted steamers, chartered by the officers and friends of either regiment, accompanied
by natives, and circulated amongst their fellow- countrymen. This will occur the race. Prince Arthur was on board the umpire's steamer. Artillery won
simultaneously with the removal of the last regiment. Our friendly native the toss, and took the Surrey shore. Engineers led at starting. Artillery
allies will thus be told that the Queen has withdrawn the protection to which soon went by, and led by three-quarters of a length at Craven, where they
they have been accustomed to look, in the last resort, in the part they have bored and made a foul imminent ; but Engineers magnanimously gave way,
taken in support of the Queen's Government against their own countrymen, and by Crab Tree Artillery drew clear, led by a length and a quarter at
whilst the whole body of the natives will be taught to regard the colonists of Hammersmith, and won by two lengths. The race was rowed in 13 min.
New Zealand as their oppressors, who have brought their present dangers on 5 sec.
themselves by neglect of their obligations, and wrongful usurpations of native
A serious accident took place at a cavalry field-day at Aldershot on Monday
land ; and they will learn to regard, under the sanction of imperial authority, The force had been divided into two brigades- a heavy brigade, consisting of
the massacre of missionaries, women , and children as mere acts of reprisal.' the 5th and 7th Dragoon Guards, under the command of Colonel the Hon.
The signataries of the protest declare from their personal knowledge that the
allegations made in the despatch against the colonial Government are without S. J. G. Calthorpe, and a light brigade, consisting of the 6th Inniskillings and
toth Hussars, under the command of Colonel Valentine Baker. In the course
foundation ; regard the refusal of aid to the colony at the present time as in
of the movements the light brigade formed line and advanced down the
the highest degree ungenerous ; declare the repudiation of the plain obligations
entered into by treaty with the natives to be inconsistent with British honour ; long valley supported by the heavy brigade. A dashing charge was
made by the advanced line, and when near the north end of the valley
and express their conviction that the policy which is being pursued towards
New Zealand " will have the effect of alienating the affections of her Majesty's Brigadier Baker ordered his brigade to retire by column of troops from
the left. As this movement was being executed, Brigadier Calthorpe's brigade
loyal subjects in that country, and is calculated to drive the colony out of the
empire." was coming on at a gallop, and before the rear squadron of Inniskillings could
clear the front the left squadron of the 7th Dragoons rode upon the flank of the
THE CHURCH AND THE UNIVERSITIES. rear squadron of Inniskillings. A fearful crush ensued , and a number of men
and horses were injured, nine of the men severely. One of the injured men
Convocation was prorogued on Friday, the 18th inst. Before the proroga- has since died , and another is still in a precarious state. Two horses were
tion, the Upper House appointed a committee to act with the Lower House on so much hurt that they were shot on the field. A court of inquiry is to be held
the subject of intercommunion with the Eastern Churches. A gravamen on the matter.
from the Archdeacon of London, complaining of the measure now before
Parliament on the subject of the Irish Church, was brought up, but no action The Duke of Cambridge attended at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich,
was taken upon it. The Bishop of Oxford presented a petition , signed by on Friday, the 18th inst., to award commissions and prizes to the cadets, in
a large number of lay members of the Scottish Episcopal Church , praying accordance with the recommendations of the Council of Military Education.
that they might be protected from the invasion of English bishops and clergy- The Duke was accompanied by Prince Arthur. General Napier, Vice- President
men, who took duty in their dioceses without authority. It was arranged that of the Council of Military Education , read the report of the examiners as to the
the Archbishop of Canterbury should enter into communication with the Primus progress of the cadets in several branches of military science, which was
of the Episcopal Church of Scotland on the subject. After receiving some generally of a very encouraging nature. It was recommended that twenty com-
missions be awarded to the Royal Engineers and twenty-one to the Royal
reports their lordships adjourned until the 12th of August. In the Lower House
the business transacted was merely formal. Artillery. The number of marks obtained by the successful candidates was as
follows :-
The Rev. Edward Parry, M.A. , Rector of Acton, who has been nominated Royal Engineers. Henry J. Harman, 27,527 ; W. W. Robinson, 26,786 : W. Peacock, 26,578 ;
to the Archdeaconry of Canterbury, was formally installed as a Canon of Alfred E. Dobson, 25,580 ; Richard J. Orpen, 23.224 ; George R. R. Savage, 22,858 ; Pechell Haslett,
Canterbury Cathedral on Wednesday. 22.711 ; Thomas R. Henn, 22,681 ; George W. Addison, 22,655 ; Alfred Porcelli, 21,903 : James W. Thur-
burn, 21,840 ; Frank Glossett, 21,322 ; Gordon G. Chapman, 21, 258 : W. St. G. Ord, 21,000 ; Charles E.
The death is announced of the Very Rev. William Guille, M.A. , dean of Turner, 20,955 ; Chandos Hoskyns, 20,473 : Frederick J. Maxwell, 19.993 ; Ferdinand Beauclerk, 19,723 ;
Guernsey, and rector of St. Peter-le- Port in that island. He was educated in Martin Martin, 19,667 ; Edward R. Hussey, 19,439.
Royal Artillery. -E. B. Stanbridge, 18,878 ; Edgar Walker, 18,698 : Charles Mazine, 16,fo6 ; Thomas
Oriel College, Oxford, where he took the B.A. degree in 1814, when he was first- Pattle, 16,274 ; Charles Western, 16,253 ; Hon. W. Rowley, 15,828 , Walter Palk, 15,463 ; W. Davidson,
class in classics in conjunction with Dr. Arnold. He was nominated in 1837 to 15.c94 ; Charles Lindsay, 14.751 ; Reynold Allsopp , 14,726 ; Edward Wray, 14,684 : Robert Baker, 14,046 ;
Francis Fox, 13,865 ; J. Neugent-Neugent, 13,851 ; William Tydd, 13,745 : Philip Walker, 13,721 ; Philip
the
Portrectory
and theof deanery
St. Andrew's, Guernsey, which he resigned in 1858 for St. Peter-le- Miles, 13,693 ; Samuel Fairclough, 12,718 ; Arthur Biggs, 11,994 ; Walter Lockyer, 11,202 ; Frederick Ord,
. 10,320.
The Vicar of Doncaster (the Rev. Dr. Vaughan) has been taken to task by Another accident occurred to H.M.S. Barrosa, at Plymouth, on Friday, the
an over-scrupulous parishioner for having entertained the children of his 18th inst. She broke her " eccentric rod," which forms part of her starting
parish schools with a visit to a circus which was performing in the town . The gear, as she was preparing to get out to sea. The Flying Squadron got under
doctor thanks his correspondent for his kindly and well-intentioned letter, but way early on Saturday morning. The ships forming the squadron were the
hopes on reflection he will regret having written it. He ought to have credit, Liverpool (with the flag of Read-Admiral Hornby) , Endymion, Liffy, and
he thinks, for making inquiries and exercising due consideration in such a Scylla, the Bristol and Barrosa having been left behind, the latter in conse-
[ 5097
 34 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 25, 1869.

quence of the accident. It is rumoured that the Scylla will not return to had been told in Madrid, in 1861 , and that he believed the name to be fictitious.
England with the squadron, but will remain either on the China or Pacific Mr. Justice Lush told the jury that even although the writer of the article was
station ; and in the event of the Barrosa following the squadron she will be not aware at the time of the existence of the plaintiff, yet as he had, in fact,
detached for service on one of the distant foreign stations. named him , and had, in fact, attached imputations to his name and character,
he was legally liable. Actual malice (in the absence of any legal privilege) was
The floating dock Bermuda left Sheerness on Wednesday morning for
not necessary to sustain an action for libel when there was defamation
Madeira. The dock will have with its regular crew nearly 180 souls on board. calculated to inflict injury. The jury found a verdict for the plaintiff
The accommodation is ample, and the stock of provisions and other stores will damages £50.
be sufficient to last nine months.
Another action for libel has occupied the second Court of Queen's Bench since
Monday. The action was brought by the Hon. Frederick Cadogan, one of the
LAW AND POLICE. sitting members for Cricklade, against the registered proprietor of the North
A Committee of Privileges of the House of Lords sat on Monday to inquire Wilts Herald, a Conservative journal. The libels complained of had reference
into the title to the Wicklow Peerage. There were two petitions, and evidence to Mr. Cadogan's candidature for the borough, and were embodied in the con-
was taken on the first, that of Mr. William George Arnold Howard. A gentle- tents of a certain yellow handbill, circulated in the Conservative interest, and
man named Bordenave, who stated that he was a foreigner and of no profession , which was subsequently republished in the defendant's paper, and secondly in a
said that he was the agent of Mrs. Howard, the mother of the second petitioner, long letter signed " Scrutator," which appeared in the number published next
and proposed to cross-examine one of the witnesses. The Lord Chancellor after the decision of the election , when Mr. Cadogan was placed at the head of
observed that the House had been put to much inconvenience by allowing persons the poll. The handbill accused Mr. Cadogan of having made use of his position
under no professional restraints to argue at the bar, and the Committee resolved as vice-chairman of the Submarine Telegraph Company to obtain information
that Mr. Bordenave could not be heard. Mrs. Howard said that she had no of which he made use on the Stock Exchange ; and of having, whilst in the
means to employ counsel, and was informed by the Committee that her proper service of the Commissioners of the International Exhibition of 1862, used his
course was to petition the House to appear in forma pauperis, when counsel influence to obtain for a Frenchman named Veillard the refreshment con-
would be assigned to her. Mrs. Howard then asked an adjournment till next tract, for which service Veillard had agreed to give him, if successful, £2,400, In
66 Papist,"
session. After some discussion, the case was adjourned for three weeks. " Scrutator's " letter, Mr. Cadogan was described first as a as one
66
whose return to the House of Commons would tend 'to deprave and dis-
Miss Shedden concluded her speech before the House of Lords on Tuesday, 64
credit that illustrious assembly," as " a man of damaged reputation," as
the twenty-first day of the hearing, the Lord Chancellor having told her at the one condemned out of his own mouth and proved guilty of forgery,"
commencement of the sitting that she must positively finish that day. That and as “ a man whom no merchant could trust, and with whom no honour-
did not, however, prevent the lady from wandering into several irrelevant able man could safely associate." The defendant by his pleas justified the
matters, one of which was the injustice of a certain newspaper towards her ; allegations. The charge of tampering with the telegraph for his own private
and wasting some time in a futile attempt to obtain permission to refer once ends the plaintiff declared to be a repetition of a charge made against him in
more to the shorthand writer's notes. At the conclusion of her address , the case 1857, when two men named Thorne and Evans were convicted at the Old
was adjourned sine die. On the same day the application for a new trial of the Bailey of publishing a statement of the same kind and attempting to extort
suit, Shedden v. the Attorney- General and Patrick, in the Court of Probate, was money, and sentenced to twelve months' hard labour, With regard to the
refused by Lord Penzance. second charge, Mr. Cadogan admitted that he exerted himself to procure the
The question whether the Dean of Arches is bound to accept letters of refreshment contract for M. Veillard ; that he advanced him money in order
request from the Bishop of Bath and Wells to hear a charge of heresy against to undertake it, and became security for its completion ; and that the influence
the Rev. W. J. E. Bennett, of Frome, was partly argued before the Judicial he exerted was perfectly legitimate and open. He had nothing whatever to do
Committee of Privy Council on Saturday, and was adjourned sine die. with the Commissioners who entered into the contract, and held no position of
trust in connection with the Exhibition. Sir James Carmichael, who was
In a case which came before the Judicial Committee on Tuesday, on an chairman of the Submarine Telegraph Company when the alleged tampering
appeal from New South Wales, the question was raised whether the verdict with messages occurred, was examined, and said that he did not know at the
of a jury in a case of murder was vitiated by the fact that the jury, after being time_that Mr. Cadogan was engaged in speculations on the Stock Exchange.
locked up, had newspapers in their room containing reports of the trial so far as Sir Francis Sandford, who was secretary to the Commissioners of the Inter-
it had gone, but was not decided. Their lordships reserved judgment. national Exhibition , and Earl Granville were called, and both stated that they
assumed from the interest the plaintiff took in the matter that he had some
The trial of the directors of Overend, Gurney, and Co. is fixed to begin interest in getting the contract for M. Veillard. The principal witness for
on Friday, the 2nd of July. It will take place in the Court of Queen's the defence was Thomas Dayman Evans, one of the men convicted at the Old
Bench, at Guildhall, before the Lord Chief Justice. The prosecutor, Dr. Bailey in 1857, and who was superintendent of the instrument room in the
Thom, applied a day or two since to the Home Office that the Government Telegraph Company's office from 1852 to 1854. He stated that on a certain
would instruct counsel for the prosecution. This being declined , Dr. Thom occasion Mr. Cadogan came in while twenty-five or thirty messages were lying
said he should conduct the case in person, as he could not undertake the by the side of the Paris instrument waiting for their turn of transmission. He
enormous cost which would be incurred if he instructed counsel. It is turned them over, took one from Rothschild, London, to Rothschild, Paris,
understood that the Lord Chief Justice refuses to allow Dr. Thom to which was nearly at the bottom, and placed it on the top. Evans said, “ That
appear, and the latter writes to the papers that he will be constrained, is not right to the public." Mr. Cadogan replied, " You send it." Before sending
on the day of trial, to raise a preliminary question as to his duties it Evans took a quill pen and made a memorandum by the side of the message
and his rights, which may prove to be more important than even the main in shorthand " Precedence given by order of Mr. Cadogan." It was a message
point at issue. He adds, " If a prosecutor and his witnesses be doomed to buy or sell stock. It was for threatening to publish this statement unless he
to have obeyed their country's call in vain, let the blame of the failure be was paid for his silence that Evans was subsequently tried and convicted at the
divided between the apathy of the public at large and the absurdities of our Old Bailey. He asserted, as he did at the trial, that the conviction was unjust,
penal jurisprudence." and the defendant's counsel contended that it had been obtained by Mr.
Cadogan making statements which he knew to be false.
Vice-Chancellor James has ordered that the costs of the prosecution of Mr.
Finney, the manager of the English Joint Stock Bank, shall be paid out of the In the Court of Queen's Bench on Thursday the Hon . Slingsby Bethell, the
assets of the estate, and that the liquidators shall conduct it. The order was second son of Lord Westbury, was sued by Mr. Morris, of Carlton- chambers,
made on the application of Mr. Lambert, who has been the prosecutor hitherto. Regent-street, a bill- discounter, upon a bill of exchange for £400, drawn by the
It was opposed by the liquidators, who said that the assets were nearly exhausted, Hon. Richard Bethell, and purporting to be accepted by his brother, the
and that if the costs had to be paid out of them, it might be necessary to make defendant. The defence was that the acceptance was a forgery. Mr. Slingsby
a call on the shareholders. Mr. George Lewis, however, undertaking that the Bethell stated that he had taken up four bills of a precisely similar character
costs should not exceed £ 1,000, and that if they should come to more, Mr. to save his brother, but had done so upon a distinct assurance that with those
Lambert would be responsible for the balance, the order was made with the bills there would be an end of the matter. The plaintiff's counsel then
consent of all parties. admitted that the signature was a forgery, but contended that the defendant, in
consequence of paying precisely similar bills, must be held to have given his
The affairs of the Duke of Newcastle have now entered a new phase. On
brother authority to accept bills for him. The jury found a verdict for the
Thursday Mr. Commissioner Bacon had before him a petition for adjudication defendant.
of bankruptcy against the Duke. The petitioning creditor is Mr. Robert
Morris, of Carlton-chambers, Regent-street, who claims a debt of £ 10,000 Miss Leverson, the daughter of Mdme. Rachel, brought an action in the
against the Duke, on a promissory note, given on the 22nd of February last second court of Queen's Bench on Monday against Mr. Stack, a boot and
by his grace and another peer, with interest payable thereon at 30 per cent. shoe salesman in Church-street, Edgware -road, who, after Mdme. Rachel's
per annum . The proceedings were strictly private. Mr. Padwick was conviction, assented to become her bail, pending the decision as to the writ
examined at some length, and the case was then adjourned. of error. Subsequently, however, Mr. Stack retired from being bail upon the belief
that Mdme. Rachel was about to leave the country and escape from the juris-
An action for libel against the proprietors of the Cornhill Magazine was diction of the Court. Mdme. Rachel was thereupon rearrested, and ultimately
tried in the Court of Queen's Bench on Saturday. The plaintiff, George Henry remitted to undergo her sentence of five years' penal servitude on the decision
de Strabolgie Neville Plantagenet Harrison, complained of an article in the April ofthe writ of error against her. Miss Leverson stated that she had paid the
number of the magazine, under the title of " Don Ricardo," in which the plaintiff defendant 100 to become bail for her mother, and to continue bail until the
alleged he was referred to as General Plantagenet Harrison, and described as a termination of the proceedings, and sued him for damages. The defendant, by
swindler who had been escorted by the authorities in Spain out of that country to his pleas, justified his withdrawal upon the ground of a fraud having been
Gibraltar, and there handed over to the English authorities. The defence practised upon him. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff with £ 120
was that in the publication of the article the writer had no malicious intention damages. Just before the trial of this case, Mr. Wilding, a solicitor, recovered
against the plaintiff, or any desire to injure him ; and was, in fact, ignorant of from Miss Leverson, in the Marylebone County Court, 18 3s. for professional
the real existence of any person called General Plantagenet Harrison. The services rendered to her mother. Mr. Wilding was consulted by Mr. Stack
plaintiff was called and examined. He said he had acquired the rank of general as to whether he should become bail for Mdme. Rachel, and Mr. Stack after-
in South America. He had lived afterwards in Spain and various other countries. wards introduced him to that lady, and he performed various professional
He had since come to England, and was now a genealogist. For seven years services for her.
he attended the Record Office daily, and had been engaged in investigating The question of what is a violent death came before the Court of Common
ancient rolls, by permission of the Master of the Rolls. He was employed to
investigate ancient pedigrees. Rightly or wrongly, he believed himself to be Pleas on Tuesday. The executor of Mr. Humphreys, of Sevenoaks, sued the
descended from the Earl of Westmoreland and the Plantagenets. " You Accidental Death Assurance Company for £ 300, the amount of a policy held by
really believe," said the Solicitor- General in cross-examination, " that you the deceased , but which the company refused to pay upon the ground that
are the heir general of Henry VI ? " The plaintiff added that he did , also that Mr. Humphreys did not come to his death byviolence. On the 14th of Junehe
he was rightful Duke of Lancaster, Normandy, and Aquitaine. Moreover, his went down to Hastings to bathe his legs in the sea, and while in the water was
title had been recognized by the Queen under the Great Seal in a licence to seized with a fit and drowned. The question was whether the fit or the suffoca-
Sir F. Thesiger as Queen's counsel to plead for him. He did not know, he tion was the cause of death. A verdict was given for the plaintiff, subject to a
said, whether it would have been awkward for her Majesty if she had recognized special case to be prepared in which all the facts of the case will be stated for
his title in any more formal document. Mr. Duffus Hardy, of the Record the opinion of the court.
Office, said he knew the plaintiff, whom he believed to be an honourable man, In a case tried in the same Court on Wednesday, Mr. Surman, house
though somewhat eccentric. The writer of the article was called, and stated steward to the late Duchess of Northumberland, brought an action against
that he knew nothing of the Plantagenet Harrison, of whose adventures he the Gresham Insurance Company, for the sum of £ 1,000 upon a policy
[ 510 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET . 35
JUNE 25, 1869. ]

effected upon the life of Augustus Owen, a young man who had formerly been serious collision took place at New Cross station. At half-past eleven o'clock
an officer in the 23rd Regiment, and to whom Mr. Surman had lent money while the tickets were being taken from a Crystal Palace train, a luggage train
on bills. In February, 1868, his claim against Owen was represented by a dashed into it from behind, and gave all the passengers a severe shaking.
£450 bill, and it was then agreed that in consideration of the plaintiff Some, it is feared, have been seriously hurt, and very few escaped without some
advancing another £ 50 Owen should insure his life for £ 1,000 and assign the bruise or other injury.
policy to the plaintiff, and that he should also give the plaintiff a bill for
£500. These terms were carried out ; the policy was dated the 18th of The negligence of a railway ganger was very nearly leading to a serious
accident last week on the Severn Valley Railway. One of the small
March, and Mr. Owen died on the 10th of July. In the proposal for the
insurance it was stated that Mr. Owen was not afflicted with any disease waggons by which platelayers convey their heavy tools to different parts
tending to shorten life, and that he was of sober and temperate habits ; but of the line was being pushed along about the time a passenger train from
the company asserted that these statements were not true. It was said that Bewdley to Arley was due. The ganger, named Wren , ought to have sent a
before the policy was effected Mr. Owen had ruined his constitution by dissipa- man back to signal the passenger train, but neglected to do so, his excuse after-
tion, that he had for some time been spitting blood, and that he was constantly wards being that he thought he could get into a siding before the train came up.
leading a most intemperate life. There was the further fact that the medical The train, however, overtook the waggon, and it was smashed to pieces, the
certificate of death stated that Mr. Owen had died of delirium tremens of long engine also being somewhat damaged by the collision. Fortunately no personal
standing. It was also said that Mr. Owen had been " got up " for the purpose injury was sustained. Wren was taken before the magistrates at Kidderminster
of passing inspection at the office ; but still the medical officer seemed to and fined £5 and costs, or a month in default.
have had some suspicion, because he endorsed the proposal, " Make private Mr. Whitehead, manufacturer, of Southside, Manchester, had an awkward
inquiries as to temperance." It was ultimately agreed that the matter should accident while attempting to ride a velocipede on Saturday evening last. He had
be disposed of without the intervention of the jury, and the company instructed taken a bicycle with him from Manchester to Armathwaite, Cumberland, where
their counsel to state their belief that the plaintiff had no knowledge of the cir- he has some fishing quarters, and in the evening went out to amuse himself with
cumstances under which the policy had been effected. his new machine. In trying to work it, however, he got his foot entangled
In the Court of Bankruptcy on Monday a private sitting was held in the between the lever-crank and the front wheel, and his ankle was so severely
matter of the notorious Benjamin Higgs, late clerk to the Central Gas Com- fractured that the bones protruded through the flesh. He is progressing
pany. As the sitting was strictly private all that can be stated is that the favourably.
inquiry was supposed to have reference to the large claim of the company. Some volunteers belonging to the 1st Warwickshire Administrative and
Ist Worcestershire Battalions met on Monday for brigade drill in Stoneleigh
On Wednesday a retired clerk of the House of Commons, named Henry
Harris Creed, applied to Mr. Commissioner Bacon for his discharge from Park. While the Birmingham battalion were skirmishing one ofthe volunteers
fired away his ramrod , which struck a young man named Lower, the son of the
debts of £19,390. The debts are principally for goods supplied and money
lent. There are no assets, unless £400 worth of bad debts be held to Coventry town crier, on the forehead, inflicting a severe scalp wound, and then
entered the arm of Luke Worrall, a watch finisher, of Coventry.
come under that term . The bankrupt had a pension of £250 a year, but
it was assigned as security to an insurance company and other parties A couple of gun accidents are reported from Exeter. Mr. Stone, a jeweller,
for money lent. Some reversionary property was also mortgaged to its full was examining a breech -loader in his shop, not knowing it was loaded, when it
value. It transpired in the course of the bankrupt's examination that after went off. Two gentlemen were looking on at the time, but they fortunately
quitting the post of committee clerk of the House of Commons he had been escaped injury, as also did Mr. Stone ; much damage, however, was done to the
engaged in mining transactions, and had also contributed to the columns of shop. At Alphington, near Exeter, a lad sixteen years of age, who had come
the Morning Post and a mining journal. His honour incidentally observed from London to spend his holidays, was loading a walking- stick gun, his sister
that the accounts appeared as though they had been framed to mislead. An standing by, when the weapon went off, the charge lodging in the lad's knee.
adjournment was ordered for cash and other accounts. The wound is a very serious one. The girl had a narrow escape.
William Johnson, a man with one eye, who described himself as a clerk, was The Plymouth coroner held an inquest the other day on the body of a young
tried at the Middlesex sessions on Tuesday for stealing Henry George Hedges, a man named Payne, a passenger by the emigrant ship Caldera, which left
child of about three years of age. The child was taken away by the prisoner from Gravesend for the Cape on the 12th inst. While the vessel was sailing down
the Marylebone school, on the 18th of May, under the pretence that he was its Channel at the rate of seven miles an hour Payne jumped overboard and was
father, and nothing was heard of it until the middle of the present month, when drowned. Every day during his voyage he had drunk two or three bottles of
the prisoner was discovered and taken into custody at Kingston. The child, it rum, was at one time delirious, and drew a knife, as he imagined, in self-
seems, had been taken care of by a woman named Goggins, a lodging-house keeper defence. It was whilst in this state that he committed suicide. The jury
at Chatham , where the prisoner had lodged , and he represented the child as his own. found that he was of unsound mind, caused by excessive drinking.
It was stated that he got money from benevolent people by means of begging
letters. It appeared that he obtained the name of the child and of the A fire took place on Sunday morning at Leybourne Grange, near Malling,
Kent, the racing establishment of Sir Joseph Hawley. The fire broke out in a
governess of the school at Marylebone from a little girl. The prisoner pleaded
haystack, and in a very short time two other stacks of hay, a stack of oats, four
guilty, and was sentenced to twelve months' hard labour. The assistant-judge waggons loaded with hay, and a waggon lodge were burnt. The stabling and
ordered the woman Goggins to receive a sovereign for her kindness towards
the child. the horses, among which was Fitz Roland, were saved. The damage done is
estimated at £2,000. The origin of the fire is not known .
Joseph Smith, a sweep, was charged on Monday at Marlborough- street with
having kicked and beaten his wife to death on Saturday night. The surgeon who There was snow on the Yorkshire moors on Friday, the 18th inst. In the
was called to the house in which the woman lay bleeding from a frightful morning, during very cold weather, a thunderstorm, with torrents of rain along
wound, found the prisoner lying drunk by her side. He had previously been its course, traversed Yorkshire from north to south, extending from the Vale of
seen to beat her in a most brutal manner with one of the canes of his machine. Pickering to York. Crops were washed up in some places. In the north the
He was remanded. fells were said to be seven inches deep in snow. Those farmers who practise
early sheep-shearing have suffered great loss, clipped sheep having been found
MISCELLANEOUS NEWS. dead under the hedges by scores.
An inquest has been commenced on the powder-mill explosion at Hounslow On and after the 1st of July next money orders may be obtained at any
on Thursday, the 17th inst. , but no cause for the accident has yet been discovered. Money Order office in the United Kingdom, payable at any place in Belgium .
A workman named Page said that there were four tubs containing powder in The commission chargeable will be the same as on money orders issued and
the glazing-house. Each tub had five barrels attached to it, and they were kept paid within the United Kingdom .
revolving by means of a wheel which was worked by water power. The barrels
were made to hold 1 cwt. of powder, but at that time each only contained about
70 lb. Glazing was the finishing process in the manufacture of powder, and it ART, LITERATURE , AND THE THEATRES,
was done by keeping the barrels slowly revolving. When he left the glazing- The president and the vice-presidents of sections have been appointed for
house at half-past three o'clock all appeared to be safe. He went into a small the next meeting of the British Association. In section A, Professor Sylvester
boat which was moored in the Powder Mill River— a stream which ran along- will preside, relieved by Professor Adams and Mr. Grove ; in section B,
side the works, and had not been in the boat five minutes when he was Dr. Dobus, relieved by Professor Odling and Professor Williamson ; in section
blown out of it into the water. He swam ashore, and saw that the glazing- C, Professor Harkness, relieved bv Mr. Godwin-Austen and Mr. W. Pengelly ;
house, the charge-house, the engine-room, and eight powder-mills had been in section D, Professor Rolleston, relieved by Mr. Spence Bate and Mr. E. B.
blown up. Three men were killed and several others injured. A boy named Tylor ; in section E, Sir Bartle Frere, relieved by Sir George Grey and Mr.
Holloway, who was minding a horse and cart containing empty powder barrels, A. G. Findlay ; in section F, Sir Stafford Northcote, relieved by Mr. T. D.
was blown away and killed . Two previous explosions have taken place at the Acland and Colonel Sykes ; in section G, Mr. Siemens, relieved by Mr. G. P.
works -one nineteen years ago, and the second seven years since. Bidder and Mr. C. Vignolles. Professor Miller will give a special lecture to the
working men of Exeter.
The inquest on the persons killed by the boiler explosion at Bingley was
concluded on Friday, the 18th inst. The jury returned a verdict of man- The 100th anniversary of Hegel's birth occurs this year, and it is proposed
slaughter against Hodgkinson , the engine-tenter, who is dead. They also blamed to erect a centenary monument to him in Berlin. A subscription has been set
Messrs. Town and Son, the proprietors, for employing an incompetent engine- on foot in this country by Dr. J. Hutcheson Stirling. Among the subscribers
driver, and recommended Government inspection of steam boilers. are the Rev. Dr. Thompson, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge ; Mr. Munro,
the newly elected Professor of Latin at Cambridge ; Professor E. Caird, of
The fire in the Ferndale coalpit has extended to such a degree that it has
been found necessary to flood the pit with water. Glasgow ; and Dr. Donaldson, Rector of the High School, Edinburgh.

A lady named Jeaner, about forty- six years of age, was returning home from Mr. F. Y. Hurlstone, for many years president of the Society of British
Artists, died recently. He was born in 1800. In 1823, when a student of the
a short journey, and whilst going along the Strand in a cab she was seized with
a fit. Upon being driven to Charing- cross Hospital she was found to be dead. Royal Academy, he obtained the gold medal for the best historical picture, and
in 1855 he received gold and silver medals for pictures exhibited at the Paris
Another shocking case of sudden death occurred at Surbiton on Sunday. Exhibition. Among his principal works were " The Prisoner of Chillon ,"
The curate of Christ Church, Surbiton-hill, had just commenced the exhortation " Haidee," and " Columbus at the Convent Gate."
at the morning service, when a lady was seen to fall. Several gentlemen came
forward and carried her into the porch, where in a few minutes she died. The Philological Society has elected four new honorary members- Mons.
E. Littré, the author of the " Dictionnaire de la Langue Française ; " Professor
A gentleman named Peter Morley, while standing in Piccadilly the other Ritschl, the celebrated Plautine scholar ; Professor Mätzner, the author of the
day, was struck by a heavy piece of timber from the top of a building in course well-known " Englische Grammatik " and " Sprachproben ; " and Professor C.
of demolition, and killed. Freidrich Koch.
Mr. R. W. Jennings, proctor and solicitor, of Bennet's-hill, Doctors'- Dr. W. Wagner is editing for the same society a late Greek version of
commons, was killed on Wednesday night under very distressing circumstances " Floris and Blancheflor," and will follow it up by other like texts from MSS. in
on the Chatham and Dover Railway. On arriving at his destination at
the British Museum and at Paris. The society is also about to publish some
Bickley station, he neglected to get out at the proper moment, but did so more of Dr. Henry's " Researches on Virgil."
just as the train had started, and fell between the platform and the train. He
received such severe injuries that he died in the arms of a gentleman who was The sale of the collection of rare autograph letters and historical documents
standing by and who picked him up from the line. On the same evening a formed by the late Mr. John Dillon ended last week, at the rooms of Messrs,
[ 511 ]
 36 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 25 , 1869 .

Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge. The prices were very high throughout, as
will be seen by the following quotations :- Lord Bacon to Sir Julius Cæsar, Friday Morning.
£ 19; Richard Baxter to Annesley, £ 18 ; early documents respecting the Bed- Postscript .
ford family, £ 55 ; Oliver Cromwell to Colonel Walton , grieving for the sad con-
FRANCE.
dition ofthe army in the west, £55 ; Oliver Cromwell to the same, giving an account
of a great victory, £99 ; Queen Elizabeth, instructions respecting the Anjou According to the Peuple of yesterday, the Emperor of the French,
marriage, £70 ; Erasmus to Zuichemus, alluding to the divorce of Henry VIII., who is now at Châlons Camp, addressed the soldiers who went through
£30 ; Dr. Johnson's original autograph MS, of the " Life of Pope," £ 137 ; a col- the Italian campaign in the following terms :-" Soldiers, I am rejoiced
lection of letters relating to Dr. Johnson, £46 ; Charles Lamb to G. Dyer, to see that you have not forgotten the grand cause for which we
£ 10 ; Elizabeth Lilburne, petitioning for the remission of her husband's fought ten years ago. Keep always in your hearts the remembrance
sentence, £ 10 10s.; Louis XIV., referring to the descent on England, £9 9s. ; of the battles of your fathers, and of those in which you have taken part,
Louis XVI., £ 10 ; Luther to the Duke of Saxony, £ 18 ; Marguerite de Valois to since the history of our wars is the history of the progress of civilization.
Beliévre, £15 15s.; Marie Antoinette to the Princess Lamballe, £27 ; Marie de Thus you will preserve the military spirit which is the triumph of noble over
Medicis tothe King, her son , £21 ; Moore's Melodies, with drawings by Maclise, vulgar passions. Fidelity to the standard is devotion to one's native country.
£ 36 ; Nelson, Lord , autograph letters by and relating to, with illustrations, Continue as in the past, and you will always be worthy sons of the great
150 ; Sir Walter Raleigh to Sir John Gilbert, £30 95.; Sir Joshua Reynolds nation."
to Miss Weston , £ 13 ; Earl of Strafford to his wife, £ 82 ; Thomson , poet, AMERICA.
16; Secretary Thurloe to Sir H. Vane, £ 18 ; Voltaire, in English, to Pope, A telegram from Washington states that Colonel Ryan escaped from the
19 ; Edmund Waller to Evelyn, £20 10s.; George Whitfield to the Bishop of custody of the United States Marshal on Wednesday night, and is reported to
Gloucester, 19 ; George Washington to Newenham, £ 30. The sale realized have sailed with the expedition for Cuba. The State department has assured
upwards of £ 3,080. the Spanish Minister that the neutrality laws shall be promptly enforced. The
Mr. John Parry, the well-known entertainment giver, has been obliged by Times' correspondent telegraphs that at the Republican Conventions held in
the state of his health to abandon his profession. Pennsylvania and Ohio, the plan to drag the Alabama question into party
politics has failed. At the former a resolution was passed simply endorsing the
Mdme. Volpini, the lady whose sudden indisposition put an end to the New action of the Senate, and in the latter a resolution was adopted approving of
Italian Opera at the Lyceum, has been consoled by an engagement at Covent General Grant's foreign and domestic policy.
Garden.
Mendelssohn's " Son and Stranger " is to be represented at St. George's The Viceroy of Egypt yesterday visited the Metropolitan Railway, and
Hall, as a sort of supplementary entertainment of the new Philharmonic travelled on it from Aldersgate-street to the Victoria station . He afterwards
concerts.
went to Windsor on a visit to the Queen. The Prince and Princess of Wales
Mdlle. Carlotta Patti has been engaged to sing at Madrid in the grand fêtes accompanied his Highness. A guard of honour of the Grenadier Guards was
to be given in honour of the new Spanish Constitution. in attendance at the station, and the Royal party proceeded to the castle in six of
the Queen's carriages. The streets were decorated with flags , and the bells of St.
M. Sardou has dedicated to Mr. Motley the American translation of George's Chapel were rung. In the evening the Viceroy, the Prince and
66
Patrie," in a letter in which he owns the obligation he has been under to the
"History of the Netherlands." Princess of Wales , and a select party dined with her Majesty. On Monday the
Viceroy is to be entertained at a breakfast in the gardens of Buckingham
Herr Niels Gade, of whom Mendelssohn thought very highly, has just Palace, at which the Queen will be present.
brought out at Copenhagen a work for solo voices, chorus and orchestra, In the House of Lords last evening, the Marquis of Salisbury asked the
entitled " Kalanus," the subject of which is taken from the history of the Secretary of State for India whether the Government had sent out any instruc-
conquests of Alexander in India.
tions to the authorities at Calcutta to give directions for the closing of the
The Revue et Gazette Musicale asserts that Herr Ferdinand Hiller has been branch of the Bengal Bank now at Bombay, and whether he would lay on the
invited to write some work expressly for the next Birmingham Festival. table any correspondence which had passed on the subject. The Duke ofArgyll ,
in reply, stated that the Government had sent despatches upon the subject to the
" Hamlet " and " Romeo " are about to be produced at Prague in the Czech Government of India, desiring them to use all their influence with the Bank of
language. Bengal for the purpose of inducing them to withdraw the agencies they had
A piece in which one ofthe actresses appears mounted on a velocipede is established in Bombay. He hoped that the noble lord would not press for the
the latest sensation at Vienna. production of the correspondence, which was of rather a confidential nature.
In the House of Commons, Mr. Raikes asked what was the cause of the
COMMERCE AND FINANCE. delay in gazetting the appointments to the Order of St. Michael and St. George ;
The Bank of England directors at their weekly meeting on Thursday and if there was any truth in the statement that, contrary to the practice
reduced the rate of discount from 4 per cent., to which it was lowered on the observed in the Orders of the Bath and of the Star of India, the members ofthe
10th inst., to 3% . The reduction was fully anticipated, and consequently had Order of St. Michael and St. George were not to be furnished with the
little effect on the Funds. Consols, which closed on Friday, the 18th inst., at insignia of the order. Mr. Monsell said that the delay in gazetting the
92 % to 92 % for money, and 925% to 924 for the account, closed yesterday at appointments was occasioned by the fact that it was necessary to communicate
9234 to 92 % ex div. for money, and 92 % to 93 ex div. for July 7. Reduced her Majesty's intention to different persons residing in distant colonies ; but he
hoped that in course of next week the Gazette would appear. A silver star
and New Three per Cents. were at 92 % to 92 % ; Indian Five per Cents.,
111½ to 112 ; Indian Four per Cents., 100 % to 100 % ; Indian Debentures, and other insignia would be given to the members ofthe order, but as was usual
103 to 104 ; Indian Bonds, 5s. to 10s. prem.; Bank Stock, 241 to 243 ; except in the case of the Order of the Bath, they would have to be returned by
Exchequer Bills, March, 35. dis. to 25. prem. ; and June, par to 5s. prem. In the family upon the death of the holder.
Foreign Stocks there has been little movement, and some descriptions are The libel case of Cadogan v. Piper is expected to conclude to-day. The
rather flat. The Railway Market has been heavy, chiefly from want of business, judge will sum up this morning.
the principal fluctuations being in Metropolitan and Great Eastern . In Indian
Railway Lines there is little change. East Indian are quoted at 109½ to Mr. Alderman Causton and Mr. James Vallentin were yesterday elected
110½ ; and Great Indian Peninsula, 106% to 107 %. In the discount market sheriffs of London for the ensuing year.
the rate forthe best three months' bills is 3 % to 3 % per cent. The stock of
The Queen of Greece gave birth to a son at Athens yesterday morning.
bullion in the Bank of England is £ 19,595,960 ; in the Bank of France,
£48,472,000. Count Von der Goltz, Prussian Ambassador at the Tuileries, died at Char-
The following dividends have been announced : -The London and lottenburg yesterday morning.
Manchester Assurance Company, 5 per cent. ; the New Zealand Loan and
Mercantile Agency Company, 10 per cent.; and the Assam Company an ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE.
interim dividend of 2½ per cent. LIST A.
It is now officially announced that the opening of the Suez Canal will take The following is a list of the successful competitors for commissions without
place on the 17th of November. purchase at the recent examination :-
Marks. Marks. Marks.
A deputation from the boards of directors of the Anglo- Mediterranean Cooper, R. 9,208 Macpherson, D. A. A. 7,209 Dewar, G... 6,239
and British Indian Submarine Telegraph Companies waited upon the Bellers, W. C. 8,468 Reilly, B. L. P. ..... 7,150 Michaelson, G. J. 6,178
Viceroy of Egypt yesterday and presented an address, which briefly alluded Bell, A. W. C. 7,973 Webb, H. N. 7,050 *Macpherson , T. R. M. 5.971 826
Flood, B. T. B. 7,963 Waudby, F. J……. 6,943 Hobart, B. H. 5,
to the valuable aid given by his Highness to all enterprises of public Dobbs, G. C. 7.924 Blest, D. A. 6,831 Coleman , W. M. P. 5,805
Huysh ,e E. V.. 7,905 Gaitskell, H. F. V. 6,734 Beresf ord, C. E. de la
interest, including those which they represented, and expressed a hope Hammet, S. J. 7,679 Moloney, T. P. 6.563 Poer 5,694
that such aid would be continued, and that in case of competition Mackenzie, D. G. 7,638 Law, C. H. 6,277 Whitaker, C. J. 5,490
springing up his Highness would not concede to others any special Routh, W. R. 7,239 Muir, C. W. 6,251 Winter, J. A. 5:409
advantages by which the companies represented by the deputation would LIST B.
be placed on a footing less favourable than that which they now occupy. The following gentlemen cadets have been found qualified for commissions
The Viceroy, in reply, expressed his anxiety to promote public works of every by purchase :-
kind in which his country was concerned ; but, with reference to the last para- Marks. Marks. Marks.
graph ofthe address, he could promise no exclusive favour to any one project Gordon, J. H. 5,373 Russell, F. 3,783 Spens , L. T. 3,274
over another, as Egypt, like England, was a land of free trade. Lord William Barrow, A. F. 5,364 Kellie, E. C. 3,781 Benn, M. 3,208
Lucas, H. C. E. 5,230 Fraser, R. H. 3,750 Nicholetts, C. O. 3,173
Hay having explained that there was no intention of soliciting more than Aylmer, H. L. 5,129 Gray, C. W. 3,743 tJohnston, H. J. 3,1698
Ferris, W. B. 5,103 Borton, A. C. 3,724 + Hume, J. W. T. 3,15
equal favour to that which might be shown to other possible enterprises, his Maycock, F. O. M. Rickford, C. W. H.. t Butler, C. H. S. 3,154
5.093 3,594 3,114
Highness replied that on that equality the companies might confidently rely. Coles, W. 5,048 *Austin, G. B.. 3,568 *Orr, W. J.
Mansel, W. L. 4,707 FitzGerald, T. O. 3,548 Hayne, A. N. 3 104
The annual meeting of the East India Railway Company will be held on the M'Illree, J. H. 4,433 Conran, E. W. 3:451 Marten, W. H.. 2,889
Ist of July. An extraordinary meeting is called for the same day, "for the Macwhirter, J. M'K. 4,381 Hodgkinson, E. 3,415 Atkinson, R. F. 2,807
De Moleyns, W. T. 4.327 *Cooper, F. C. 3,404 Hallifax, R. A. P. 2,741
purpose of considering, and, if deemed advisable, of passing, a resolution or Wilmer, G. C. 4,185 Glass, F. W. K. 3,320 *Bignell, E. D. F. 2,735
resolutions, authorizing the board of directors to create and issue debenture *Best, J. B. 3,970 Down, C. B. 3,279 Crichton, A. E.. ...... 2,607
stock in lieu of ordinary debentures." Lyster, J. S. 3,835
* Indian Cadets. + Queen's Cadets.
The report of the directors ofthe Scinde Railway Company states that the
gross receipts in the half-year ending the 31st of December last amounted to
£ 39,053, and the working expenses to £27,743, leaving a net revenue of ADVERTISEMENTS.
11,310. Comparing the results of the past half-year with those of the
corresponding half of 1867, the gross receipts of the past half-year, it is added, LUDIBRIA LUNE. A New Work by HAVRE EXHIBITION , October, 1868, a PRIZE
show a considerable falling off ; but, on the other hand, the net revenue shows WILLIAM JOHN COURTHOPE. -London : SMITH, MEDAL was awarded to TOOTH'S LIEBIG'S
ELDER and Co. EXTRACT of MEAT, sold everywhere in hand-
an increase from £4,444 8s. 2d. to £ 11,310 6s. ; and the working expenses FOR INDIGESTION . -MORSON'S PEPSINE W. some white jars, fitted with patent stoppers.-
having been both actually and relatively lower in the six months ending the J. COLEMAN
WINE, Powder, Lozenges, and Globules adopted by St. Mary-at and Co. , Sole Consignees, 13,
- Hill, London.
31st of December last than in the corresponding period of the previous year. the Profession . - Southampton -row, London,
[ 512 ]
 JUNE 25, 1869. ]
PALL MALL BUDGET. 37

CLERICAL APPOINTMENTS. Lieut.-Col. James S. Davies, Bengal Staff Corps., by the Secretary of State.
Ensign G. S. Eyre, 36th Regt. , on app. , by his father, Mr. Eyre ( late Governor of Jamaica).
The following preferments and appointments have been made :-The Rev. Robert James Baker, M.A., Captain C. J. Oswald FitzGerald, 3rd Cavalry, Hyderabad Contingent, by the Secretary of State.
to the rectory of Hinton-on-the-Green, near Evesham, on the nomination of Mr. Laslett, M.P ; Dr. Mr. M. C. Furnell, Surgeon Madras Army, by the Secretary of State.
E. W. Benson, head master of Wellington College, to a prebendal stall in Lincoln Cathedral ; the Major Glasfurd, Bombay Staff Corps, by the Secretary of State.
Rev. W. M. Campion, B.D., Fellow of Queens' , to the rural deanery of Cambridge ; the Rev. Hubert Lieut. Col. G. N. Greene (late Bengal Army), by the Secretary of State.
Kestell Cornish, M.A. , late vicar of Bakewell, to the rectory of Hitcham, near Maidenhead, on the Lieut. J. B. Hennell, Bombay Staff Corps, by Major-Gen. Sir H. Rawlinson, K.C. B.
nomination of the Provost and Fellows of Eton College ; the Rev. William Ballard Dalby, M.A , late Col. Hamilton, C. B. , on return from Ceylon, by his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge.
rector of Hinton St. George, Ilminster, to the rectory of Sharrington, Norfolk, in exchange with the Col. Stephen John Hill, C. B., on return from Government of Leeward Islands, by the Secretary of State
Rev. J. C. Dolling ; the Rev. James Francis Dimock, M.A., rector of Barnborough, to a prebencal for the Colonies.
stall in Lincoln Cathedral ; the Rev. James Ratcliffe Dolling, M.A. , late rector of Skarrington, Norfolk, Mr. W. P. Johnston, Vice- Consul at Bussorah, by the Secretary of State.
to the rectory of Hinton St. George, near Ilminster, on the nomination of the Earl Powlett ; the Lieut. Col. A. B. Little, Bombay Staff Corps, by Secretary of State for India.
Rev. William Henry Guillemard, M.A., to the vicarage of St. Mary the Less. Cambridge, on the Capt. Charles Cameron Lees, on appointment as Civil Commissioner at Accra, by Secretary of State for
nomination of the Master and Fellows of St. Peter's College ; the Rev. William Henry Francklin the Colonies.
Hepworth, M.A. , late curate of St. James's, Dover, to the vicarage of Egloskerry with Tremaine, Capt. Alexander Melville, Indian Survey Department, by the Secretary of State.
near Launceston ; the Rev. F. Meyrick, M.A. , rector of Erpingham, to a prebendal stall in Lincoln Surg. Cameron Macdowall, Bombay Army, by the Secretary of State.
Cathedral ; the Rev. J. N. Smith, M.A. , to the vicarage of Bishopton, Stratford-upon - Avon ; the Rev. Rev. Dr. Norman Macleod, by Viscount Sydney.
Isaac Taylor, M. A. , incumbent of St. Matthias, Bethnal Green, to the vicarage of Holy Trinity, Major Robert M. Mundy, Lieutenant-Governor of Grenada, by Earl Granville.
Twickenham ; the Rev. George Augustus Webb, M.A. , curate of St. Mary's, to the vicarage of St. Paul's, Mr. J. C. Marshman, on being appointed Companion of Star of India, by the Secretary of State.
Warwick. Capt. Martin, Central Indian Horse, by the Secretary of State.
The Rev. Ashton Oxenden, Bishop Elect of Montreal and Metropolitan of Canada, by the Archbishop of
THE GAZETTE. Canterbury.
Maj. Gen. G. Pope, C. B. , by Secretary of State for India.
CIVIL. Mr. W. R. Pyne, President of Montserrat, by the Secretary of State for the Colonies.
ST. JAMES'S PALACE, June 22. -The Queen has been pleased to appoint the Rev. George Prothero, Mr. George Palmer, Indian Civil Service, by his father, Lieutenant- Colonel Palmer.
Ens. F. D. Raikes, by his father, Mr. Charles Raikes, C.S.I.
Canon of Westminster, Rector of Whippingham, Isle of Wight, and Honorary Chaplain to her Lieut. Col. T. Rattray, C.S. I. , Bengal Staff Corps, on appointment to Star of India, by the Secretary
Majesty, to be one of the Chaplains in Ordinary to her Majesty. of State.
ST. JAMES'S PALACE, June 18. -The Queen has been pleased, on the nomination of Lord Foley, to Major-Gen. Sir Edward Russell, Political Resident at Aden, on being made Knight Commander of the
appoint Captain John Glas Sandeman, late 1st Dragoons, one of her Majesty's Hon. Corps of Star of India, by the Secretary of State.
Gentlemen-at-Arms, vice Lieut. -Colonel A. Need, resigned. Mr. R. D. Sassoon, of Bombay, by Sir Bartle Frere.
CROWN OFFICE, June 22.-The Queen has been pleased, by several letters patent under the Great Seal Mr. Arthur Sassoon, of Bombay, by Sir Bartle Frere.
of the United Kingdom, to constitute and appoint-Arthur Robarts Adams, of the Middle Temple, Col. Sarel, 17th Lancers, on promotion and nomination to Companionship of the Bath, by Lieut. -Gen.
Esq.; William Cracroft Fooks, of Gray's-inn, Esq.; Arthur Shelly Eddis, of Lincoln's-inn, Esq.; Sir J. Hope Grant, G.C.B.
Douglas Brown, of Lincoln's-inn, Esq.; Hensy Fox Bristowe, of the Middle Temple, Esq.; Peter Major- Gen. Horatio Shirley, K. C. B. , on nomination as K.C. B. , by the Duke of Cambridge.
Henry Edlin, ofthe Middle Temple, Esq.; Thomas Hughes, of the Inner Temple, Esq.; Joseph Mr. Herbert Ussher, Administrator of the Gold Coast, by Earl Granville.
Kay, of the Inner Temple, Esq.; Montagu Bere, of the Inner Temple, Esq.; Henry James, of the Mr. John W. S. Wyllie, C. S. L., on appointment to Order of the Star of India, by Right Hon. Sir
Middle Temple, Esq.; Henry Charles Lopes, of the Inner Temple, Esq .; George Osborne Morgan, William Hutt, M. P.
of Lincoin's-inn, Esq.; Edward Fry, of Lincoln's-inn, Esq.; and Samuel Pope, of the Middle Major James Williamson, commanding 26th Regt. Punjaub Infantry, by the Secretary of State,
Temple, Esq., to be of her Majesty's Counsel learned in the law. Lieut. J. Withers, Bombay Staff Corps, by the Secretary of State.
DOWNING-STREET, June 17. -The Queen has been pleased to appoint Charles Cameron Lees, Esq., to be
Civil Commandant at Accra, in her Majesty's settlement on the Gold Coast, on the Western Coast of
Africa. SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE .
MILITARY.
WAR OFFICE, June 19. -The Queen has been graciously pleased to give orders for the appointment of ARRIVALS .
the undermentioned officer ofthe French Imperial Navy to be an Honorary Member of the Military At Liverpool. June 17 : Henry Cook, from Pensacola : Excelsior, from St. John's ; Rocklight, from
Division of the Third Class, or Companions of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, víz. :- Rangoon ; Miranda, from Natal : Ripple, from Lagos : Olinda, from Pernambuco ; Lady of the Lake,
M. Jean Charles Edouard Pigeard, Capitaine de Vaisseau, the Naval Attaché to the French Embassy from Maceio ; Thomas Dunham, from St. John's. - June 18 : Belgravia, from New Orleans ; Sheldrake,
at this Court. from Huelva ; Ernst, from Demerara. June 19 : Mercator, from Buenos Ayres. -June 20 : Augusta,
WAR OFFICE, June 18. -Commissariat Department. -Deputy Commissary Gen. G. Horne, upon retired from Rangoon. -June 21 : E. H. Duval, from Baltimore. -June 22 : Mexican, from Colon ; Tycho
pay, to have the honorary rank of Commissary- General. Brahe, from River Plate ; Doxford, from Bombay ; Fatima, from Jamaica ; Tarifa and Manhattan, from
WAR OFFICE, June 22. - 2nd Life Guards. -G. A. Percy, gent. , to be Cornet and Sub- Lieut. by pur., New York; Peruvian, from Quebec ; City of Baltimore, from New York ; Henry Dorn, from Rio
vice Sir G. R. Prescott, Bart , who retires. Grande.
5th Dragoon Guards. - Cornet E. H. Conant to be Lieut. by pur., vice W. T. Cavendish, who retires. At Gravesend. June 17 : Mystery, from Timara, N.Z.; Queen Bee, from Auckland ; Salamander,
7th Dragoon Guards. -Cornet R. P. Rees to be Lieut. by pur. , vice C. S. Johnson, who retires ; C. S. from Sydney ; Fugitive, from Launceston ; Silver Craig, from Mangalore ; Palmerston, from Colombo ;
Johnstone, gent , to be Cornet by pur. , vice Rees. Candace, from Natal ; Knight Templar, from St. Lucia ; Maroon, from Jamaica. - June 18 : Queen of
17th Lancers. -Major J. S. Molony, from half-pay, late Falkland Islands Company, to be Major, vice Nations, from Sydney ; Urana, from Penang ; Ontario, from Port Alfred ; Emulous, from Lagos : Queen
Brev. Col. H. A. Sarel, C. B. , who retires upon temporary half-pay, receiving the difference between of the South, from Antigua : Tria, from Jamaica.- -June 19 : Star of Greece, from Calcutta ; Eddystone,
the old and present value of a Cavalry majority ; Capt. W. R. Nolan to be Major by pur. , vice J. S. from Tuticoria.- June 20 : Timaru, from Otago. - June 21 : Tartar, from Dominica ; Glymping, from
Molony, who retires ; Lieut. W. G. Walmesley to be Capt. by purchase, vice Nolan ; Cornet J. F. Jamaica.June 22 : Corypheus, from Singapore ; Storm King, from Brisbane ; Seringapatam, from
Alexander to be Lieut. by pur. , vice Walmesley. Quebec : Maria Elizabeth, from Rio Grande ; Aminta, from Calcutta ; Windsor Castle, from Bombay :
Royal Regiment of Artillery. -Staff Surg. H. C. Miles to be Surg. , vice W. A. White, M.D. , appointed Merinaid, from Canterbury ; Marjorian, from Algoa Bay. --June 23 : Exchange, from Trinidad ;
to the Staff. Quiver, from Nassau ; Apollo, from St. Mary's, N. B.; Dolphin, from Grenada.
4th Foot. -Ens. W. H. B. Little, from 24th Foot, to be Ens , vice H. Moore, prom. At Bristol. -June 19 ; Alina Catherina, from Buenos Ayres ; Sussex, from Trinidad.—June 21 :
7th Foot. -Capt. A. G. Daubeny to be Major by pur. , vice Hickie, prom. half-pay Lieut. Col. by pur.; Marina, from Havannah.
Lieut. H. W. L. Paddon to be Capt. by pur. , vice Danbeny ; Ens. the Hon . M. Aylmer to be Lieut. DEPARTURES.
by pur. , vice Paddon : J. T. M. Kirwan, gent. , to be Ens. bypur. , vice the Hon. M. Aylmer.
16th Foot -Ens. H. C. W. Griffith to be Lieut. by pur. , vice C. N. Rivett, who retires ; J. Lesley, gent., From Liverpool. -June 17 : Lady Clarendon and Louis and Emma, for Rio Janeiro ; N. E. V. A. , for
to Bahia ; Carminata, for Matanzas ; City of Antwerp and Queen, for New York ; Moravian and St. Andrew,
whobeexch.
Ens. by pur. , vice Griffith ; Surg. A. Reid, from the 89th Foot, to be Surg., vice J. Sparrow, for Quebec. - June 18 : Broughton, for Valparaiso ; James Campbell, for Philadelphia ; Agatha, for
27th Foot. -Major and Brevet Lieut . - Col. R. Freer to be Lieut. -Col. without pur. , vice Brevet Col. R. J. Buenos Ayres.--June 19 : Cape Clear, for San Francisco ; Salopian, for Demerara ; James Jardine, for
Baumgartner, C. B. , who retires upon half-pay ; Capt. and Brevet Major J. V. O'Donnell to be Quebec ; Orient, for Calcutta ; Tamer and Lizzy, for Labrador ; David McNutt, for Philadelphia ;
Major, without purchase, vice Brevet Lieut. Col. Freer : Lieut. J. M. V. Cotton to be Capt. by pur. , Danube, for Alexandria ; Etna, for Halifax ; Russia, for New York. June 20 : Darien, for St.
vice Brevet Major O'Donnell ; Ens. J. R. Mecham to be Lieut., by pur., vice Cotton. Thomas's ; Jane Blythe, for San Francisco ; Kepler, for Rio Janeiro ; Kate Kearney, for Singapore :
38th Foot. - Capt. H. C. Evans to be Major by pur., vice the Hon. CJ . Addington, promoted half-pay Alpine Crag, for Alexandria. - June 21 : Queen of the West, for Labrador ; Crimea, for Baltimore ;
Lieut Col. by pur.; Lieut. H. Beal to be Capt. by pur., vice Evans ; Ens. J. D. Thomas to be Sarah Douglas, for Halifax ; Melita, for Pernambuco ; Minnie, for Rio Janeiro ; Record, for Philadelphia ;
Lieut. by pur., vice Beal ; Ens. F. F. Cuppa g to be Ens. by pur., vice Thomas. Catherina, for Rio Grande. -June 22 : Edward, for San Domingo ; Malta, for New York ; Sanspareil,
4th Foot.-G. T. Le Breton Pipon, gent. , to be Ensign by pur. , vice H. A. T. Newman, who retires. for Philadelphia ; Pilgrim, for Quebec ; Agra, for Boston ; Semiramis and La Gloire, for New York ;
45th Foot. - Lieut. A. A. Pollard, who has resigned his position as Probationer for Staff Corps in India, Kattie, for Barbadoes.
from Supernumerary List, to be Lieut. , vice J. T. Watling, a Probationer for Staff Corps in India. From Bristol. - June 21 : Creole, for Montevideo.
56th Foot.-H. W. Ricketts, gent. , to be Ensign by pur. , vice A. R. Ford, prom. From Gravesend.--June 17 : Sarah Grice, for Port Phillip ; Star of the North, for Hong Kong :
63rd Foot. -Ensign W. F. Nuthall to be Instructor of Musketry, vice Lieut. W. Bigg, prom. Glenbrook, for Jamaica ; Cid, for Santander.--June 19 : Eaglet, for Shanghai ; Kéalité, for Pernain-
64th Foot - Capt. H. F. Richmond, on his exchanging from 3rd Dragoon Guards, has been permitted to buco Dilpussund, for Shanghai ; England, for Otago : Harmony, for Labrador. --June 20 : Lord
receive a portion of the former difference between Cavalry and Infantry commissions. Raglan, for Port Phillip ; Ann Duthie and Cornwall, for Sydney.--- June 21 : Lequitro, for Vera
65th Foot -Lieut. C. F. W. Underwood, from 67th Foot, to be Lieut. , vice Batty, who exch. Cruz ; Argali, for Algoa Bay.--June 22 : Conflict, for Calcutta. June 23 : Centurion, for Sydney ;
67th Foot.-Lieut. D. D. Batty, from 66th Foot, to be Licut. , vice Underwood, who exch. King Arthur, for Calcutta ; Louisa and Mabel, for Bombay.
71st Foot. - Ens. H. E. Lacon, to be Lieut. by pur. , vice S. A. Fitzherbert, who retires. VESSELS SPOKEN WITH.
81st Foot.-J. W. Flood, gent. , to be Ens, by pur. , vice Hon. H. Arbuthnott, prom. Ida, of Whitstable, from Liverpool for Surinam, May 18. 18 N. , 34 W.; Helene, from Monte-
89th Foot.-Lieut. R. N. Hubbersty to be Capt. by pur., vice S. H. Hobbs, who retires ; Lieut. C. V. video for London, April 19, 18 S. , 30 W.; Catherine, from Calcutta for London, May 11, 35 S. , 15 E.;
Hassall to be Capt. by pur. , vice C. Heycock, prom half-pay Major by pur.; Ens. I. C. Maling to Anglo-Indian, from Jamaica for London, June 1, 33 N., 70 W.; Annie Lisle, from London for Jamaica,
be Lieut. without pur. , vice Hubbersty ; Ens. J. Cuthbert to be Lieut. by pur. , vice A. W. Price, who
retires ; Ens. C. A. Barker to be Lieut. by pur. , vice Hassall ; J. A. M. Vipan, gent. , to be Ensign by June 7, 49 N. , 12 W.; Atlanta, from Galveston for Liverpool, June 4, lat. 30, long. 85 ; Isles of the
pur., vice Maling ; E. C. Brown, gent. , to be Ensign by pur., vice Cuthbert ; R. H. Ellis, gent, to South, from Bangkok for London, 16 S. , 19 W.
be
whoEnsign
exch . by pur. , vice Barker; Surg. J. Sparrow, from 16th Foot, to be Surg. , vice A. Reid,
108th Foot.- Lieut. A.- Erskine permitted LIST OF PASSENGERS.
Medical Department. Surgeon has
W. been
A. White, to retire
M.D., from from
the the service.
Royal Artillery, to be Staff- Surg , vice
H. C. Miles, appointed to the Royal Artillery. The surname of the Assist. Surg. transferred from The following persons have engaged passages by the Peninsular and Oriental Company's
the 100th Foot to the Staff, in Gazette of Dec. 1, 1858, is Grose, and not Grosse, as therein stated. steamers during June, July, and August :-
Brevet.-Major and Brevet Col. J. Fraser, half-pay, unatt , late Fort Major and Adjt, at Jersey, who
retires upon full pay, to have the hon. rank of Major- Gen.; Quartermaster W. Maloney, upon half- June 26.
pay, late of a Depot Battalion, to have the hon. rank of Capt. SOUTHAMPTON TO GIBRALTAR- Mr. Hinde, Mr. Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Stokes, Mr. R. N. Mell, Mr.
The undermentioned officers, having completed the qualifying service with the rank of Lieut. -Col. , to be
Colonels, under the provisions of the Royal Warrant of Feb. 3, 1866 -Capt. and Lieut - Col. the H. E. White, Mr. C. C. Jackson. W. de Courcy Ireland, Mrs. Robertson, Mr. R.
Hon. R. Monck, Coldstream Guards ; Lieut.-Col . J. C. Rattray, goth Foot ; Lieut. - Col. W. S. SOUTHAMPTON TO MALTA - Mr. W. H. Burnett, Holmes, Capt. and Mrs. Speedy and child, Capt.
Furneaux, 103rd Foot. Mr J. Ramsay. Cant, Mr. Case.
The undermentioned Warrant Officers to be granted honorary rank :- To have the honorary rank of MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Dr. and Mrs. E. C. MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA-- Mr. F. D. Axford,
Capt.-Lieut. and Deputy Commissary E. Postance, Lieut. and Deputy Commissary R. Vaughan, Bensley. Mr. R. Olpherts.
Ensign and Deputy Commissary E. Quin. To have the hon. rank of Lieut.-Ensign and Assistant MARSEILLES TO GALLE - Mr. William Somerville. MARSEILLES TO RANGOON- Mr. C. W. Law.
SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS - Mr. and Mrs. Colin SOUTHAMPTON TO SINGAPORE- Mr. J. Vaughan.
Commissary J. Doyle, Ensign and Assistant Commissary C. Palphreyman, Ensign and Assistant McIsaac, Mr. G. R. Byron, Captain and Mrs. SOUTHAMPTON TO PENANG -Mr. and Mrs. Thomp-
Commissary J. Lynch, Ensign and Assistant Commissary M. M'Hatton. To have the honorary rank G. F. Gilden. son and child.
of Ensign -Deputy Assistant Commissary W. Carroll, Deputy Assistant Commissary T. Ryan, MARSEILLES TO MADRAS - Mr. and Mrs. C. R. SUEZ TO PENANG- Mr. Victor Krüger.
Deputy Assistant CommissaryJ. Tanner, Deputy Assistant Commissary H. Telfer, Deputy Assistant Pelley, Major and Mrs. Bowen and infant. SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG- Mr. E. Monger,
Commissary P. M'Dermot.
SOUTHAMPTON to CalcuttA - Mrs. S. Cooper, Mr. J. Russell Skey.
Memorandum.— Lieut -Col. J. P. Gore, half-pay, late 1st Foot, has been permitted to retire from the
service bythe sale of his commission, underthe conditions of the Horse Guards Circular Memorandum July 3.
of Feb. 15, 1861.
SOUTHAMPTON TO GIBRALTAR-Lieut. Madden, ↑ Mr. F. H. Blanchard, Captain Walpole, Mr. E.
NAVAL. Mr. Lacon, Lieut. de Saumarez, Mr. A. Mosley. Fairland, Mr. H. A. Vincent, Mr. and Mrs. R.
ADMIRALTY, June 15.-W. Patrick, Esq. , has this day been promoted to the rank of Staff Surgeon in SOUTHAMPTON TO MALTA- Lieut. A. T. Powlett. Hildebrand .
H.M.'s feet, with seniority of June 9, 1869. MARSEILLES TO SUEZ- Captain Castles. MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY -Mr. F. O. Mayne,
ADMIRALTY, June 16. The following Acting Lieutenants bave been confirmed in the rank of Lieutenant SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY- Mr. H, E, Wallis, Major J. Hunter, Hon. R. A. J. Drummond.
in H. M.'s fleet, with the seniorities stated against their names :-S. H. P. Dacres to be Lieut. , with
seniority of April 20, 1868 ; M. J. Harrison to be Lieut , with seniority of Aug. 5, 1868 ; A. Cochran, July 10.
to be Lieut., with seniority of Dec. 4, 1868. MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Major Hastings Fraser. | GIBRALTAR TO SINGAPORE- Mr. A. Mosley.
ADMIRALTY, June 17. Retired Commander W. H. Broad has been allowed to assume the rank and title SOUTHAMPTON TO GALLE - Mrs. Halliley, child, SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG- Mr. F. Čumber
of Retired Captain, under H. M.'s Order in Council of July 9, 1864, from 21st ult. and two sons, Mr. H. Skrine. land.
MARSEILLES To Galle-F. R. Sabonadière. SOUTHAMPTON TO SHANGHAI- Mr. Broughall.
SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS - Mr. R. Walkley. SUEZ TO SYDNEY- Mr. A. H. Baass.
NAVAL APPOINTMENTS. MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA- Mr. R. M. Ross.
July 17.
Lieutenants- George Morice to the Royal George (add.), for service in tenders, his appointment to SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY- Mr. W. W. Boat-
the Opossum having been cancelled : Alfred C. May to be lieutenant commanding the Opossum, vice MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Mr. H. D'Oyley.
John E. Stokes, promoted ; Henry H. Wilding and C. C. Drury, to the Agincourt : A. J. Booth, to the flower, Captain Alexander Malcomson.
Penelope ; and Frank A. Harston, to the Terrible. Sub-Lieutenant-J. H. Jacob, to the Growler. July 24.
SUBZ TO HONG KONG -Mr. and Mrs. Badé. | MARSEILLES TO BATAVIA -Mr. and Mrs. Pieter-
maat.
THE LEVEE.
August 7.
Among the presentations at the levée held by the Prince of Wales on behalf MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA- Mr. Stuart Hogg. SOUTHAMPTON TO SYDNEY- Mr. T. F. Dodd.
of the Queen on Saturday last were the following SUEZ TO CALCUTTA- Mr. F. Walton.
Colonel Anderson, C. B. , R.A. , on promotion and return from Canada, by the Duke of Cambridge. August 21.
Mr. Secretary
R. Vicars Boyle, C.S.I. , Executive Engineer, Bengal, on receiving the honour of the C.S.I. , by the MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY-Mr. W. T. Tucker, SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Lieut. -Colonel and
of State. Captain and Mrs. H. V. Mathias. Mrs. W. D. Bishop.
Capt. Richard Burton, on being appointed her Majesty's Consul at Damascus, bythe Earl of Clarendon.
Major R. M. Bonnor, Bombay StaffCorps, by Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, Bart. MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA-Mr. W. F. Campbell. SUEZ TO BOMBAY- Mr. C. M. Cursetjee.
Major R. J. Castell, Bombay Staff Corps, by the Secretary of State. August 28.
Mr. W. H. Colvill, Surgeon, Bombay Army, by the Secretary of State. SUBZ TO BOMBAY- Mr. Sturtz, Mr. Andreae.
Mr. George W. R. Campbell, Inspector- General ofPolice, Ceylon, by the Secretary of State. MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY Mr. and Mrs. Higgins,
Mr. John Weinholt.
Surgeon-Major James Daubeny ( Bombay Retired), by the Secretary of State.
[ 513 ]
 38 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JUNE 25, 1869.

COMPTON- GANAHL- At Stuttgart, Mr. C. W. Compton, late of Leeds, WOOD- STOCKS- At Islington, Mr. S.T. Wood, of Madras, to Eglan-
BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. Yorkshire, to Charlotte E., daughter of the late Mr. L. Ganahl, of tine, daughter of the late Mr. D. Stocks, Fifeshire, N. B. , June 17.
BIRTHS. Savannah, June 17. WORDSWORTH-TURNER- At Brampford Speke, Lieut. W. Words
COPLAND-GRAY-At Dublin, James W. , son of Mr. C. Copland, of worth, 58th Regt. , to Alice M., daughter of Mr. G. Turner, June 17.
SONS. Monkstown, to Harriette, daughter of Mr. R. Gray, of Temple- ZUMSTEEG- MURRAY- At High Ercall, Salop, Mr. G. A. Zumsteeg,
BARRON, Mrs. E. C. , at Thessaly House, Lavender-hill, June 22, hill, June 16. of Belfast, to Henrietta, daughter of the late Mr. H. Murray, of
BARTON, wife of Mr. J. L. D., H.M.S. Britannia, at Dartmouth, DARELL - SCHUSTER -At Roehampton, Mr. E. T. G. Darell to Amy, Demerara, June 17.
June 15. daughter of Mr. L. Schuster, Roehampton, June 15. DEATHS.
BECKLES, Mrs. H. McL. , at Brighton, June 16 (prematurely). DENNIS- THORBURN- At Liverpool, Mr. Felix Eugene Dennis, of
BEGBIE, wife of Rev. M. H., at Aldeburgh, Suffolk, June 19. Liverpool, to Jane Agnes Brydon, second daughter of the late Rev. ADCOCK, Elizabeth T., relict of the late Mr. R. H., at Michael's-
BOND, wife of Capt. C. F. , 105th Regt., at Futtyghur, May 17. Joseph Thorburn, of Inverness, Scotland, June 15. grove, Brompton, aged 69, June 21.
CARTWRIGHT, Mrs. G. K. , at Camborne, Cornwall, June 14. DICKSON KIRKPATRICK-At Edinburgh, Mr. L. F. Dickson, M.D. , AINSLIE, Mr. P. B., at Guildford, aged 84, June 18.
CAYLEY, Mrs. A. , at Abbey-court, Chester, June 15. H.M.'s Bengal Army, to Charlotte, daughter of Mr. J. Kirkpatrick, ANDERSON, Mr. J., B.A. , of Grosvenor Park, Camberwell, aged 68,
CECIL, Mrs. H. , at Barnard-road, Birkenhead, June 19, Edinburgh, June 15. June 14
CONOLLY, wife of Mr. T., M. P., at Castletown, Ireland, June 8. DOWNES - KENDALL -At Talland, Liskeard, Mr. W. L. Downes, late ASPLAND, Rev. R. B. , M.A. , at Well-st., Hackney, aged 64, June 21.
COPNER, wife of Rev. J. , Vicar of Elstow, Beds, at Bedford, June 17. 33rd (Duke of Wellington's) Regt. , of Ynysyrwyddfa, Breconshire, BAGGE, Mrs. R. , at Gaywood Hall, King's Lynn, aged 65, June 6,
DAVIS, wife of Rev. E. J. , H. B.M.'s Cons. Chaplain at Alexandria, to Charlotte A. , daughter of Rev. F. J. H. Kendall, Vicar of BARTLEY, Charlotte E. M. , daughter of the late Mr. A. C. , M.D.,
at Alexandria, May 15. Talland , June 15. at Mitcham-green, aged 33, June 20.
ELLIOT, Mrs. G. S. , at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, April 13. DUNCOMBE MILBANK - At St. George's, Hanover-square, Arthur, son BELLAS, Rev. L., at Bramshott Rectory, Liphook, aged 76, June 18.
GEARY, wife of Major H. L., Royal Art., at West Allington, June 19. of the Hon. Admiral Duncombe, to Katharine, daughter of Mr. BICKLEY, Mr. H. , at Mount Pleasant, Melton Mowbray, Leicester-
HALL, Mrs. A. G., at Farnworth, near Warrington, June 18. Milbank, June 12. shire, aged 61, June 18.
HAWTREY, wife of Rev. H. C. , at Church House, Windsor, June 8. FACHIRI-RALLI-At the Greek Church, London-wall, Mr. P. A. BRASSINGTON, Christina R. , wife of Mr. J. W., Indian Civil Service,
HAYDEN, Mrs. H. R. , at Lolham Villa, St. Leonard's-on- Sea, June 15. Fachiri, of New York, U.S., to Mary, daughter of Mr. N. P. at Bhaugulpore, aged 25, May 12.
HELLARD, wife of Mr. A., Solicitor, Portsmouth, June 19. Ralli, of Syra, June 19. BRYCE, Katharine M, P., wife of Mr. A., C. E. , at Blairforkie, Bridge
HOARE, Mrs. E. B. , at Leinster-square, June 19. FARQUHAR -TEALE -At Devizes, Rev. E. M. Farquhar, M.A. , to of Allan, June 17.
HOPKINS, wife of Rev. H. G. , York-villas, Cheltenham , June 15. Mary-Ellerton, daughter of Rev. W. H. Teale, M. A., Rector of BURKE, Marcella H., wife of Mr. E. C., J.P., Cloosh House,
HOUGHTON, wife of Mr. H. G. , M.D. , at Mount-street, June 18. Devizes and Rural Dean, June 22. Oughterard, co. Galway, at Burgess-hill, near Brighton, aged 48,
JOHNES, wife of Capt. H. O. , 18th Royal Irish, at the Curragh Camp, FRANCIS-SYMES-At Bridport, Rev. H. O. Francis, M. A. , Emm. June 12.
June 13. Coll. , Camb. , to Mary B., daughter of Mr. G. Symes, M.D. , of CARROLL, Mr. C. G. , late of Dublin, at Bolton-row, Mayfair, aged 70,
JONES, Mrs. D. , at Warborne, Hampshire, June 18. Bridport, June 17. June 21.
KENDALL, the wife of the Rev. E. K., Vicar of S. Mark's, Notting- GABE-PHILLIPS - At Charlton Kings, Mr. J. W. Gabb, B.A. , of CARTWRIGHT, Mrs. G. K., at Camborne, Cornwall, aged 28, June 15.
hill, at Arundel-gardens, Notting-hill, June 21. Cheltenham, to Rosa H. , daughter of Mr. J. Phillips, June 17. CHAPMAN, Elizabeth, daughter of the late Mr. T. , at St. Margaret's,
LAFOREST, Mrs. C. R. R. , at Enfield, near Sydney, New South GOODMAN -JEFFERY-At Newcastle-on-Tyne, Mr. A. Goodman, of Darenth, aged 56, June 15.
Wales, April 14. Forrest-villa, to Marianne, daughter of Mr. T. B. Jeffery, of New- COMRIE, Mr. A. , at Great Yarmouth, June 15.
LOGAN, wife of Captain, Queen's Bays, at St. Leonard's, June 17. castle-on-Tyne, June 17. CONOLLY, the infant son of Mr. T., M. P. , at Castletown, Celbridge,
MACGACHEN, wife of Mr. A. H. H. , Assistant Purveyor to the GOUGH - POWER - At Clonmel, Lieut. -Col. C. Gough, V.C. , to Ireland, June 18.
Forces, at Rochester, June 17. Harriette, daughter of the late Mr. J. Power, June 16. CRANSTOUN, James Edmund, roth Baron, at St. John's-wood, aged
MARSLAND, Mrs. R. W. , at Blackheath Park, June 18. GRANT-RUTHERFURD - At Dunedin, N.Z. , Mr. A. I. Grant, of 60, June 18.
MCCLEMENT, wife of Mr. R. C. , Surgeon, R. N., at Alexandra- Beaumont Station, to Frances A. , daughter of Lieut. -Col. H. CULHANE, Frances, wife of Dr., at Victoria-road, Kensington, aged
terrace, Bray, Ireland, June Ir. Rutherfurd, late of Royal Bengal Artillery, April 6. 68, June 17.
MCNEILE, wife of Captain J. M. , R.E. , at Arrah, Bengal, May 15. GREENE BOULTON -At Stourbridge, Mr. R. R. Greene, C.E. , Park, DALTON, Jane, widow of the late Mr. R. , at Kelmarsh Rectory, North-
MILLER, Mrs. W., of Aylestan-hill, Hereford, June 20. Middlesex, to Lucy, daughter of the late Mr. R. Boulton, of amptonshire, aged 83, June 16.
MONCRIEFFE, Lady L.. at Belgrave-square, June 21. Bradley-green, Worcestershire, June 16. DAY, Emma, wife of Surgeon F. , Principal Medical Storekeeper,
ORD, wife of Dr. K. , M.D. , Staff-Surgeon H.M.S. Fisgard, at Wool- GREEY-VON LINTZGY-At Calcutta, Mr. W. W. Greey to Frances E. , Madras Army, at Akyab, May 4.
wich, June 16. daughter of Mr. C. F. Von Lintzgy, M.D., May 8. DRURY, Ann, relict of Mr. G., late of H. M.'s 33rd Regiment, or Duke
PALMER, wife of Capt. H. A., Adjutant Royal Glamorgan L.I. GROOME-WHITBY--At St. Leonard's-on-Sea, Mr. W. Groome, B.A. , of Wellington's Own, at Claydon, near Ipswich, aged 81 , June 19.
Militia, at New House, Cardiff, June 21. F.G.S. , of St. John's Coll., Camb., to Louisa A., daughter ofthe DUNCAN, Elizabeth F. , relict of the late Mr. A., at Edinburgh, aged
PARKER, Mrs. A. T. , at Delfield, near Liverpool, June 22. late Mr. W. Whitby, of Stamford, Lincolnshire, June 15. 89, June 19.
PEAVEY, Mrs. H. J. , at Friston- villas, Richmond, June 20. HART-RAYMOND- At Campden-hill, Mr. P. S. Hart, Morton, to DYMOND, Mr. T. , of Devizes, aged 73, June 18.
PLAYNE, Mrs. F. , at Springfield, Gloucestershire, June 16. Anne E. Raymond, of Notting-hill, June 15. EDGCOMBE, Jane, widow of the late Mr. T., at Southsea, aged 81,
PYKE, Mrs. J. , at New Bond-street, June 14. HICKSON SQUIRE At Kentish-town, Percy, son of George Hickson, June 20.
RITCHIE, wife of Captain, R. A. , at Mahableshwur, Bombay, May 14. of Highbury New Park, to Mary, daughter of Alfred Squire, of EDWARDS , Anna E. , wife of the Rev. W. , M.A., Rector of Clonleigh,
ROBERTS, wife of Mr. E. , Paymaster 51st K.O.L.I. , June 17. Camden-square, June 17. Lifford, at Sandymount, Dublin, June 16.
SHACKEL, wife of Capt. R. W., Royal Berks Militia, at Sandway, HUNT- HENDERSON-At Westbourne -grove, John M. , son of Mr. J. ELLIOT, Mr. W., M.D. , at Gatton Point, Red-hill, aged 72, June 23,
Burnham, Somerset, June 20. Hunt, of Lancaster-gate, Hyde Park, to Eliza, daughter of the ERSKINE, Mr. D. H., late Capt. 92nd Highlanders, and H.B.M.'s
SMITH, Mrs. H. W. P. , at Elgin, N. B., June 15. late Mr. A. Henderson, Glasgow, June 22. Consul at Madeira, at Torquay, aged 40, June 20.
SOWRAY, Mrs. J. R. , at Oxford Villas, Balham, June 15. JACKSON EVANS At Kensington, John, son of Mr. W. Jackson, EVANS, Mr. G. , late of Exeter, at Blackheath, aged 75, June 13.
TRUEFITT, Mrs. H. P. , at Hetherset, Streatham, June 19 (stillborn). ex-M.P. for North Derbyshire, to Florence, daughter of Mr. W. EVETTS, Elizabeth, wife of the Rev. T. , Rector of Moaks Risborough,
TYTLER, Mrs. G. M. , at Melville-street, Edinburgh, June 18. Evans, of Cornwall-gardens, Queen's-gate, June 22. at Bournemouth, June 20.
WALL, wife of Staff Surg. Major F. T. , at Capetown, May 4. JACKSON WRENCH-At Cornhill, Mr. J. H. Jackson, to Eliphalette, GILCHRIST, Thomas, son of Mr. J. , late of Porchester-terrace, at
WASHINGTON, wife of Rev. G., at Havre, June 14. daughter of Rev. T. W. Wrench, M.A. , Rector of St. Michael's ,
WILKINSON, Mrs. P. S., at Goldsboro' Hail, June 20. Cornhill, June 17. GLOVER, Mr.aged
Sydney, 25, May 23.
J. , J. P. for Staffordshire, at Sideway House, near Long-
DAUGHTERS. JENNER -COLTHURST -At Bayswater, Mr. E. H. F. Jenner, late ton, aged 72, June 2:.
BAMFORD, Mrs. , at Impington Hall, Cambs, June 11. Lieut. 54th Regt., to Louisa, daughter of Rev. J. Colthurst, GREGORY, Isabella S. , widow of the late Mr. R., M.D. , at Finglas,
Boveva Rectory, co. Londonderry, June 15. Dublin, June 15.
BARDSWELL, Mrs. H. H., at Woolton, near Liverpool, June 17. Low-MOORE -At Debenham, Alfred, son of Mr. R. Low, of Bedford- GRIFFITH, Caroline M., daughter of Rev. G. S. , at Bampton-Aston,
BARKER, Mrs. G. , of Stone Hall, Oxted, Surrey, June 20, square, to Margaret C. , daughter of Mr. C. Moore, of Crows Hall, aged 5, June 20.
BENT, wife of Capt. T. , R. M. L.I. , and 1st Devon Militia, at Rich- Debenham, June 23. HALE, the Rev. R., M. A., at Thorpe Bassett, aged 54. June 17.
mond Villa, Mount Radford, Exeter, June 19. MACLAINE SCHWABE - At St. George's, Hanover- square, Mr. M. G. HALLETT, Captain W. L., Bombay Staff Corps, at Rugby, aged 31,
BRINE, wife of Rev. J. G., at the Rectory House, Chardstock, June 13. Maclaine, of Lochbuy, Argyleshire, late 6th Dragoon Guards, to June 14.
CAREY, wife of Mr. C. de B. , R. Eng. , at Colombo, May 11 (stillborn) . Catherine M. , daughter of the late Mr. S. Schwabe, of Middleton, HEATHCOTE, Eliza, widow ofthe late Mr. J. H., at Surbiton, June 20.
CASTLE, Mrs. A. , at Bessborough-gardens, June 18. Lancashire, and Glengarth, Anglesea, June 17. HECKER, Marianne, wife of Colonel C. H. T., late Commandant
CHESNEY, wife of Major G. , at Harrow-on-the- Hill, June 18. MATHIAS HERRING -At Thorpe St. Andrew's, near Norwich, Capt. Cavalry Depot, Canterbury, at Folkestone, aged 61, June 19.
COBBETT, Mrs. W. , at Woodleigh, Alderley Edge, June 15. H. V. Mathias, Bengal Staff Corps, to Lucy S., daughter HENDERSON, Mr. A. T. , at Great Malvern, aged 27, June 16.
CRANE, wife of Mr. C. A. , M.D. , at Halaton, Leicestershire, June 14. of the
DALTON, wife of Rev. W. H. , at Watford, Herts, June 19. late Mr. W. Herring, of Norwich, June 22. HIGGINSON, Mr. Henry T., J.P., formerly of Lisburn, at Carnalea
D'OYLY, wife of Mr. W. H., B.C.S. , at Stepleton Park, Blandford, MEALING - HORTON-At Bristol, James T. , son of the late Mr. J. HOLT, House, co, Down, aged 71, June 20.
June 16. Mealing, of Knockholt, Kent, and Bayswater, to Emma C. , Lieut. -Colonel G., late H.M.'s 25th Regt. of Foot, at Maida-
Du CANE, wife of his Excellency Charles, at Hobart Town, May 21. daughter of the late Mr. J. Horton, of Jersey, June 19. hill, June 18.
GLANFIELD, Mrs. G.. at Victoria Park-road, June 16. MEEK LLOYD- At Swinton, William Ombler, son of Mr. Joseph HOOPER, Mr. J. , at Sydenham, aged 6o, June 15.
GRISSELL, Mrs. H. P., at The Priory, Mickleham , Surrey, June 16. Meek, J.P. , of Wigan, to Emma, daughter of Mr. Abraham Lloyd, Horɛ, Mr. R., late ofthe firm of Messrs. Swan and Edgar, at Cum-
HARDY, wife of Mr. J. S. , M. P. , June 17. Worsley, June 16. berland-terrace, aged 72, June 16,
HEAD, wife of Mr. J. J. , of H. M.'s Customs, Ipswich, June 16. MELVILLE - RAMSAY-At Dalkeith, Rev. F. A. L. Melville, rector of HOPKINSON, Mr. E., at Edgeworth Manor, Gloucestershire, aged 83,
HEADLAM, Mrs E. , at Norfolk-square, Hyde Park, June 22. Welbourne , Lincolnshire , to Susan G., daughter of Mr. and Lady June 18.
Louisa Wardlaw Ramsay, of Whitehill, June 9. IVE, Mr. J. E. , of Dacre Park, Lee, aged 57, June 19
HICKMAN, Mrs. R. J., at Notting-hill, June 23. NEWTON- At Farnworth, Rev. U. B. , son of Rev. T. Miles, JENKINS, Mr. T. L., J.P. , of Wraxall House, Somersetshire, in
HILDYARD, Mrs. J. R. W., at Hutton Bonville Hall,Yorkshire, June 22. MILES- Rector of Fennor and Prebendary of Cashel, to Emma, daughter of London, aged 55, June 17,
HILLIER, wife of Mr. J. G. , H. M.'s Customs, at Acklam-road, Not- the late Mr. T. Newton, of Farnworth, June 16. JOSSELYN, Mr. J., at Sproughton, near Ipswich, aged 66, June 22.
ting-hill, June 19. Hannah, at St. Leonards -on- Sea, aged 63,
HOBSON, Mrs. W. H., at Great Berkhamsted, June 21. MORDAUNT—APPLEFORD - At Forest-hill, Mr. W. H. Mordaunt, late KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH,
HOLLAND Mrs. W. J. , at Porchester-terrace, June 16. Captain Royal Elthorne Light Infantry, to Amy, daughter of the June 16.
HUTTON, Mrs. T. , at Vincent-street, Ovington-square, June 16. late Mr. R. P. Appleford, June 22. KELSALL, Mr. R., at St. Leonard's-on-Sea, aged 39, June 21.
JEPSON, Mrs. J. H. , at Towcester, June 17 stillborn). MORRISON WALLACE- At Oxford, Rev. W. Morrison, Vicar of Mid- KNIGHT, Clarissa I. , wife of Mr. J. P., R.A. , June 16.
KENNARD, Mrs. A. C., at Chesham-street, June 19. somer Norton, to Magdalen, daughter of the late Rev. J. L. LANGLEY, Mr. T. , H. at Forton Hall, Staffordshire, aged 56, June 16.
Wallace, of Sevenoaks, June 17. LASCELLES, Hon. D., Commander R. N., at Victoria, Vancouver's
KILBURN, Mrs. H. W. , at Cannon-place, Hampstead, June 14. NETZLER GRAHAM- At Kensington, Oskar F. W. , son of Mr. J. F. Island, aged 33. June 15.
KNIGHT, Mrs. W.. at Courtland-terrace, Kensington , June 19. S. , daughter 34, June 14.
KYNASTON, Mrs. R. , at Bensham-villas, Thorntoeath, June 21. Netzler, M.D., K.N.S. , &c , of
of the late Mr. J. Graham, of Trinidad, June 17.
Helsingborg, to Sarah LAURIE, Rev. G. F.
LEWERS, Sarah E. , wife of , of Mr. W., aged
Barbados, Barrister, at Albert-road, Regent's
LEES, Mrs. T. E. , at Hathershaw, Oldham, June 18. O'MALLEY HARDCASTLE -At St. Paul's, Knightsbridge, Edward Park, June 16.
LUBBOCK, Mrs. H. J., at Goringes. Kent, June 17.
MARKER, wife of Mr. J., 5th Fusiliers, at Sidmouth, Devon, June 22. Loughlin, son of Mr. P. F. O'Malley, C. , to Emma Winifried, LLOYD, Mary, relict of Mr. G. B. , of Birmingham, Banker, at Chel
MARSHALL, wife of Mr. W. (late Indian Navy) , at Clapham, June 14. daughter of Mr. J. A. Hardcastle, M. P., June 17. tenham, aged 73. June 19.
MERCER, wife of Dr. , at Karlshof, near Darmstadt, June 12. PATCH -WOODHOUSE - At Gloucester, Rev. H. M. Patch, M.A., to LowRY, Mr. J. C. , Q.C. , of Rockdale , co. Tyrone, Master of the
MOLYNEUX, wife of Capt. A. M., 23rd Regt., at Aldershot, June 17. Emily S. , daughter of Mr. W. S. Woodhouse, late of The Willows, Court of Exchequer in Ireland, at Dublin, June 20.
MONSELL, wife of Capt. B. , A. D. C. , at Gibraltar, June 14. near Abergavenny, June 15. MACLEOD, Mr. D. , Government Advocate, at Rangoon, April 30.
MORANT, wife of Major, late of the Cape Mounted Riflemen, at Glen- RAVEN -DUNBAR At Holy Trinity, Westbourne- terrace, John S. , MADIGAN, William Gould, son of Mr. Madigan, Gosport, aged 24,
borrodale Castle, Argyleshire, June 14. son of the late Rev. T. Raven, M.A. , Incumbent of Holy Trinity, June 15.
NASH, wife of Mr. E. , M.D. , at Ladbroke-grove, Kensington Park, Preston, to Margaret S. , daughter of the late Col. P. Dunbar, MEDHURST, Capt. MAY, Mrs. W. S., ofF.Marlborough, Wilts, June 21.
3rd Bengal Light Cavalry, June 15. E., of H.M.'s 12th Regt. , at Jubblepore,
June 18. ROBERTS- LAW-At Eaton-square, Mr. G. B. B. J. Roberts, Oriel aged 39, May 29.
NEEDHAM, Mrs. P. F. , at Mondego, Pernambuco, May 23.
PAULET, Mrs. F. R., at The Hewletts, near Cheltenham, June 16. College, Oxford, to Ida C. V. Law, Eaton-place, London, and METHUEN, Rev. J. A. , formerly Vicar of Corsham, Wilts, at Clifton,
PIPER, Mrs. E. , at Hensill, Hawkhurst, June 18. Southam Delabere, Gloucestershire, June 9. aged 74, June 15.
RAIKES, Mrs. F. , at Carleton Forehoe Rectory, June 17. ROBINSON- SHAW- At Guildford, Lieut. H. J. G. Robinson, 19th MONCRIEFFE, Claude, infant son of Sir T., June 22.
RAMSAY, wife of Captain N. C , 25th Regt., at Bareilly, April 21. Regt. , to Mary, daughter of Major A. Shaw, late H. M.'s Bengal MOORE, Mr. W. , J.P. , and Dep. - Lieut. for Stafford, at Wychdon
ROBERTS, wife of Mr. J., M.D. , at Manchester, June io. Cavalry, June 15. Lodge, near Stafford, aged 84, June 17.
SNOW, wife of Colonel, Bengal Cavalry, June 15. SAVILE TWEMLOW- At Stoke, near Guildford , Mr. A. R. Savile, 18th O'BRIEN, Timothy, son of the late Sir Timothy, Bart. , near the
TREGONING, Mrs. J. S. , jun., at Llanelly, Carmarthenshire, June 14. Regt. , to Sybella, daughter of Major-General G. Twemlow , R. Art . , of St. Antonio , Entre Rios, South America.
WALKER, Mrs. E , of Araluen, Eastbourne, June 18. June 22. Estancia Rev.J.at Pembridge-villas, Bayswater, aged 59, Junterf
WITHERINGTON, Mrs. I. E., at Dunsden Lodge, Sonning, June 21. SHARP- TOMKINS -At Notting-hill, Mr. W. G. Sharp, Madras Staff OLDHAM, Lieut. William Hugh, 13th Lt. Inf. , at the Camp, Alder
WOODS, wife of Rev. E. S. , at Trinity Parsonage, Dover, June 16. Corps, to Ellen, daughter of Mr. B. Tomkins, of Ladbroke-square, shott, aged 28, June 15.
June 22. OLIVER, Mrs. B. M., at Princes-square, Bayswater, June 18.
MARRIAGES. SHARPE GUTHRIE- At Carlogie House, N.B. , Mr. D. Sharpe, ofORR, Mr. A. , Solicitor, late of Calcutta, at Madras, aged 65, May 14:
Brechin, to Robin , daughter of Mr. D. Guthrie, factor for the Earl PAYNE, Mr. C., of Streatham, and of St. James's- street, at Half-
AFLALO GUEDALLA- At Clarendon-gardens, Maida-vale, Mr. M. of Dalhousie, June 16. moon-street, aged 39, June 20.
Aflalo, of Kilburn,
ANDERTON- RYAN- At to Annie, daughter
Brentwood, Mr.ofW.Mr. M. Guedalla
Anderton, , June 23to. SHOWLER - BAKER - At Stoke Newington, Henry, son of the late Mr. SALE, Elizabeth, relict of the late Mr. R. C. , at Ramsgate, aged 89,
of Dalston, W. H. Showler, of Cursitor-street and New Barnet, to Ellen, June 18.
Ellen, daughter of the late Captain W. Ryan, June 22. daughter of the late Mr. John Thomas Baker, of Lavenham , SHERRARD, Arthur C. , son of Mr. J. C. , of Kinnersley Manor,
BAILEY STANILAND - At Thames Ditton, Mr. W. H. Bailey, late of Suffolk, June 15.
Calcutta, to Augusta, daughter of the late Mr. S. Staniland, of SMEDLEY- WILLIAMS- At Corwen, North Wales, by the Rev. W. SMITH, Mr. aged Reigate, 13, June 14.
J. H. , J. P., of Liverpool, at Birkenhead, aged 74, June 19.
Bouverie-street, London, and Thames Ditton, June 22. Richardson, M.A. , vicar, Isaac Smedley, of Pembroke, to Alice STEVENSON, Mr. N. S. , late of the 9th Lancers, aged 38, June 11 .
BERGMAN SIBLEY- At Bayswater, Mr. R. H. Bergman, P. and O. Williams, of Corwen, June 16. STOKES, Aleyn, son of Mr. W. , Secretary to the Legislative Council,
Co's Service, to Louisa M. S. , daughter of the late Capt. E. R. STEVENS- CHARLTON At Brixton, Mr. C. Stevens, of Staple-inn and at Simla, May 12.
Sibley. 37th Madras Grenadiers, June 14. Brixton-hill, to Rosalie E., daughter of the late Mr. E. Charlton, STOVOLD, Mr. T , at Hampton, Middlesex, aged 62, May 17.
BLAKE BLAKE-At Swanton Abbots, Norfolk, Rev. C. T. Jex Blake, ofBlackfriars, June 19. STURT, Mr. C. , late 39th Regt. , formerly Colonial Secretary for the
Rector of Lyng, Norfolk, to Frances, daughter of Mr. F. J. Blake, TAYLOR- GOULD-At Brompton, Mr. J. L. Taylor, of Saffron Walden, province of South Australia, at Cheltenham, June 16.
of Norwich, June 15. to Mary K. I., daughter of the late Mr. J. W. Gould, of London, SYMONS, Jane D. T. , relict of the late Mr. R. H. , at Bath, aged 71,
BRISBANE TATHAM- At Notting-hill, Mr. C. T. Brisbane, of Bris- June 22. June 18.
bane, to Florence, daughter of Mr. M. J. Tatham, of Colville- TRITTON SMITH- At Wilford, Joseph Herbert, son of Joseph Tritton, TELFORD, Elizabeth, widow of Mr. R. , formerly Capt. in H.M.'s
gardens, Kensington-park, June 15. Esq. , of Norwood, to Lucy Jane, daughter of Henry Abel Smith, 9th Regt., at Tunbridge Wells, June 18.
BRYANT ROPER - At Great Finborough, Mr. F. Bryant, the Hall, Esq. , of Wilford House, Notts, June 17.
Debenham, to Clara, daughter of Mr. F. C. Roper, Boyton Hall, UFFINDELL- DOUBLET- At Great Ilford, Mr. C. E. Uffindell, R. N., THORNTON, Julia A. F. T. W. , of Kempston Grange, near Bedford,
Stowmarket, June 16. relict of Mr. S. E., at Moggerhanger, June 16.
BUNTING LIDGETT- At Albany-street, Mr. Percy William Bunting, of Portsmouth, to Lucy, daughter of Mr. T. Doublet, of Moorgate- TOWNSEND, Mr. H. , at Bridgewater, aged 64, June 15;
John street, City, and Ilford, June 19. TRELAWNY, Mr. H. B., late Capt. Grenadier Guards, at Hertford-
of Lincoln's-inn, to Mary Hyett, daughter of the late Mr. WHEATLEY-BLUNT-At Chelsea, Mr. W. F. Wheatley, late 84th
Lidgett, of Tunbridge Wells, June 21. street, aged 76, June 19.
Regt , to Alice M. , daughter of the late Mr. F. S. Blunt, of Crab- WATT, Mr W., at Westbourne- road, Arundel-square, aged 65, June 15.
BURDON- GRIFFITHS -At Torquay, George, son of Mr. G. Burdon, bett, Sussex, June 16.
of Heddon House, Northumberland, to Frances J., daughter of WHITE- BLENKINSOP - At Bathwick, Mr. Francis William White, WILKIESON, Elisabeth, widow of the late Rev. W. , at Bath, aged 83,
Mr. R. Griffiths, June 17. June 20.
Commissioner of Customs, Ningpo, China, to Alicia Mary,daughter wife of Mr. S. , M.D. , at Grosvenor-street, Grosvenor-square,
CAUSTON TROTTER - At Plymouth, Joseph, son of Mr. Ald. Causton, of the Rev. W. T. Blenkinsop, late Senior Chaplain, Madras WILKS, June 16.
of Champion-bill, Surrey, to Ann T., daughter of the late Mr. C. Establishment, June 16.
Trotter, J. P., of Plymouth, June 16. WINGFIELD, Mr. J. M. , of Tickencote Hall,Rutland, aged 79, June 17.
COBB -WRENCH- At Cornhill, Francis M., son of Mr. F. C. Cobb, of WILKINSON -HALE -At Regent's Park, Rev. W. B. Wilkinson, B.A. , Elizabeth, daughter of the late Mr. W. , of Wigan, at Hyde
Margate, to Emily G. F. , daughter of Rev. T, W, Wrench, M.A., Curate of St. John's, Ladywood, Birmingham, to Amy, daughter of Woods, Park-gardens, June 17.
Rector of St. Michael, Cornhill, June 17. the Right Rev. M. B. Hale, D.D. , Bishop of Perth, Western ZOUCH, Augusta M. , daughter of the late Captain, at Dover, aged 18,
Australia, June 15, June 16,
[ 314 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 3
JULY 9, 1869. ]

it surrounds the disestablished Church with an outward show

of wealth which may tend to impair the beneficial action of
THE PALL MALL BUDGET. the bill. Still there remains the fact that in prescribing imme-
diate commutation, Lord CARNARVON does nothing more
than might under any circumstances have been done by the Irish
FRIDAY, JULY 9, 1869. incumbents, supposing them to have been unanimous ; and it will
probably be true policy on the part of the Government to accept a
modification which materially benefits the Irish Church, while it
leaves the essentials of disendowment untouched. If the House of
THE IRISH CHURCH BILL IN THE LORDS.
Commons acquiesces in this amendment, the disestablished Church
THE Lords have handsomely repaid themselves for their self- will be the gainer by nearly £ 1,200,000, being the difference
denial in reading the Irish Church Bill a second time. They between fourteen years' purchase, at which Lord CARNARVON puts
have so changed the measure that when it gets back to the the life interests, and eleven and a half years' purchase, which is
Commons its own parents will hardly know it. From first the Ministerial estimate. The ill-advised alteration which allows
to last the alterations have been strictly homogeneous. Their the existing Irish Bishops to retain for their lives the right to
single object has been to secure as much public money sit in rotation in the House of Lords is one which it will be very
as possible for the Irish Church. It is quite impossible that difficult for Ministers to deal with . Any attempt on the part of
the Government should accept amendments avowedly framed on the Commons to dictate the composition of the Upper House
this principle. It is needless to dwell upon a question which would naturally be resented by the latter, and the influence of
has already been debated up to, if not beyond, the point at the Government in the Lords is not strong enough to give
which argument becomes useless- the disclosure of a difference much hope of their being induced to reverse their decision.
on first principles. To make the Church Body a present of the That they should do so, however, is most desirable. Amendments.
glebe houses, and to allow it to retain the royal grants in Ulster of far more real importance might not create half the ill -will which
as well as the special income-tax hitherto paid by Irish incum- will probably be engendered by this one. For years to come it
bents to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, is to re- endow it to flaunts in the face of the Irish people an outward and visible sign
that extent out of the public purse. Those persons who do of Protestant ascendency, and thereby deprives the bill of
not admit that the property of an Established Church belongs to much of its healing efficacy. We cannot believe that if the Lords
the nation, or who see no injustice in appropriating this property will fairly reconsider the question they will think it worth
to the use of a religious society comprising a small minority of the while to risk this consequence in order to gratify the vanity
people, will see nothing to find fault with in this result. But they of a moribund fraction of their own body. As this is a point on
may, perhaps, see that to those who take the opposite view of these which the Commons cannot with any propriety reinsert the original
matters acquiescence in such amendments is a thing not to clause the Lords will not be chargeable with any sacrifice of dignity
be thought of, It would be better to withdraw the bill alto- if they take the step themselves.
gether than to build what is designed to be the final settlement The success of Lord CAIRNS's amendment postponing the
of this great question on a foundation of sand. If the bill retains appropriation of the surplus is evidently regarded as a triumph by
its present shape, the Anglican Church will still, though to a less the advocates of concurrent endowment. Considering the meaning
extent than formerly, be subsidized from State funds, and in in which the term has been used throughout the debates in the
so far as this is the case the substance of an Establishment Lords, this exultation is a little premature. There is no need
will remain. The amendments of which Lord SALISBURY, the to restate the objections to a system which, in our judgment,
Archbishop of CANTERBURY, and the Bishop of PETERBOROUGH would entail positive mischiefs far outweighing the few and
are respectively the authors contravene the whole theory doubtful advantages which its advocates claim for it. What we
on which the bill rests . The Lords might as well have want to point out at this moment is that the form of con-
rejected it out of hand as send it back to the Commons current endowment contemplated by the Duke of CLEVELAND and
bristling with provisions which reduce disestablishment and dis- his friends will be nothing short of a fresh incentive to agitation.
endowment to mere names. It is a pity that the prudence which It aims at promoting religious equality in Ireland by the truly
led the Lords to avoid the conflict with the Lower House that must Irish process of giving a great deal to the Church of the minority,
have followed an adverse vote on the second reading should not have and very little to the Church of the majority. In fact, it is con-
availed to save them from arriving at the same point by another current endowment only in name. It ought more properly to be
and less obvious road . It is not merely that the effect of these threecalled the re- endowment of the Irish Church with the addition of
amendments is to enrich the disestablished Church : that, if it certain sops to the Roman Catholics and the Presbyterians. On
had been done judiciously, might not have been a result to be condition that the latter offer no resistance to the carrying out of
deprecated. It is that they enrich it by methods inconsistent with the Opposition scheme they are to have their ministers better
that process of disestablishment which it is the great object of the housed. If the ecclesiastical revenues of Ireland were divided
Liberal party to bring about. If the Lords had been wise they proportionately to the numerical strength of the three com-
would have contented themselves with carrying out somewhat further munions, the Roman Catholics would get something like four- fifths
the policy which evidently animated some clauses of the original of the surplus, while the Anglicans and Presbyterians would have
measure . When Lord SALISBURY Condemns the bill for want of about one tenth each. Some one has calculated that on the prin-
frankness, he forgets that its reserve has usually been shown on ciple which seems to find favour in the Upper House the Angli-
behalf ofhis own clients. The Government has not been frank about cans in Ireland will get £ 20 ahead, the Presbyterians 1, and the
the churches, because it wished to give them to their present pos- Roman Catholics 75. He must be a very short- sighted politician
sessors, and therefore devised the excuse of their having no market- who believes that such an arrangement has any chance of being
able value. It has not been frank about the glebe houses, because accepted by those whom it concerns most and benefits least.
it was anxious that the clergy should get them at less than their fair If the Lords are determined to thrust concurrent endowment down
price. It has not been frank about private endowments, because it our throats, they might at least make the dose more palatable. In
has assumed that they have all been given to the religious society the only form in which it has been talked of it simply constitutes
and not to the State institution. In all these ways it has sought a gratuitous insult to the religion professed by the great majority
to benefit the disestablished Church, without imperilling the of Irishmen.
principle of disestablishment ; and if the Lords had taken the same
course, they might have improved still further the position of THE CASE OF FARRER v. CLOSE.
Anglicanism in Ireland without directly challenging the conclusion
arrived at by the country. A CURIOUS circumstance is connected with the judgment given .
The Government will next have to consider which of the in the Court of Queen's Bench last were in the case of
remaining amendments can be accepted as answering to this Farrer . Close, The case would appear to have been heard
description. If Irish Churchmen really prefer 1872 to 1871 as the eighteen months ago, and with a different result, if we are to trust
era of disestablishment, the additional year may certainly be Sir WILLIAM ERLE'S Essay on the Law relating to Trade Unions.
given them. The alterations effected in the clauses which deal with. In a sort of postscript to his essay he says, " Since the above was
the compensation to be awarded to curates raise no question of (6 written, it has been decided in Farrer v. Close (Q.B.,
66
principle, and Lord CARNARVON'S amendment making commuta- Jan. 18 , 1868 ) that the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters
tion of life-interests compulsory and immediate, and fixing fourteen " was entitled to the benefit of the 44th section of the
years' purchase as the sum at which they are to be valued, Friendly Societies Act against an officer who had misappro-
may be acquiesced in on the same ground. No doubt " priated the money of the society. The rules authorized the
arguments of considerable force may be urged against this proposal. application of the funds to various trade purposes, and, among
It put forward the interest of the Church Body, not that of the " others, to the support of members when out of work ; and
individual incumbent, as the primary object of commutation- although it was objected that the funds might thus be applied to
thereby giving an appearance of favouritism to the whole trans- " maintain strikes, it was said that a strike was not necessarily
action which it would have been safer to avoid --and by handing illegal ; and the case was distinguished from Hornby 7. Close
over so large a lump sum to the Church Body, even though it " because there was no rule operating directly in restraint of trade,
will be saddled for many years to come with heavy charges, " such as the rule prohibiting piecework in the latter case. The infer

[ 559 ]
 4 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869.
66
ences from the judgment in Farrer v. Close seem important for | perly considered. The law, in fact, has to decide, not whether
" the interests of trade unions, as regards both the recognition ofthe restraints of trade are lawful, but what sort of restraints are unlawful.
" legality of some strikes and the indication of the boundary between
66 It is easy to see why it should say that a restraint by personal
legal and illegal purposes within the meaning of this section." violence or by any other form of crime is unlawful, and why it
Except that the decision arrived at by the court is different, this should say that the restraint imposed by the conflict of the interest
passage might stand as an account of the case decided last week, of the individual seller with the interest of the individual buyer is
and in particular of the judgments delivered by Mr. Justice HANNEN lawful ; why it should say that the restraint imposed upon the interests
and Mr. Justice HAYES. As the judgments reported in the Times of buyers acting either individually or collectively by the interests
make no reference to any case of Farrer v. Close previous to of sellers acting collectively is presumably unlawful we never
the one then under discussion, we feel considerably puzzled as to could understand. Suppose, for instance, that the wholesale firms
what has really occurred . Sir W. ERLE can hardly have written in a business of limited extent combined together to divide.
in a spirit of prophecy, and if he did it is not likely that he should the trade between them and by systematic underselling to
have prophesied falsely upon a point of such importance as the exclude all other dealers from it, would this be an illegal
conclusion at which the court arrived . On the other hand, it is restraint of trade ? If it would, why should not the determi
strange that if such a decision as Sir W. ERLE'S Farrer v nation of a single firm to do the same thing be illegal ? If it
Close were really before their eyes the court should go over would not, why should not workmen be permitted to combine.
the very same ground with a different result . As reported in to keep up the price of their labour, whether such a combination
the Times, the case of Farrer 7. Close, No. 2, as we may is wise or foolish ?
call it for distinction's sake, differs from No. 1 in the circumstance It is curious to observe how difficult even judges find it to keep
that, instead of deciding in favour of the union, the court distinct in their own minds the legality and the wisdom of an act.
gave no judgment because it was equally divided, so that the The Chief Justice, for instance, looks upon what he calls freedom
order of the magistrates dismissing the complaint against of trade as a protection against "tyrannical rules and unreason-
the fraudulent manager remains undisturbed. Whatever may able exactions." Surely it would be an immense extension of the
be the explanation of this mystery it can hardly be doubted sphere of law in ordinary cases to hold that it was any part of the
that the decision itself has come very opportunely for the duty of lawyers to decide, except indeed in extreme cases, upon
advocates of the Trade Union Bill prepared by Mr. HUGHES the reasonableness or tyrannical or extortionate character of a
and Mr. MUNDELLA. contract. One may imagine such a case as a man contracting to
The facts of the case are, as we have already said, identical cut off his arm or to separate from his wife or to deprive himself ofthe
with those which are set out by Sir W. ERLE in the passage which means of earning a living, which any rational court of justice would
we quoted from his book. The difference is that, whereas Mr. hold to be illegal on the ground of its monstrous folly ; but surely
Justice HANNEN and Mr. Justice HAYES adopted the view which the general rule must always be that men are competent judges of
Sir W. ERLE briefly indicates that strikes may be legal, and that their own interests, that contracts once made must, from that very
unless the illegality of the particular strikes to the support of which fact, be supposed to be for the common interest of the contracting
the funds of the union were applied is made clearly to appear by parties, and that a contract which those who are interested in it
appropriate evidence, the society is within the Act- the Lord think it wise to make can be injurious to the public only when
ChiefJustice and Mr. Justice MELLOR were of the opposite opinion, it violates the broad principle of law or morals. Apart from the
and regarded the purpose of supporting members while on strike as extreme and almost impossible cases of which we have given
being essentially illegal as operating in restraint of trade. The specimens above, it appears to us difficult to suggest a contract
Lord Chief Justice appears to have come to this conclusion with which, not being immoral or criminal, ought nevertheless to be held
regret, for he repeated several times in a significant manner that it void upon the ground that it inflicted on the contracting parties.
was no part of his duty to maintain the policy of the existing law. losses of such a nature that it was contrary to public policy to
One observation, however, which he made upon the subject tends permit their infliction .
more or less to justify the existing rules on the subject, and may, Upon the whole, the case just decided strengthens the opinion
we think, serve as an illustration of the confusion which belongs which we have repeatedly expressed, that the law ought not to
to the fundamental terms connected with the subject, and from attempt to stigmatize or to frustrate contracts which, whatever
which the most powerful minds have great difficulty in their economical character may be, involve no crime, and are
disengaging themselves. " It must not, however, be forgotten," entered into with perfect good faith. We should wish to see
says the Lord Chief Justice, " that while some strikes trade unions enabled to get the full benefit of the Friendly Societies
may be perfectly justifiable to enforce honest and just demands, Act, on the condition of publicity, and, of course, on the condition
" others may be resorted to in order to extort unreasonable that their rules authorized nothing which would amount to a
" exactions and enforce tyrannical rules, and that the only correc- criminal offence.
" tive against such attempts is to be found in the freedom of the
" labour market, which it is the purpose of these combinations to
" prevent." We should like to know accurately what the Lord ECCLESIASTICAL PROSECUTIONS.
Chief Justice understands by the words " freedom of the labour
market, " and in particular by the word " freedom." The IN the Daily News a few days ago there appeared a letter from the
"labour market " is, of course, a mere collective name for well-known Biblical critic, Dr. DAVIDSON, upon the prosecution
the persons who, on the one hand, are prepared to sell, of Mr. VOYSEY, which is made the text of a very sensible leading
and, on the other hand, are prepared to buy labour. Now, article. The letter and the article turn upon a subject to which
freedom, as we understand it, is a negative word meaning Mr. VOYSEY'S prosecution will once more direct public attention,
absence of restraint ; restraint is any motive for conduct which and which will be hotly, repeatedly, and perhaps finally discussed
operates painfully. For instance, a man is said to be restrained long before the present generation has passed away. This question is
from intemperance by the fear of illness, or from crime by the nothing less than the possibility of maintaining the Church of
dread of punishment. When, therefore, a person acts under the England as an established Church at all. Dr. DAVIDSON'S letter
motives of hope or desire he is said to be free ; when he refrains from repeats the commonplaces of Liberal writers against the prosecution
so acting under the motive of fear in any form, he is said to be of clergymen for heresy. He observes that " all such prosecutions
restrained. Complete freedom of the labour market would therefore injure a Church ;; " that whether Mr. VOYSEY is right or wrong, he
66
exist if every person who was a party to every bargain entered into gives his readers the impression of a courageous, honest ecclesiastic
that bargain from motives agreeable to himself, and was not ready to speak out all that is in his mind about the contents of the
" impelled " or " restrained " by the operation of any kind of fear. " Bible." These, adds Dr. DAVIDSON, are rare qualities - would it
Abstract as these considerations may appear, we are convinced that not be better to answer than to denounce him ? The Church, he
it is impossible to get to the bottom of the questions about contracts thinks, ought to be widened. " A national Church should be, so far
66
in restraint of trade and freedom without fully appreciating their as practicable, coextensive with the nation, allowing free scope
importance. Let us now apply them to the dictum of the Chief "for many varieties of opinion ." There should be such " changes
Justice . They will be found to reduce his principle to the following " in the creeds and articles as would bring the Church nearer
shape : " Strikes may be used to enforce tyrannical rules and " the catholic ideal, which thoughtful learned and scientific
" extort unreasonable exactions ; and the only corrective against " men approve." The writer then proceeds to praise the
" this evil is to be found in the complete and absolute satisfaction Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for their large-mind-
" of all the parties to contracts for the purchase and sale of labour edness, and gives it as his opinion, in various forms of speech,
" in all the conditions involved in those contracts- a state of things that Church government ought to be in the hands of the laity
which it is the purpose of these combinations to prevent." If a rather than the clergy, and that a State Church governed by
man wants to buy labour for 5s. a day, and others offer to give 6s. laymen is a far better institution than any which the voluntary
for it, he is as much compelled to give 6s. and restrained system can afford.
from giving less than 6s. as if a pistol was held to his Upon all this the Daily News very justly observes that what-
head. Compulsion and restraint are, indeed, as inseparable
ever may be the merits of Mr. VOYSEY'S case Dr. DAVID-
from the very idea of trade as friction and resistance from SON'S view of the subject would render all creeds and articles
the idea of a machine. Trade, in a word, is the conflict of interests, absurd.
The writer very pertinently asks " why the State
and free trade is a contradiction in terms when the matter is pro- " should pay ten thousand gentlemen to profess their own
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 PALL MALL BUDGET. 5
JULY 9, 1869. ]

' special opinions once a week," and observes that the establish- differ. The great object of a Church is community of worship
ment of the Church of England proves that "the country sub- and the application of the social stimulus to the religious
stantially believes its faith to be true." He adds other observations sentiment. So long as people can utter without conscious
to the effect that, if Christianity came to be generally regarded insincerity the same prayers and listen with some degree of sym-
either as false or exceedingly doubtful, it would be utterly impos- pathy to the same sermons they have what they require. There is,
sible to maintain the Church of England . There are many odd no doubt, a point beyond which you cannot go. If, for instance, a
things in the world, but it is surely one of the oddest of them man after leading his congregation in the repetition of the Apostles'
that what was regarded as incredible burlesque in one age Creed were to get up into the pulpit and insert not before every
should be urged as matter of serious argument in another. clause of it, every person who heard him would justly feel that his
One of the most wonderful of SWIFT'S displays of grim presence in the Church was an insult to every sincere member of
humour is his " Argument against abolishing Christianity." He his congregation . If, on the other hand, he doubted or explained
points out the fallacies which, as he says, are involved in the away the proposition "he descended into hell," the probability is
plausible arguments which may be used in favour of such a measure. that the great mass of his hearers would care very little about it.
It would not enlarge liberty of conscience, inasmuch as " great It is as much out of the question to draw beforehand the precise
"wits love to be free with the highest objects, and if they cannot line which divides cases of the one order from cases of the other order
" be allowed a GOD to revile and renounce, they will speak evil of as it is to lay down an inflexible rule which will enable jurymen to
"
dignities, abuse the Government, and reflect upon the Ministry." say whether in a given instance there does or does not exist “ reason-
It might be a convenience in some points ofview to abolish the clergy, able doubt " of the guilt of a prisoner. There are, however, many
but is it not desirable that in every parish there " should be one things which can be determined upon in reference to the particular
man at least of abilities to read and write " ? We might, indeed, get circumstances of an actual case, though it is impossible to find
rid of Sunday, but in that case when are the traders to sum up a single general rule which will solve every case which an ingenious
their accounts and the lawyers to prepare their briefs ? Various person may put. Probably the great mass of Church of England
other arguments having been suggested and answered, he at least people would assent to the proposition that they required in
treats of the objections to the proposal, and after advancing several clergymen nothing more than an honest belief in the fundamental
modestly puts forward the suggestion to which the Daily News doctrines of Christianity. A thousand ambiguities, no doubt,
gravely directs Dr. DAVIDSON'S attention. " Nor do I think lurk in each of the words " honest," " belief," " fundamental,"
it wholly groundless, or my fears altogether imaginary, that " doctrines," and " Christianity," but if the specific views of a given
"the abolishing of Christianity may perhaps bring the Church man were stated with perfect distinctness and unreserve a fair lay
"in danger, or at least put the Senate to the trouble of tribunal would probably find it not impossible, though it might be
another securing vote. I desire I may not be mistaken ; I am very difficult, to say whether they fell within or without the
"far from presuming to affirm or think that the Church is in line. The actually existing legal line does not exactly corre-
danger at present or as things now stand ; but we know not how spond with the popular one, but it comes much nearer to it
" soon it may be so when the Christian religion is repealed. As than many people would suppose from a superficial acquaintance
66
' plausible as this project seems there may be a dangerous design with the cases of the " Essays and Reviews " and the Bishop
" Îurk under it." For more than a century and a half this passage of NATAL. We do not know specifically what Mr. VOYSEY
has been regarded as one of the masterpieces of its author's peculiar may have said, but if he has in substance denied or
vein. It is as good in its way as the elaborate proposal to make thrown doubt upon any doctrine stated in the three creeds or
Irish babies a staple article of food ; but we have now come round Thirty-nine Articles, he has done an illegal act, and if he has, he
to the serious discussion of it. Can we have a Church without a must take the consequences. It does, no doubt , so happen that the
creed at all ? Is there any reason why a clergyman should not Church of England has no doctrine to speak of about the inspira-
stand up in his pulpit, and there preach in favour of atheism tion of the Bible, but it is of the most rigid and unbending
or pantheism, Mahometanism or Buddhism, in so many words ? orthodoxy upon such points, for instance, as the Trinity and the
Might he not, while he was about it, go a step further and preach Incarnation, and a man who denied anything affirmed , say,
the abolition of marriage and community of goods ? This really in the Athanasian creed would most assuredly suffer for it.
is the issue raised between Dr. DAVIDSON and the Daily News, for Upon the whole, there is not much room for doubt that the
though Dr. DAVIDSON does not, in express words, go so far as to ordinary action of the courts of law would be quite sufficient to
maintain the affirmative of these propositions, he lays down prin- maintain a degree of uniformity of doctrine which would satisfy the
ciples which can lead to no other result. His proposition must be great body of the quiet lay people of England, but the quiet lay
that it is desirable that in every parish in the kingdom persons mass, powerful as it is, is by no means the only body to be consulted.
should be maintained at the public expense who are to We have in the clergy at least three parties pulling in opposite
read certain services twice a week, and after reading them to make directions, and utterly, and not altogether unnaturally, opposed
to the sort of compromises and the sort of uniformity
any observations which may occur to them upon moral or religious
subjects. These persons are to be under no sort of restraint, except which lay courts would enforce. This is the true danger of the
as to the morality of their personal conduct. They are to be Church of England. It has a creed- not, to be sure, very complete
appointed, as at present, by a system of haphazard . Their con- or definite, but satisfactory enough to steady-going lay people- but
gregations are to have no hold upon them whatever, and it is to be this creed, such as it is, satisfies few of the more eager members of
the clergy. It is at once too tight and too loose. It allows a man
fully understood that they are to be at liberty to disbelieve, and
even to denounce and attack, every doctrine asserted or implied in to criticise the Bible with the utmost freedom, but it forbids him to
the services which they read. Such an institution could exist only throw the slightest doubt upon propositions which have no authority
when a state of feeling and opinion upon religious subjects univer- at all except as inferences from the Bible, and this is only one
sally prevailed which would render it utterly useless. If theology illustration of the general character of the system . Such a state of
ever came to be looked upon in the light in which we look upon things may, no doubt, last a long time by the mere vis inertia of an
established institution which every one likes, but sooner or later
judicial astrology, no one would care whether a clergyman was
orthodox or not, but no one would see any good in having any it will be found wanting, later, we hope, rather than sooner.
clergyman. If a man wants to deliver his views upon any
subject, and especially upon any moral or religious subject, he
must either form part of an organization which will maintain THE BANKRUPTCY BILL AS AMENDED.
and countenance him only on the condition of conformity to
its views, or he must bear his own expenses, or he must prevail THE Bankruptcy and Imprisonment for Debt Bills underwent such
on his hearers or readers to pay him. A man cannot at a multitude of changes in their passage through the House of
one and the same time be an organ of a great body and an Commons that it was not easy to follow from day to day the
isolated and independent inquirer into truth. That a Church must alterations they received. But they have now been laid on the
have a creed, that its members must believe it generally speaking table of the House of Lords, and reprinted for its use. It is, then.
to be substantially true, and that its ministers must be possible, and it may interest our readers, to trace the principal
restrained from denying its truth, appear to us to be pro- modifications made in both bills subsequent to their being intro-
positions which no one who understands the words of which duced in the middle of March in the House of Commons. Some
they consist can seriously deny, and they are quite as true of a of the changes we have to note were made by the Attorney- General
national Church as of any other. We cannot, therefore, agree himself on the pro forma committal, others were made on the
with Dr. DAVIDSON in objecting to the prosecution of Mr. VOYSEY recommitment at the instance of independent members ; but as the
merely on the ground that it is a prosecution. With regard to the public is more interested in the matter than in the authorship of the
merits of the particular case we have nothing at all to say ; but if new provisions, we shall not attempt to discriminate the two classes,
the matter is looked at practically, it is, we think, clear that nor shall we take any note of the numerous verbal or technical
though some degree of conformity is essential to the existence corrections where they do not involve matter of principle or
of a Church, and in particular to its power to exercise any questions of practical importance. And we shall only state the
sort of wholesome influence over the minds of its members, alterations without including the original provisions contained in
the bills when introduced.
nothing but experiment can enable any one to say what
precise amount of liberty of opinion can be tolerated in a given The liability to proceedings in bankruptcy is now extended to
communion, and upon what subjects men can be allowed to corporations, and to partnerships of any number of members,
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 6 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869.

provided they are not registered as joint-stock companies. The ments made after marriage, on the occurrence of bankruptcy within
acts of bankruptcy on which adjudication may take place have two years, unless the bankrupt could prove that he was solvent at the
been made to include a conveyance of any property to a trustee time of making the settlement, has been made more strict by extend-
for benefit of creditors, as well as the provisions of the old Acts as ing the period of voidability to ten years, unless the bankrupt can
to the absconding of the debtor, or the filing of a declaration prove solvency " without the aid of property comprised in such
of insolvency by him. The period within which the act settlement." And a settlement by a trader before or after marriage
of bankruptcy must have been committed is altered from offuture property is now declared to be void if the property or money
two to six months before the filing of the petition. The comprised in it was not actually transferred before bankruptcy.
limit of £50 for the debt of the petitioning creditor is adhered to, On the other hand, a new clause is inserted protecting all transac-
but it is now proposed that a secured debt shall suffice if the tions made or executions levied in good faith and for valuable
petitioner is willing to renounce the security. It is also now consideration. But the old enactment, inserted in the first edition
declared that a secured creditor who does not renounce his of the bill, offering a reward for discoveries of the bankrupt's
security may realize it as if there were no bankruptcy. But property, has been struck out ; and so has also been the clause
security is in all respects restricted to security over the property of forfeiting double the value of any property concealed, which the
the debtor, and does not now include securities by third persons. Attorney-General proposed to transfer to the Debtors Bill, but
On the other hand, it is provided that the court may on application which we do not now observe there.
of any creditor order a receiver to take immediate possession of Under the head of general proceedings very considerable addi-
any property. tions have been made to the original bill. Thus, the power to the
At the meeting for choice of trustee, if the registrar is unavoid- Lord Chancellor to prescribe the amount of fees has been with-
ably absent the creditors are to be allowed to elect their own drawn. Substituted service is now to be allowed on the debtor if he
chairman. In the choice itself the original restriction to creditors cannot be found personally. The creditors are to have power to
has been struck out, and the alternative of leaving the selection to object to the transfer of the case to a different court at the instance
the inspectors has been conceded . Also the power of the court to of the judge. Corporations may act by agents and creditors by
interfere either with the remuneration to be given to, or the proxies. The creditors, as well as the court, may remove a trustee,
security to be exacted from, the trustee is struck out. But the and they, and not the court, shall in that case appoint a new one.
right has been given to the court of interfering " for some just New powers are given to them to regulate the meetings and proceed-
cause " with the orders the creditors give to the trustee as to ings of the committee of inspection, and further facilities to the trustee
management ofthe estate. in suing. But the more essential alterations are found in the constitu-
In regard to the trustee's own powers and duties several important tion of the ChiefJudge's Court and the Court of Appeal. The former
provisions have been added. He may administer oaths in receiving functionary may be taken from the Chancery bar, and Mr. Com-
proof of debts, and he is to be bound to keep proper books of his missioner BACON is to be the first appointed . The Court of
transactions, and to call the inspectors together once every three Appeal in Chancery, instead of a common law court, is now to be
months to audit his accounts and determine whether any dividend the Appeal Court in Bankruptcy ; and the country courts are to be
shall be paid. Thus quarterly accounts are also now to closed at once, instead of being kept open provisionally during the
be forwarded, after audit, to the comptroller. The trustee life of the commissioners. We need hardly, however, trouble our
was originally required to estimate the value of contingent readers with the arrangements respecting compensation which were
debts tendered in proof, but an appeal from his determination so long debated in the House.
is now given to the court, which may by consent fix the Important changes have also been made in regard to " liqui-
amount without a jury, but, if required, must submit it to a dation by arrangement." In such cases it is now provided that the
jury. It is also declared that debts are not to be excluded trustee shall have the same powers and perform the same duties as
though contracted after an act of bankruptcy, unless the creditor under a bankruptcy. It is further provided that an abstract of the
had notice of the special act on which adjudication proceeded ; provision of every arrangement shall be filed in court and entered
but notice of any act of bankruptcy is made a bar to set off. The in a register. A new power of accepting a composition in lieu of
preference given to a landlord's distraint for rent is reduced from appointing a trustee under an arrangement has been introduced.
the amount of one year's to that of a half-year's rent. Interest is When proposed, the composition must be approved at a first meeting
also to be allowed by the trustee in any circumstances in which a by a majority in number and three-fourths in value of the creditors,
jury would allow it. and at a second meeting by a majority in number and value. The
With regard to the bankrupt's discharge, a power of accepting debtor is to be present and to answer all inquiries at both meetings.
a composition has been introduced, and consequently the provision The proceedings are to be binding only on such creditors as are
that he must surrender his whole estate has been expunged . But included in the bankrupt's statement of debts, and the registrar is
to the original arrangements permitting discharge on payment of to superintend the general legality of the proceedings. The
IOS. in the pound, or on a special resolution of creditors being Debtors Bill contains a new clause providing that no form of liqui-
passed declaring that the bankruptcy has arisen from unavoidable dation by arrangement shall affect the debtor's full continuing
misfortune, there is now superadded a power to the court to withhold liability for all debts contracted by fraud or breach of trust,
discharge if it shall be satisfied that the bankrupt has made default although the creditor may have concurred in the proposed arrange-
in giving up property, or that a prosecution has been instituted . ments and drawn dividends under them.
against him under the Debtors Act. And we may conveniently In the Imprisonment Bill there has been a good deal of altera-
here note that in the Imprisonment Bill the short title of which is to be tion backward and forwards, but we shall here indicate only the
the " Debtors Act, 1869," a new clause has been inserted rendering points in which the final provisions differ from the first proposal.
a bankrupt or any person arranging with his creditors incapable of Imprisonment for default in payment of penalties, or of sums
acting as justice of the peace for five years, and extending the recoverable summarily, or of costs by an attorney, or of sums due
civic disqualifications of bankruptcy to persons who make private by a trustee, or of sums ordered to be paid under the Bankruptcy
arrangements. As to after-acquired property the clause respecting Act, is now restricted to a period of one year. The power to imprison,
a creditor releasing his debt, after being once amended by the which the county courts have enjoyed, for default in payment
Attorney-General, has been struck out ; and the period of five of judgment debts, when satisfied that the debtor had means to pay,
years prescribed for making up 10s. in the pound has been reduced is extended to all courts, but only for a period of six weeks. The
to three. But if he fails to make up the IOS . the power of enforcing order in the case of county courts must be made in open court, but
debts against him, as if there had been no bankruptcy, has been in the superior courts it may be made by a judge in Chambers.
modified, by requiring the sanction of the court. The clause which With regard to the punishment of offences, the proposal that the
(as in the old Acts) granted an allowance to the bankrupt after his bankrupt shall be liable to imprisonment for any term not exceed-
discharge has been struck out. ing two years if he does not discover or deliver up his property
Turning to the mode of discovering and dealing with the bank- and books was first modified by throwing upon him the burden of
rupt's property, we find that though he is relieved from liability to proving that default was not fraudulent ; but as it now stands
arrest on merely changing his residence, he is now to be subjected he will be acquitted if the jury is satisfied in any way that
to it if he fails to attend an examination. The power of the court there was no fraud. The like mitigation has been introduced in
to order the setting aside of a portion of the bankrupt's pay or all other cases in which the bankrupt was at first required to
pension for his creditors was at first limited to civil servants of the bear the onus of disproving fraudulent intent. A new crime in
Crown, it was then extended to naval and military officers, but this category is introduced in the preventing the production of
limited to so much as would pay 10s. in the pound, and by any book or document relating to the bankrupt's affairs. The
the final amendment it is made unlimited. The " order and restriction to the sum of £ 50, in the definition of the crime, of a
disposition clause " has been restricted to the case of bankrupt bankrupt in obtaining by false representation property on credit,
traders, and even in that case it is not to include things in has been removed. And, in addition, it is now to be a misde-
action, except ordinary business debts. In a curious phrase the meanour in any person, punishable with one year's imprisonment,
enactment has been introduced that in the case of copyhold pro- if in incurring any debt or liability, he has obtained credit on false
perty "the trustee shall not be compellable to be admitted to such pretences or by fraud, or has, with intent to defraud creditors,
property," as a preface to the original proposition that he may made any gift or transfer of property, or concealed or removed
convey it byan appointment to uses. The clause annulling settle. property since or within two months before any unsatisfied judg
[ 562 ]
 JULY 9, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 7

ment. When it appears that any bankrupt has been guilty of an as these, which might possibly be adjusted, lie the objections
offence, the court instead of ordering the papers to be laid before to the whole scheme of concurrent endowment, for this no doubt
the Attorney-General, as at first proposed, may order the trustee is the principle which lies at the root of the Duke of CLEVELAND'S
to prosecute, and he shall be allowed his expenses as in a prosecu- proposal, and which he and others would wish to see adopted. The
tion for felony. But vexatious indictments for misdemeanour are principle appears to us to be altogether a wrong one. We have no
to be under the provisions of the 22 and 23 Vic. c. 17. great love for the voluntary system. We regard it, for reasons which
We have now gone over the leading alterations made in the we lately specified, as a somewhat undignified and undesirable
Bill by the Commons. Few will deny that they contain many stopgap which has to be used because the present state of religious
improvements, but it is also impossible to deny that some fuurther belief and knowledge admits of nothing better. We are, however,
improvements are needed. But the Bill, as it now stands, is far of opinion that as matters stand at present nothing better is to be
from satisfactory. It is the product of too many cooks, and its had, and that, though established Churches which happen, like the
symmetry has been destroyed by the introduction of alterations Church of England and the Church of Scotland, to harmonize to
which are hardly fitted to their place, and hardly consist with other a considerable extent with the feelings and associations of the
provisions. In the brief outline we have given, we have found it people should be respected and maintained, the time for attempting
necessary to transpose many of the clauses, in order to bring to set them up where they do not exist has gone by. Now, by
together those which belong to the same subject, but are scattered concurrent endowment we should have three established Churches in
throughout the bill. If the bill is not severely amended in the Ireland instead of one, and although there might, and no doubt
House of Lords its provisions will in a year or two need to be would, be some convenience in the arrangement, the objec-
revised and consolidated, and then an opportunity will occur for tions far outweigh them. There is one, and only one sufficient
carrying out more completely, and with the advantage of experi- justification for the erection of an established Church. When the
ence, the beneficial changes which it unquestionably, in the main, great bulk of the people really believe in the truth of the religion
inaugurates in this part of our mercantile jurisprudence. which it teaches as simply and naturally as they believe in the duty
of enforcing contracts and punishing crimes, it is natural that they
should invest the clergy with such power, rank, and wealth as
every one would naturally wish to confer upon an order of men
FRIDAY NIGHT'S AMENDMENTS.
who were really believed to be the ambassadors of GOD to mankind.
THE issue before the House of Lords on Friday night was as fol- So long as it represents the genuine religious convictions of the
lows :-The Government proposed by clause 27 to allow the Com- great mass of a nation, an established Church is a noble and magnifi-
missioners to sell the ecclesiastical residences of the clergy to the cent thing, perhaps one of the noblest institutions ever seen amongst
Church Body constituted by the Act, on what, omitting refinements, men. Such a Church may be a very useful institution for many impor-
may be described as ten years' purchase of the site, calculated on tant purposes after it has ceased to be the organ by which the nation
favourable terms. Upon this, it was moved by Lord SALISBURY thinks and receives instruction upon the highest subjects . As we
that the residences should be vested in the Church Body absolutely , see in the Church of England, the priest shades off by degrees into
and without payment. This proposal was carried . It was then a sort of moral magistrate, who does by advice, by education, and
moved by the Duke of CLEVELAND that the Commissioners should, by persuasion what the police do by rougher means. An established
upon application made for that purpose, provide the Roman Church so situated may be a very valuable body, and may retain
Catholics and Presbyterians with residences and ten acres of ground its hold on the affections of large numbers of persons who do not
out of the surplus funds of the disestablished Church . This care much for its doctrines, and stand outside of such rags of
was negatived. The general result, so far, is that the Established discipline as it still affects to exercise over laymen . This, however,
Church is to get its parsonages free from all payment, and that is a state of things which you can no more produce by legis-
the Roman Catholics and Presbyterians are to get nothing at all. lation than you could call into being by an Act of Parliament
This resolution can hardly be regarded in any other light than the ancient elms which ornament Hyde Park and Kensington
that of a misfortune. It is idle to deny that it leaves matters Gardens. Ifthe State endows voluntary religious associations , one
in a position which neither the House of Commons nor the of two things must and will happen. Either it will give large
nation at large , which it represents, can be expected to subscriptions to funds over which it has no control, and to people
accept. The position, indeed, which it creates is very who will give no sort of consideration for it, or it will find itself in
peculiar, for the House of Lords has struck a heavy blow the false position of having converted the clergy into its
at the only principle upon which it would have been possible pensioners, and having connected itself with all manner of
to obtain anything like a large share of the surplus for the religious questions which it might have altogether avoided.
disestablished Church. We can understand the attractions of con- Generally speaking, the result would be a happy combination
current endowment, though we do most distinctly disapprove it, of the two results. The clergy will become to a certain
extent State officials,
extent State officials, and they will be continually proving
but exclusive re- endowment of the existing Church is altogether
impossible . There might be some chance of the acceptance of their independence by throwing their weight into the scales
proposal to put all communions on the same footing, but a proposal of whatever party in the State may be most inclined to
to give an exclusive advantage of such great extent to the clergy of favour them. Can any one who looks at the state of France fail to
one communion is altogether inconsistent with the main principles see the enormous political power which the French priesthood get
of the bill. It is impossible to suppose that the Commons will from the fact that they are official personages recognized by the
acquiesce in a measure which is distinctly intended to produce such State ? Can any one doubt that if Archbishop MANNING, for
a result. instance, had a Government salary and a publicly recognized
As to the proposal to give residences and glebes not only to the position as a Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster, he
disestablished Church but also to the Roman Catholics and Presby- would be able to bring to bear on the Government much greater
terians, we must own that we do not see the answer either to the influence than at present in some directions, though he might lose in
practical difficulties suggested by Lord CAIRNS or to the objections other directions part of the influence which he at present possesses ?
which may be made on principle to the whole proposal of concur- Surely, too, there is something which may almost be called dishonest
rent endowment. In the first place, if Parliament is now to go out and immoral in subsidizing a variety of sects to preach all manner
of its way to provide residences for the clergy of the three principal of discordant doctrines, upon the principle that almost any sort of
religious bodies in Ireland, why is it to leave untouched the case of religion is useful, whether true or false. It is surely far better to
the minor sects ? Why, for instance, is it to overlook the Metho- leave religious questions to find their level, and to carry on the
dists, as Lord CAIRNS observed, and why is it not to declare ordinary government of the country on the simple, intelligible
generally that the Commissioners shall be bound to provide resi- principles which we are all applying every day and all day long to
dences and gardens for the ministers of all religious denominations common affairs. The plan, no doubt, is simple, and may to some
which may attain a certain degree of importance , and which may people appear vulgar, but it has, at all events, the merits of sincerity
and solidity.
be inclined to ask for them ? Surely this is not a course which
we are prepared to take, or which it would be possible to take It may be asked why, if you are in favour of the voluntary
consistently with the general policy of the bill. It appears system, at all events in Ireland, do you advocate the retention of
to us also that there is much force in Lord CAIRNS'S remark any endowments at all for the disestablished Church ? The answer
as to the question of expense. The amount which will be is, for the sake of peace and quietness and by way of compensation
realized in the way of surplus is matter of speculation . The for the disappointment of expectations which, under all the circum-
number of claims which might be made upon the Com- stances of the case, were undoubtedly natural. In this point of
missioners for the erection of new residences is also matter view the bargain offered by the Government to the outgoing clergy
of speculation, as to which no trustworthy calculations see. m was, we think, a very good one. Ten years' purchase of the bare
to have been made .
We should thus be incurring very large site is a very small sum to pay for a house and garden. We
and exceedingly ill- defined liabilities by accepting the Duke of think, however, that something might have been allowed for
CLEVELAND'S proposition , for it is obvious that those who asked improvements ; but this is a very small matter. Speaking
for and could not get a residence for their clergymen out of the generally, the offer was an admirable one, and we are very
funds in hand would be dissatisfied and would consider that they sorry for the sake of the Irish clergy that it has been to a
certain extent refused.
were treated with partiality . Apart from and beyond such matters
[ 563 ]
 8 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9 , 1869 .

AN AMERICAN SUGGESTION. the proclamation of the 13th of May declared to be violations of neutrality,
and defines the precise question between the two countries to be whether
THE New York World lately contained an article on the Alabama "the Queen's Ministers and other officers exerted with due efficiency
question which for several reasons deserves a more careful consideration all the power of her Majesty to repress the undertaking of any
from Englishmen than it is likely to obtain at this moment. In the first or all of these unlawful acts." The World does not believe
place, we suspect that it embodies the views of the American Secretary that "there is any member of the Ministry or of either House
of State. In so far as he is enabled to carry out a policy of his of Parliament who if put upon his responsibility as a judge or an
own, that policy, we imagine, without any actual knowledge of the arbitrator between the two nations would say that in respect to the
matter, will be found identical in its main outlines with that laid down Alabama the Queen's officers punctually and fully did their duty," and
in the World. In the next place, it is greatly to be desired that no whether this be so or not it is sure that " the people of the United States
proposal shall again be made on behalf of the United States which can never on the admitted facts be made to believe that," in dealing with
has not recommended itself, in the first instance, to the general senti- the Alabama, " there was not intentional wilful negligence on the part of
ment of the country. As the article in question very truly says, " The the Customs authorities, a languor of action on the part of the Crown
controversy between Great Britain and the United States has been so law officers, for which the English Government, acknowledging its regret
long, and of late so sharply, before the people that it is practically and responsibility, should promptly make due pecuniary reparation. "
impossible for any scheme of adjustment to succeed which does A case the facts of which are so clear and undisputed is not, in the
not command the approbation of intelligent voters. " The probable opinion of the World, a fit subject for arbitration. As regards the other
acceptance or rejection of such a scheme by the English Government may cruisers, the evidence of neglect is not so perfect ; but so far as the
have some influence in determining " intelligent voters " whether to give Alabama is concerned, the people of the United States will never approve
or to withhold the necessary approbation ; and therefore the frank discussion a settlement " which is not preceded by an expression on the part of
by English journals of any basis of negotiation which is proposed with any England in some customary form of diplomacy- such, for example, as in a
show of authority in their American contemporaries may help to supply diplomatic communication consenting to reopen negotiations-of her regret
for the future the knowledge which has been wanting in the past. Lastly, for the occurrences, her willingness to make due atonement for the
the suggestion before us deserves consideration on its merits. To give injury done to the nation, and pecuniary reparation for losses of indi-
any opinion as to the manner in which it should be dealt with- viduals. This done in repect to the Alabama, the question of
supposing it to be actually made by the British Government would English responsibility for the outfit, escape, and career of the other
obviously be premature ; but it is only fair to say that the proposal cruisers, together with the measure of damage actually suffered on account
sketched out in the World is as different as possible from that put forward of the Alabama as well as the other cruisers, can be submitted to the
by Mr. Seward. Whether the balance of argument shall turn out to be decision of a commission constituted as to the high contracting parties
for or against it we are bound to admit that it is conceived with a may seem best. " The distinction between such a proposal as is here indi-
statesmanship and moderation which has not of late characterized the cated and that lately made by Mr. Reverdy Johnson is, on the one hand, the
diplomatic dealings of the United States with this country. On all these omission of any claim upon England for apology or reparation " on account
grounds we think it well to give English readers a careful analysis of of belligerent recognition per se," and on the other hand the stipulation
the article. that the British Government shall acknowledge, without any preliminary
The area of the dispute is narrowed at starting by a declaration reference to arbitration, its liability for the depredations of the Alabama.
that " to require from England an apology or atonement for con- This last condition, says the World, " is the one point on which the
ceding belligerent character to the Confederate States is unnecessary, judgment of the American people is clear and settled ; on which their
useless, and inadmissible." The accepted law of nations permits demand for redress is imperative and uncompromising. If Great
every sovereign State to decide for itself when a rebellion has Britain does not owe us reparation for the ravages of the Alabama
attained such proportions as to be a war, and it is as far then we have no shadow of a case, and have been urging captious demands.
as possible from being the interest of the United States to narrow We, of course, shall never admit, not even as the result of the award of
the liberty of action thus assured. That the English proclama- arbitrators, that the keen sense of injury under which the nation has so long
tion of neutrality was not in itself a lawful cause of offence is implied been smarting had no solid foundation. We cannot consent to regard the
in the omission of the United States to make a precisely similar act a responsibility of England for the escape of the Alabama as a doubtful
ground of complaint against France or Russia. The real grievance question, and if she insists on treating it as such any further negotiations
against England as compared with these Powers is that, while they with her would be idle and futile. " The principle involved in the Alabama
maintained, she fell short of, the neutrality they professed in common. claims " cannot be submitted to the decision of Commissioners ; it must
If the act of conceding belligerent rights to the South was innocent, it be prescribed to them as the rule to guide their judgment in awarding
cannot, the World goes on to argue, be worth while to quarrel about the damages to claimants. Whether any particular claim is covered by the
sentiments which inspired it. It does not become the United States to principle is a proper question for Commissioners, as well as the amount
be over-sensitive on this point. A Power which has any regard of damages ; but the general question of liability must be settled by a
for its own dignity will be very tolerant of the sentiments concession on the part of England."
which foreign Governments entertain or express regarding its acts, and
this canon is especially applicable to a nation than which none " is
more prone to make free comments, and so to indirectly take part
THE FIELD ARTILLERY EXPERIMENTS.
in the political movements of other people." In support of this position the
World quotes a reply of Mr. Webster to an Austrian remonstrance against LAST week's experiments at Dartmoor exceeded in interest and practical
certain acts of an American agent in Hungary in 1849, which is very much importance those of the two preceding weeks, for the reason that they
to the purpose. "While performing with strict fidelity all their neutral were carried out under conditions more closely resembling the conditions
duties, nothing will deter either the Government or the people of the United of actual warfare. That is to say, the ranges were generally unknown, and
States from exercising at their own discretion the rights belonging to them the batteries manoeuvred independently, being brought suddenly into
as an independent nation, and from forming and expressing their own action in different positions, and told to fire either a certain number of
opinions, freely and at all times, upon the great political events rounds per gun against time, or deliberately, or to fire continuously for so
which may transpire among the civilized nations of the earth." It will be many minutes. We have already recorded the result of some practice of
seen that if this principle be fairly applied, a great number of the com- this character which took place last Thursday week, in which the victory
plaints which have been brought against England in the United States are of the shrapnel was sufficiently marked, while in rapidity it showed also a
deprived of all foundation. There were many Englishmen of both political slight advantage over the segment. During the week just past the
parties who formed and expressed opinions favourable to the South, but, in superiority of the shrapnel under these conditions has been still
so doing, they in no way went beyond the liberty which Mr. Webster rightly more decisively established, as may be easily gathered from the
claims on behalf of his own countrymen . If, therefore, the article goes on, following résumé of the trials, the details of which have been throughout
neither the act of conceding belligerent status to the Confederate States reported with great minuteness and fidelity by the Standard :-
nor the motives which prompted that act constitute a fair ground of On Tuesday the 12- pounder batteries, acting independently and
complaint against England, " it would be profitless to complain that ocean without any assistance from the representatives of the rival shell, were
belligerency was not withheld, or to dispute as to the precise character brought into action at four positions against a column formation of infantry
to be attributed to the blockade proclaimed by Mr. Lincoln. These targets in three rows, placed on the steep face of a hill. The ranges were
may be matters for reciprocal municipal legislation hereafter ; they have unknown and varied from 1,300 up to 2,200 yards. Each gun fired two
nothing to do with the question now in dispute between the two rounds at each position. The result was-shrapnel, 153 through and 15
countries. " lodged, against 24 through and 18 lodged with segment. The practice with
By this process the World arrives at the conclusion that the only right the shrapnel was again slightly quicker than that with the segment.
the United States have against the British Government is one arising out of Next, the 12 -pounders fired for five minutes for rapidity at an unknown
the very act which has been so ignorantly attacked by many Americans. It is range, against the same formation of targets. The result, as to effects, was—
a right " to hold the British Government to a punctual fulfilment of all shrapnel, 129 through, 14 lodged ; segment, 78 through and 29 lodged.
the obligations of the ' strict and impartial neutrality ' which the Queen The shrapnel fired 26 rounds in the five minutes ; the segment, 15 rounds.
professed on May 13, 1861. These obligations were voluntarily On Wednesday the same practice was carried on with the 9-pounders,
assumed by Great Britain, and in the spirit of national honour against a double row of targets. First, the guns fired two rounds each at
and self-respect she cannot and will not refuse to accept as the four positions, unknown ranges, from 800 up to 1,800 yards. The result
measure of her duty therein the rules which anterior to that date her own was-shrapnel, 165 through, 26 lodged, against 28 through and 5 lodged
courts and publicists laid down as the necessary and undisputable incidents by the segment.
of neutrality ; and if she intentionally or unintentionally violated those The guns were then fired for five minutes for rapidity at an unknown
rules, whereby the Government or citizens of the United States suffered range (between 1,300 and 1,400 yards) . The practice was exceedingly
losses which would not have occurred if those rules had been respected, rapid, but exceedingly ineffective. The artillerymen evidently thought
she cannot and will not withhold an expression of her regret, and more of the number of rounds than of their direction, and the result was
an admission of her liability, nor be unwilling to make due atonement and some of the wildest shooting witnessed during these experiments. Still,
pecuniary reparation." The World then enumerates the various acts which such as it was, the practice resulted in favour of the shrapnel, which
[ 564 ]
 JULY 9, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 9

fired 32 rounds, and obtained 26 through and 11 lodged. The segment, percussion fuze appears useful also for correcting or determining the eleva-
with time and percussion fuze, fired 31 rounds, and got 12 through and tion by observing the position of the burst of a few pioneer shells, we may
6 lodged ; the segment, with percussion fuze, fired 34 rounds and got only anticipate that a proportion of these fuzes will be introduced for use with
3 through, with 13 lodged. Wednesday's practice was concluded with a the shrapnel under special circumstances. But we trust that this concession
series of 15 rounds against time, at an unknown range with the 12 -pounders, in favour of the exceptional employment of percussion fuzes will not be
the targets as before. The shrapnel fired 16 rounds (one extra being fired construed into an admission that shrapnel shell should be generally burst
by a mistake) in 3 min. 33 sec.; the segment fired 15 rounds in 3 min. on graze . On the contrary, the failure which has at Dartmoor marked the
45 sec. The effects were- shrapnel through, 196 ; lodged, 12 : segment, attempt to employ percussion fuzes in this way ought to be accepted as
through, 49 ; lodged, 13. conclusive on this point.
On Thursday the 9-pounder battery, still acting independently, but at Altogether the experiments, which will probably be concluded this
a given range of 900 yards, was brought into action against a double line week, appear to be tending strongly and unmistakably in the direction.
of cavalry targets on the slope of a hill, and directed to fire 15 rounds. which, reasoning partly on theoretical grounds and partly on the recorded
against time. Again the shrapnel scored an easy victory, for it had 172 results of former trials, we ventured to anticipate, viz. the decided triumph
through and 28 lodged ; the segment had only 52 through and 43 lodged. of the shrapnel shell.
And it should be noticed that a great deal of the shrapnel effect was
lost by three targets falling down in the middle of the practice,
thus losing all the bullets which passed through the gap. The times THE HISTORY OF A BANK.
for the 15 rounds were-shrapnel, 4 min. 46 sec.; segment, 4 min. 8 sec.
The 12-pounders were then brought into action against the same targets, THE public have been rendered familiar during recent years with many
at 1,500 yards range, to fire for five minutes as quickly as they liked -the startling disclosures of recklessness in commercial transactions, but few
segment shells with percussion fuzes only. The shrapnel fired 24, the segment of them will bear comparison with the story, just published, of the famous
32 rounds, with the following effect : -Shrapnel, through, 107 ; lodged, 21 : Bank of Bombay. Never before was money so wickedly squandered,
segment, through, 64 ; lodged, 81. Again some of the shrapnel effect was never were so many means tried of involving a flourishing business in
lost by the falling of a target at the very commencement of the practice. ruin and disgrace. There is not a single circumstance to be pleaded
The 9-pounders were again brought into action, to fire up-hill at a in excuse of the bank's failure. It was brought to the ground by mis-
double row of infantry targets just behind the brow. Range 900 yards. management of the most perverse kind. In relating a story so incredible
The effects were- shrapnel, 179 through, 4 lodged ; segment, 132 through, on the face of it, the only proper course is to adhere closely to the state-
29 lodged. Finally, the 12 -pounders were directed to fire under the same ments made by the three Commissioners who have now made their report
conditions at 1,530 yards, which they did with results on this occasion upon the affairs of the bank, and we shall offer no more comment of our
slightly in favour of the segment, viz. - shrapnel, 76 through, 8 lodged ; own than is indispensable for the purpose of bringing out the facts.
segment, 111 through, and 43 lodged. If this report does not give entire satisfaction in India, where it may be
Thus the victory of the shrapnel throughout the week has been very thought that responsible officials are touched with too light a hand, it will
decisive, only broken in the one instance last recorded. And the fact that still be admitted that the Commissioners have made as thorough an
this victory has been more marked whenever the range has been unknown investigation as is now possible into the scandal with which Bombay is
justifies the anticipation which we ventured to express as to the great likely to be associated for years to come. There need be no secret about
superiority of the shell when fired under what may be regarded as the the antecedent causes of the failure, or the persons by whose instrumentality
normal conditions of field warfare, viz. unknown ranges and unknown it was achieved. In the first place, in order to lead the bank into ruin it
ground. The week before last a contemporary, with a strong bias in favour was necessary to substitute for an Act under which a good and safe
of the segment shell, was fain to admit that the shrapnel had proved itself business had been done another Act more in accordance, as the pro-
the more formidable projectile of the two under the condition, among moters thought, with the progressive spirit of the age. The new Act,
others, of a known range. Considering that, as every artilleryman ought known as Act X. of 1863 , allowed advances of money to be made on
to know, the segment is at its strongest when the range is known, this was security of shares in Indian companies. How that clause came to be
a considerable admission to make. It is, however, one which we gladly inserted no one professes to be able to explain. The legal adviser
accept, and which we believe to be perfectly accurate. The shrapnel is of the bank, since dead, informed the directors, and the directors
the more formidable projectile when the range is known ; and last week's informed the Government of India, that the phraseology of the
experiments will also, no doubt, carry conviction as to its even greater English Joint Stock Companies Act was strictly followed, and, say the
superiority at unknown ranges. These two circumstances taken together Commissioners, " audacious as the statement was, it was believed in by
seem to establish upon a tolerably sound basis the fact which we have every one, from the directors of the bank up to the Governor- General in
throughout asserted, that for the general purposes of war the shrapnel is Council." Besides this great departure from the terms of the old Act,
very much the better shell. It has now also proved itself, what had been certain wholesome restrictions with regard to the issue of loans to firms and
doubted, quite as quick as the segment, if not quicker, to fuze and handle ; others, and to the overdrawal of accounts, were all removed. The misfor-
while the number of premature bursts which occurred with the segment tunes of the bank primarily turned on this dangerous measure, and none
bear testimony to some radical defects in its fuze system, which, coupled of the officials who ought to have foreseen the road to ruin which it opened
with the great lateral dispersion of its fragments, would seriously cripple up seem to have used the most ordinary care in examining the Act. The
its use in the field on account of the resulting danger to one's own troops. secretary of the bank, Mr. Blair, and the deputy secretary, Mr. Ryland,
It will be recollected that on one day in the course of the trials the appreciated the power which the clause left in their hands. They " deter-
week before last the segment obtained a marked advantage. This was mined from the first," the Commissioners report, "to avail themselves of
when the two shells were fired deliberately at known ranges at a 66 quarter all the powers which the new Act conferred."
distance " column of infantry targets, placed slightly behind the brow of a The first " new business " that was done consisted in advancing
hill so that only the top of the first row was visible from the guns. We money on personal security alone. The first of these practically
pointed out, however, that the want of success of the shrapnel on this unsecured loans was made to the father of one Premchund Roychund,
occasion was clearly due to the shells having been burst too short and too a native director of the bank, of whom we shall learn more hereafter.
high, and we expressed our conviction that the trial would therefore be The sum advanced was £ 10,000. This change in the management
repeated. It has been repeated, with very much the result which of the bank was concealed by Mr. Blair, the secretary, from the directors.
we had anticipated . With the 9-pounder, the shrapnel having There was an 66' application book " which was laid before the directors at
14 effective rounds obtained (at 1,000 yards) 414 through and 124 lodged ; their board meetings, and these " cash credits " were never entered in that
the segment, with double fuze, 15 effective rounds, had 311 through, book. But a " small informal account," not submitted to the directors,
and 94 lodged, and with the percussion fuze 15 effective rounds was opened by the ledger keeper, acting under orders from Mr. Blair.
gave 263 through and 137 lodged. Thus the result of the former A beginning having thus been made, all kinds of irregularities were
practice was, as far as the 9 -pounders were concerned, reversed. With the soon imported into the business of the bank. Mr. Blair consented to
12 -pounders, the shrapnel , out of 9 effective rounds , had (at a range of discount promissory notes signed by a single borrower, without any other
1,670) 374 through and 107 lodged . The segment, double fuze, out of 9 security. All the directors who were examined , save one , denied any know-
effective rounds , had 258 through and 84 lodged ; and with percussion fuze, ledge of this practice. Throughout the affair, the bank seems to have been
out of 15 effective rounds, 529 through and 234 lodged. The proper way conducted without any actual supervision on the part of the directors. The
to estimate the value of the shell in this practice is to tabulate the results board which held office between June, 1864, and April, 1865, if they did
according to the percentage of hits per effective rounds, and we then see not actually encourage wild and reckless speculation, at least took no pains
that the shrapnel was throughout victorious :- to stop it. In June, 1864, the memorable " share fever " broke out in
Bombay. It began with the Bombay Reclamation, or Back Bay Company,
9-Pounder. 12-Pounder. whose shares sold at enormous profits. Other companies were soon
started, the natives were easily infected with the malady, and in many
No. of Average per Round. No. of Average per Round. cases shares went to a high premium before the allotments were
Effective Effective settled. The Bank of Bombay might very easily have been kept
Rounds. Through . Lodged. Rounds. Through. Lodged.
out of harm , but the secretary was bent on carrying out his own plans.
Shrapnel
8.8 41.6 He persuaded the existing board of directors, by statements which the
14 29.6 9 11.9
Segment , double Commissioners declare he " must have known to be untrue," to sanction
fuze
Segment, 15 20.7 6.4 9 28.7 9.3 the course he had long followed of granting cash credits on the security of
cussion fuzper- promissory notes in one name. When this had been settled, money
e ... 1
15 17.5 9. I 15 35.3 15.6 poured out of the bank coffers, and the directors made no inquiry.
The shrapnel has not yet been tried with percussion fuzes, against Tens of thousands of pounds were advanced by Mr. Blair to indi-
this deep formation, where the use of such fuzes is permissible, since it has viduals and bubble companies, without, as the Commissioners report,
been established by some trials last Monday week against bags of sawdust any consultation with the directors. The borrowers of money found
and heather that the fuzes will act in passing through a man as effectively that they were only called upon to sign informal documents, binding
as they have done through rows of deal targets. We presume that this them to pay less interest in case of default than that charged during the
trial will be made with results which it is easy to foresee. And as the currency ofthe loan. Some of the directors were themselves engaged in large
[ 565 ]
 IO PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869.

speculations, and others had their own private business to attend to. The own purposes " -Premchund Roychund and Mr. Tracey. Others of the
president, Mr. Birch , a Government director, occasionally " looked in at the directors, however, did receive allotments of shares, although not in any
bank to inquire how matters were going on." He, too, was occupied with large quantities.
private matters of some interest. He held a high position, and, whether It will occur to many readers to put a question which has long been a
in consequence of that or other circumstances, certain it is that valuable puzzle in India, What were the Government of Bombay, the Government
allotments of shares were made to him. The list of his " investments," of India, and the Secretary of State about while all this was going on ?
is so remarkable, all things considered , that we cannot but quote it :- The Bombay Government had power to exercise no slight influence in
No. of Shares. Names of Companies. Profit on Sale. the management of the bank--six directors on the board were its special
8 representatives. But the Commissioners have come to the conclusion that
Bombay Reclamation Company £30,100
150 ... Financial Association of India and China 4.775 the Bombay Government was deceived like the directors. " The
2 Mazagon Land and Reclamation Company 1,200 returns sent by the bank to Government were of a delusive character,
2 United Victoria and Colaba Company 800 and not calculated to afford any accurate information as to the nature
2 Victoria Land and Press Company .... 700 of the business transacted or the securities on which advances were
made." In May, 1865 , some of the new directors became alarmed at what
Total £37,575 they saw and heard, and tried to introduce a better system . But Mr. Blair,
Besides these, he received an allotment of five shares in the Port the secretary, had been succeeded by Mr. Robertson , who (we again quote
Canning Company, which was a Bengal scheme ; these he might have sold from the Commissioners) " was a party to some of the worst business done in
at a premium of £ 5,000 and upwards, but he preferred to hold them ; and Mr. Blair's time, and was not much more scrupulous than his predecessor."
he also purchased at a premium, shortly before he left India, some of the He received allotments of shares from Premchund and others. Under such
second issue of shares in the Asiatic Bank, a speculation which turned out circumstances reforms were difficult. The Secretary of State (Sir Charles
unfortunately. Wood) warned the Government of Bombay to look after the bank. The
When Mr. Birch resigned, his brother directors passed a resolution. Governor-General sent for immediate explanations concerning the bank's
requesting him " to have a full-length portrait of himself painted by a good condition, but they were withheld for a long time. In June, 1865,
a panic broke out. The Viceroy telegraphed to inquire whether any
artist, at the expense of the bank." What has become of this interesting
work of art is not stated, but the companion portrait drawn by the steps had been taken to ascertain the quality of the outstanding bills and
Commissioners is not flattering. We quote a few passages :- " His securities held by the directors. Sir Bartle Frere replied that the
66
whole administration, after the passing of Act X. , was remarkable advances on shares without collateral security were not large, nor the
for nothing but idleness and incompetency." " Mr. Birch was not too prices at which they were then valued high." " It is difficult to under-
ill to occupy his time in speculations which necessarily diverted his stand the last observation," the Commissioners frankly admit. They
attention from his duties as president. It is proved that he received. suppose that Sir Bartle Frere thought some valuable security had been
allotments in many companies, the shares of which were at a high premium deposited besides the shares, but if inquiry had been made at the bank
at the time he received them, and he thereby laid himself under obligations this presumption would have been immediately disposed of. The
to the promoters of companies, and became a party to the wild speculations Government of Bombay sent other reassuring reports to the Viceroy, but
of the day." his searching questions into the state of the bank were for some reason not
But another hand did more than Mr. Birch's to destroy the bank. answered. If they had been- and it was clearly the duty of the Bombay
The native director, Premchund Roychund, once a broker " in no great Government to have gone thoroughly into the whole subject—" the
business," found out the sort of colleagues he had to deal with , and turned crippled condition of the bank would at once have been ascertained ."
the knowledge to good account. The secretary placed himself entirely in In April, 1866, the finishing stroke was put to the bank, appropriately
Premchund's hands. If he recommended anybody for a loan, it enough by Premchund Roychund. He announced to Mr. Robertson, the
was at once advanced. If he wanted money himself, no difficulty secretary, that he was in immediate want of 25 lacs ( £250,000). At this time
was made about letting him have it. He was consulted by the pro- he already owed the bank £235,000. There was no prospect of getting
moters of the mushroom companies concerning the allotment of shares, repayment, as the directors might have ascertained if they had taken the
made, and Sir Bartle Frere, " believing,
and he distributed them with great tact, first among the managers of the trouble. But the new advance was
as he says, the transaction to be still in fieri," approved it. Of course none
banks, not forgetting his own, and then to other persons who might be
useful. In fact, he was a man quite equal to the position in which he of the money was recovered. We may now leave Premchund Roychund
found himself. He could use an opportunity when it came to his with the summing up of the Commissioners :- " Without honour or
hand. " Intelligent and subtle," remark the Commissioners, he " was not principle himself, he corrupted the secretaries, never disclosed to his
money for
slow to fathom the imbecility and weak moral character of Mr. Blair, and brother directors the business the bank was doing, and used its
soon acquired a great influence over him and his subordinates, with his own purposes, and to the ruin of the interests of the bank."
complete command of the funds of the bank. . . . The result was The destruction of the bank was completed. Under Mr. Robertson's
that the bank became Premchund's." This very clever person managed to management it had lost £ 515,558. No one had interfered in behalf
draw from the bank, as " loans " to himself, the sum of forty-two lacs of of the shareholders, and the warnings of the Viceroy and Sir Charles
Wood were alike unheeded. The directors and the Bombay Govern-
rupees (£420,000 ) . But this was not all. For friends who wanted to buy
shares from himself he borrowed £669,000, of which £434,547 will never ment were duped by persons whom they never ought to have
be heard of again. Besides this he succeeded in borrowing for his partners trusted, and why they were so long in arousing themselves to a proper
in speculation the further sum of £ 295,893 , of which 130,240 is lost. sense of the dishonesty which surrounded them the present report does
It will be seen that Premchund Roychund has done much to acquire not explain. We need not point the moral of this story, but we may safely
celebrity in Bombay. say that few of the persons who are in any way involved in it come out
It was now the easiest thing in the world for any man to get money with credit to themselves.
from the Bank. Sometimes the applicant was not even allowed to explain
the arrangements he proposed to make with reference to security. It was
so with Mr. Fleming, a partner in a firm who obtained an advance of THE LORD ADVOCATE.
£ 100,000 on their promissory note. Mr. Blair, deposed Mr. Fleming,
granted me the loan at once, immediately on my asking for it. He THE Scottish nation is, it seems, dissatisfied with its self- government. It
refused to hear any explanations at all, but turned to Mr. Robertson, who, has no complaint to make of foreign interference, it manages its own
if my memory serves me right, was in the same room, and said, ' Let affairs in its own way, but its own way no longer pleases it. An insurrec-
Mr. Fleming have ten or twenty lacs, or whatever he requires.' I urged tion has broken out against the Lord Advocate, a round robin has been
very much making some explanation , for it was an anomalous thing my signed by most of the Scottish members, demanding an alteration
borrowing such a sum of money at the time, but he would not listen to of the office, and Government, after hearing what can be said
anything which I had to say." in support of the present system, is said to be seriously con-
With so pleasant a manager to deal with, of course there was no sidering whether a change must not be introduced. The complaint
lack of borrowers. They came from all quarters, and always found is that the office is too autocratic in principle and too universal
Mr. Blair a man of most obliging disposition. Mr. Fleming's firm for one man to attend to in practice. The Lord Advocate has on his
repaid the £ 100,000, but that was not the ordinary course of such shoulders the whole legislative direction and executive administration
transactions. Sometimes the loan was arrangeed by Premchund Roy- of Scotland. He is for that part of the country the Lord Lieutenant, the
chund for his own bnefit, and more money was obtained upon shares Lord Chancellor, the Home Secretary, and the Attorney- General all rolled
than they had actually cost. The money was taken out, and the shares, into one. If he does not perform the ornamental part of the first, or the
which afterwards turned out to be worthless, were deposited instead in the judicial duties of the second, of these functionaries, the burden is made
bank coffers. A similar style of business was carried on at the various up by his adding to the ordinary work of law officer of the Crown the
branches of the bank. They managed to lose among them upwards of special labours of public prosecutor. It is he who is responsible for the;
peace of the country ; it is he who initiates and controls all its legislation
£200,000.
In March, 1865 , Mr. Birch retired, and Mr. Hannay was elected it is he who sets in motion and guides its whole criminal system ; and
president. Between this date and the 10th of June following the bank it is he who substantially exercises all its patronage. For this work the
made other advances on shares and lost £ 134,715 by them . In Lord Advocate is paid somewhat under £2,500 a year, besides considerable
April the bank was deprived of Mr. Blair's services. The general fees for Government legal business. But the sum is only half what a leading
results of his management are thus summed up by the Commissioners :- member of the bar makes in Scotland , and therefore the Lord Advocate
does not, any more than the Attorney- General, give up private practice on
Of the advances made during his time, 1,27,82,437 rupees (£1,278,243 )
still remain unrecovered . Add to this the losses of the branches, taking office. Practice in Scotland is, however, hardly compatible with
and there is a told sum not returned of £ 1,531,340. Mr. Blair attention to business in Parliament, and hence growing complaints that
public affairs do not receive the attention which Scottish members consider
deceived the directors, " and his orders for the omissions from the
dishonest, and deceived those by they ought to have from the member of the Government who has official
application book show that he was
whom he was trusted." This is the judgment passed by the Com- charge of them. The discontent is heightened at present bythe circumstances
that when the last Lord Advocate was in office he renounced during
missioners on his career. As for the directors, there are only two of
his Edinburgh practice, and stuck steadily to his
them who, according to the evidence, " used the bank's money for their the sitting of Parliament
[ 566]
 3

PALL MALL BUDGET. II

JULY 9, 1869. ]

post in London ; a sacrifice to the public service which brings into stronger Secretary, and not the Attorney-General, who explains why Government
relief the inconveniences of a return to the old system. But it was felt that decides to prosecute or not to prosecute offenders on a larger scale.
even this devotion was only a palliative of the evil ; and the remedy most There is no reason to suppose that a county or borough member from
desired is a partition of the legislative and legal functions by the appoint- Scotland could not as efficiently supply the like information to any critical
ment of a distinct Secretary of State for Scotland, leaving to the Lord Advo- Scottish censor. On the whole, it certainly seems that advantage to the
cate only the proper duties of chief law officer and head of the criminal country would follow from extending the area of selection of Secretary to
department. On the other hand, the Edinburgh bar is unwilling to surrender the whole body of representatives from Scotland, and that the trade-union
its claim to a political office of importance, and its notion is that the Lord effort ofthe Scottish bar to retain it as a perquisite of success in their own
Advocate should keep all his functions, except those of chief prosecutor, small profession is one which public policy requires should be resisted.
which should be made over to the Solicitor- General ; while in consideration By all means let us have all the ability the bar can furnish, but do not let
of renouncing private practice during the tenure of office, the Lord Advocate us exclude other ability which may be found outside its limits.
should be paid a higher salary, and at the same time the Solicitor- General
should receive an additional salary for doing the legal work in Edinburgh.
It is certainly an anomaly in administration that so many and so THE CHURCH OF A MINORITY.
various duties should be concentrated in one man's hands. But it is not
difficult to see how it has come to pass. Before the Union the Lord By rather a singular coincidence, just at the time when the disestablishment.
Advocate was an officer of State in Scotland, ranking with the Secretary, of the Irish branch of the Anglican Church is under consideration the very
the Treasurer, the Chancellor, and the other dignitaries who then formed same question is raised in a distant quarter of the British Empire. It
what was equivalent to the modern Cabinet. When Scotland and England appears that in Jamaica the " Clergy Act " on which the Church Establish-
both merged in Great Britain, most of these local offices were abolished , ment rests, will expire at the end of the current year ; and as the island
but that of the Lord Advocate as Attorney-General and Public Prosecutor is now under Crown government, it falls in the last resort on the Colonial
Office to determine whether that Establishment shall have a new lease of
necessarily survived. But an English minister, though in theory ruling
over Scotland as well as England, soon found that he did not understand existence or not. Such, at least, we understand to be the view of those
the system, habits , or laws of the people, and hence he came to rely more gentlemen who waited on the Colonial Secretary the other day, to advocate
and more on the Lord Advocate. In these days, also, the Scottish bar the cause of " voluntaryism ."
was mainly recruited from the ranks of the landed gentry, and, consequently, The history ofthe Church of England in Jamaica (and other parts of
its head was in almost all cases a man of birth and position, whose rank the West Indies also) is curious and instructive, because it really illustrates
inspired respect in Scotland, as his local knowledge procured him deference the principles which lie at the root of this great matter elsewhere. If in
at Whitehall. Nor is it to be forgotten that the electoral system of any case the policy of establishment was justifiable, and might have been
Scotland was tenfold more absurd and corrupt than that of England, a expected to be beneficial, it was in that of the West Indies. They were
fact which inevitably led to the authority of the immediate ruler being inhabited by a small number of whites for the most part attached to that
more extensive and less questioned than that of any minister ever was Church, and a multitude of slaves scarcely rescued from paganism. Among
here. But all these conditions are now changed. The customs of the these the ministrations of appointed and authorized teachers might be
two countries are becoming daily more assimilated and better reciprocally expected to counteract, as far as any religious ministrations could
understood. The bar of Scotland is now, like our own, resorted to by counteract, the evils of barbarism and of slavery. With this view
more members of the lower than of the upper middle class, and vulgar parishes were constituted, a regular clergy created, episcopal supervision
acuteness may win the professional prizes which formerly went to birth. provided, partly at the expense of the colonial community, but
The nation is become in its ideas and in its representation more democratic not without assistance from the mother country. The experiment
than England is. All the prestige of a well-born well-employed advocate is commenced under circumstances widely different from that which has just
therefore gone, and an attentive man of business is desired for government come to an end in Ireland. In this last country a large majority of the
work rather than a sharp lawyer. And the proposal that the Lord Advocate people, claiming equality of treatment, were postponed in religious matters
should in any way continue to be the head of the Government of Scotland is to a mere minority. In the West Indies the mass of the people belonged
open to the fatal objection that it limits the choice to one section ofthe com- to an inferior race, whether made so by nature or through slavery. They
munity. The bar of Scotland may be very able, but it is not all Scotland. were new and very imperfect converts from paganism, and the system of
Necessarily also, from its remoteness, it can never afford to send more than tutelage under an established faith was that which seemed à priori best
one or two members to the House of Commons. It is absurd to confine adapted for their condition. Everything, in short, promised as well for the
the selection of the Secretary for Scotland to the one or two individuals attempt there as it promised ill in Ireland . But the result, after two
who have risen to the top of one profession. There are in the House of centuries' experience, has been almost identical in the two cases. Here
Commons some dozens of leading English barristers, but the country would are the religious statistics of Jamaica, as propounded in the memorial
never stand the system of selecting the Home Secretary exclusively from presented to the Colonial Office by the gentlemen in question :-
these gentlemen. Scotland is still more entitled to resent the restriction The population of Jamaica, according to the census of 1861 , was 441,264. In 1865,
of choice of her Secretary to the one or two advocates who find it when the Jamaica Establishment was in what may be considered as its normal state, the
convenient to obtain seats in Parliament. Indeed the suggestion that number of Episcopalian places ofworship was, according to the Jamaica Blue-book, 87, the
there may be always one or two to choose among goes beyond the warrant number of sittings 46,434, and the reported attendance 39,710. . . . At the same period
of recent facts. Under Lord Derby's Ministry the Lord Advocate was long there were reported to be 261 Nonconformist places of worship, capable of containing
out of the House because he could not get a seat. If the present Lord 127,660 persons , with an average attendance of 87,115 persons. Thus the provision for
Advocate and Solicitor- General for Scotland were to be promoted to the religious worship made by Nonconformists was three times as large as that made by
bench, it is not certain that their constituents would elect another advocate establishment ; and for every Episcopalian there were more than two Nonconformist
to succeed either of them, and if not, there would be no other leading worshippers. The Baptists alone had as many places of worship as the Episcopalians,
Scottish advocate in the House on the Liberal side. It is plain from these and the Wesleyans nearly the same number. The Nonconformist places of worship
considerations that the Secretary for Scotland ought to be eligible in have all been built by means of voluntary contributions-partly raised in this
country, but for the most part the gift of the native population. The ministers
virtue of his ability and competence without reference to the question
whether he is a leading member of the bar or not. His parliamentary of the Baptist body are wholly maintained by their congregations, and other
Nonconformist ministers are partially supported by the missionary societies of this
and administrative functions are quite distinct from the legal functions of
country, but probably to the extent of one-half by those to whom they minister.
an Attorney General and Public Prosecutor, and obvious advantage would
In the matter of education also, the Nonconformists of Jamaica have equally
accrue from placing them in lay hands.
outstripped Episcopalians ; the number of day schools provided by the province being
The objection may certainly be made that there ought to be a Scottish 288, as against 104 provided by the latter ; notwithstanding that all but eight of the
lawyer in the House of Commons to answer legal questions and to help in Episcopalian schools receive State aid, while nearly half the Nonconformist schools
carrying legal reforms. The latter functions are performed in England by have hitherto been unaided by the Government. It is important to add that the
the Attorney and Solicitor General, and it may be argued that pro- Nonconformists of Jamaica who maintain these religious and educational agencies
vision ought to be made for their being performed for Scotland belong, for the most part, to a race which has but lately been freed from the
by a person equally competent. Then, if for these reasons there degrading influences of slavery, and that they still occupy a humble social position.
must be a member of the Scottish bar in the House, it may be On the other hand, the members of the Church of England comprise most of the
insisted that he ought to be paid to stay in London, and that if this owners of property, the employers, and the official class in the island. Yet, while
is done there is an economy in making him, rather than any one else , the comparatively poor majority of the population of Jamaica cheerfully provide for the
the virtual Secretary for Scotland. But all these arguments depend on the maintenance of religious institutions at their own cost, the Church of the wealthy
assumption that the House needs for its information and guidance in majority is supported partly from Imperial funds, but chiefly out of the island revenues,
Scottish affairs a man skilled in the most abstruse technicalities of Scottish and is placed in a position of legal superiority. Altogether the stipends and allowances
law. This assumption is hardly justified by experience. The House never of the Jamaica Establishment amounted to £37,378 a year, of which £30,278 was
goes into such technicalities at all. All such points are left, and furnished from the taxation of the island, and £ 7,100 was paid from the English
wisely left, to the Scottish members, who extemporize themselves into Consolidated Fund. The total ecclesiastical expenditure was still larger, inasmuch as
the church repairs and other church expenses were also paid out of the island revenues ;
a committee in the tea room, or the apartments of some one of their
number. Legal bills are prepared in Edinburgh by the Crown these additional charges amounting to from £8,000 to £9,000 a year.
agent, not in London by the Lord Advocate. When they are The Bishop of Kingston has written to a newspaper, in which this
brought under the consideration of the Scottish members it is easy to have memorial appeared, to correct some of these numerical details. But his
a gentleman from Edinburgh to explain them, and if approved by that corrections, if well founded, are so slight as to leave the substantial case
section of the House we will be bound that no other member will unimpaired. All the rhetoric expended at meetings of the Propagation of
impede their passage . As to the answering of questions in the House, the Gospel Society cannot alter it. We have it on no less an authority
that duty can be very well performed by a non-legal Scottish Secretary, than that of the Archbishop of Canterbury that " the true criterion of a
just as the Home Secretary answers all questions of the like kind Church is whether it fulfils its functions. " Here is a Church which obviously
arising out of English matters. It is Mr. Bruce, and not Sir R. Collier, does not fulfil them. It is the chosen Church of a class, not of the people.
who replies to the interpellations of Mr. Taylor respecting children Its ministers belong to a class, and minister to a class. They had not one
who have been convicted of larceny of apples or justices who have word of commiseration, that we remember to have seen recorded, for the
sat on the trial of poachers of their own game. It is the Home sufferings of the four hundred Jamaicans who were put to death lately in
[ 567 ]
 12 PALL MALL BUDG . [JULY 9, 1869.
ET

vindication of colonial justice. In all this they sided with their class, and aversion on the ceremony of plunging one's hand into a mahogany whirligig,
in accordance with strong class opinion ; but that class comprised only a and thereby deciding upon the whole fate of one's life ; and I have had the
section of the population. opportunity of noting that the rustic who draws a bad number betrays less
Of course it may be alleged, as it often has been alleged, that it is the equanimity than one would think consistent with a thoroughly popular
fault of the coloured people themselves if they will not avail themselves of institution. Jean Tripou , when the day of tribulation came round, howled
the sober ministrations of the clergy who are set over them by authority hideously ; and it was the more dismal to hear him as there were a good
and paid for by themselves ; that it is their fault, and still more the fault of many who howled in his company. A knot of them, all simple louts
zealous missionary bodies in England, if the rant of ignorant enthusiasts who believed in sheeps' tails, were gathered together outside the
commands their approval and interests their imagination more than the village mairie, looking blue in the face, bloated about the eyes, and
as chattery in the teeth as if their under jaws were loose. Rebellious
Liturgy and sermons of orthodox pastors ; just as we are told it is the
spirit, too, was a-flame in them : " Why," snivelled one, " should I be
fault of the Irish that they will be Romanists. And there may be some
truth, for aught we know, in Anthony Trollope's jest, that " the negroes love taken from my field ? father can't till it alone, and he'll not find a hand to
do the work I did under three francs a day. If the Government wants to
best that class of religion which allows them to hear the most of their own
voices ; they are, therefore, fond of Baptists, and fonder of the Wesleyans fight the Prussians, why can't it go and do so by itself?" ( N. B.-- For the rural
mind the Government is a machine on wheels located in Paris, but made
than of the Church of England." And, for our own parts, we have on various
occasions fully admitted the truth that a Church may do much good by so as to be moved into action in cases of emergency. ) " Yes," groaned
its example, and by the influence of its ministers, among those who another, " and why should I , who was earning my fifty sous a day, and
persist in refusing their adherence to it. But no considerations of this kind might in ten years' time have laid by enough to buy a plot of land— why
can long justify, in the eyes of modern statesmanship or in those of abstract should I be clapped into a pair of red trousers and sent off to fight for the
justice, the maintenance of the religion of a clear minority at the expense next nine years? When I'm thirty I shall be just where I am now,
and have to begin life again without a centime." Here Tripou
of the rest. In Protestant countries, some establishments have their roots
chimed : " And does the Government think that Marie Fichu
in the choice of the people, as in Scotland, Holland, Switzerland. Others
were imposed on the people by the State in a compulsory fashion , but have will wait nine years for me, and remain single until I come
gradually earned not only the acquiescence but the adherence of the people, back again ? Why, if I draw a bad number this morning, old Fichu
or a large majority of them, as in England and in the kingdoms of northern will be waiting down the lane for me with his stick, and if I try
Europe. But a Protestant Church, endowed and planted amidst a people to speak to Marie he will hit me on the head. I know him. Besides, by
who do not embrace it cannot subsist as a reality. What particular the time I've done my soldiering Marie will be married to somebody else,
measures Government may be able or willing to take in the particular and have a lot of children ; I know her. " At this juncture Tripou's feelings
case of Jamaica we are unable to say. We cite it only as an instance became too bitter for him, and he began to sob again grievously. " Espèce
illustrating a general truth, and it is a very pregnant one. de grand dadai," cried a dragoon who was standing near. " Est ce
comme ça qu'on pleurniche ? Allons, tête de bêta, perhaps you'll draw a
good number yet ; or perhaps some day you'll become captain and general.
I knew an imbecile who became captain and general, but he didn't howl
MEN OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. like you. What do you care for Marie, either? If she won't wait for you
No. XVII. THE PRIVATE Soldier. you'll find plenty of others. Les femmes, voyez vous, c'est comme les
pommes de terre, ça ce trouve partout." It is to be remarked that there
A YEAR ago an untoward catastrophe befell Jean Tripou ; he drew
" No. 12 at the conscription and was forthwith marched off to the army. are always dragoons standing about ready to administer spiritual comfort
of this sort. There is always a gendarme, too, who has been reading in
Now imagine the position of Tripou , who had peaceful tastes and detested
bloodshed . He was a simple peasant- very simple - whose father could yesterday's paper that the Government intends to abolish the conscription
the week after next, so that those who draw bad numbers will probably not
neither read nor write, and whose mother had taught him to believe in
ghosts, amulets, and diabolic visitations. When it thundered, be wanted. In the case of Tripou, however, this solace failed, for he
the Tripou family used to think it was the Evil One who, incensed remembered that the gendarme had said the same thing the year before.
at being turned out of his first abode, was making a riot in the He accordingly went on with his weeping, and continued without ceasing
clouds to revenge himself. When it hailed, the Tripou family tied until the prefect arrived in company with a general of division, and was
received at the door of the mairie by the mayor, the municipal council,
a sheep's tail to the end of a piece of stick and planted the stick
and seventeen firemen, all in uniform . Tripou then rubbed his knuckles
in the ground. Hail, as they knew, is another of the devil's works ,
but the devil is afraid of sheeps ' tails, and never throws stones into a field in his eyes, stuffed his handkerchief into his pocket, and with a sigh more
where he sees one tied to a bit of stick. This was a secret confided to the piteous than anything he had sighed before, went in to meet his fate.
village by Tripou's grandsire. The father of Tripou had an acre of his The operation of the conscription is exceedingly simple. The prefect
own which Jean Tripou tilled. When there was nothing for him to do at of the department, together with a general of division and a commissary of
home, he worked for the neighbouring farmers, earning between twenty-five police, sit together at a table on which is set a mahogany cylinder hung
and forty sous a day, according to the season : twenty-five sous in winter between two uprights, and moving upon pivots. The cylinder contains
and forty at harvest time, besides which he was given his two meals. just as many tickets as there are lads about to draw ; and as the drawers
He was contented enough, and would have been happy but for the are all those who have attained their twentieth year within the twelvemonth,
thought of the conscription . He had been to the primary school , there are generally about 120 every year in a rural canton. Out of these
and had profited enough thereby to be able to write on the walls 120 the Government usually require sixty for the service, so that if amongst
with a bit of chalk : " Not' mair est une viel savat. " If his spelling those who draw the first sixty figures there are none who claim exemption,
was faulty it was that the man is not perfect. Tripou's favourite amuse- the rustic who draws No. 61 may consider himself safe. But this is seldom
the case. Out of the first sixty there are sometimes as many as a score
ment was to go out into a field with his comrades when the day's
work was over and play at the national game of leap-frog. When the who are exempted on account of bodily infirmities or from being only
sport began to flag the great fun was to duck suddenly down on one's sons of widows, or, again, from having an elder brother already in the army."
knees just as one's friend had taken his jump ; this sent him flat on his A conscript, therefore, cannot call himself well out of the wood unless he pulls
nose and made the others laugh . But there was something Tripou liked out a ticket marked with some figure above 80 ; in other words, the
even better than this, and that was courting. He was in love with Marie chances against him are about three to two. It is only fair to state that the
Fichu, the daughter of old Fichu, who lived down the lane, and she had whole ceremony is conducted with great fairness ; no cheating, in fact, is
66
promised to marry him if he drew a good number " on the dreaded " jour possible. The tickets are all rolled up like small spills, and before pulling
du tirage." Unfortunately, old Fichu had an unpleasant habit of throwing one out the conscript is allowed to give the whirligig as many turns as he
himself athwart the courtship, and saying whenever he met Tripou, likes, in order to mix them all up together, but by the new army law, passed
in 1868, those who draw " bad numbers " have to serve very nearly nine
" Ecoute, mon garçon, si je te prends à roder comme ça autour de Marie,
j'aurai bientôt fait de te couper les oreilles. Attends que la conscription four years and a half- ¿.e. rather more than five years in the regular army and
years in the reserve.
soit finie, puis nous verrons." This " attends que la conscription soit The " good numbers " have to do five years in
finie " was the phrase the unhappy Tripou heard everywhere. It was like the Garde Nationale Mobile. The conscription always takes place towards
a log of wood tied to his leg by a chain ; it made his life a burden to him. the end of January or the beginning of February, but by the new law the
He could not take a step without being reminded by it that he was not his conscripts are not enrolled till July. If, however, a lad likes to join at once
own master, and that until he had dipped his hand into the Government he is at liberty to do so, and he has then the privilege of choosing his
lottery-box it was no good his planning any schemes for the future. regiment, which those who only join in July have not. It may be men-
At the time when the conscription law was first voted gambling was tioned cursorily that it is the Alsatians who are supposed to make the best
more the fashion than it is at present. Everybody gambled either at the soldiers. They are tall, strong, and honest. Most of them join immediately
public lotteries, which were drawn in France four times a year, or at the after they have drawn and elect for the artillery so as to have a greater chance
public gaming tables, of which every town, however small, possessed at of remaining near home, there being always several regiments of artillery-
least two or three. People were pretty well used , then , to the excitement men quartered at Strasburg, Colmar, and Mulhouse. The Marseillais, who
of being millionaires on one day and penniless the next ; and if a few are small and fiery, are generally put into the Zouaves. They are good
zanies occasionally went and hanged themselves in the neighbourhood of soldiers in war, but in time of peace they are the plagues of a garrison,
the Palais Royal, they were only underbred zanies who had not spirit being eternally fighting, drinking, and thieving. The Parisians, if they
enough to bear up against present losses in the confident hope of better have their choice, invariably ask to be hussars or lancers, and it is a well-
luck next time. In those days, to stake seven or eight years of one's life known fact that they make the worst soldiers in the army. With them it is
on the hazard of ticket was scarcely more exciting than to stake half one's all brag and show ; they keep themselves very neat and smoke cigarettes,
fortune on the chance of a card. It was a sensation like another- not but they are idle, and, when scolded, sulky. They always rejoice exceed-
pleasant for those who lost, but nothing to make a fuss about. Nowadays ingly when peace is proclaimed.
we have degenerated. Gambling, thanks to betting agencies and joint- As I have already said, poor Jean Tripou drew No. 12 , notwith-
stock companies, has not yet gone out, but men of the present day bear
their losses with less of that equal mind which characterized the temper oftheir * The having an elder brother in the army does not exempt all the other brothersaiinm
forefathers. In the matter of the conscription especially, there is a growing a family from serving ; it only exempts one. If the first be taken, the second may cl
exemption. The third, however, if he drew a bad number, would have to join ; the
tendency on the part of the bucolic intelligence to look with extreme fourth might then claim exemption, and so on in the case of the fifth and sixth brothers,
[ 568 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 13
JULY 9, 1869. ]

standing a magic amulet which his mother had hung round his neck, and a therein, whose parents are either dead or otherwise unable to take
is charge of them. They have been pressed to give the particulars of alleged
paper full of dead flies which his father had exhorted him to put into his
waistcoat pocket. As everybody is aware, amulets and dead flies are sure cases ; but to do this is, as may be supposed, a matter of considerable
preservatives against ill luck, and if they did not have their effect in Jean difficulty. In no rank is the spirit of narrow and unreasoning
Tripou's case it is because as M. le Curé remarked-it is the exception sectarianism more largely developed than in the lower middle class
which makes the rule. Unfortunately the Tripou family did not possess of tradesmen and their dependants, and they are, on the whole,
the 2,500 francs ( 100) necessary to buy Jean a substitute, and so his fairly represented by the ordinary type of vestryman, poor-law
No. 12 was a figure of fate. He was like a limp sack on the morning of guardians, and workhouse officials. Partly from a love of small tyranny,
the " tirage," and the same evening he looked like a sheet of blotting partly from the advantageous opportunity it affords of thwarting an
paper. The next day he went to try and get a glimpse of Marie Fichu, educated gentleman who personifies a rival religion, and dealing a blow
but old Fichu was on the look out. A conscript who has nine years of at the Pope, these persons, it is asserted, play into one another's hands ; and
service before him is a " triste lupus stabulis," an animal who can mean no between them the Catholic children go to the wall so far as religious instruc-
good to the sheepfold. Old Fichu had got his gun ready, and albeit it was tion in their own faith is concerned . It would be advisable to have returns
a flint lock yet Tripou grew shy at the look of it. Within the week he of the number of these children at present in the various schools belonging
heard that Marie had been seen to smile benevolently upon Pierre Goulot, to the workhouses, and their proportion to the others, to ascertain whether
the innkeeper, who was a widower, but yet hale and lusty. This news a creed registry is full and fairly kept in any workhouse, whether any Roman
decided him. He packed up all his linen in a pocket-handkerchief, bid Catholic clergyman is allowed free or occasional access to the children or
good-bye to his parents, and without waiting for the month of July started adult inmates for the purpose of instruction, and the remuneration (if any)
off for the army, selecting as his regiment the cuirassiers, most likely on received by him for such service.
account of the helmet and breastplate. The Court of Chancery deals with the children of wealthy people, and
Three months afterwards the two following letters were received in his rigid justice regulates these matters in accordance with the wishes or
village. The first was to his parents : in translation I have mended the religion ofthe parents ; and with regard to children convicted of crime the
spelling :--- same equitable principle is as far as possible observed. There are Catholic
My dear Father and Mother, -This is written at Versailles, where the regiment is as well as Protestant reformatories ; and the magistrates never refuse to
quartered. I hope you are quite well. Versailles is a town with a fine castle in which send the children where they may be brought up in the tenets of their own
Louis Quatorze lived until he was knocked over by the Emperor for being a Republican. faith, provided the authorities are able and willing to receive them. But
He is at present in England with his son the Duke d'Aumale, who used to be in the the benefits which are enjoyed by rich people and criminals are not, as it
army. It is our brigadier (corporal) who told me this. He knows a great many things, would appear, extended to the children of the poor ; and if this be so, a
our brigadier, and he says that as the French soldier should never be without money, serious grievance undoubtedly exists.
I am to ask you for twenty francs ; he is going to show me how to spend them. In addition to reformatories, the Catholics have, to their credit be it
Please don't forget the twenty francs. When I came here I had a lot of hair, but said, established schools for pauper children under the guidance of some of
they cut it all off, and made my head look a beechnut. I wanted to pick up all the their own body, and it is with reference to these that they are, as they
hair and put it in a paper to burn it because of what you told me about one's enemy assert, in a condition to prove the particulars of several cases in which
being able to do one harm by getting hold of a lock and boiling it, but our brigadier children have been unduly influenced and left systematically and inten-
gave me a kick which sent me into the yard . He is very strong in the right leg, our tionally without instruction in their own faith. A school for Catholic boys
brigadier. After I had been here five days they gave me ten sous for my pay. I
was, after the passing of the Act 25 and 26 Vict., c. 43 , established
said it wasn't enough, because that only made two sous a day ; but our captain asked at North Hyde and duly certified, and as long ago as June,
me if I wanted to make a fool of him. I don't like him, our captain. It is he who
1864, Lord Petre applied to the Marylebone board of guardians to
stands in the riding- school, where they took me the first day I put on my uniform. transfer the Catholic children from the Southall school to North Hyde.
They brought out a horse without saddle or bridle, and said, " Now get upon that." I About the Christmas of 1866 Archbishop Manning requested and obtained
told ' em I'd rather not. They said this made no difference, and two of ' em caught me
and hoisted me up. The brute of a horse began to trot, and I cried 66"Stop ! " but he private interviews with the Rev. Mr. Eyre, Rector of Marylebone, and
Sir J. J. Hamilton, one of the parish guardians, and repeated this
paid no attention until I got hold of his ears, then he kicked me off. The next day,
request in person , adding that a school was also open for the
when they told me to go to the " manége I knew what it meant, so instead of going I reception of girls at Norwood. No action seems to have followed
went out for a walk and didn't come back till dinner. For this they gave me a week in
the salle de police, which is a dark room with nothing in it except boards. Please this, since shortly afterwards we find that Dr. Manning made a formal
don't forget the twenty francs. The best of being a soldier is that every application in writing to the Marylebone board of guardians to
ten days they give you an order for a packet of " cantine tobacco, " which the same effect, and to this the board signified their assent on
weighs a hundred grammes, and for which you only pay 3 sous. It is February 12 , 1867. But so far as the evidence shows the guardians
the Emperor who has done this, * and our brigadier says he would do a great deal acted like the unfaithful servant who said, " I go," but went not ;
more if the " Reds " let him. But the " Reds " hate us ; it is they who make us have and in consequence further applications were sent by the Archbishop to the
boiled beef every day, and no sauce to it ; and our brigadier says that if they could they Poor Law Board in conformity with the 29 and 30 Vict. , c. 113 , sec. 14 ;
would make us break stones and set us to serve twenty years instead of nine. I don't the first of which bears date June 29, 1868. In all they were twenty-
like the Reds, and if I have a chance I shall knock their ears off with my sword. I must seven in number, and of these twenty- two are still pending. On
stop here, for the trumpet you've just heard is for dinner. It's a pound of bread, with this the Board " invited the guardians to make any observations they
boiled beef in some soup. Yesterday mine was all fat. Please don't forget the twenty might desire on the cases." These gentlemen seem to have had consider-
francs. Your affectionate son, JEAN TRIPOU. able difficulty in making up their minds to comply with this invitation, and
either the evidence is imperfect or there must have been great negligence
The second letter was to Mdme. Goulot, late Mdlle. Marie Fichu. As -
: and delay on one side or the other, since it was not until May, 1869 , that
before, I have amended the spelling, but this time I have not translated :- they sent their " observations " to the Board, which consisted in the state-
Madame (car pour moi vous n'êtes plus Mademoiselle), si vous pensez me faire de la ment that there was no need for transferring the children, since they had
peine en épousant Goulot vous vous trompez, je vous assure ; car je me moque pas mal de admitted the visits of a Roman Catholic clergyman to instruct the children
lui. Ici toutes les filles sont folles de moi. Ce n'est pas pour me vanter ; mais seulement in the school at Southall.
pour vous dire qu'elles ont meilleur goût que vous. Hier une duchesse qui passait dans sa Meanwhile five children entered as Catholics, but who had for two
voiture à douze chevaux m'a fait de l'oeil, et ce matin son frère, qui est maréchal de France years been diligently instructed in the doctrines ofthe Church of England,
et cousin de l'Empereur, est venu m'inviter à diner. Encore une fois ce n'est pas pour proclaimed themselves awakened to the truths of Protestanism, and
me vanter, mais seulement pour vous montrer que j'ai de quoi me consoler. Adieu,
declined to see the priest. It is true that they were only fourteen years
Madame, j'épouserai sans doute bientôt ma duchesse, qui m'obtiendra mon congé, et me of age or thereabouts, but pauper children are supposed to have a
fera nommer colonel. Ainsi je ne vous garde pas rancune, mais bien au contraire vous very early discrimination in religious matters. The observations which the
remercie d'avoir épousé Goulot quoique ce soit un fier imbecile et que si on le
guardians made to each other were, if we may trust the local reports, more
tenait ici on lui flanquerait quinze jours de salle de police rien que pour être si bête. —Bien candid and outspoken than those with which they had favoured the Board.
le bonjour, JEAN TRIPOU.
One person, who seems to have a hazy notion that Maynooth is a kind of
refuge for little pauper girls, said that " to send children to Catholic
PROTESTANT GUARDIANS OF THE POOR. schools was to bring them up at little Maynooths ; " and Sir J.
Hamilton "thought they had seldom received a more interesting
Ir cannot be denied that when the members of a religion professedly or important report. " One or two of the children were orphans,
liberal and tolerant use such authority as they possess in order to exhibit but in every case the parents were or had been Catholics,
a spirit of oppressive bigotry towards others, they bring a special and in no instance were they communicated with. It is grievous
discredit on their own faith, inasmuch as they lay themselves open and humiliating to record that all this was done on system with the full
to the charge of being guilty of conspicuous hypocrisy, as well as of a knowledge and concurrence of the workhouse authorities, the guardians,
deficiency in Christian charity. Indeed, if Mr. Buckle were now among and the Protestant rector of the parish, the Rev. Mr. Eyre. Ifthe parents
us, it is probable he would hardly feel inclined to modify some are alive disunion has been sown between them and their children in
of his caustic remarks on the conduct of religious zealots in general. We their future relations in life. If they are dead, a grave and distinct
have the Orangemen in Ireland, Messrs. Whalley and Murphy in breach of trust has been committed of a kind which does not admit of
England, and the Middlesex magistrates to represent one section of the defence .
educated classes in the metropolis ; and now the workhouse guardans It should never be forgotten that whenever we permit an obvious
follow suit ; and not only the letter of the law, but still more clearly the injustice like this to be perpetrated we weaken our own power of self-
spirit and intention of the Legislature, are evaded or defied. defence against any future outburst of Catholic pretensions. It is also
English Roman Catholics have from time to time made various repre- well to remember that on the Continent the example of England is still
sentations as to the system of proselytism which is carried on systematically looked for in matters of religious toleration, and that it ill becomes us to
in the workhouse schools with regard to the Catholic children educated cry out at the bigotry of Spain, or to bewail the fate of the little Mortara,
when the same oppressive system is being actively carried out in almost
* The tabac de cantine, which is sold to soldiers for three sous the packet of ICO every workhouse in the metropolis. We believe there is evidence to prove
grammes, has done more than anything else to make the Emperor popular in the army. that this is done to an extent quite unsuspected, and the sooner it is
Formerly the cavalry soldier, with two sous a day, and the infantry soldier, with one sou, exposed and put a stop to the better for all parties.
were utterly unable to afford smoking.
[ 569 ]
 14 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9 , 1869.

" This is not all, my dear sir. As I saw in the Times that the attendance
AN INQUIRY INTO ENGLISH PROPRIETY. at the fête of the Viceroy in the Crystal Palace amounted to 33,628 persons,
I wished to see how the thing is going on at the St. James's Theatre when
A TURK, who has been endeavouring to ascertain the meaning and
operation of the unwritten code of propriety which prevails in England, without the Viceroy and his fête, and on Friday, the 2nd of July, I was
again at the performance of the same Barbe Bleue.' The theatre was
sends us the following observations on the subject :—
literally crowded, and chiefly by ladies, which in the stalls alone occupied
"The degree of morality of a people is measured by its relations to 63 seats out of 100. One of the ladies presented a sight which I never
what is considered as immoral ; the degree of its propriety must, therefore, saw before in any other country. She was at least sixty years of age, wore
be measured by the relations of the people to what is considered as a splendid silk dress, blue and white, with a red opera cloak scarcely
improper. A. Quetelet and H. T. Buckle have strongly advocated covering her naked shoulders, and with feathers and gold bowls in her
the application of the statistical method to the investigation of moral scanty and completely grey hair.
phenomena ; would it not be possible to apply the same method to the " How is all this to be brought in accordance with your unwritten code of
investigation of propriety ? If it is possible, what is considered to be propriety? Personally I have no objection whatever against the perform-
the most improper thing at this moment, and what are the relations of
ances of Mdlle. Schneider ; on the contrary I find them clever and witty ;
the English society to it ? To judge by the press, the most improper
thing, after the refreshment houses of the Haymarket, are the performances the cancan element of them is inherent to the French nature, like the jig is
inherent to the nature of an Irishman , or a tarantella to an Italian. The
of Mdlle. Schneider. They are considered as improper even on the
Frenchman is unthinkable without the cancan in the moment of his gaiety ;
corrupted Continent, and the mother of the above South Kensington lady it is thoroughly national in him ; it has passed in his brain and in his
has made me a strong reproach for my having mentioned the presence of blood ; it lives in the songs of Béranger and Gustave Nadaud, and he would
old ladies at these performances. It is obvious, then, that a statistical not be a Frenchman without it. The French stage-writer has, therefore, the
investigation of the relations of the English society to the performances full right to introduce this element in his comical plays. But this, I should
of Mdlle. Schneider can give me a good general idea of the quantity of think, is not a reason for young and old English ladies to run by hundreds
propriety diffused in this society. Such being the combination of my to see such plays, especially if they can understand only the half of the
thoughts, I put myself immediately at work. gestures as well as of the words,"
" How shall I classify the observed facts ? In moral statistics all
phenomena are arranged in different series, according to the sex, the age,
the profession, the religion, &c. , of the individuals. In the present case
the sex only will be obvious ; all the other qualifications must unavoidably GUNPOWDER MILLS AND MAGAZINES.
be taken in a broad and therefore not very correct manner ; but as I want
only a general idea, this will not make a great difference. Suppose we put THE recent explosion at Hounslow has had the good effect of directing public
aside the question of religion, by considering the whole of the assembly as attention to the question of the Government inspection of gunpowder mills
Christians and members of the High Church, what shall we say of the and magazines, and establishments for the supply of explosives generally ;
professions ? They must be very different, but inasmuch as it is necessary for and we are glad to observe that the coroner's jury have appended to their
our present purpose, we may take for granted that all the professions usually verdict a distinct recommendation that officers should be appointed by
represented at the St. James's Theatre must be considered as ' respectable,' Government " for carrying out the purposes of the Gunpowder Act."
for a man of an unrespectable profession cannot afford to pay five guineas for The want of a Government inspector to enforce the existing regulations is
a box, one guinea for a stall, or even half a guinea for a reserved seat. so obvious that it would seem scarcely necessary to insist upon it, if it were
Well, how will it be as regards the age ? This is far more difficult. I can not that the Home Secretary, to judge from his answer in the House to
neither know the true age of the individuals, nor take the broad division of Lord Enfield a few nights ago, is apparently far from recognizing the
' old ' and ' young ; ' for to say of somebody that he is old , as long as he urgency ofthe need. According to Mr. Bruce, we are to go on in the old
can walk, see, and eat, is considered as an offence in England. The way, being blown up periodically, sending a competent officer after the
classification of ladies is still more difficult in this respect, especially event to gather what information he may be able to extract from the corpses
for a southern man, as the English ladies say that we have very and blackened ruins, holding coroner's inquests which find out no more
disagreeable notions about the age in consequence of our ladies than the " competent officer " has been able to do, and cherishing the
getting very soon old. Therefore, to avoid the offending term, and comfortable conviction that the regulations of the Gunpowder Act are
to have at the same time more palpable external indications for the arrange: perfectly observed.
ment ofthe series, I shall divide the whole audience, in the first place, into Perhaps, if we could persuade Mr. Bruce that the provisions of the Act
two broad classes of ' men ' and ' women ,' the first class to be further sub- are, we will not say habitually, but frequently and on many important
divided in two sub-classes -' young gentlemen ' and ' gentlemen without hair points disregarded, we might have some chance of prevailing upon him
at all or with a small quantity of grey hair ; ' and the second class in two cor- seriously to consider the wisdom of appointing an officer whose business it
responding classes of young ladies ' and ' ladies having most likely grand- should be to satisfy himself, not after explosions had occurred, but during
children. ' (In the case of ladies, I find it not possible to take the colour or the ordinary work a-day life of the factories, that the regulations were com-
quantity of hair into any kind of consideration . ) plied with ; and with this object it will perhaps be sufficient if we invite the
" Such was the scheme I composed for my inquiry into English pro- Home Secretary's attention to certain " Reports from Colonel Boxer and
priety, and this is a copy of the notes I brought home from the performance Correspondence on Explosions and Gunpowder Magazines " which were pre-
of the Barbe Bleue ' on Tuesday, the 29th of June : -Theatre full, only sented to Parliament in 1865 , and with which we are disposed to think he
seven seats vacant in the parterre ; predominant sex male, especially in the must be imperfectly acquainted, even if he is aware of their existence. We
second and third galleries. In the third gallery (amphitheatre) good many shall be very much mistaken if a perusal of these papers does not
French working men, the rest of the audience thoroughly English ; two satisfy Mr. Bruce not merely of the necessity of appointing forth-
Englishwomen in the amphitheatre are with children, of which the with one or more competent inspecting officers to see that the Gun-
one, a baby of about fifteen months, constantly cries, and is con- powder Act is strictly complied with, but of recasting and extending
stantly hissed by the Frenchmen. Can plainly see and classify only the Act itself. Indeed, this last point is of even greater importance
the compounds of the stalls, of which there is about a hundred than the first ; for we have no hesitation in saying that the law as
(six rows, at sixteen and seventeen stalls each), taken thus : it now stands is dangerously defective and far short of the necessities of
By ladies having, most likely, grandchildren, 11 ; "by young ladies, the case. To attempt to state what the law is would be to recite the
23 ; by gentlemen without hair at all, or with a small quantity of whole of Act 23 and 24 Vict. cap. 139 ; and it will be more to our
grey hair, 29. The remainder consists of young gentlemen ,' purpose if, instead, we state what the law is not, and point out in what
but I don't see at all what is called on the Continent the ' jeunesse,' respects it fails to give due security to the public and to the workmen
and what is called here the swells.' The whole audience has a employed.
thoroughly solid appearance, with the exception of three boxes In the first place, with regard to gunpowder manufactories themselves,
which are occupied by a few really ' young ' men, most likely
we find that, although the quantities of gunpowder allowed at any one
coming from a bachelor's dinner. Nor do I see questionable ladies' time in certain of the buildings are strictly limited, there is no definite
faces, which are so abundant at Mdlle . Schneider's performances at Paris. restriction as to the quantity which may be collected in the glazing, dusting,
It is obvious that there is nothing but highly respectable people ; several and packing houses, and other parts of the establishment, beyond the
gentlemen came with their wives and two or three daughters, ladies of elastic restriction that these buildings are not to contain “ more than is
about twenty years of age ; the whole is in full dress ; out of the eleven necessary." Further, as the quantity which is permitted in any one of
ladies having most likely grandchildren eight are in low-neck dresses, those buildings where the amount is limited is more than sufficient in case
three of them exposing shoulders which, being exposed in Turkey, would of an explosion to be fatal to the workmen employed in that building, it
be considered as a great public nuisance. The majority has opera books , must be assumed that the restrictions have been applied , not with reference
which is a proof that they understand not French sufficiently good to follow to those workmen, but to the security of the people in the adjacent
the play. What brings then this audience to the theatre ? They know the buildings, and in order to limit the effects of a possible explosion. But
music ofOffenbach from the piano and the German bands ; they hardly under- for the perfect accomplishment of this object it is obviously necessary
stand all the allusions and the mots of the libretto, for when the Frenchmen lay down some rules as to the proximity of the different buildings of the
in the amphitheatre laugh, the mass of the audience begins to look in the establishment, a point upon which the Act is, except in the case of expense
book for an explanation of the laugh. Is it, then, only the gestures of and store magazines, absolutely silent ; as it is silent also on the scarcely less
Mdlle. Schneider which is the attraction ? I asked the ticket-collector if it important point of the construction of the buildings and mills. Nor have
is always so full ? Usually it is far more crowded,' was his answer ; ' the the gunpowder makers in all cases supplied the precautions which the Act
Crystal Palace took to-day a mass of people. ' I asked what is the total has neglected to provide. It is provided that " store magazines " shall not
receipt of an evening ? but he could not answer me. I shall not make a be situated within 140 yards of the other gunpowder buildings, but as there
great mistake, however, if I put it at 500 persons at an average price of is no limit whatever to the maximum quantity of gunpowder which a store
1os. , which makes, for three weeks of Mdlle. Schneider's performances, magazine may contain, this provision is practically, for want of this necessary
9,000 persons at the cost of £4,500 (with gloves and carriages most likely complement, abortive ; and we believe that, as a matter of fact, most store
over £5,000) to see the gestures of a French lady considered as the most magazines are large enough to contain considerable quantities of gun
improper actress of our age. powder, and do frequently contain as much as from 200,000 to 300,000 Th .
[ 570 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 15
JULY 9, 1869. ]

of powder, or more than double the amount which is stated to have Thus, to sum up, we learn on the authority of the parliamentry reports.
exploded at Erith in 1864, when injury was done at a distance of ten and correspondence before referred to that on a large number of important
miles. And as the store magazines are constantly open and in operation points which affect both the public safety and that of the workmen.
at the same time as the adjoining workshops, the danger in this employed the Gunpowder Act is either wholly silent or more or less
case is scarcely to be regarded as a remote one. It is obvious defective. Among these points we find the distance of mills and maga-
that, in order to secure safety, the store magazines should be per- zines from dwelling-houses, factories, &c. ; the quantity of powder stored
mitted to contain only a very small quantity of gunpowder- sufficient in magazines ; the management of magazines ; the packing of powder ; the
to permit of the manufacturing operations being carried on, and no more. vessels and vehicles employed in its conveyance ; the shipping or dis-
By way of practically enforcing this the capacity of these magazines might charging of gunpowder at wharves ; the quantity to be conveyed in powder
be limited to the amount of powder which they are permitted to contain ; vessels, vans, or by railway ; the number of people to be employed at any
and the manufacturer should be required to establish his deposit magazine one time in the same gunpowder building, and the manner of their distri-
at some distance from the mills, outside the radius of safety. Again, the bution ; the mode of conveying the powder from one part of the establish-
provisions of the Act with reference to the proximity of gunpowder mills ment to another ; the dress of the workpeople-on all these points further
to private dwelling-houses are quite insufficient to satisfy the end in view. legislative enactments are needed to afford security, and inspecting
In the case of manufactories of fulminates, percussion caps, ammunition , officers to see that these enactments are complied with. It must
and fireworks, the minimum distance from any dwelling-house is defined be remembered that precautions of this sort can only be introduced
by the Act ; but in the case of gunpowder factories, where the area of by direct legislative interference, for, as extra precautions entail increased
damage is likely to be much greater, and where the chances of outlay, it is unreasonable to expect the trade voluntarily to impose any
accident are certainly not less, no such limits are defined, except in restrictions beyond such as are obviously necessary. But in the case
a very partial and incomplete way, or where the precaution is too of a substance like gunpowder, not only ordinary and obvious but
obvious to be neglected ; and no provision whatever is made for the extraordinary risks must be considered , and these the existing Act
security of factories, public roads, river walls, &c. As to the serious conse- scarcely touches. We trust that these considerations will induce the
quences likely to result from an explosion near a river wall, the acci- Home Secretary to take immediate steps , first, to appoint one or more
dent at Erith furnished a useful indication.. If it had not been that the competent Government inspectors of powder mills and magazines ;
explosion fortunately occurred at low tide, and that there were available at second, to amend the Gunpowder Act and to bring it more into
Woolwich many hundred soldiers, who were with praiseworthy promptitude harmony with the requirements of the case. And if the Home Secretary
conveyed to the spot to repair the breach in the river wall, a large extent will not do this, we trust that some other member will take steps
of valuable property would have been inundated to the infliction of most to secure these desirable results.
serious loss.
The Act provides in general terms against the introduction into gun-
powder mills and magazines oflucifer matches and similar articles " tending
to cause an explosion," but it is well known to all who have had to do with FRANCE.
work of this character that something more than mere general directions (FROM A PARISIAN . ) July 7.
is needed to ensure compliance with this most important regulation. In
the large Government establishments the system has been adopted of As I am writing to-day from the country and at some distance from Paris,
requiring the workmen to change the whole of their outer clothing on I think it safer to refrain from any remarks or conjectures concerning the
entering the buildings, to prevent the accidental or thoughtless introduc- interpellations of the Corps Législatif, but to resume at once the subject
tion of lucifer matches and other dangerous articles into the establish- which I spoke of in my last namely, the feelings of this country in
ment. But no regulation on this point is included in the Act, and it is respect of war. Should any important change take place in the
hardly necessary to state that the smaller manufacturers engaged in a Imperial policy and the Rouher Ministry suddenly collapse, you
close competitive trade have not thought it worth while to inflict upon will certainly be informed of it as soon as I shall. So much, at
themselves the pecuniary inconvenience which the voluntary adoption least, is certain ; this short session will not be the unmeaning affair
of such a rule would entail. In the case of some of the large makers, the Emperor's message to the Legislature foreshadowed, and the interval
these precautions are, we believe, observed to a limited extent ; but there of undisturbed deliberation for which he stipulated before initiating any
ought to be no option in the matter. When we turn to magazines pur et reforms will not be allowed him. The interpellations of the Chamber
simple-magazines as distinguished and separate from manufactories - we and the likelihood of war are, however, two subjects which are not so dis-
find the same laxity of regulation prevailing. There is no limit to the connected as they appear at first sight, and the Emperor's foreign policy
amount of powder to be kept in any one place ; there is no regulation as will certainly greatly depend on the turn events take at home. War is a
to the position of the magazines in relation to dwelling houses, factories, bold move on the political chess-board which may change the whole face
river walls, canal banks, &c. There is nothing to prevent those in of the game, and he will most assuredly make it, however reluctantly,
charge of the magazines from totally disregarding, if they be so if he thinks, rightly or wrongly, that he can thereby avoid being check-
minded, even the most common-place precautions, such as the use mated.
of leather slippers by the workmen , keeping the ground clear from It is said daily, and our Liberal Opposition is especially energetic in
dirt and grit and grains of gunpowder, or adopting a construction asserting, that the French nation is profoundly averse from war, and that if
of building calculated to afford the maximum of security. The Napoleon III. engages in it he will be acting in direct opposition to the
storekeepers are not, as they should be, licensed ; and, as there are in expressed will of the whole nation for the furtherance of his personal and
fact no regulations to ensure the safe working management of the dynastic designs. This, I think, is scarcely a fair view of the case, and I
magazines, so are there none for enforcing such regulations as indi- may say as much without fearing that you will suspect me of Bonapartist
vidual storekeepers may choose to adopt. As a consequence, the laxity proclivities.
of management in some of the magazines is very serious ; while even the France does not wish for war ; what civilized nation in the present day
existing regulations, imperfect as they are, are in in some instances does ? What orator and what writer does not laud peace and its attendant
disregarded. At first sight the rules with regard to the transport blessings ? Count Bismarck, on the eve of Sadowa, knew , and would
of gunpowder appear to be full and sufficient, but a little con- have acknowledged in theory, their value as much as anybody. Even under
sideration will serve to show that they are not SO. The waggons Napoleon I. the French did not love war in the abstract, yet they followed
and vans used for the purpose are not licensed, and in some him willingly enough for many years on all the battle-fields of
instances ordinary open farm carts are employed to convey powder Europe. Here and there a paradoxical writer, like Joseph de Maistre and
through populous districts. The construction of the powder barges Proudhon in the past, or Napoleon III. the other day at Châlons, may
and vessels is not satisfactorily defined - and these also should be extol the ennobling virtues of war, but such instances are becoming rarer
licensed ; while the red flag which they are directed to bear, and and rarer, and they are at variance with the received opinions, or it may be
which is of course liable to be blown or thrown down, is an insuffi- the cant, of the present day. Even soldiers, thirsting for promotion, speak
cient distinction. In fact, gunpowder is treated on canals very of war as of a stern necessity ; mais le diable n'y perd rien. It would
much as if it were an ordinary inexplosive cargo, even to the extent scarcely be wise to attach much importance to the applause which
of allowing fires on board the barges. There is a rule prohibiting greets every able and eloquent speech in favour of peace ; applause,
a fire, except when the hatches are battened down, but some nay enthusiasm, is always forthcoming here for any clever orator.
evidence which was forthcoming at the Erith accident appears to On the very day that the Emperor harangued his soldiers at
point to the occasional disregard of this most important regulation . the camp there was a meeting of the Peace League in Paris,
Again, the regulations as to lucifer matches not being permitted on at which M. Michel Chevalier, Father Hyacinthe, and others were
board while the hatches are open and the cargoes being shipped or mightily applauded for their declarations in favour of international
unloaded are very far from being strictly enforced ; and it is believed that love and concord. But what of that ? I have not the smallest
the Erith explosion was due to the accidental ignition of a lucifer match doubt, for my part, that had any good speaker made a “ Conférence "-
while the barge was unloading. Indeed, it is difficult to see how under as we call it here-and taken for his subject " Les vertus guerrières de la
existing arrangements the presence of these dangerous articles at France," or " The History of Civilization , and its connection with the
dangerous times is to be avoided. Further to increase the danger Wars of France," he would have met with equal sympathy, to say the least.
which attends the transport of gunpowder, the Act has no restrictions At the elections the great majority ofthe candidates, I admit, spoke in favour
as to the shipping or landing of gunpowder at wharves, and in some of peace, and were cheered when they did so, but the few who spoke ofthe
cases these dangerous operations are carried on to a large extent in preponderance of France in Europe as of a necessary condition of peace
populous neighbourhoods, and even within towns. There is a deficiency were not less well received. M. Clément Duvernois, the editor of the Peuple,
in the regulations with respect to the barrels and cases in which gun- and one of the Emperor's most trusted servants, when he depicted an
powder may be stored or transported. The barrels which are used are " armed and virile Peace, with her eyes fixed on the frontier and her hand
directed to be " close joined and hooped," but this regulation is not on the hilt of her sword " (or something to that effect), was not only cheered
sufficiently stringent to provide against leakage, which may occur even but returned by the electors of the Hautes-Alpes with a great majority in
in the best barrels, as the hoops become displaced , unless the barrel his favour. The election speeches and newspaper articles only prove that
be provided with an internal lining. Specific regulations on this head are the leaders, or would be leaders, of public opinion use their influence at
needed , present in favour of peace-an important fact, no doubt--and of this I
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[JULY 9, 1869.

shall have a few words to say presently. Just now I am dealing with dreads it most at heart. I will attempt to explain this apparent contra-
popular feeling. diction, although my sincerity on this chapter will cause me no little
Absolutely, France is pacific ; relatively, that is to say in comparison effort.
with other nations, she is warlike. A declaration of war would not The stronghold of chauvinisme is also the stronghold of the Liberal
produce by any means the same effect here (outside the political circles) Opposition - an Opposition which owes its chief strength in the present day
that it would in any other country of Europe. The people would soon (as I pointed out in one of my former letters) to the fact that the prestige
warm up to the desired point. A Berlin paper reported the other day a of France has not been kept up by the Emperor, as had been expected of
conversation- probably apocryphal- between M. de Bismarck and the him. As patriots and as Liberals, many Frenchmen are torn by conflicting
correspondent of an American newspaper. The Prussian Minister was feelings ; and they are generally disposed to give liberalism the precedence,
made to say in conclusion :-" The French do not desire war, but because they consider that they will the more easily give satisfaction to
they are a people of inflammable temperament, and if once they their patriotism when they have got the Government under control-or, it
take fire, they will rush into war with an impetuosity of which may be, in their own keeping. In a word, as was truly said by the Parisian
our phlegmatic and disunited German populations have no idea." correspondent of the Times ( than whom no man can be better acquainted
M. de Bismarck, or the writer who borrowed his name, is, I think, quite with the feelings of the Orleanist fraction of the Opposition), while
correct in his appreciation. Moreover, there is no misgiving in the popular they think a collision with Prussia inevitable, in a more or less
mind as to the ultimate success of any military undertaking. The irre- distant future, they wait " for a safer Government and a better opportunity. "
sistible force of our army is never put in doubt, and the lessons of history I would refer those who wish to be more fully enlightened on this head to
are powerless against the indomitable self-confidence of this nation. the concluding chapter of M. Prevost-Paradol's last work, " La France
Speak to a Frenchman of the lower class of the unfortunate Mexican Nouvelle," or again to M. Thiers's speech in favour of peace in the Corps.
campaign, and you will soon find out that the victories of Puebla Législatif some three months back, on the 10th of April. Even then he
and Mexico are all he knows or cares to know about it. Maximilian was could not refrain from reproaching the Imperial Government with having
shot, it is true, but that was because the French were no longer there to made German unity. And what was the reason he gave for abstaining
protect him. from war? That the federal feeling was reviving in Germany, and that any
If war were likely to rob the Emperor of his popularity with the interference on the part of France might arrest it ! Not once did he say
agricultural classes, there would certainly be little fear of the peace of that he had made up his mind to things as they are.
Europe being disturbed by him. He cannot afford to quarrel with his There is no positive hypocrisy in this, and a declaration of war would
peasant electors. But the French peasant is singularly indifferent or certainly create a very panic in the Liberal ranks. The speeches and the
resigned in that matter of war. If Liberal canvassers spoke frankly, they articles you read in favour of peace express the true feeling of the most
would say how difficult they found it to excite any feeling of irritation in enlightened portion of the nation, that portion which alone can speak or
respect of the new military law. One would think that the conscription write. We have all to lose and nothing to gain by war. It is a clear case
which presses so heavily on the rural populations would be a constant cause for the old saying - heads he wins , tails we lose. Ifthe Prussians are victo-
of grumbling, but in point of fact it is not so. Poor, patient, brave Jacques rious, who, even among the Irreconcilables, could rejoice in a national
Bonhomme ! he has been used to it all his life, and his fathers have told him disaster, because it brought about- as it infallibly would-the overthrow of
that it was so in their day, and he sees no help for it. The conscription is the Empire ? If Napoleon were to be successful, his foot would be on our
in his eyes a divine ordinance, and he is not in the least aware that in any necks for another generation.
other country matters are managed differently. His son, or maybe his But-and here, unfortunately, I am only expressing my private opinion--
sons, are taken from him, but the law is not quite untempered with if the Opposition really loved peace for its own sake, they would cease to
humanity, and he is never left absolutely without support and help in his twit the Emperor perpetually with his diplomatic mistakes. We ought to
old age. The calling they leave when they are taken as soldiers is one make up our minds not only to Germany as it is, but to Germany as it will
which requires no special education, and one they can easily take up again be, and learn to see with composure the gradual completion of its unity.
should they ever return. When the peasant conscript has once joined his Towards the Man of December I am not inclined to be lenient, Heaven
regiment his communications with his unlettered home are very rare indeed ; knows ! but truth compels me to admit that Napoleon is excusable ifhe takes
familyties are gradually relaxed , and if, after a lapse of some years, news comes little account of the arguments of the Opposition in favour of peace. If the
of his death, his father and mother will probablybe alone to mourn for " notre loss of military prestige is to cost him his throne, he may well be
garçon qui est mort là-bas " (where and how, they know not). Brothers disposed to think that military prestige must be recovered at any price. If
and sisters and sweethearts will have learnt to do without him , and his he hesitates, it is that he is reckoning up his chances, that he is an irresolute
place, in a word, will have been filled up. It may indeed be that when man, and—I must say it- to a certain extent a humane man. He is not
the day comes for dividing the paternal inheritance there will be no little made of the same stern stuff as his uncle, and the sight of the field of
comfort in the reflection that there is one the less to share that small patch Solferino , with its dead and dying, made a deep impression upon him.
of land. If the conscript returns, he does not complain--however unwill- Still, the chances are he will play double or quits. M. de Bismarck said
ingly he may have left his village seven years before. He feels himself some time ago that the Spanish revolution had been a providential event
superior to the clowns he has left behind, and to his former self ; he has that had averted war. What providential event can we look for now ?
seen the world ; he is an unencumbered and courted bachelor, while
his contemporaries (who drew good numbers) are burdened with
rising families ; if he does not obtain one of the innumerable appoint-
ments which the State reserves for retired soldiers, he can take to THE WATER- COLOUR EXHIBITIONS.
the plough once more, or to his old rough village trade as a mason or a THE impulse which this year seems to have been at work among our oil-
carpenter. As a fact, I have never yet seen a peasant soldier having painters, and to show itself on the walls of the Academy in a manifest
served his time (without any disagreeable wounds) who grudged the seven general increase of dignity, of elevation, both as regards scale and style in
years which had been taken out of his life. painting, has been also, we think, at work among our water-colourists. We
The class which grumbles most at the conscription is the artisan class do not remember any previous exhibition at the Old Water Colour Society
in towns. The boys are generally apprenticed to trades at an early age, signalized by so many pictures on a large scale. Whether the medium of
and, according as more or less skill is to be acquired, the premium pure water-colour is thoroughly suited to the dignity and gravity of
demanded by the master is heavy. This payment, and the keep painting on a large scale- by large we do not here mean more than
of a boy who up to the age of sixteen or seventeen carns little four or five feet in either dimension - is an open question, and a
or nothing, is a great pull upon a poor family. It is hard that at question which several reasons, both of theory and precedent, would incline
twenty, just as he might have helped his parents a bit, he should us to answer in the negative. By some, however, among our younger
be taken as a soldier, and made to learn drill, and forget all he has water-colourists, the use of water- colour has been so modified from its pure
learnt at so much cost about watchmaking, engraving, or upholstering. But manner as practised half a century ago as to come in effect into close
here, again, there is hope. Allah is merciful, and the exemptions for affinity with the manner of oil painting. For brilliant solidity and rich-
infirmities, defective sight, insufficient stature, and what not mostly tell in ness, as well as for completeness of surface realization, this medium as
favour (?) of this class. There are chances—a statistician would startle you employed, for instance, at the hands of Mr. E. B. Jones, leaves scarcely
by saying exactly how many-that the stunted and rickety town youth will Mr.
anything to be desired which oil- colour could achieve. This year
be left at home to marry, and contribute to the future population of Jones's work asserts a notable advance in pictorial adequacy and
France, and that to make up the deficiency some sturdy rustic will have to executive manliness. Ever since Mr. Jones's first appearance on these
march. The conseil de révision has comparatively little to do in the rural walls, those who care for the essentially beautiful, harmonious, and intense
districts. Still the working men of the better sort pretty well understand and in colour, the essentially tender, imaginative, pathetic, and poetic in feeling,
appreciate the burdens of war, both as regards blood and taxes, and con- have in his work recognized the presence in a supreme degree of these
sequently dislike it ; but, as a rule, they are already hostile to the Imperial qualities, but have also been constrained to recognize a certain
Government on other accounts, and war would not cost Napoleon III. inadequacy of pictorial expression ; a certain compromise between senti-
many voters in this class. ment and execution, in which execution came off second best ; a certain
If we look higher in the social scale, we come to the bourgeoisie or debility, as of hothouse nurture, unlike the outdoor hardihood of the
middle class, which with us is the stronghold of chauvinisme. The blind healthier growths of art ; a certain danger of the substitution, in the place
patriotism known by that name, and in which national conceit and vain- of liberal loveliness and genuine passion , of the affectations of an ascetic
gloriousness enter so largely, is strangely enough most prevalent among romanticism. Mr. Jones's work of this year is such as to dispel what-
literary and professional men, merchants and manufacturers. There it is that ever lingering uncertainty these tendencies had left in the minds of his
the unity of Germany is felt to be an unbearable wrong ; that Belgium is admirers. In the " St. George," a splendidly coloured replica of an earlier
coveted and the frontier of the Rhine desired. There, among the class design, we do, it is true, find weaknesses such as we have spoken of.
which with you is so immovably pacific, the Emperor is daily accused of St. George is rather feebly shoving a sword into the mouth of a mailed
having forfeited the high position which France held in the world ; there beast, who is still more feebly, not resisting, but remonstrating. As
the equilibrium of Europe is synonymous with the preponderance of painting , however, this work is so strong as utterly to put out of comparison
France. Yet it is this class which in newspaper articles and parlia- that of any other contributor. Mr. Jones's large single figures of " Spring"
mentary speeches denounces war most strenuously, and in very truth and " Autumn," especially the " Autumn," are more complete than any
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 JULY 9 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET.
17

thing he has yet exhibited. They are conceived in the true spirit of upper slopes, and a salmon river sweeps from side to side of the widening
imaginative art, and painted in a manner almost entirely lovely and satis- valley at our feet. On close examination it does in truth appear that this look
fying. The draperies of the " Spring " might certainly, to our mind, be offolded complexity and mystery which looks so right in the distant hills is got
better composed ; but the vivid beauty and freshness of this interchange of at by fixed pictorial devices rather than by accurate drawing of the indivi-
delicate yellow and green, the sweet colour of this April blossom breaking the dual hill complications of seam and fissure, hollow and ridge, cleavage and
blue strip of April sky, have that indefinable charm of suggestiveness at once precipice. Quite different in this respect is the work of Mr. A. W. Hunt.
appropriate and intense which is the essence of imaginative expression His " Loch Coruishk " is a piece of daring and difficult mountain drawing,
whether in poetry, painting, or music. " Autumn " exhibits the burdened where truth of effect is got by the subtlest and most patient exactitude of
beauty and richness of hot rose-colour blending or opposed with crimson ; physical detail. The power of thus arriving at truth has not in this, as in
above her head citrons ripen among their heavy curled leaves, and water- some other artists, displaced the power of seizing and rendering the spiritual
lilies swim wide open before her feet. She stands half asleep in opulent grandeur of a natural scene. Mr. Hunt has given us a thoroughly
indolence, a dark-haired languid woman, clothed in heavy folds of crimson impressive picture, in which we do not know whether most to admire
drapery. " The Wine of Circe " is a picture still larger and more elaborate, the purple darkness and stormy mystery of the entire effect, or
showing us the sister of Æetes preparing some " wicked broth " or other in a the powerful execution of the parts. If we were to select a part
chamber hung with yellow and overlooking the sea. For all qualities of imagi- for admiration, it would be the really consummate drawing of the
nation, as for many qualities of painting, this is cetainly the foremost picture rock ridge separating the estuary from the lake, which springs far
of the year. It is seldom that we have looked on such an impressive below our feet and trends brokenly upwards under shine and gloom to
harmony of lurid saffron and bronze colour and black, on a scene so full lose itself in the huge upstanding mountain that walls in the lake to the
of splendour and ominous passion and beauty. We have not space to leftward. Drawings like those of Mr. Newton, learned and polished
dwell on its details ; but we may notice as a signal instance of power the as his work always is, are yet, we think, quite unable to compete for
large nobility of design and expression in these blue-black leopards, with solid excellence with a picture like the " Loch Coruishk." We have on
their lithe ridged backs and heavy dangerous arms, and the thwarted these walls several specimens of the somewhat inane conventionalities
ferocity of their cowering eyes. On the other hand, the forward of lake and mountain, adapted as it were for the boudoir and drawing-
crouch of the enchantress's body is so strained as almost to approach room, by Mr. T. M. Richardson ; some scarcely less conventional but
the incredible, and is hardly redeemed by the very careful drawing far less inane reminiscences of Venice by Mr. Holland ; some carefully
of her extended arm and hand. The most important figure drawing finished oxen by Mr. Brittan Willis ; and many landscapes in the accus-
next to those of Mr. Jones is the " Cassandra Fedele " of Mr. Burton. tomed styles of Messrs. Gastineau, Duncan, Jackson, Collingwood, and
This is somewhat cold in sentiment and expression, but bears others. There remain two artists whose work deserves the especial
the marks of an excellent care and thoughtfulness. The lady, a learned attention of visitors- Mr. Basil Bradley, with his large animal drawings,
poet, musician, and scholar, as well as a victorious beauty, is tuning her that show indeed small sense of beauty and no great power of colour, but
violin with an abstracted air as she stands before the shelves of a library. a remarkable and even unique gift of fidelity and firmness in rendering the
Her arm and hand are delightfully drawn ; but in the high white forehead thousand varieties of look and action of dogs and cattle in excitement, and
and in the face altogether we find a certain conventional everyday kind of Mr. Boyce, with his singularly powerful studies, which are also admirable
dignity that savours of what Mr. Matthew Arnold would call " Das pictures, of twilight effect among the brick gables, cleared spaces, and
Gemeine." The decorative accessories of Renaissance furniture in the rubbish heaps of central London.
background are entirely admirable. Mr. Carl Haag sends a careful Oriental The style of painting that flourishes at the Water Colour Institute
study on a large scale, full ofable work, but unpleasant, we think, in its white. in Pall-mall is, on the whole, little to our taste. A smirking smooth-
and red colouring, and hardly realizing the quality of immobile stateliness at ness, a polished pink and blue suavity, a clever mechanical finish
which it seems to aim. Mr. Lamont's " Glasgerion " is another elaborate unsustained by artistic dignity, a refined presentment of unrefined ideas ;
work in which the success does not seem to us to have been quite in pro- these are the qualities that seem to predominate here. The work,
portion to the effort. No effect of colour could be more difficult to give for instance, of Mr. Absolom and Mr. Corbould, notwithstanding the
than this conflict of the cold blue of dawn with the hot red of the embers undeniable talent of either artist, seems to us utterly ruined by unlike
dying in the chimney-place of the banqueting hall ; and there are passages affectations, in the one case an affectation of the parlour, in the other
in the picture where this conflict is certainly not properly reconciled ; the an affectation of the green room ; while the carefully stippled Louis
figure of the jester, for instance , is too red, and the sky seen through the Quinze classicisms of Mr. Bouvier stand on a lower level, and the
windows too blue. Nevertheless, Mr. Lamont tells his story very com- violently coloured- hetærisms shall call them ?-of Mr. Jopling
pletely ; and into the face and figure of the princess sedately letting on a lower still. To signify all the faults we have to find with this
herself be made love to at first sight, he has got that quality of simple exhibition is, however, neither so desirable nor nearly so short a task as
yet subtle refinement that constituted the charm of his " Kilmeny. " to direct the reader to those works in it which we find commendable.
Mr. J. D. Watson is a most conscientious workman, whose artistic One of these, and the most important , is Mr. Linton's Faust and Margaret
sense seems to have failed him in his " Carrying in the Peacock "- the in the garden. This work has a real and not vulgar originality of con-
picture looks harsh, jumbled, chilly, and too large for its frame-but on ception. To make of Mephistopheles a beardless mediæval elegant
the other hand to have seconded him admirably in his " Family Pew " and with nothing more diabolical than a look of light cynicism in his
" Empty Mug." The former of these is exceedingly clever in colour, and mouth and eyes was an idea more happy in the invention than the
in the simple, reverential attitude of the young lady in the big pew by execution . But the timid eagerness of Margaret as she plucks the
herself. A very remarkable first appearance is made by Mr. Pinwell, who flower, clinging to the arm of the rejuvenescent sage who is her
sends three small figure subjects marked by the most delicate sense lover, is delicately felt and rendered ; and we like the scheme of the
both of character and beauty. Mr. Pinwell's inspiration is a good figures disposed against the high garden wall. It is a pity that the
deal akin to that of Mr. F. Walker ; neither in drawing nor in com- painter in securing unity of tone should have given such a sodden and
position is he yet as strong as Mr. Walker, or near it ; but he has effaced aspect to his work. The figure-pieces which we should place next
the same exquisite art of bringing common folks and their children to look to this in interest are those of Mr. Green ; two small and one moderate
beautiful without transgressing the truth of nature. Thus the half- dozen sized genre subjects , distinguished by a quaint and reserved humour and a
Londoners- soldier, nursemaid, gentleman , street-player, and child— whom real artistic subtlety in colour and drawing which recall the best French work
he has collected in a casual group on a seat in St. James's Park, have each in the same kind. We have not in England so many painters who can make
a genuine individual character which every one must recognize, as well as a finished and genuine picture out of an old gentleman testy with gout,
a genuine pictorial nobility to be recognized bythose who are sensitive in such and a damsel carrying a tray, that we can afford to pass over
things. The two illustrations to Mr. Browning " Pied Piper " are full of without special notice these performances of Mr. Green. For the
spirit and humour ; that with the rats excels in the latter quality, but is too landscapes , among much that is dexterous , a good deal that is pretty, and
broken up and incoherent in colour and composition ; in the other the happy
more that is both feeble and pretentious , those of Mr. Hine seem to us
scuffling eagerness of the children is charmingly given, and some of the almost alone to be really excellent. They are in the purest water-colour
faces, especially that of the older maiden trying to hold back the little manner, and full of tender transitions of harmonious out- door colour. Mr.
ones, have a fresh candour and loveliness that it is not easy too much to Hine chooses by preference to paint the treeless folds and hollows of sea-
praise.
coast or inland down ; and he paints these with a breadth of stroke, a
We have spoken chiefly of figure subjects by younger members of the fresh feeling and delicacy, that have not, we think, been surpassed since
society, because the older members have each their well-known and con- the days of Copley Fielding.
firmed manner which the public can by this time appreciate without a
commentary. Had we space, we should like to speak as they deserve of
the dashing dramatic sketches of the veteran John Gilbert, whose work
has never been more remarkable than it this year is for its rough vigour of The Prussian Government has just experienced a double check in its
invention and its wayward combination of whatever is most original with hitherto successful career of press prosecutions. The proceedings instituted
whatever is most conventional in design. Sometimes in the ordonnance of at Dresden against Herr Otto Walsler, the author of some anti-Prussian
articles in the Bulletin National, have terminated in an acquittal ; the verdict
a composition, sometimes in the expression of a head, Mr. Gilbert
shows signs of what might have been a really great artistic faculty ; at of the court being received with loud applause and cries of " Long live the
other times he gives way to a commonplace that verges on fatuity. Mr. Saxon autonomy." At Munich the Prussian Minister had caused Dr. Sigl of
Frederick Tayler sends a hunting-piece larger than usual, full of fresh the Volksbote to be arraigned on five counts, charging him with abuse of his
life, vigorous drawing, and thin inharmonious colour. Mr. Fripp is Prussian Majesty, libel on Count Bismarck, &c ., but in this case also he failed
clever, accurate, and pleasant as usual with his studies of country or seaside to obtain a conviction. Perhaps the mortification caused by this double defeat
life.
may account for the severity displayed towards eleven unfortunate wights
Among the exhibitors of landscape, Mr. G. A. Fripp carries on most found guilty by the Berlin courts of having formed part of the Hanoverian
faithfully the pure tradition of English water-colour. His mountain studies legion in France. These luckless patriots, notwithstanding all the efforts of
in keys of brown or dull green are admirably broad and fluent in treatment, their counsel, who described them as mere unintelligent tools in the hands of
and in their general effect, as it seems to us, singularly truthful. He seems others, and called attention to their miserable appearance, comparing them to
to set us at once among the heathered spurs and shoulders of some breezy Falstaff's recruits, were sentenced to terms of imprisonment varying from
Scotch or Welsh mountain, where grey mists gather and disperse about the twelve to eighteen months.
[ 573 [
 18 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869.

OCCASIONAL Saxons who settled in America now resemble the Iroquois and Blackfeet
NOTES.
more than their real ancestors. Fortunately this assertion did not emanate
If any one wants a proof of the lengths to which the doctrine of the from an Englishman , or the ingenious Mr. Sumner might have made it
Royal Supremacy may be carried we are prepared, if necessary, to another item in his little bill.
supply legal evidence of the following remarkable fact :-A parish clerk on
the Sunday before last found himself embarked upon the enterprise of
reading the responses in the cento, substituted on that day in honour of The Army and Navy Gazette asks a question which deserves atten-
tion. His Royal Highness the Field-Marshal Commanding-in-Chief
the Queen's accession for the " Venite, exultemus." The Prayer- book was
an old one, the clerk knew that changes had been made in the sex of the approves the system of allowing weekly instead of daily payments to
66 good- conduct men " and " well- conducted married men " being put in
sovereign since it was printed, and being thoroughly penetrated with the
spirit of the institution to which he belonged, he read the last verse but one force in India. Why not at home also ? asks our contemporary. It would
as follows :-" And blessed be the name of her Majesty for ever ; and all certainly be agreeable and in many respects advantageous to the men,
while it would also be a relief to the officers. We hope these are not
the earth shall be filled with her Majesty. Amen and amen." If any
one has a mind for a nice little ecclesiastical prosecution , we can furnish conclusive reasons against reform at the Horse Guards.
him with all particulars.

Replying to a question by Mr. Locke, the Home Secretary a few days

We cannot help thinking that the charges of intimidation and oppression ago stated that he saw no immediate prospect of legislation in regard to that
which Mr. Richard made against the Welsh landlords were matters rather for most iniquitous and absurd tribunal, the Royal Court of Jersey. From all
the Select Committee on Election Practices than for the House of Commons
accounts, however, the administration ofthe island seems likely to collapse
at large. It is obviously impossible for such matters to be sifted properly in of its own accord from sheer financial exhaustion. The people are resolute
a large assembly by means of set speeches. Neither the members who in their resistance to further taxation , and the Privy Council refuse to sanction
bring forward the accusations, nor those who repel them, can go into any new loans. With existing creditors the authorities have a short and
sufficient detail on the subject, and there are no means either of simple mode of dealing. The jurats who sit in the States, sit also in the
examination or cross- examination. The charges on the one side and the
Royal Court, and shape their judgments to suit their own convenience. In
denials on the other rest merely on the ipse dixit of individual members, a case last week they decided that creditors who cannot obtain payment of
subject to a variety of prejudices and prepossessions which quite destroy the their debts are not entitled to interest, so that the victims get nothing at all,
value of their testimony for judicial purposes. At the same time the weak and have no means of redress. This state of things clearly cannot last.
and faltering answers of those who spoke on behalf of the landlords were It may be easy to disregard existing obligations, but how to raise money for
certainly very damaging to their cause. Mr. Charles Wynn, for example,
the future is the question. The Home Secretary says there is a difficulty
even went so far as to suggest reasons in extenuation of the alleged about legislating for Jersey, which has hitherto been governed by Orders in
evictions. " If," he said, " Churchmen were invariably and consistently Council ; but surely it cannot be pretended that any part of the United
Conservative, surely the obvious course for any Conservative landlord was Kingdom is beyond the jurisdiction of Parliament, and that there are no
to let his farms to none but Churchmen . " If this is the view of Welsh
legislative means of breaking up the present disgraceful deadlock.
landlords, we can hardly be surprised that they should act as Mr. Richard
and others allege.
A general meeting of the Reform Club has been called for the
The opening of a Prussian naval harbour in the North Sea has excited 22nd inst., with a view, we understand, to a revision of the system
no little jealousy in Russia, and the newspapers of St. Petersburg express of election. Of course if any difficulty or inconvenience is expe-
great alarm at the increasing power of their German neighbour. A
rienced in carrying out the present rules there can be no reason
remarkable article on this subject appears in the Goloss of the 1st inst. why the members should not alter them in any way they please.
" After seizing Kiel and the bay of Jahde," it says, " Prussia has con- As some of our contemporaries seem, however, to be studiously busy in
structed in that bay the naval port of Heppens, and thus at once their misrepresentations on the subject, we may be permitted to remark
becomes a naval Power and a dangerous rival to us in the Baltic. that there is the widest difference between making new rules and denouncing
When the canal between the Baltic and the North Sea, the con- a committee for carrying out the rules it was expressly appointed to
struction of which is already seriously contemplated at Berlin, is com- enforce. The self-respect and dignity of the club are clearly
pleted, the naval power of Prussia, which formerly only existed in concerned in upholding the independence of its own delegates. Either there
the dreams of Prussian patriots, will become an accomplished fact. " The is a constituted authority, or there is not. If there is it ought to be
Goloss, after accusing Prussia of false dealing in her relations with supported. The proper course for Mr. Bright to have taken if he deemed
Russia, proceeds : " Our commercial legislation has been such that if
the authority of the committee excessive, or any of its rules improper,
Prussian Minister of Commerce had been asked for his advice
was to lay before the club a motion to that effect. Personal arrogance
he could not have invented anything more advantageous for Prussian could hardly be carried further than in a demand that the committee should
interests. The sliding scale of customs tariffs which has been recently reverse a decision which it had given in strict accordance with the duty
abolished, and the obstacles created by our bureaucracy, have drawn nearly imposed on it by the other members. Apart from any personal objections
all our northern maritime commerce into Prussian harbours. The Crimean
to the American candidate for temporary membership, it seems to beun-
war, and the construction of the railway communication between our
doubted that he was distinctly disqualified for admission through his settled
Western provinces and Königsberg, have made that port the head-quarters residence in this country. One of the proposals to be submitted to the
of our northern trade. . Moreover, the mercantile marine of North
approaching meeting is, we understand, that open shall be substituted for
Germany increases yearly, while merchant ships under the Russian flag
" If France," the Goloss secret voting and the ballot of the committee abolished . It will be inte
are scarcely ever seen on foreign waters."
resting to see how the reformers will vote on the ballot when thus brought
significantly adds, " does not think proper to put a stop to Prussian home to themselves.
impetuosity, that Power will in a few years absorb the whole of Germany,
or, in other words, become the arbiter of Europe."
Such a scene as took place on Wednesday at Marlborough- street police-
court has seldom taken place in an English court of justice, though the State
Napoleon is reported to have once said that there was a French trials contain at least two precedents which are not altogether unlike it.
nationality, but no French nation. Like most broad assertions this must We refer, first, to the riot which took place in the Court of Queen's
be taken cum grano, but still contains an element of truth. Although Bench, when Lord Berkeley attempted to take forcible possession of
there is probably much exaggeration in a statement recently made that his infamous daughter who made her appearance on the trial there of Lord
the French language is only spoken by the people in eight depart- Grey, of Werke, and, secondly, to the riot which occurred at the special
ments, yet it is certain that the nation is far from being as homogeneous commission held at Maidstone in 1798 , for the trial of O'Coigley, O'Connor,
as is generally supposed. Dr. Lagneau, in a report to the Academy, and others, and which led to the trial and conviction of Lord Thanet and
undertakes to prove that the different races which inhabit the soil still Mr. Fergusson on the famous occasion when Lord Ellenborough
retain the physical peculiarities and in many cases even the diseases of cross- examined Sheridan in a manner which extorted from him answers
their respective ancestors. His observations are based on the results of the upon which his friends were convicted . Such scenes are certainly more in
conscription. He finds that the Breton of the present day still exhibits harmony with the manners and habits of a past age than with those of our
the high stature and robust frame which characterized his sturdy pro- own times ; and it is much to be hoped that as in the case of Lord Thanet
genitors, and that the central departments, formerly inhabited by the Gallo- and Mr. Fergusson the insult offered to the sanctity of a court of
Celts, also furnish but few cases of exemption on account of disease or justice was duly punished, so in the present case a very gross offence
insufficient height. On the other hand, among the South Belgian Gauls may not be permitted to pass unnoticed, because men of rank happened
and the inhabitants of the provinces invaded by the Normans, a large to be concerned in it. As far, however, as we can understand the
number of conscripts are debarred from serving their country by their story (which is not at all clear) the aristocratic rioters were
weak eyes, bad teeth, small stature, and feeble constitutions. All for the most part defending Mr. Newman in the possession of the box of
these peculiarities Dr. Lagneau attributes to some ancestral fault ; but papers which he had been compelled to bring into court upon a subpœna.
though we admit that the tumuli may furnish data concerning the The attempt to take it by force, and consequently the responsibility
bones and teeth of the Ligurians and other defunct barbarians, on of the riot, would probably rest, if this were so, upon the friends
what grounds does the learned gentleman assert that they suffered from or adherents, whoever they might be, of those who charged Mr.
weak eyes, hernia, or varicose veins? It would be interesting to be informed Newman with being in possession of stolen goods. However the
by some fashionable dentist whether his experience leads him to the con- matter may be viewed and whoever is to blame for what occurred, it
clusion that our Norman nobility are greater victims to the toothache than was a singularly disgraceful scene, and the matter ought on no account to
the Scotch or the Irish Celts. Dr. Lagneau's theory opens a wide field for be allowed to remain as it is. The proceedings which led to this scene
inquiry, and is in direct contradiction of a statement made by one of his leave an impression upon the mind almost as confused as does the riot
colleagues, who, in a very interesting work on the unity of the human race, itself. But some things about it are very clear. That articles of a most
horrified the Americans by affirming that the influence of what he calls
malicious characterhave appeared inthe Queen'sMessenger is quite unquestion-
the " milieu " is so great that the present descendants of the first Anglo- able ; nor need we be surprised that any one ofthem should bring upon
[ 574 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 19
JULY 9, 1869.]

the writer personal chastisement. In fact, the writer himself must have of crowding in upon him during one week of the year, would come at the
expected such consequences. But personal assault is not a proper means time most convenient to him and themselves, and enjoy, as used formerly
of vindication ; and in cases like the present the law gives ample oppor- to be the case, the simple pleasure of seeing Oxford and of making
tunities for detection and punishment. acquaintance with college life. It may be some time, however, before the
university has the boldness to adopt so effectual a remedy, and, mean-
while, it seems to us to be the plain duty of the colleges to refuse to lend
Whatever may be thought of the question which Lord Winchilsea their buildings for the purpose of expensive entertainments, which, as we
brought before the House of Lords, there can be no doubt that the police know, in the case of many undergraduates, often swallow up the money
are bound to exercise their authority over - equestrians with delicacy and saved by a whole year's economy.
discretion. On Saturday a gentleman was charged with abusing the
police because they told him he must leave the Park on the ground that
he was exercising his horse. It did not appear from the evidence that If the Californian and Australian gold-fields are really beginning, as
previously to their interfering with him he had in any way miscon- some persons assert, to show symptoms of exhaustion, it may be a
ducted himself, and it certainly seems rather absurd that any one consolation to learn that the philosopher's stone has been discovered, and
should be turned out of the Park owing to a doubt as to whether he is can supply their place. A French paper, the Gaulois, seriously informs its
exercising himself or his horse. If, however, this kind of thing is abso- readers that, encouraged by a prophecy of Nostradamus, M. Fretreau,
lutely necessary it would be advisable, in order to prevent rows, that formerly an assistant of the famous chemist Gay Lussac, has turned his
equestrians should be required to take an oath at the Park gates that they attention to alchemy, and has at last succeeded in converting a lingot of
have no object in view but their own amusement. At the same time it is silver into a lingot of gold by the combined action of nitric acid and
to be feared that a too close inquiry into the motives which lead horsemen electricity. It is true that the cost of production exceeds many times the
and horsewomen to Rotten-row might occasionally lead to awkward value of the article produced, so that M. Fretreau rather reminds
revelations more fitted for the ears ofthe confessor than the constable, and one of Raymond de Lulli, an alchemist of the sixteenth century, of whom
on the whole we are inclined to think it would be as well to leave them and Brantôme naively relates that, disdaining to turn lead into gold, a very
their horses alone so long as they conduct themselves with decorum . easy and common process, he actually succeeded in converting gold
Seriously, the proper course for the police would be to call upon any into lead.
very rapid rider to stop, and thus prove whether he had proper control
over his horse or not. We hope than an advertisement which appeared in the Times of
Wednesday did not escape the notice of some of the many young ladies
The voice of a nation has spoken, but we grieve to be obliged to add who are anxious to find employment. It presents a rare opportunity of
that it has spoken in vain. Everybody has heard of the Principality of conferring a benefit on one of themselves, and at the same time of doing
Anhalt Köthen. We believe it to be the identical State which during an act of kindness to a retired literary man whose case deserves our
some European crisis signified to Talleyrand its hearty approval and utmost commiseration. The advertisement states that a well-educated
support of his policy and received the well-known reply that he was young lady is wanted, of good family, to assist another lady in preparing
"enchanté de faire sa connaissance." Since those days representative old MSS. for the press, and in very active attention to the interests of
government has risen and thriven in Anhalt Köthen as elsewhere, and, a retired literary man, between seventy and eighty years of age, who
accordingly it can boast of a Parliament, a Government, a popular party, has no relations left to look after his property. This last-mentioned circum-
and a newspaper. A magnificently written article from the latter publication stance does not so much excite our pity, as it is probably conducive to the
is now before us, descriptive of a desperate struggle carried on between rest of the gentleman in question, but what cannot fail to call forth
the Government and the Opposition, touching the disposal of certain sympathy is the evidently disturbed state of the interests referred to, which
of the Anhalt Köthen domains. It appears that the Government require the active attention of no less than two ladies. Prudence would at
made prodigious efforts to detach from the popular party some of its first sight appear to suggest that it might be advisable, for fear they should .
leading and shining lights, and that, human nature being the same in Anhalt over-exert themselves in the work of mercy, that the two ladies should
Köthen as elsewhere, the inducements held out by an all powerful Govern- confine themselves to preparing the old MSS. for the press, and that the
ment were too much for the weaker vessels of the Opposition . The shining retired literary man should employ some respectable solicitor to attend to
lights therefore seceded from the popular cause, leaving a stanch and his interests, and look after his property.
inflexible minority to be rendered immortal by the Köthen newspaper
The names of these illustrious men, says the article in question, should be
handed down to the latest posterity and reverenced by the nation as the The great Boston festival appears to have had a result which will arrest
faithful adherents of the popular cause in the hour of peril. Their ever-to- the further development of monster concerts. It has shown that the
be-remembered names are Koch, Reinicke, Schulze, Eggeling, Joachimi, voluine of sound produced does not increase in proportion to the means
Harnig, Heiniche, Fahrtheim, and last, but not least, Dr. Bolze employed. On this head the musical journalists of America are unanimous.
Berneburg. For example, an able correspondent of the Musical World says :-"The
10,000 voices really produced no more apparent noise or power than .
We wonder whether the ladies who flock to the Oxford Commemoration 1,000 in an ordinary concert -room . Those present at the Handel
have any idea of the expenses which their visits entail upon their friends. Festival in 1867 , and present also at this Boston Jubilee, declare that the
Mr. Kitchin, a distinguished Oxford resident, has just published a letter to choruses at the latter seemed less powerful than those at the former." A
the Vice-Chancellor, in which he calls the attention of the university to writer in Watson's Art Journal speaks to the same effect :- -'" We confess
the increasing gaiety and costliness of the Commemoration week, and to the that our feeling was one of disappointment, for the tone did not seem
prevalent idleness of the summer term, of which the Commemoration festivi- at all adequate to the vast numbers employed. We did expect a
ties are, to a great extent, the cause. This dissipation appears to be a com- grander result." The conclusion arrived at is that " an average chorus
parative novelty, and we cannot but think that, with energetic measures on of 5,000 voices is about all that the human ear will accept, and that
the part of the authorities, it might easily be arrested. " Those of us," says further additions of singers only affect the eye." After this it is likely that
Mr. Kitchin , 66 whose memory ofOxford goes back twenty years, remember a Boston will remain in undisturbed possession of the honour of having
time when almost all the present accessories of the festival were wanting- given the biggest concert ever known. According to Dwight's Journal of
when the concerts, private theatricals, great breakfasts, luncheons, Music, " the hundred anvils were a failure. A single honest blacksmith's
dinners, water parties, masonic fêtes, flower-shows, balls night after anvil has more ring in it." The reporter admits, however, that " the guns
night, the crush and hurry, the scramble for tickets to this were wonderfully well timed, think what you will of them."
and that, the manifold excitements, were as yet unknown ; and they
who came to Commemoration came to catch a glimpse of Oxford as she
was, and to go home again untired, and the better for the simple holiday. In adopting Lord Cairns's amendment, by which the Irish bishops are
But now every hour in the weary week is crowded with entertainments, to retain their seats after the loss of their temporalities, the Lords have
and Oxford is almost obliterated for the moment. Nor is the loss of time done their utmost to stultify themselves. Not only have they decided in
the only evil. These things cost money- plenty of money. I heard of opposition to the views laid down by their own Committee on the Berkeley
undergraduates who were so besieged for ball tickets that they wisely claim in the " Report on the Dignity of the Peerage," but they have
preferred to escape to their homes, and avoid the heavy tax on their slender adopted a principle which is at variance with the very authorities whom
purse, leavingthe importunate pleasure-seekers to attack other and less prudent they, as a rule, respect the most. Stanford, lib. iii, cap. 62, says : " They
friends. What extravagance is rife may be inferred from the fact that the (the bishops) have no place in Parliament, but only in respect of their
tickets for one ball this Commemoration were eagerly bought at five guineas possessions, to wit, the ancient baronies annexed to their dignities. Sir
a-piece. I asked an undergraduate friend of mine whether the ladies, or Edward Coke (Second Institute, p. 585) , when treating of the statute " De
their relations, did not offer to pay for their tickets ; the reply was, Not asportatis Religiosorum," says :-"To the first, every bishop hath a
often ; and if they do, a man's fine sense of honour makes him prefer to barony, in respect whereof-secundum legem et consuetudinem Parliamenti-
owe the money to his tailor rather than to take it from his friend ; ' which he ought to be summoned as well as any of the nobles of the realm , and
seemed to me to hit the point exactly. " Mr. Kitchin's remedy is to follow likewise twenty-six abbots and two priors had baronies, and thereby were
the example of the Scottish universities, and to concentrate the period lords of Parliament ; and when the monasteries were dissolved the
of residence in the winter and spring months. On more than one account Lords' House lost so many members that had voices in Parliament. But,
this change is highly desirable, and it has, of late, been frequently advocated seeing it was done by authority of Parliament, it was no impeachment
by some of the most experienced tutors in Oxford. But we should meet to the proceedings in Parliament." Nor can it be seriously maintained that
the particular evil of the Commemoration festivities with still more stringent the Act of Charles II. ( 12 Car. II . , c. 24 ) metamorphosed the territorial
mea sures.
The Enconia, or Commemoration proper, which is the pretext baronies of the bishops into substantive personal honours. If it had, the
for the gaieties of the Commemoration week, has become a useless and heirs, and not the successors, of the bishops of the reign of Charles II.
senseless ceremony, which it is now of no advantage to retain. The would have been called to sit in Parliament. The successive bishops
recitation of the prize compositions might well be dispensed with, and have received grants from the Crown of the temporalitics of their sees,
honorary degrees might be conferred at any time during the year. The and have done homage for them. Nor can it be objected that bishops
balls, concerts, fêtes, &c., would probably disappear with the central are in a different position from lay peers, because tenure in frankalmoigne
ceremony of the Sheldonian Theatre, and an undergraduate's friends, instead is maintained, for it was not that tenure which gave the title
[ 575 ]
 20 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869 .

to the seat in Parliament, but the tenure in barony, by whatsoever service injuries inflicted by the bursting of a badly made gun. We could give
the barony itself was held. No member of the Upper House was more the name of an action now pending by a personal representative to recover
decided in his opinions on this point than the present Chairman of Com- damages against a private gentleman who carelessly shot his friend whilst
mittees and no one pressed his views upon the other members of the showing him a new pistol, and in a case tried a few years ago at Lincoln a
Committee more persistently. We are therefore somewhat amused, though maidservant recovered heavy damages against a labourer who threw a
by no means surprised, at finding Lord Redesdale's name amongst those rhubarb leaf by way of a joke at a pony on which she was riding whereby
who supported the totally opposite theory maintained by Lord Cairns's she fell off and hurt her spine.
amendment. Fealty to one's party is even more important than fealty to
oneself.
Will British husbands who are afflicted by the length of uxorial
One of the most ferocious Moscow Slavophiles, named Samarine, has milliners' bills gather any comfort from hearing that there are husbands in
published a book on the boundaries of Russia (Okrayni Rossiy) , which is an other lands as ill-fated as they ? The dressmaker's account which the
attempt to prove that all the parts now subjected to the process of Russi- Princess of Metternich submitted to her husband last week, before leaving
fication belonged always to Russia, and cannot be considered other- Paris, was of 112,000 francs (£4,480). Unlike Prince Bariatinski, who
wise than thoroughly Russian . A professor of the University of last month flatly refused to pay 10,000 francs (£400) for a " petite toilette
Dorpat, named Schirren, undertook to defend the Baltic provinces in a de matin en crêpe de Chine," his Excellency the Austrian Ambassador
book directed against that of Samarine. In consequence of this opened his purse like a prince. Madame la Princesse then produced the
Professor Schirren has been immediately dismissed from his professorship bonnet bill, which amounted to 2,250 francs (£ 330). This his Excellency
and the circulation of his book prohibited. This is a good illustration of the paid again, remarking this time, with exemplary resignation, " My dear, Í
power of the Moscow Slavophiles mentioned in a letter from St. Petersburg, have noticed that in proportion as your bonnets diminish in size the price
which we have published some time ago. The book of Professor Schirren of them increases. One of these mornings we shall be having the milliner
was published in Leipsic in the German language, and therefore can bringing nothing but the bill."
probably be had at London by those who take an interest in the contest
going on between the Slavonian and German races on the shores of the The Presbyterian chaplain of Spike Island Government Prison in Ireland
Baltic.
reports to the directors of convict prisons in that country that a few of the
oldest of the convicts, and those coming from the furthest north, came to him
A few days ago a gentleman was fined by the magistrate at Marl- with a request that in the praises of God he would use onlythe Psalms of David,
borough- street for furious riding in Hyde Park. It was proved on and not introduce hymns, which they objected to as not being inspired. It
evidence that the horse was wild and unruly, and that the rider found so happened that the convicts who led the singing liked to have some
himself obliged for his own safety to stand up in the stirrups and hymns, and as the chaplain was favourable to their partial use himself, he
gallop the animal, for fear of being kicked off. A clearer case of persuaded the objectors to yield, and the singing of both psalms
danger to the public could hardly be shown ; but " Velox," in a letter and hymns now goes on harmoniously. He adds that this intro-
to the Times, finds fault with the decision and asks for a more
duction within the walls of a prison of a vexed question well known
authoritative definition " of furious riding. Especially he takes
outside of them evinces more thought about religion than some people
exception to the constable's evidence that twelve miles an hour
would give convicts credit for. If the Spike Island convicts had shown
is an improper pace. Because he himself sometimes trots a horse at
the same reverance for inspired writing before their incarceration as they
that rate he can see no reason why anybody should be prohibited
now show, they would have saved themselves much trouble and the country
from galloping at the same rate. But surely to any one who has, much expense .
as " Velox " pretends, the slightest knowledge of horses, the reason
is obvious. A horse at the trot is under the rider's control to a much Now that the season has come for what are called " school treats," and
greater extent than when galloping, and can be pulled up more sharply. appeals are made each morning in the papers for contributions towards the
However fast, trotting is an orderly pace , and the animal is not excited expense of giving children belonging to the schools in London an
as it is apt to be in galloping. Moreover, a great deal in such a case expedition into the country, we trust that efforts will be made
depends on the character ofthe horse. There may be no danger in trotting to make these treats as little painful as possible to the small
or even galloping a quiet, sound-tempered animal at the rate of twelve miles victims. It too often happens that the unhappy children are packed
an hour, but it is altogether different with a hard-mouthed , tearing, vicious like herrings in vans and taken on a pouring wet day to some
brute, which threatens every moment to kick off its rider. Gentlemen
suburb, where they wander about without any protection from the weather
who have a taste for the latter exercise must indulge it elsewhere than for long dreary hours, only enlivened by singing hymns or choruses
in the public parks
expressive of love to their teachers, and are then repacked in the vans,
drenched to the skin , wearied, worn out, and half dead, to be revived for
Last week the Examiner published an article denouncing the extortion the moment by an appeal, " Now, girls, ' Oh , let us be jyful' ; " upon which
to which railway companies are subjected by persons who bring actions. a melancholy wail is heard from forty youthful voices as the springless
against them for personal injuries inflicted by negligence. There is some carriage jolts along the road, " Oh, let us be jyful, jyful, jyful, jyful "—
truth in the complaint, and we think some justice, in the Examiner's and so the dreary procession disappears in the twilight on its way to London,
observations on the particular case which occasioned its article. It asks, leaving an impression of anything but "jyfulness " on the minds of the
however, a series of questions, which show singular ignorance of facts :- passers-by. The promoters of school treats, unless they can prevail on
We say that this case is typical of a large number of cases in which railway weather prophets to give them information gratis, should make it a rule in
companies are treated as no other body, public or private, is treated . There is some- this uncertain climate to secure some kind of shelter for the unfortunate
thing very repulsive, for example, in a sorrowing widow, who has got lots of property, children who are the subjects of their charity. Besides the Crystal Palace
instituting, immediately after a great accident, a suit against a railway company for at Sydenham , there is, we believe, another enormous Crystal Palace some-
damages caused by the death of her husband ; but her right is legal, and so it must be where out by Muswell-hill, which ought to be able to accommodate all
allowed. What, however, if her husband had been run over by an omnibus ? The the school children in London. Tents, or even umbrellas, would be
driver may be prosecuted for culpable carelessness, as the driver of an engine may ; but better than nothing. It must be borne in mind that holidays, as a rule,
does she claim £ 30,000 damages from the General Omnibus Company ? Suppose he is are distressing affairs, but a little common sense added to the kindness
drowned by the giving way of the railing on a small bridge belonging to a paper mill ; which prompts them will do much to alleviate their miseries.
does she sue the owners of the mill for money ? Suppose he is accidently shot while
passing near the scene of a riot ; does she call upon the Government to grant her an
annuity ? Suppose he is killed by the bursting of a badly made gun ; while he is out It is gratifying to find that during the early period of the Papacy there
shooting ; does she demand the £ 30,000 from the makers ? Not only does she not do so, existed a Pope whose humility was as remarkable as the high pretensions
but the jury would decline to give a verdict in her favour if she did. But once put a of his later successors. We reproduce a translation from an inscription
railway company up as the defendant, and the circumstances are wholly altered. set up by Damasus, Pope of Rome, which was found some years ago
We say, on the contrary, that these assertions are utterly unfounded , both broken into 120 fragments. It is in honour of certain saints and martyrs,
in law and in fact ; that railways are under no special legal liability, and and was found near a crypt where they are buried in the Via Appia. It
runs as follows :
that other defendants are, in fact, treated in much the same manner. Let
us take the cases seriatim. Would the General Omnibus Company be sued, Here, if you would know, is heaped together a whole crowd of holy ones. The
asks the Examiner, if one of their drivers carelessly drove over a man ? Of honoured sepulchres enclose the bodies of the saints. Their noble souls the Palace of
course they would . Unless we are much mistaken , heavy damages were Heaven has taken to itself. Here lie the companions of Xystus, who bear away the
given a very few days ago in an action of this kind against a well- known trophies from the enemy. Here a number of elders who guard the altars of Christ.
firm of carriers. The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Company had lately Here is buried the priest who long lived in peace. Here the holy confessors whom
Greece sent us. Here lie youths and boys, old men and their chaste offspring, who
to pay several thousand pounds, we think £ 4,000, damages to an Indian
officer who fell through a trap door incautiously left open by their servants chose for the better part to keep their own virgin chastity. Here, I, Damasus, confess
in taking in cargo. Suppose, says the Examiner, a man was drowned I wished to lay my bones, but I feared to disturb the holy ashes of the saints.
by the negligence of the owners of a paper mill in not keeping To the genuine hagiologist so much anonymous saintship is, we are free to
up a bridge, would they be sued ? No doubt they would, if it was confess, a little irritating. It reminds us of the unfortunate accident which
their legal duty to keep the bridge in repair, and if the person occurred at the Escurial on its capture by the French , when the innumer-
injured had a right to be upon it. Suppose a man were "acci-
able nails, teeth, thumbs, jaw and thighbones and other fragments of saints
dentally shot while passing near the scene of a riot, does she (his widow) and martyrs, which till then had been kept separate, carefully labelled and
call upon the Government to grant her an annuity ? " Certainly not, docketed, were thrown into one hideous jumble, in which state they have
because no stretch of imagination can convert the crime of the rioters into remained ever since. Any one therefore who is anxious to revere any part
an act of negligence on the part of the Government. "Suppose he is of the body however obscure and insignificant of his or her patron saint,
killed by the bursting of a badly made gun while he is out shooting, is obliged to go in for blindly adoring the whole mass of relics, in the hope
does she demand £30,000 from the makers ? " If the writer will
that the blessed fragment more particularly aimed at may still be included
look at the well-known case of Langridge v. Levy, he will see an in the heap. One, however, perhaps the most priceless gem of all, has
instance in which a gunmaker was sued and had to pay damages for unquestionably been lost, for nothing is now known of that gorgeous
[ 576 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 21
JULY 9, 1869. ]

specimen of archangelic plumage, a feather from Gabriel's wing, six foot steer round." The navigation of the canal from Ismailia to Port
long, which the author of " Vathek " saw there in the year 1780. We Sa'id is perfectly free all the way for river boats of a light draught of
tremble to think what may become of the remainder of these inestimable water, but dredges are constantly at work deepening the channel. After
treasures in these degenerate days of toleration and liberty in Spain. reading the foregoing account it seems very uncertain whether the canal
will be open for navigation at the time fixed by M. de Lesseps. We observe
that the Indépendance Belge, on the authority of a letter from Paris, states
In an action just tried in the Common Pleas between a couple of picture- that the Emperor of Austria and the King of Italy have declined the
dealers, evidence was given of a custom of the trade which ought to be
Egyptian Viceroy's invitation ; and it is doubted whether the Empress of
generally known. It was asserted on behalf of the defendant that
the French will honour the occasion with her presence.
it is usual in the trade to affix the names of eminent artists to pictures
not painted by them, the excuse being that this is intended only " by
way of description," and does not imply that they are really what they The curious dispute between the clergy and the laity of the Roman
purport to be. Most people will concur with the judge's remark, that
Catholic Church in Hungary, to which we alluded the other day, seems
if this is actually a custom of the trade the sooner it is abandoned the now to be in a fair way of settlement. The demand of the laity that they
better.
should be allowed to take part in the ecclesiastical administration in the
same way as is done by the laity of other Churches has been strongly
Police magistrates and deputy assistant judges and the like must
supported by the Government, and the Catholic Primate, Archbishop
have very pleasant voices ; at any rate they are very fond of hearing them- Simov, has at length consented to the convocation of a " Catholic Congress
selves talk, and yet their talk is, according to the reports in the with that object. This Congress is to prepare a reorganization of the
newspapers, generally inane. For instance, one of our metropolitan system of church government on the basis of the " Status Transylvaniæ
magistrates having the other day very properly fined a dressmaker for two Catholicorum," a law under which the churches, schools, and ecclesiastical
offences against the Workshops' Regulation Act, could not hold his peace, property generally in Transylvania were formerly placed under the control
but must needs remark " that the fine was nothing to the profits got out of a mixed commission of clergymen and laymen. The Congress was
of the work, and that it could easily be put on to the charge for a lady's opened on the 24th ult. with a long speech from the Primate, in which he
dress. The Act was a most useful one, and he would always enforce it. " pointed out the importance of the questions to be discussed, exhorted his
These words would lead ordinary beings to infer, in the first place, that
hearers to be united and trustful, and expressed the hope that they would
the magistrate was apologetic and anxious to show the finee how she could
" succeed in reconciling the autonomy with the principles of the Church."
easily recoup herself ; in the second, that the Act is so far from being
"most useful " that it is perfectly useless, seeing that the fine is not (or need
not be) felt at all ; and, in the third, that a magistrate who enforces an When we read the long prosy documents which proceed from the pens
Act is slightly astonished at finding himself performing his duty. of our public officials, we cannot help wishing that, in consideration of the
salaries they receive, they would be a little less free with our stationery and
ink. Take, for instance, an ordinary Treasury minute addressed to the
Everybody who is interested in the future of the negro should read the
Boards of Customs or Inland Revenue ; it generally relates to some ques-
opinions on that subject given by the consuls at Savannah and New
Orleans in their reports to the Foreign Office for the past year. Mr. tion which might be satisfactorily disposed of by two words spoken to the
chairmen of either of those Boards, instead of which my lords " have given
Acting- Consul Bennett, speaking of the present state of agriculture
their serious consideration " to the subject, which they proceed to dilate.
in Georgia as affected by the abolition of slavery, says that, however
abhorrent slavery is, and repulsive to the feelings of every English- upon at such a length that everybody whose sad fate it is to read
man, still Georgia had no other dependence, and since it has been their observations must earnestly wish they would seriously consider whether
knocked from under her feet, she lies prostrate, unable to recover they do not waste more in a week by their pompous and useless utterances
herself. The freedman suddenly released from his bonds, entirely than they save in a year by their " rigid economies." The telegraph, too,
is opening up a new source of expense. We do not know how much our
untrained to freedom, interprets it as implying exemption from labour.
He comes to his former owners for assistance when in distress, but forgets own Government spends in that way, but the chairman of the Atlantic
Telegraph Company explained the other day that an item of £4,322 set
them the moment the cause is removed. He, in fact, wishes to revel in all
the licentiousness of his present freedom, and enjoy at the same time all down as in suspense was the cost of a message from the Secretary of State
in the United States to Russia. It seems that some objections have
the advantages attached to his former state of slavery. The negro race,
been made to the charge, but we hope when the affair has been
thriftless and incorrigibly lazy, as they are now not compelled to work,
arranged, the United States Government will not mind telling us what
cannot be depended upon for steady labour. For the most part useless to it was all about. We should so much like to know what anybody could
the community in which they live, as well as to themselves, their race in all
probability will gradually become extinct. This is Mr. Bennett's view of have to say to anybody else which could be worth £4,322. None of our
the subject. Let us now turn, as preachers say, to the report of Mr. own official writings at all approaches it in value, though, take them one
Consul Donohoe on the trade and commerce of New Orleans. Mr. with the other, we fear many messages from Whitehall to Somerset House
cost little if any less in the long run.
Donohoe says there are few planters in the Southern States who would
now wish to return to the old system of working their plantations by
slave labour, even if they could do so. There are some who com- It may be as well to call attention to one rather important consideration
plain more or less of the untrustworthiness of the negro in keeping up 66 concurrent
which has been too much forgotten in our discussions of
his contract, but there is a marked improvement from year to year in this endowment." Briefly it is this : We are Protestants for political reasons,
particular, and ultimately he has very little doubt that a very efficient negro as well as for reasons of religion. The authority of the Church of Rome is
labouring population will exist through the Southern States. When rejected by us because we believe it not only to teach spiritual error, but to
doctors differ who shall decide ? be an engine of political mischief-pernicious in its influence over the
family, baleful to science and letters, crippling alike to individual
freedom and the general liberties of a well-ordered State. In fact,
A correspondent of the Bombay Gazette, who visited the Suez there can be no doubt of this -- that as a nation we are Protestants far
Canal in the middle of May, gives an interesting account of the
more for political than for religious reasons ; and that thousands of
works in progress along the line. Personal inspection made him a believer
for the first time in the canal as " a really great achievement," especially Englishmen are at this hour Protestants in a political sense only. From
when he saw the waters of the Mediterranean rushing past him in a strong which it follows that when peers and bishops advocated the Duke of
Cleveland's scheme of concurrent endowment lately, they spoke as very
current 150 feet broad into the Bitter Lakes. Already the water let in
through the déversoir near Serapeum has flooded the basin of liberal religionists, but also as men forgetful of the most positive, deeply-
the lakes to a good depth, but a vast quantity more must rooted, and unquestionable meanings of their own creed. Thus the Bishop
yet be introduced before the lakes are raised to the level of Gloucester said the other night, " What we have to decide is which we
of the canal. " In point of fact," he writes, " the whole country shall adopt of two very anxious courses, to use no harder expression - we
shall have to decide whether it is best to allocate a portion of what must
must be covered with water before the desired level is reached
and the embankment can be cut away. M. Lavalley proposes to bring be a residuum fund for religious purposes, as indicated in the amendment,
the Red Sea in to the aid of the Mediterranean in order to accomplish or for purposes of an alien kind. " And then he went on to say, —
this work, and has fixed the 1st of October as the date for effecting com- Let us deal fairly with the religion whose claims it is proposed to consider. Is there
munication between the two seas. But the works at Chalouf will certainly any one in this House who can come forward and say that the Church of Rome does
not be completed at that date, or for some time after it ; and I not acknowledge the three creeds which we believe to be necessary to our salvation ?
observe that the contractor has ingeniously provided a loophole of escape Does she not believe that which is the dearest doctrine with some of us, and that in
defence of which we would shed our best life's blood -the divinity of our Lord and
for himself by proposing to cut through the bank of the canal at the head Master? It may be that she has added to her system much that we consider
of the Suez lagoons , several miles from the entrance to the channel, and so
deplorable, much even that we consider dangerous, but the belief in our Lord, in the
let the water into the Bitter Lakes from this side by a fresh déversoir.
four great Councils, and the three great creeds she shares in common with ourselves.
This will certainly be one mode of establishing through communi-
cation ; but I need not say that it will be a quite different thing And that is the one-sided way in which the endowment of the Roman
from the opening of the canal for the navigation of heavy ships." Catholic Church has been generally discussed. Now, no doubt the Duke
Ismailia is a charming little town, but " it makes one smile to hear every of Cleveland's proposal was not very considerable in its scope, and it was
man talk of it as likely to supersede Alexandria. " There is no port yet in in accordance with what we have been doing for Roman Catholics
Lake Timsah, much less any trade, but it is a pleasant place for bathing, in Ireland for a long time. But the views of the advocates of " con-
and, in one respect at least, it is already in advance of some parts nearer current endowment " take a much wider range ; and if they were carried
home-there are regulations that every bather shall wear a full dress in the out fairly, not one million, but several millions, would have to be given for
the succour and maintenance of the Roman Catholic Church in this empire.
wmorning,
ith a though in the evening he may be allowed to go into the water
" simple caleçon." The canal at El-Gisr is very narrow, and, And what we say is that more goes to that matter than " acknowledg-
to make bad worse, instead of running in a straight line, through ment of the three creeds." To succour and maintain the Roman Church
some blunder on the part of the engineers, it describes " a regular is to fortify a system which for political reasons alone is rejected as
corkscrew curve, presenting very awkward points for a big ship to intolerable. Of course we know that we do not now state the whole case,
[ 577 ]
 22 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869.

any more than the Bishop of Gloucester did ; but since many very bold ments, as the operation enabled them to indulge more freely in the
and generous advocates of concurrent endowment are abroad, it may be as pleasures of their banquets, and with less fear of ill consequences. This
well to remind them that the question does not altogether turn on touching anecdote shows how deeply rooted in the City bosom is
differences or agreements of Christian teaching. the love of gobble and guzzle and knowing the high courage which
animates British corporations, we fear that it cannot be eradicated, though
The management of our gaols is certainly one of the most profound . it lead to bankruptcy and death.
of British mysteries. The privileges accorded to convicts are still as varied
as they are substantial. For instance, at Morpeth affairs are so arranged
that if the governor of the prison happens to be in attendance at the OUR AFGHAN ALLY.
quarter sessions, his daughter can take her choice among the prisoners,
carry her favourite off in a cab, and marry him instanter. What will be the FROM an Indian letter just received we make the following extract relative
future fate of Miss Kinch, the young lady who has just availed herself to the Afghan question, just now somewhat critical :-
of these pleasant regulations, it is not difficult to guess. Having " The Ameer Shere Ali has already begun to profit from his visit to
her choice among a large number of interesting captives, Miss Kinch Umballa. On his way down he was met at Jellalabad by the head men of
decided on eloping with and marrying an amiable unfortunate who had the tribes infesting the Khyber, who did not scruple to demand and levy
been sentenced to nine months' hard labour for cutting and wounding. black mail from him for his safe conduct through the Pass. On his return
This, however, is Miss Kinch's own affair. What the public cares about is he was able to make his own terms, and though he has admitted his
to know whether there are other gaols at which the Morpeth system still inclination to revive the subsidy which his father, Dost Mahomed, allowed
prevails. At any rate, on a minor scale, a similar delicate con- the Mullicks for protecting goods and travellers, he has stipulated that he
siderateness for the feelings of criminals enlightens the gloom of the must first have proof positive of their good intentions by seeing that
cells at the Clerkenwell police- court. Last Monday was " inaugu- caravans pass through uninolested. On the Ameer's return 1,500 persons,
rated " a modification of the criminal law which may well be recom- mostly merchants, were awaiting his arrival at Peshawur, hoping to
mended to the attention of law reformers. A vagabond named Fenney, penetrate into Afghanistan under his escort. They must evidently be
being left alone in his cell, proceeded in the course of the night impressed with the belief that peace is likely to prevail in future, or else
to set fire to the building. He did not succeed, it is true, in why should they seek a market in the country for their wares ? Isak Khan,
burning down the station, but the attempt was made, and it was only son of Azim Khan , who at the beginning of the year was collecting
because the door of the cell was coated externally with iron that the whole the revenues of Balkh and Turkistan without a question, has disappeared
building was not in flames. For this atrocious offence the scoundrel was into space, and is said to be wandering towards Samarcand. Azim Khan
fined forty shillings, with three shillings for the burnt door ; so that the and Abdul Rahman Khan, after journeying as far as Meshed, have fallen
crime of arson, if committed by a prisoner within a cell, is treated as a back on Teheran, and are the guests of the Shah. The Meer of Budukshan,
trifling misdemeanour, while if committed from without it is punished by long a thorn in Shere Ali's side, has at length given in his allegiance,
seven or more years of penal servitude. following the example of numerous other chieftains in that quarter, who
for the nonce have submitted, convinced that opposition to Shere Ali now
implies hostility to the British Government.
At the meeting in aid of the blind at Willis's Rooms last week "International administration is already occupying the Ameer's atten-
the Rev. H. Milburn, the blind preacher from the United States, made tion. He told us that our barracks were better than his palace, and the
some remarkable observations respecting the blind . Blindness, he said, remembrance of what he has seen over the border has made him give
enabled persons to appreciate Scripture truths more than those possessed orders for the repair of the streets and bazaars of Cabul, and for intro-
of material sight. A great deal of idle sympathy had been expended ducing sanitary measures. He appears, too, to be feeling his way towards
upon the blind both in England and America. They were not treated as making money allowances to his chief sirdars in lieu of granting them the
ordinary mortals. If any of their members excelled in singing or instru- right of collecting revenue over certain districts. If he can accomplish
mentalism, he was regarded by the public as a prodigy. What was wanted this no easy matter, for he is sure of opposition- he will reduce that
for the blind was employment, education , and homes. We may observe spirit of independence which springs from territorial power, and, besides
that those who are not blind find some difficulty in supplying these wants having his sirdars more under his thumb, he will have funds at command.
and it is because we think that this difficulty must be enhanced by " The relief of troops in India during next cold weather has been pub-
blindness that we extend to the blind that sympathy of which Mr. lished, and the movements of the army are influenced to some degree by
Milburn complains. If we have offended them by so doing we are the necessity of a great military display whilst the Duke of Edinburgh is
sorry for it ; but we are inclined to the belief that the majority of blind with us. Certain regiments are therefore to halt at Agra about the second
people do find the affliction under which they suffer so great as to week of January next, when it is expected that the grand durbar will be
render them primâ facie fair objects of sympathy. Besides which, held. The force to be assembled, including the usual garrison at Agra,
whatever fault there may be in our over-sympathy with the blind it is will comprise seven batteries of artillery, three regiments of Queen's cavalry
amply atoned for by our impatience with the deaf and infirm. Νο
and three of native cavalry, five regiments of Queen's infantry, and eight
one shows any sympathy with the bearer of an ear trumpet, or with a native regiments. The 23rd, 82nd, 90th, 93rd, and 102nd Regiments are
fellow-creature who lacks activity in getting out of the way. Even a
under orders for England in the relief."
Hansom cab driver will occasionally hesitate before he drives over a blind
man, but woe betide the luckless pedestrian who fails to hear the warning
note of imprecation which our drivers sometimes vouchsafe as they
sharply turn a corner or dash at right angles over a crowded crossing ; THE ORANGE CELEBRATIONS.
and alas for him whose infirmities prevent that rapidity of motion necessary THE precautions annually adopted in July by successive Governments for
for the salvation of life ! It is at least something that the loose rein is the preservation of the public peace in the north of Ireland have this year
involuntarily tightened for the benefit of the wanderer with the stick and assumed more formidable proportions than usual in consequence of the
the upturned sightless eye. behaviour of some of the leading Protestants of Ulster, who, instead of
condemning the Orange tomfooleries, have afforded a certain amount of
We have all known for some time that our civic Fathers were over- encouragement to the movement by way of manifesting their disapproval of
eating themselves. They little know the anxiety they have caused us ; we the Irish Church Bill. The Portadown affray has increased the
felt that at last their constant gobbling must tell upon their constitutions and difficulties of the Irish Government in preserving the peace. It would
purses ; at the same time we felt that it would not be becoming on our part be premature, while the subject is under inquiry, to offer any opinion
to interfere. As in private life the thoughtful daughter will watch with upon it The police may have unnecessarily and wantonly interfered
tears in her eyes the increasing obesity of a parent and yet not have the with a youthful assemblage round a bonfire, or the bonfire may
courage to say, " Papa, you know the doctor would not allow this," so have been kindled by a savage mob who added fuel to the flames by
with sorrow in our hearts and shame at our own cowardice, we have Mr.
tossing a policeman into the midst of it without provocation.
watched the gluttony at the City feasts in silence and tears. Nor should Fortescue's account is evidently derived from official, and therefore con-
we now venture to counsel moderation , but that at the last meeting stabulary sources. But as it unluckily happened that Sub-Inspector
of the Court of Common Council it came out that upwards of Nunan, who was the officer in command, was a Roman Catholic,
£80,000 of the City cash had been expended on royal entertain- the religious element of discord has been introduced into this
ments since 1863 , and that the Corporation has great need to practise unfortunate and ill-timed conflict. It would be too much to expect
economy in order that, without touching its funded money, the revenue that agitators should take no notice of this affair. Captain Madder,
may cover the expenditure. It seems that two great orgies are now a shining light among the brotherhood of the county of Monaghan, unhesi
impending. The new bridge at Blackfriars and the Holborn Valley Viaduct tatingly attributes the blame of the occurrence to the Government, and
are shortly to be opened, and the City is already licking its lips at the pro- informs the Protestants of Ireland that " they may now see what they are
spect thus afforded of indigestion and twaddling speeches. Messrs. Fricker to expect under the régime of our present Government. Confiscation,
and Rigbymade vain efforts to curtail the expenditure to be incurred on these robbery, and slaughter without the slightest chance of any redress. Loyal
occasions. Their appeals to the reason of the court, however, fell flat on men thrown into prison and kept there for months before being per-
the stomachs of that venerable body, and it was decided that the Bridge mitted to prove their innocence. Traitors, rebels , and midnight
House Estates and Improvement Committee should be allowed to arrange assassins sheltered and screened under their protecting wings.
the ceremonials in their own way. When the voice ofthe banker and doctor Murderers let loose upon society to carry on their work of Satan. " Mr.
are of no avail it is improbable that the anxiety of the public on behalf Johnston does not go so far as this. Indeed, in calling together the
of its beloved Corporation will have any effect. It is very sad, and how great meeting, over which he intends to preside, near Dungannon, he
sad it is will be best shown by the following story, which we believe to be points out to his followers the dangers of breaking the law, and the
perfectly true : Not long ago a gentleman was ordered by his doctor to advantage any crime committed by Orangemen will give to the opposite
be cupped. He had some difficulty in finding a professional cupper, party. Mr. Johnston has passed through the ordeal of martyrdom. Heis
but at last discovered one in the City, who in answer to his now, as member for Belfast and leader of the Orangemen , reaping its
inquiries as to the extent of his business, informed him that reward. In all this there is an element of danger that some aspirant for a
it chiefly consisted of cupping City gentlemen before their entertain- similar crown of martyrdom may as boldly and defiantly break the law this
[ 578 ]
 JULY 9, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 23

year as the hero of Ballykilbeg did last July, and that in so doing he may should be divided between the Admiral of the station and Greenwich
compel a collision which it should be the desire of all good citizens to avoid. Hospital. Notice would arrive that mules carrying silver would come
At the present moment almost every little dispute is magnified into a down to such and such an unfrequented part of the coast or mouth of a
party quarrel. Mr. Coote, the high sheriff of Monaghan, being called upon river. A man-of-war's boat, manned and armed, would be sent to receive
to dismiss his sub-sheriff for drawing up a defective jury panel, defies it, and, if the Mexican officials obtained information , they came to the spot
the Executive by a refusal, the Protestants support his resistance to and attempted to prevent the piratical proceeding, when there was resistance,
official tyranny, and the Roman Catholics utter a wail of despair at the and occasionally bloodshed. You appear to have a prejudice against
hopelessness of obtaining justice while such landlords as Mr. Coote have smuggling ; and to subordinate officers, who reaped no profits, it was a
power. Even a small squabble about the burial-ground for Belfast and disagreeable service. It also had the disadvantageous effect of inducing
the regulations for its management has grown into a question between the captains of her Majesty's vessels to forsake their duties for the sake of guin.
two religious parties, and has been submitted to the arbitration of the For instance, a certain frigate, whose captain was tempted by having some
Privy Council. two million dollars on board, left her post in the spring of 1846, and returned
Nevertheless, the good sense of many of the influential people in the direct to England -in order that her gallant commander might pocket
north of Ireland on both sides is a strong guarantee that, unless unfore his freight at a most critical moment, when war with America appeared to
seen accidents occur, the peace of the country will be preserved. be imminent. It is true that Captain G―― was at once placed on the
retired list, but the smuggling system still continued with the full sanction
of the Admiral of the station and of the Admiralty. However, since the
completion of the Panama railroad it has not been so lucrative. Captain
THE DISEASED CATTLE BILL.
Pim is wrong in saying that the officers and men participated in the
THERE is no doubt that the decision arrived at by Parliament to reject plunder. The captain got the whole. He usually gave the clerk who
Mr. Read's proposal for the slaughter of foreign cattle from infected counted the dollars a present, but the mate or midshipman of the boat who
districts immediately on their arrival in this country represents a definite ran all the risk got nothing. Captain Pim himself was not one of us. He
loss in money to the country. By a large expenditure in cash, time, was serving on board a vessel engaged in scientific surveying on the
and troublesome research, we purchased the best scientific knowledge Mexican coast in those days."
on the subject not only of cattle plague in particular, but of various
other maladies, as also of the cause, rise, progress, and direction of the
epidemic diseases in general, what produced them, cured them, or aggra- THE BABY.
vated them, and ascertained when no skill and no physic could avail.
A VISITOR to the Academy Exhibition who has not all the feelings of a
We learned much concerning the subtle way in which the virus spread father discovers within himself after a time a reckless Herodian sentiment
and propagated itself, and in addition to this we had all the knowledge provoked by the number of infants portrayed upon the walls. He begins
which science and experience could give from the best authorities in
to indulge the atrocious feeling that even in art it is possible to have too
Russia, Austria, Hungary, and North Germany, and the English consuls
much of the "little stranger. " The ladies never tire of staring at these
from various parts supplied us with information at once minute and
interesting pictures, and to hear the feminine criticisms, or rather ejacu-
valuable. The most able men of the day, both practical and scientific,
lations, evoked by a more than usually sweet cherub is almost enough
examined witnesses and recorded evidence, and the result was a decisive
to destroy one's faith for ever in the literary misogynist of the time. It
recommendation that in future all foreign cattle should be slaughtered at
is plain that, as a matter of business, painting the infant must be a good
the port of debarkation. We regret the decision arrived at, for probably
the retail butchers and a few jobbers will be the only gainers thereby. thing for artists ; and as they need not dread any present falling off in the
production of pretty babies, these gentlemen may fairly hope that their
The establishment of a separate market in London will, we doubt
not, promote the freedom of transit and sale of home cattle, and therefore particular branch of art will flourish as it should do in a well- ordered com-
munity. The wealth of innocent fatlings this year, not only in the Royal
will affect the price of meat favourably. But our national characteristic Academy, but in the printshops, is enormous. Should the taste continue to
is, or at least has become, a tendency to deal legislatively in a
thrive the worthy mayors and county lieutenants who at present beam upon
permissive or tentative style which, whether applied to the sale of liquor
us out of their gorgeous frames will have few legitimate successors.
or Sabbath observance, or to young Jews and Catholics in workhouses, When the Princess of Wales was delivered of a son, how many
rarely works well in practice. The number of " mays " and " mights," weeks after the event was the illustrious Prince exhibited in the windows
the multiplication of cases in which " it shall be lawful," but not compulsory, where photographs are shown ? The people who purchased his likeness
for certain people to do or to prevent certain things contained in the bill, at that time would not know him now-and some of them used to cry over
and the amendments proposed for the bill, are simply ridiculous. We the touching image. The heir of France has been familiar to us in this
shall, of course, bit by bit, at some future day end by adopting the fashion also from his cradle. But here we draw the line at royal and
commissioners' recommendations. Meanwhile we pay for our vacillation imperial families ; no infant of ducal rank, no archiepiscopal or dramatic
at a tolerably high rate. To give only one example --the case
baby, no miniature Mabel Gray, has as yet received the honour accorded to
of the Scotch cattle travelling without food or water for two or three days princely babes. In private albums, however, we meet with dear children
consecutively. It was proposed that railway companies should supply
at every turn. They are frequently " done " by the photographer at the
them properly and charge the cost to the owners, but Mr. Forster wishes
early age of two months ; at which period of its development you are
that hay and water should indeed be stored, but only given to the cattle on
called upon to pronounce on the authenticity of a nose that has been in
the written request of the consignor or the person in charge, who probably
the family since the Conquest.
may not be able either to read or write, and in case the consignor makes no
And what is done for baby by artists is not exceeded by the care of
such request, when the animals are to travel for thirty hours and upwards, authors and booksellers, especially at that time of the year when Christmas
or the company neglects to comply with such requisition, both parties are literature is hatching. Then a general cackle prevails over the superior poems
to be deemed guilty of offence against the Act. Now, surely the original
proposition is at cnce more expeditious, easy, and direct. In such case and toy books now printed for little ones, and it is indeed true that the
modern versions of Humpty Dumpty may be regarded as classic when
all cattle booked for a distance occupying so many hours in transit, would compared with the original. To be sure, we have no trustworthy
be at once supplied with food and water for the journey, the company evidence that the small people for whom this trouble is taken appreciate
recovering the cost in the shortest and easiest way, i.e. by payment before- the gifts the age provides for them. It is a matter of doubt whether
hand, when the tickets are issued.
they duly understand the intellectual condescension of the superior
being who consents to write down to them-who, upon due undertaking
of payment therefor, giggles and prances to amuse them after his serious
OFFICIAL SMUGGLING. labours in a comic organ. In a different region from this astonishingly
versatile creature we find ladies and gentlemen who write verses of a very
Ir is somewhat startling to find a captain of the Royal Navy publicly touching and beautiful description, but which go as far over a child's head
accusing admirals and other brother-officers of systematic smuggling in a
as the meaning of Mr. Millais's " Second Sermon " passes beyond the
foreign country, and the Admiralty of winking at the practice. We could
experience and faculties of any little girl of the same age as its subject.
at first hardly bring ourselves to believe (though there have been somewhat
The truth probably is that in the display of tenderness for children too
similar stories at Japan ) that the following statement in a new work on much is designed for our own pleasure and to tickle our own vanity.
Panama, Nicaragua, and Mosquito, by Captain Bedford Pim and Dr.
Seeman could possibly be true. Take the case of the unfortunate boy dressed to cut a figure in the Park
with his nurse. He is beautifully clad. He is dressed fearfully and
Though I have never been a smuggler myself, I was on board her Majesty's vessels wonderfully. He is made to appear like the piper in a Highland
which, on the Mexican coast, used to do some little smuggling of silver dollars, in the regiment ; like a grand Turk ; like an able seaman ; and in all these
profits of which the admiral of the station, and the captains, officers, and men of the characters, or any of them, he is the nicest possible live toy to play with.
ships participated. The Mexican Government having almost prohibited the export of But the women who have children prepared in this manner often care as
coined dollars by high export duties, the merchants found it cheaper to buy over the little for them in reality as for their four-footed friends. These masquerade
whole coast-guard, and pay a handsome bonus to our naval officers, rather than let their costumes are meant to indicate maternal pride and affection ; if we knew
treasure pass through the custom-house. Hence sprang up the Mexican treasure-smuggling what the innocents themselves thought about the comfort and convenience
winked at by the Admiralty, and distasteful to many subordinate naval officers, some of of the rig, we should probably come to the conclusion that mamma's
whom have openly refused to accept the usual proceeds of such a service. vanity had more to do with it than mother's love. Without
Confirmation of this statement is, however, supplied by " One of the doubt, and spite of the painting, the poems, and all the rest of
Smugglers," in a letter to the Pall Mall Gazette. He says " The it, children are losing many household privileges and pleasures. It is not
practice of smuggling specie out of Mexico by her Majesty's vessels is only that they are banished from the dining-room altogether, nor do we
sufficiently notorious. It was done for many years on a recognized complain that the rush for pudding and fruit, which they used to make, is
system .
The Mexican Government virtually prohibited the exportation now forbidden. But if children are less often seen in the dining-room ,
of specie .
English and other merchants desired to export silver, and mammas are less often seen in the nursery ; and there is a little hypocrisy
English men- of-war conducted the smuggling trade. The Admiralty in cutting the children off from pleasant refreshments in public, and then
recognized this illegal traffic, and decreed that the captain of the having them dotingly delineated on canvas as if they never knew the
ship should receive the lion's share of the freight, and that a smaller share miseries of exile on gala days.
[ 579 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869.
24

(FROM OUR ROMAN CORRESPONDENCE . )

FOREIGN AFFAIRS. ROME , June 30.
(FROM OUR PARIS CORRESPONDENCE . ) TO-DAY the Pope celebrated with great pomp a solemn religious service at
Ir may be remembered that in the last Parliament President Schneider the high altar of St. Peter's. The Holy Father was assisted by Cardinals
was very prompt in checking deputies who, contrary to law, ventured to Patrizi, Antonelli, Mertel, and Capalti, and by Monsignor Girodani, Auditor
discuss the Constitution even in an incidental manner. A great change of the Rota. The mass was chanted by his Holiness himself, and his
has been effected since the President said that he would interrupt any voice displayed almost its old power, being heard in every part of the
orator who dared to break through this regulation, “ even were it cathedral. After the service the Holy Father, wearing his tiara, mounted
M. Thiers." Nowadays the Constitution is threatened on all sides, the portable throne, and was carried in grand state into the centre of the
and President Schneider sits composedly in his chair only troubled principal nave, surrounded by the College of Cardinals and the Roman
by Baron Jerome David ; not only does the Left Centre intend to clergy, and attended by Prince Philip Orsini, assistant of the throne, the
infringe the law, but the interpellation of Vice- President Du Miral Roman Senate, and the noble and Swiss guards. Here the Holy Father
is nothing more nor less than an invitation to raise a debate on the delivered a protest against the King of Piedmont for omitting to present.
Constitution and change its bases. The Du Miral interpellation, the gold chalice always offered annually to St. Peter by his ancestors, and
which is supposed to embody the extreme amount of reform which also for his usurpation of the Marches, the Romagna, and Umbria.
the Emperor is inclined to concede, has not been altered in form, The Pope has received a despatch from Monsignor Falcinelli, nuncio.
though its success, indeed even its proposal, is very problematic. On at Vienna, reporting that the Polish bishop of Kieler has been transported
the other hand, the interpellation of the Left Centre has been to Siberia. This intelligence has greatly exasperated the Holy Father, and
altered at a large meeting which was held in a committee-room
he now entertains his old hostility to Russia, which may lead to a serious
of the Corps Législatif. It now runs thus :-" We demand to question breach. The congregation of the Resurrection is likely to suffer by this
Government on the necessity of giving satisfaction to the feelings result. The Correspondance de Rome endeavours to show that the brother-
expressed by the country in associating it in a more efficacious manner in hood took no part in the negotiations for the repression by the Holy
the direction of affairs. The establishment of a responsible Ministry, and Father of the Polish national clergy in deference to Russia, or the expul
the right of the Corps Législatif to regulate the organic conditions of its sion from the Roman States of the refugees implicated in the last Polish
labours and its communications with the Government, appear to us insurrection . But the fact is beyond doubt, and, in consequence, the
essential to gain this end." Some members who had signed the previous Resurrectionist congregation now stands very ill with the Holy Father,
interpellation objected to the new text and seceded ; the first inter- while the Poles are determined to move the Ecumenical Council for the
pellation, which was somewhat milder in form, was signed by ninety-six dissolution of the fraternity.
deputies, whilst only seventy at first attached their names to the amended
Monsignor Ledochowski, Archbishop of Posen, has been empowered by
queries. Soon, however, other names began to come in, and it is now
Prussia to open negotiations with the Holy See for a resettlement of the
signed by about 120 deputies. About thirty members of the Right
position of the Church in the North German Confederation, and a revision
appear to have joined the Left Centre, and several deputies who had
of the Concordat of 1821. But the Court of Rome will listen to no proposal
seceded have now signed the new text on the distinct understanding
till the Prussian Government recalls Baron d'Arnim, against whom , in
that the responsibility of the Emperor is not to be called in question.
consequence of his attitude on the question of its enrolment of German
In spite of this condition, the public has been rather startled to read soldiers, it entertains a bitter rancour.
the names of the Duke of Mouchy, Prince Joachim Murat, and Baron
de Mackau in the list of deputies demanding a sweeping reform in the Monsignor Franchi is hourly expected in Rome, and there is a general
Constitution. The Murats are princes of the blood ; the Duke of Mouchy impression that he has been definitively recalled from Madrid . In his last
was married a couple of years ago to the Princess Anna Murat, and recently despatch he reported that the Regent Serrano wished to maintain the most
entertained the Emperor and Empress at his château ; and the Baron de friendly relations with the Holy See, and, as a proof, he enclosed from him
a bill on the bank of Rome for 6,000 crowns, in part payment of the
Mackau is the subservient deputy who a short while ago addressed a letter
to the Emperor, begging him to resist the popular wishes, the answer to annual subsidy of 18,000 crowns which Spain grants to the cathedral of
which created so much sensation at the time. M. Rouher was dozing on St. Peter. The Regent, however, failed to give notice of this bill to the
his bench in the Chamber when the defection of these three deputies was Spanish legation in Rome, and, consequently, it has not been honoured.
reported, and it is easy to imagine the effect created on the Minister, who Moreover, the Pope's remarks on Spain in his allocution have produced a
was possibly dreaming that the House had decided in favour of the milk- coldness between the two Governments, and, the other day, Senhor
and-water interpellation of Vice-President Du Miral, an interpellation which Ximenez was very stiffly received by Cardinal Antonelli. The Bourbon
will most likely never be laid on the table. The deputies of the Right party is in high glee at these incidents.
who have signed the constitutional interpellation excuse themselves on the The Pope proclaimed in the consistory the two Mexican bishops
ground that resistance would have been useless, and, in fact, would only have nominated by Juarez, and respectively appointed to the sees of Sonora
driven a considerable portion of the Tiers-parti into the arms of the Left. and St. Louis de Potosi. Juarez has become very orthodox, and the
In the meantime matters remain in abeyance, and though Ministers go Holy See now shows him higher favour than it extends to the apostolic
frequently backwards and forwards between Paris and St. Cloud , no government of Austria. Several Mexican bishops took refuge here from
decision on the part of the Government has been made known to the Juarez on his accession to power, but they have now all returned to their
public. There was a Cabinet Council on Wednesday under the presi- dioceses, with the exception of Monsignor Labastido, Archbishop of
dency of the Emperor, at which it was said that the Left Centre interpel- Mexico, who, having been a steadfast adherent of Maximilian, considers
lation was considered in a constitutional light ; it is an infringement of the himself safer in Rome.
Constitution to discuss the Constitution in the Corps Législatif, but it is The Roman journal Veridico asserts positively that the man arrested on
hard to say how the Government will be able to give an absolute refusal to the frontier with a letter in his possession recommending him to Colonel
a demand so powerfully backed. The Emperor has been strongly recom- d'Argy for enrolment in the Antibes legion is the assassin of the deputy
mended to adopt a thoroughly Liberal policy at once, and few persons Lobbia. From private information I learn that the leaders of the party of
would be surprised to see M. Rouher ascend the tribune and astonish the action in Rome have been called to Florence to concert measures in anti-
Chamber with his Liberalism. The Government has been making cipation of the French evacuation. They seem likely to meet with little
overtures to the Marquis de Talhouet, one of the leaders of the Tiers- resistance from the Pontifical army, which desertion is fast melting away. It
parti, in hopes of obtaining a modification of the interpellation, but the is true there are constant arrivals of recruits, but these succours are not equal
Marquis refused all compromise. M. Buffet is still talked of as the in numberto the desertions, and the Government is urging the Catholic com-
coming man. The Government organs admit the gravity of the situation , mittees to increase their exertions. A religieux has been despatched to Canada
but find consolation in rejoicing over the defeat of the irreconcilables, expressly to promote recruiting. There is reason to believe the soldiers
whose views are shown to be utterly abhorrent to the large majority of the are incited to desert by revolutionary agents. The other day two deserters
Chamber. from the corps of Zouaves were arrested at Passo di Correse, when they
On Monday evening the Emperor gave a grand dinner to the newly denounced some persons in Rome as their instigators. In consequence, a
elected deputies. His Majesty is said to have been very gloomy at the a search was made, but the police appear to have gained nothing
commencement of dinner, but to have brightened up towards dessert. thereby.
On an observation addressed by the Emperor to M. Lefevre- Pontalis, With regard to our Court movements, the official journal announces that
that gentleman said that though an opposition member, he represented a Cardinal Bonaparte has presented the Pope with a Peter-penny of 1,617
constituency equally devoted to the Emperor and liberty. To this his francs. Cardinal Borromeo is suffering from Roman fever, and is in a
critical state. The Pope has received an address and some gifts from the
Majesty answered that he was aware that the recent elections showed that
the country was in favour of liberty. It appears that all the new members, Catholic mission at Hong Kong. The Belgian Minister, Baron de
without exception, received invitations. Messrs. Bancel, Esquiros, Raspail, Peteghem, has left Rome for Brussels, and Cardinal de Hohenlohe has
and Ferry simply returned the Grand Chamberlain's letter, but other departed for Germany.
members who refused excused themselves on various grounds, which was The Pope has commuted the sentence of Branti, condemned to death
more courteous. That Messrs. de Keratry and Choiseul-Praslin should for murder, but it is yet uncertain whether he will extend the same clemency
have accepted is rather astonishing. to Martini, whose bloody deed had a political motive. We shall soon know
A good deal of disappointment is felt at the decision to go on with the the Holy Father's temper towards sorcerers. The police lately arrested
contested elections before naming the secretaries. Until the secretaries are an old woman, detected in the very act of coming from Benevento, which
e seems
named the Chamber has no legal existence, and is powerless to bring every one knows to have been the seat of sorcery for ages. Ther
forward motions, and M. Rouher and his friends are anxious to obtain a to be no doubt, at least it is the general belief in Rome, that the old
respite for more reasons than one : there are petitions against seventy- woman's object was to take part in the witches' sabbath, which is held on
two deputies, nearly all of them supporters of Government, and ministers St. John's night in the piazza of the Lateran. She is now, however, safe in
naturally desire to muster their full strength to meet the impending prison, and will immediately be prosecuted for magic, the authorities being
interpellation of the Left Centre, which has now been signed by 110 determined to put down the black art with a strong hand.
members. This is set down as a manoeuvre on the part of the Govern- I am informed that about 240 bishops have accepted the Pope's offer of
ment, which is accused of wishing to drag on the petitions for another hospitality during the sitting of the Council ; twenty bishops from Southern
fortnight and then suddenly to terminate the session. Italy will lodge in one house,
[ 580 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET .
JULY 9, 1869. ] 25

LIFE OF SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON.* After dinner we go to one another's rooms and drink some wine, then go to chapel a
half-past five, and walk, or sail on the river after that. In the morning we go to chapel
IF Mr. Carlyle were to continue his lectures on heroes he might appro- at seven o'clock, breakfast at nine, fag all the forenoon, and dine at half- past three.
priately introduce into his second series Sir William Hamilton as the man Young Hamilton's principal friends at Balliol were Lockhart, a Mr.
of erudition. Amongst modern scholars, at least in these islands, no one Alexander Scott, to whom he seems to have been most warmly attached ,
has approached Sir William Hamilton in the range and depth of his and who died at an early age, and two gentlemen who survive him, Mr. J. H.
learning. His powers of acquisition were prodigious. Nor were they Christie and Mr. James Traill . To these he seems to have been an object of
confined to what is generally supposed to have been his own special profound affection and admiration, and, indeed, he possessed in an eminent
department, the history of philosophy and logic. In many of the more degree all those qualities which make a young man popular among his
remote nooks of literature, such as modern Latin poetry, the history of the associates. He was well built, had the advantage of a handsome person and
European universities, and the scholastic theology he was equally at home. commanding presence, was genial, impulsive, and affectionate, full of frolic
De Quincey, in his ordinary style of exaggeration, tells us that " the and fun, and as bold in attacking a five-barred gate as a tome of Aristotle.
extent of Hamilton's reading was said to be portentous- in fact, frightful, During his residence in Oxford, Hamilton, left mainly to himself,
and to some extent even suspicious ; so that certain ladies thought him appears to have laid the foundation of his wide erudition, and to have
' no canny.' If arithmetic could demonstrate that all the days of his life already given evidence of the lines in which his mental activity was here-
ground down and pulverized into ' wee wee ' globules of five or eight after to display itself. His main study was Aristotle and his commenta-
minutes each, and strung upon threads, would not furnish a rosary anything tors, but this did not exclude a wide range over other fields. He was
like corresponding, in its separate beads or counters, to the books he was never so happy as when buying books or inducing others to buy them.
known to have studied and familiarly used, then it became clear that he " His own collection," says Mr. James Traill, " was of the most miscel-
must have had extra aid in some way or other- must have read by proxy." laneous nature. In addition to every commentator upon Aristotle " (we
The following anecdote, in illustration of the extent of Hamilton's erudition, must, of course, here allow for a little friendly exaggeration), " it included
is borrowed by Professor Veitch from Professor Baynes :- the learned squabbles of the Scaligers, Scioppius, and the authors of
Dr. Parr, when in Edinburgh some time before 1820, met Sir William at the house of the 6 Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum.' He was fond of controversial
Dr. John Thomson, the distinguished professor of pathology in the university. Sir writings, and enjoyed the learned railings of the Scioppian style. " In the
William astonished the colossal philologist by evincing a range and accuracy of scholar- long vacation of 1810, we find him " reading through Aristotle's ' Organon',
ship not inferior to his own. The erudite doctor, probably in gracious condescension to and all the works of Hippocrates. " The " Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum "
the society in which he found himself, had at first discoursed of Greek philosophy, his was already an object of special interest to him, and he had already begun
knowledge of which was certainly extensive ; but finding he did not achieve any decided to form theories on the authorship, occasion, and object of this most
superiority in this chosen walk, betook himself to an obscurer field of learning, where he amusing of all literary satires. He went up for his degree in Michaelmas
naturally expected to reign alone. He led the conversation towards the later and less known Term, 1810, and presented a list of books so singular and extensive that
Latin poets, with their imitators at the revival ofletters, and in still more recent times, but he an exact copy of it was made by Mr., afterwards Dean, Gaisford, who, by
soon discovered that even here his companion was at home ; until at length, finding that, turn a curious coincidence, was one of his examiners. The list was as follows :---
where he would, the young advocate before him could not only follow step by step, but
Divinity. -Aristotle's Philosophy of Man.
was actually able to continue his quotations and correct his references, his imperturbable Theoretical.--De Anima, &c.
superiority gave way, and he was startled into the sudden inquiry, " Why, who are you, Practical. - Moral- Ethic. Nic. , End. , Mag. , Cic. Op. Ph. Domestic- Econ.
sir?" The doctor, as afterwards appeared, did not forget Sir William Hamilton, nor Civil-De Repub.
lose the impression his extraordinary acquirements had made upon him. Instrumental. -Logic - Organon. Rhetoric-Ars. Rhet. , Cic. Op. Rhet. Poetic-
The volume under review, however, is not simply a record of Sir De Poetica, Pindar, Eschylus.
William Hamilton's literary achievements ; it is, at least in its earlier It is needless to add that Hamilton's name was placed in the first-
pages, the portrait of a strong, simple, joyous, and genuine man. Those class, a distinction which, together with a mathematical first, had been
who have studied the Discussions and the Lectures, now a numerous class, awarded two years before to Robert Peel, and in the Easter term of this
will probably devour with avidity this personal portion of Professor Veitch's very year to John Keble. We are told, moreover, by his friend Mr.
narrative, and many of them will doubtless be surprised to find that the Villers that " besides the honours of the university, he received the thanks
erudite author, whose strange and technical terminology has often been a and the public acknowledgment of the examiners, that he had never been
source of such sore perplexity to them, was a cheery, genial companion, as surpassed either in the minute or the comprehensive knowledge of the
famous, when a youth, for his feats of leaping and swimming as for what systems in which he had been examined." Hamilton's high reputation
even then was regarded as his prodigious learning. with his Oxford contemporaries and his more immediate circle of acquaint-
William Stirling Hamilton was born in the old college of Glasgow, in ance was now completely established, but, strange to say, he never received
which his father was professor of anatomy and botany, on the 8th of the material reward of a fellowship. Of material rewards, indeed, he was
March, 1788. At twelve years of age he attended the junior Latin and destined to have but scant measure throughout life. He was never a
Greek classes in the university of his native town, but he was afterwards " successful " man.
removed to a private school in England, a degradation at which we are not Hitherto, it had been taken for granted that Hamilton was to pursue
surprised to find the young gownsman evincing no inconsiderable indigna-
the profession of medicine, but he appears now to have suddenly changed
tion. He spent about a year and a half in the English school, kept by one his mind and decided to attach himself to the Scotch bar. This resolution
Dr. Dean of Bromley, in Kent, and then returned to Glasgow, again to necessitated his return to Edinburgh. At the bar Hamilton never prospered ,
become a gownsman . The lad was from the first fond of books, especially
though his intense power of application made him the great authority on
of the " Pilgrim's Progress " and the Apocalypse, but he was also known one very obscure branch of Scottish law, the Law of Teinds. In 1832 he
as " a wild boy and fond of sport. " In the winter of 1806-7 , he moved to was appointed to the small and unremunerative office of Solicitor of Teinds.
Edinburgh as a student of medicine, and here we find him studying hard, This was the only piece of legal promotion which he ever received. His
so " busy " that he "has not been in bed before two or half- past it for legal and antiquarian knowledge, however, enabled him in 1816 to establish
these six weeks," though he is " up every morning by a quarter-past eight,"
his claim to be the representative of the ancient family of the Hamiltons of
not wishing " to be introduced to any more people this winter," lest he Preston. As a consequence of this decision, he was entitled to bear the
should " be pestered to death with invitations," purchasing books up to the
name and style of baronet of Preston and Fingalton, but the land of the
very limit of his means, very anxious that good care should be taken,
baronetcy had long been dissipated, and the title and the undisputed
during his absence from home, of Vindex, his pet dog, and some- succession to an ancient, brave, and famous lineage -the latter, in his
what piqued that his mother pertinaciously refuses to address him as eyes, no mean reward - were the only advantages which he derived from
" esquire."
the labours of some years.
The great event in young Hamilton's early life was his removal to In domestic life, Hamilton was happy. He was fondly attached to his
Oxford , where he entered as a Snell Exhibitioner of Balliol in May, 1807.
mother, with whom he shared his house till her death, in 1827. Two
Oxford and Balliol were then as unlike as can well be imagined to the
Oxford and Balliol of our own day. At first he was " so plagued by the years afterwards he married his cousin, Miss Marshall, who had been an
foolish lectures of the college tutors " that he had " little time to do anything inmate of his mother's family during the last ten years of her life. Lady
Hamilton was an excellent wife, and entered thoroughly into the pursuits
else." From this " plague," however, he appears to have soon devised of her husband. She was, in fact, his amanuensis, a post which, at some
means of relieving himself, and with the tutor to whose care he was more
periods of Sir William's life, must have taxed her strength to the utmost.
specially consigned he seems, when Mr. Christie came up in 1810, to
have The first year during which Sir William held the professorship of logic
ceased to have any intercourse ." But, though Oxford has, since
must have been peculiarly trying to her. " All through the session Lady
Hamilton's time, undoubtedly advanced in the matter of lectures and
Hamilton sat up with her husband each night until near the grey dawn of
tutorial supervision, it seems to have retrograded, pari passu, in the the winter morning. Sir William wrote the pages of the lecture on rough
matter of " collections." With what ineffable amusement will the Oxford
sheets, and his wife, sitting in an adjoining room, copied them as he got
undergraduate of our own day read the following extract from one of
Hamilton's letters to his mother !--- them ready. On some occasions the subject of the lecture would prove
less easily managed than on others, and then Sir William would be found
I must beg pardon for having so long delayed writing you. I have been so busy writing as late as nine o'clock of a morning, while his faithful but wearied
with collections, which are public examinations at the end of each term on all the books amanuensis had fallen asleep on a sofa." When, at a later period , he had
we have read during the continuance of the term, before the master and public lecturers. been struck by paralysis, Lady Hamilton became everything to him . " She
These commonly take us up a few days to review the subjects of examination. This has made it the business of her life to wait upon and tend him, and by every means
kept me rather busy for the past week.
in her power to promote his comfort and ease. He now more than ever
Nor did the Oxford of 1807 bear any closer resemblance to the Oxford required the assistance of her pen , and for some years she almost alone
of 1869 in its external observances than in its mode of teaching :--- wrote to his dictation. Except to consult and acquaint him with every-
No boots are allowed to be worn here, or trousers or pantaloons. In the morning we thing that went on, she never let him be troubled with matters that her
wear white cotton stockings, and before dinner regularly dress in silk stockings, &c. sound sense and general faculty for business enabled her to manage instead
of him. Nor was it only what she did for him. She was so cheerful and
* " Memoir of Sir William Hamilton, Bart. " By John Veitch, M. A. (London buoyant of spirit that her presence was a brightening, quickening influence.
and Edinburgh : Blackwood and Sons. 1869. ) When he was depressed or put out and annoyed, she often did him .

[ 581 ]
 26 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869.

good with a little playfulness. She understood his nervous irritability, and
never minded it." The picture of the Hamilton household is a very WHELER'S " HISTORY OF INDIA." *
pleasant one. There seems to have been a thorough accord among its
IT is manifestly to the advantage of the world that history should be
various members, all cheerfully ministering to the literary needs of its
master. On an income which was sometimes narrow, and never more written after different fashions, by men of different sympathies and varied
than modest, Sir William contrived to accumulate a choice and extensive intelligence, regarding from opposite standpoints the relative importance
of its several parts and the proportions which they should assume when
library, and a simple hospitality seems never to have been wanting to his
the whole is perfected . If one writer wholly omits or passes lightly
friends and pupils. Sir William and Lady Hamilton had two sons who
over what another dwells upon, through chapter after chapter, or
survived their infancy, William and Hubert.
Of the literary and professional life of Sir William Hamilton we have left perhaps volume after volume, we may be somewhat perplexed, but we
ourselves little room to speak, but the personal history of a man of letters is have no cause to complain. Though we may be disappointed in one
instance and wearied in another, in the long run we get all that we want.
generally of more interest than the record of his writings. Ten years after
taking his degree, Hamilton stood on his reputation (for he had not yet After a while some one may come with catholic tastes and enlarged
sympathies, and out of his many-sidedness may give us the one work
appeared as an author) as a candidate for the chair of Moral Philosophy at
of perfect proportion to which the one-sidedness of many has contributed,
Edinburgh, vacated by the death of Dr. Thomas Brown. He was supported
Meanwhile, it is something to know where to find what we require, and
by Dugald Stewart, who had been joint professor with Brown but had
vacated on the death of his colleague, and, had the patronage of the chair to have all the several specialities of many competent writers at our
command.
been vested in competent hands, he would doubtless have been chosen . The
town council of Edinburgh, however, acting on the same principles which There is no branch of history, perhaps , to which this is more applicable
have so frequently guided more learned boards of electors in Oxford, than to the " History of India." One historian writes as if all that the
preferred the claims of party to those of learning and fitness. Hamilton world requires to know is the manner in which the English obtained posses
sion of their Indian empire. Another is great on the subject of
was a Whig, and the majority ofthe council was Tory, and so Hamilton was
rejected, and Wilson (a man, we need hardly say, of great eminence, Mahomedan conquest and the empire of the Moguls. One traces the
but possessing no special qualifications for the chair) was elected. careers of great warriors and statesmen, and gives dramatic force and effect
Faculty of Advocates in the next year ( 1821 ) nominated Sir William to the narrative, whilst another treats of communities, of the national life,
Hamilton to the chair of Civil History, which was virtually in their gift. the rise and progress of institutions, and the growth of religious opinion.
He at once set to work in the most characteristic and systematic manner Nothing can be more far apart from each other than what may
to prepare a course of lectures, and, had history been his exclusive be called the legendary and the documentary styles ; but it is
study, he could hardly have treated the subject in a more exhaustive a great thing for the public that there should be masters of both- that
manner. The stipend for this professorship was ludicrously small, and a we should have ingenious conjectures as well as established facts. As a
dispute with the town council on the subject of fees ultimately determined present illustration of our meaning, we may take the last two histories of
him to desist from lecturing. In 1829 , at the earnest request of Mr. India given, or being given, to the world- that of Mr. Marshman, which
Macvey Napier, who had just become editor of the Edinburgh Review, is now complete ; and that of Mr. Wheler, of which the two opening
volumes have been published. Of these two opening volumes, which
Hamilton consented to contribute philosophical articles, and commenced contain about the same number of pages as Mr. Marshman's
with his celebrated article on the philosophy of Cousin. This article at
once gave its author one of the foremost places amongst the philosophical entire work, the greater part of the space is devoted to an
account of the two great Indian epics, the " Mahabharata " and the
writers of Europe, though, so low was the state of philosophical learn- (6
ing amongst ourselves at that time, it attracted more attention on Ramayana," to which Mr. Marshman devotes less than a single page.
the Continent than in these islands. Cousin himself, severely as Thus one work supplements the other, and the reader of both finds all he
requires in the joint labours of the two historians. But thorough-going
Hamilton had handled him, was one of the first to acknowledge the
merits of the article. The other articles, now republished in the students of Indian history are few ; and whatever advantage historical
study may derive from such profuseness of illustration as we find in the
" Discussions," and embracing a variety of subjects, educational, philo-
sophical, and literary, followed in tolerably rapid succession. He had work before us, we cannot help thinking that the historian will suffer greatly
not yet published a single book or even a single signed article, but his fame thereby in popularity, if not in fame.
was already European when in 1836 he became a candidate for the chair of Mr. Wheler says that his object is very different from that which appears
logic and metaphysics then vacant in the University of Edinburgh. This to have been contemplated by the great modern scholars of comparative
chair, like that of moral philosophy, was in the gift of the town council, a philology, whether in Germany or elsewhere. " He has not attempted to
body consisting of thirty- three persons, mostly tradesmen, representing discover the origin and early history of the Aryan peoples by the light of
strongly the prejudices of their class, but absolutely devoid of any qualifi- those special philological studies which have hitherto so largely occupied
cation for the important trust which they were called on to exercise. The the attention of Sanskrit scholars. " And after speaking of the most eminent of
main objections to Hamilton, in addition to the political one (which was. these scholars, at the head of whomhe properly places Professor Goldstucker,
less likely to be fatal in 1836 than in 1820) were that he was disrespectful he says, " It might also be added that human life under the most favourable
to the electors in not paying them the compliment of a personal canvass ; circumstances is not sufficiently long to enable a single individual in the
that on previous occasions he had publicly called in question their present day to be at once an Oriental philologist and an Indian historian."
competence ; that the style of his writings was obscure ; but, above Nothing can be more true. But, should not this indisputable fact have
all, that " there was a lack of evidence in regard to his Christian suggested to Mr. Wheler that it would have been wiser for him to go
character. " Hamilton had not produced testimonials of religious straight into Indian history than to devote a thousand pages to the illus
character and theological orthodoxy, and he nobly refused to do tration of the contents of the " two great Hindu epics "? It may be
so. In spite of these objections, however, but mainly, perhaps, in conse- assumed that every historian not only reads, but writes, or causes to be
quence of the emphatic and enthusiastic testimonial of M. Cousin, written , thousands of pages, of which his published history presents only
Hamilton was elected by a majority of four. His labours in the chair are a brief memorial. Mr. Wheler, at p. 407 of vol . ii . , informs his readers that
represented, though in some respects inadequately, by the four volumes "the main points in the two great lindu epics have now been reproduced in
of lectures published after his death. His personal influence as a teacher a condensed form ; and it remains to be seen whether it is possible to draw
was such as has been rarely exercised in this country. Most of his pupils from these national treasuries of tradition and legend , as well as from other
regarded him with intense affection , and some of them are now, in the branches of Hindu literature, sufficient materials for constructing a narrative
spirit of ardent discipleship, transmitting his teaching in the chairs of the of the early progress of the Hindu people, which should correspond to
the modern idea of history." On this it is to be remarked that
Scottish universities. He had a mode of lecturing and of examining
peculiarly his own. But, according to the testimony of Professor Veitch, if this condensed account of the two great epics does not afford
"the advantage derived from the mere exercises of the class was compara- the required materials it has certainly no right of appearance
in Mr. Wheler's book, and Mr. Wheler, so far as his functions
tively subordinate. The power which passed as the shock of a new life.
as an historian are concerned, has wasted his time and misapplied his
into many minds lay primarily in the man, the matter of his teaching, and
his felt personal relation to his subject. The feeling he inspired was that of labour. And we must confess that it is by no means clear to us that if
one who did not teach from the low level of a professional accomplishment, these epics do afford the desired materials, the materials themselves ought
but who had naturally, spontaneously, and with full simplicity of heart, found to have travelled further than his library or his note-book. We do not
in his high theme the nourishment of his thought and life. " Soon after his mean by this that it is not very desirable that the English student
should have translations of the " Mahabharata " and the " Ramayana,"
appointment to the chair, Hamilton commenced, at the suggestion of a
bookseller, his edition of Reid, but this book was not published till 1846, but that it is doubtful whether their proper place is in a history
of India. These traditions and legends, doubtless, contain much
and then only in an incomplete form. In July, 1844, he was struck down .
that, though not history itself, is illustrative of history, and
by paralysis, but his mental vigour continued unabated ; and he worked, every historian of India is bound to study them. "The history of
as few other men ever have worked, almost to the last. One of his latest
the people of India, ancient and modern, " says Mr. Wheler, " should
labours was the edition of Dugald Stewart's works. One of the latest, as
be considered as something distinct from that of Mussulman and
well as one of the earliest topics which interested him was his projected
work on Luther, the materials for which are contained in thirty separate British rule. Indeed , neither Mussulman nor European can be said to
parcels of papers, and would, if published, occupy a large volume. On the have hitherto created any enduring impression upon the national
mind. The religious revolutions which have stirred the life of
6th of May, 1856, he died. the Hindu to its uttermost depths have been nearly all of
Hamilton's was a heroic life, and Professor Veitch has told it affec-
tionately, truly, and well. We cannot but think that he would have done indigenous growth. The history of the people of India,
better had he avoided all controversial allusions to Mr. Mill's " Examina- if considered as something distinct from the annals of conquest, is
All this is quite true. And it is
tion," which, though trenchant, we are inclined to regard as, in the main, emphatically a religious history. "
just. Those who, with ourselves, are not disposed to take a high view
of Sir William Hamilton's original contributions to philosophy, or to set " The History of India, from the Earliest Ages. " By J. Talboys Wheler,
a high value upon what is called his " system " as a whole, should have Assistant Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign Department, Secretary to
been allowed to admire, without interruption, the nobility of his character the Indian Record Commission, &c. &c . Vol . II. , " The Ramayana and the Brahmanic
and the depth of his erudition. Period. " (London : Trubner and Co. 1860, )
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 JULY 9 , 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET.
27

certain that no history of India can be anything more than a fragment that and the latter, as often, are bad enough to condemn the book they are
does not treat of the several great religious epochs- the Vedic age, the intended to recommend .
Brahmanical age, the Buddhist age, and " the age of Brahmanical revival. " The actual multiplication of psalmody manuals is, however, a secondary
But we repeat that it is questionable whether Mr. Wheler would not have evil compared with the disposition of their editors to follow instead of
done wisely to have passed from his first brief chapter on the Vedic period to guide the popular taste. This implies that the popular taste is wrong ;
(vol. i. , pages 1 to 41 ) to the opening chapter on the Brahmanic period an implication unfortunately but emphatically true. To the profound
(vol. ii. , page 407) . The ordinary student of history would be content to have indifference of the past about Church music has succeeded the heart-
the general results of the historian's researches into the " Mahabharata " and ness of the present ; a heartiness assuredly not recommended by some
" Ramayana ; " and the philological inquirer will probably go elsewhere for of its manifestations. Psalmodic heartiness now-a-days takes the form
his knowledge of these great epics. Mr. Wheler has so many of the best of triviality and gabble, and is supposed to exist in direct pro-
qualities of the historian that we cannot but regret this sacrifice of the portion to liveliness of tune and quickness of delivery. The phe-
chances of popularity. For let him only consider what must be the bulk nomenon is not new ; for near upon two centuries ago it moved a Puritan
of his entire work, if he should live to complete it. Many more large divine to this admonition :-" Psalm tunes ought to be solemn and grave,
volumes, if written upon the model of those already published, must not vain, light, and airy as if to please a wanton and sensual mind.
make their appearance before real historical personages are brought upon The power of vocal, as well as instrumental music, is very great, and may be
the scene. Looking at what we have before us, the age of individual abused to bad purposes, as well as improved to holy ones ; and, therefore,
action seems yet very remote. And although we are ready to admit that, only such tunes must be used in God's house as become his majesty and
until within a comparatively recent period, the early history of the people holiness, and the gravity and spirituality of the worship in which we are
has been too much neglected by so-called historians of India, it is, after engaged." There is more need for such preaching now than ever, tunes
all, an insurmountable fact that a very large majority of those who care to " vain, light, and airy " having become the fashion, along with a mode of
study Indian history are attracted thereto by the active, stirring interest of rendering those of a better class which destroys their character and offends
personal adventure, whether illustrated by the character of a Mahomedan good taste. We need not enlarge upon this topic, because its practical
conqueror or a great European commander. illustration can almost certainly be found in the nearest church.
It must not be supposed from this that we are of opinion that, because With triviality and gabble has come in another fashion equally objec-
Mr. Wheler has devoted so much time and so much space to the tionable a disregard of harmony between music and words. For this
illustration of the traditionary or romantic side of early Indian history, editors and compilers are to a great extent responsible ; more, we hope,
his tastes and sympathies lie all in that direction ; and that because through a weak yielding to corrupt public taste than through deliberate
he has, at the outset of his great undertaking, so elaborately illus- choice. " It would be very preposterous and a great incongruity," said
trated the mythical and the obscure, he has not any special aptitude for the old divine before quoted, "if the tendency of the tune should promote
the development of the more practical and objective points of Indian sorrow and grief, when the design of the psalm is to raise in us a joyful,
history. What we desire to say is that one of the essentials of history is thankful admiration of grace and goodness." So it would ; but the thing
proportion. We know very well that different writers may have different rarely occurs now. We have reversed the conditions, and for the most
ideas of proportion- that is, of the relation of parts to each other, part " sorrow and grief" find such expression as they can in tunes best
and of each several part to the whole. But all genuine history is adapted to merry-making. This, however, is only achieving the pre-
a record of ascertained facts ; and the conjectural, therefore, is properly posterous and the incongruous through other means.
dwarfed by the evidential. Allowing, then, Mr. Wheler considerable Under circumstances like the foregoing every book of psalmody which
latitude for the display of the legendary side of Indian history, we sets before the public a good model deserves a welcome. Within limits
must claim proportionate space for the documentary ; and this claim no the more we can have of such works the better, because the sooner
man will more readily allow than Mr. Wheler himself. Mr. Wheler is one will " heartiness " come under the control of good taste. For this reason
of the secretaries in the foreign department of the Supreme Government Mr. Brown-Borthwick's volume needed no apology when first issued in a
of India. It is the business of his life to grapple with the facts of contem- much smaller form than the present, and it assuredly requires none now
porary history. We have heard from those most competent to speak on the seeing that every enlargement has added to its interest and value. The
subject that the résumés of historical facts drawn up by him for the use body of the work, having reached a third edition and, as we learn from the
ofGovernment are admirable-a special talent this, which the Government preface, taken an " important place among the Church musical publi-
of India has wisely fostered by the appointment to the secretariat of men cations of the day," calls for no extended remarks. With very few excep-
like Mr. Wyllie, Mr. Wynne, and Mr. Wheler. With such access to the
tions the tunes are good in themselves, and adapted to the words they
records of the Government of India as the last (he is secretary, be it accompany.
said, to the Record Commission in Calcutta) can command, and with The Appendix demands more attention, because of certain features
the powers of analysis to which we have above referred, we may which possibly indicate a new era in the history of English psalmody.
reasonably expect a flood of light to be thrown upon the open country of Further developments of some sort are to be expected with the spread of
legitimate history, as soon as the historian approaches the domain of an artistic taste. Few persons, however musically cultivated, either hope
ascertained fact. It is this confidence in his powers which makes us impatient. for or desire the abolition of metrical psalmody. Its advantages are too
Might he not (after extracting the essence of these poetic legends) have more manifest, and its place in our religious services too important. But, on the
wisely left the " Mahabharata " and the " Ramayana " to such living scholars other hand, there are many who cannot reconcile themselves to its mono-
as Goldstucker, Max Muller, and Fitz- Edward Hall (to say nothing of those tony, to the barrel-organ fashion in which it goes grinding on , no matter
interpreters who have "gone before "), and have begun to write recorded what the varied expression of the words, and to the odd effects
history even in this second volume ? As it is, we can hardly expect to come produced by the half-part-singing, half-unison of the average con-
upon it before the sixth or seventh volume ; and with anything approaching, gregation. We may therefore anticipate efforts with a view to set
therefore, to the observation of just proportion in the co-relation of the aside, or, at any rate- for they can hardly be abolished entirely--
several parts, this new " History of India " must occupy at least twenty to modify such disagreeable results. These efforts Mr. Brown-
volumes of the dimensions of those already published . This, doubtless, is Borthwick's Appendix inaugurates, leading off, as seems to us, in the right
a grand design, and we honour Mr. Wheler for the magnitude of his con- path, by the adoption of unison tunes with an obbligato" organ accom-
ception, but, to use his own words, " human life, under the most favourable paniment. In his preface the editor speaks of " launching out into the
circumstances, is not sufficiently long " for the accomplishment of such a deep ' of music, and developing its undiscovered resources and unknown
project ; and if it were, the world would have reason to regret that so beauties. " He must know, however, that the " innovation " of his Appendix
accomplished a writer, with such special means at his disposal, had placed has always been the rule of German psalmody, and that the rule still holds
his work beyond the reach of the many, whom it is the object of every good among a people more qualified than any other for the part singing in
historian to instruct.
vogue with us. Mr. Brown-Borthwick's innovation, therefore, is not a
discovery, but something better, a proved success. The system possesses
METRICAL PSALMODY. * obvious advantages. The monotony of repetition is modified by varied
harmony ; the changing sentiment of the words more faithfully reflected by
So far as the multiplication of psalmody manuals shows an extended the music ; and the painful muddle of sounds now representing con-
interest in church music, it must be accepted as a good sign. There is, gregational harmony resolved into a unison which violates no artistic
however, a question whether the thing is not being carried too far. conditions. These results are worth the effort to secure them suggested
A few years back congregations were perfectly satisfied to do without by Mr. Brown -Borthwick's initiative. Moreover, the effort is invited
manuals, singing Tate and Brady cheerfully, when they sang at all, by really good and attractive music. Mr. John Goss , Mr. E. J.
to such tunes as chance provided. Now they not only demand Hopkins, and Mr. J. Baptiste Calkin have composed unison tunes for
a hand-book of psalmody, but, in very many cases, one specially this volume, which, with one or two exceptions, are models of their
their own, compiled with a view to their peculiar and, sometimes, kind. Those by the veteran organist of St. Paul's-settings of " Praise, my
questionable tastes. Thus it has come to pass that, in the Church
soul, the King of Heaven," and "Saviour, breathe an evening blessing "-
of England, psalmody manuals are legion ; while every Dissenting are conspicuous for melodic beauty and richly varied while not too demon-
body has one or more to which its faith and practice are pinned. strative harmony. Hardly, if at all, less attractive is Mr. Hopkins's
Further, would-be compilers and editors are continually discovering that " Saviour, again, to Thy dear name," but Mr. Calkin, on the other hand,
they can " supply a want " left unsatisfied by the host of their predecessors, though mostly excellent, occasionally yields to temptation and exaggerates
and hence the number of tune books goes on increasing without hope of the organ " obbligato," as in the closing verses of " Forty days and forty
an end. This creates a good deal of rubbish, and keeps before the public nights, " which supply a good example of lost tonality. The danger of this
a good deal more that might otherwise die out ; each collection being was foreseen by the editor, but it has been avoided to a degree greater
bound to retain public favourites without regard to merit, and to offer a than he could have ventured to hope even when enlisting help from
percentage of original works, without which its right to existence would be the able Church musicians above named, The experiment of these
seriously questioned. The former, in many cases, have no merit at all ; unison tunes will, doubtless, be watched with interest. For our own
part, we are not disposed to question its success wherever tried under fair
" The Supplemental Hymn and Tung Book 11 (with new Appendix ) . Under the conditions.
anction of the Lord Bishop of Worcester, Edited by the Rev. R. Brown- Borthwick. But the Appendix shows a yet more extended, if not more useful
(London : Novello, Ewer and Co, 1869. )
development of psalmody in the partly unisonous, partly harmonized, and

[ 583 ]
 28 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869.

sometimes partly antiphonal settings contributed by Mr. Arthur S. Sullivan, rheumatism, and, as far as we can make out, seems rather to have
Dr. John Stainer, and others. Further than these, it would be hardly possible liked the process of drenching as the correct thing in Shetland. If he
to go in the search after effect, and some of these go beyond the ability of did not like it, his temper must be as enviable as his powers of walking ;
average congregations to follow. Among the latter must be classed an for he discourses upon the inconveniences of mist and storm as
extraordinary composition by Mr. John C. Ward, and also Dr. Stainer's calmly as if he were dilating on the delights of an Italian spring. The
" Dies Ira," which, though less extravagant, is far from recommended cottages in which he often lodged have rarely either a window or a
by simplicity. Mr. Sullivan in this respect, as in others, has been chimney. The fire burns upon the middle of the floor, the pig is an inmate
most successful. He has contributed a setting of " The strain upraise," with the rest of the family, and rubs his hide against the visitors'
moderate as to the difficulty of its harmonized portions, and remarkable legs ; a calf or two is stabled in one corner, and among the
in the verses set to unison chants for the descriptive power of the organ rafters a brood of chickens are nestled. The religious customs
accompaniment. So , again, in his elaborate and unique arrangement of of the Shetlanders, on the other hand, ought to be earnestly
" St. Anne's " tune, Mr. Sullivan has secured really splendid effects by studied by Church reformers- whether for imitation or in the wayof
means as legitimate as they are unforced. Whatever the fitness of these warning must be left to the reader to decide. While Mr. Reid was staying
productions for congregational use, there can be no question about their upon Fair Isle he attended a Methodist service, and he reports that "the
intrinsic merit, or their probable influence upon the future course of metrical leader, an old fisherman, gave us an able, earnest, and impressive sermon,
psalmody. Our own opinion is that they go too far, but probably Mr. which was listened to with reverent attention, after which a hymn was
Brown- Borthwick demands more in the way of change than he hopes to sung with a vigour truly startling. The leader then requested Brother
get, and will be satisfied with the juste milieu of which his book presents George to pray, half paused, and then added, and, George, pray short !""
not a few admirable examples. Whether or no Brother George thus enjoined did really " pray short "
Mr. Reid does not say. We can only lament that in churches where the
prayers come before the preaching the clergyman who prays is not entitled to
desire the preaching clergyman to " preach short." What Mrs. Grundy would
"ART RAMBLES IN SHETLAND.” * say to another practice of the Shetland church-goers we cannot venture to
surmise. "The young married couples," says Mr. Reid, " are very affectionate,
It is with a feeling of respect almost akin to awe that the quiet sedentary
and it is nothing extraordinary for the wife to put her arm round her
reviewer handles the work of a man who can walk fifty-six miles at a husband's neck, draw his head under the book board, and kiss him ; while
stretch and yet survive to tell the tale. Mr. Reid's pedestrian powers are
the fashionable mode of sitting in church is for each to have his arm
certainly respectable. " A friend and I," he tells us with inimitable non-
around his partner's waist." Nevertheless, or perhaps in consequence, the
chalance, "left Hillswick one evening and walked the distance of forty islanders are intelligent and industrious. The men are bold and hardy
miles to Lerwick in about twelve hours. " And this, be it remem-
sailors and fishermen, and the women's skill in hosiery every one knows.
bered, was along Shetland roads and over Shetland hills. Two nights
afterwards Mr. Reid started back again without his friend, and through But they are terribly poor, and the soil and climate being miserable, they
are rapidly emigrating, especially to Australia and New Zealand. On the
a mistake as to the right turning lengthened his forty miles into the
whole, they certainly seem to have made a favourable impression upon
fifty-six just mentioned. All night long he toiled over hills, floundered
through bogs, frightened the sheep and shelties, faced blasts of wind Mr. Reid. And altogether his book may be honestly recommended, both
to those energetic persons who are consumed with a morbid appetite for
and drenching rains, and at last, frightfully footsore, arrived at his
interminable walks, Scotch mists, Atlantic gales, and bad food ; and to
journey's end. All the while he was burdened with his sketching port-
those more rational beings who love to read of such unpleasant things but
folio, which the people at one place imagined to be a large edition of not to encounter them.
the Psalms of David. Moreover, he at last tottered and staggered about
so grievously that he was supposed to be either drunk or demented. The
sketching portfolio, however, proved a guarantee for his sobriety and
NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS.
rationality, and the Shetland mind decided that he was an aged clergyman
proceeding on his way to his Sabbath duties. Happily, Mr. Reid " Irish Odes, and other Poems." By Aubrey de Vere. (New York : the
soon recovered and completed the tour of which the present volume is the Catholic Publication Society. ) This volume contains all the poems elsewhere
result. published, and several here published for the first time, by a writer who holds
an honourable place in the second rank of living poets. In Dr. Newman's
And a pleasant book he has now presented to us. It abounds with large
and small views of the wildest scenery of the Shetland Isles and of those less volume of " The Dream of Gerontius " we had the semi-mystical utterances
rugged spots which by comparison may be called cultivated. These views, of a subtle intellect applying itself, from the Roman Catholic point of view, to
all drawn upon wood by Mr. Reid himself, are of very various degrees of the problems and aspirations of religion , and dwelling ingeniously rather than
merit, though all are more or less interesting. We should be disposed to passionately on the prospects of the soul's immortality. Mr. Aubrey de Vere
guess that Mr. Reid's experience as a painter is greater than his experience is a Roman Catholic singer who occupies himself with other themes, and
as a draughtsman on wood ; and that his drawings, when cut and printed, whose verses have a very different ring. The political circumstances of
must have a good deal disappointed him, and failed to give that his native Ireland , the scenes and reminiscences of Rome, the outward pomp
impression of size and atmosphere which he has aimed at. He and imaginative associations of Roman worship, the traditional loyalty
has, moreover, been so sparing in introducing figures and shipping that to his creed of a sincere, hereditary believer- these are the things that give to
the eye has not always a test by which to measure the wild Shetland Mr. de Vere's verse its peculiar colour. Given a sincere love of mankind and
scenery, so that cliffs which are in reality some hundreds of feet high of liberty-understanding by liberty the emancipation of Catholic nationalities
appear to be scarcely a quarter of their real height. Occasionally, from political tyranny, not the emancipation of the human spirit from religious
Mr. Reid is far more successful, as in the view of Monsa Castle, a bondage-a keen sense of beauty in the concrete aspects of the world, a
really fine and suggestive woodcut. The midnight scene, which was fastidious moral and intellectual purism, a genuine ethical fervour (nay, unction),
sketched during his forty miles' walk from Hillswick to Lerwick, is chastened in its expression by a severe taste and a fine gift of lyrical style-
another of Mr. Reid's successes. The drawings themselves, we have no given these, we have the animating elements of Mr. de Vere's muse. He shows
doubt, were all excellent. himself in some points a thorough master of the technic of his art- in none
The story which is thus illustrated is a welcome addition to the more than in his treatment of the sonnet. Nearly all the sonnets scattered
very scanty literature of the islands ; and it is all the more pleasant through the volume, and especially the series that concludes it, seem to us to
reading to those who remember that the scene of Scott's " Pirate " march with the right music ; while the thoughts they express have quite weight
is laid in the southernmost of the Shetlands. Mr. Reid expresses and distinction enough to give interest to worse verses. The odes are by no
a hope that his book may prove a modest combination of the guide- means so complete in form ; they consist chiefly of regular stanzas in alternate
book, the local history, and the illustrated journal. And in the case of all octasyllabic rhyme, and their patriotism and passion take occasionally a tone
ordinary mortals, it will amply satisfy desire to learn something new about. of somewhat hysterical satire which is ineffective. On the whole, however,
Shetland and the Shetlanders. Probably there is no other part ofthe British this volume must be pronounced the work of a man of highly cultivated mind
Islands in which the past is yielding so slowly to the present, and where those and noble feelings, with imagination and power of language enough to make
who believe in the delights of a simple civilization may be so easily disen- him a successful , and at times a delightful, lyrist. We do not doubt its cordial
chanted by hard and patent facts. Yet even in Shetland superstitions are fast acceptance by the better part of the Irish population in America, to whom it is
dying out. At Cross Kirk, for instance, a once famous shrine, not far especially addressed.
from St. Magnus's bay, they no longer dry and pulverize the snails which
haunt the sacred place, and then swallow them as a cure for jaundice. While everything is getting ready for the Ecumenical Council in Rome and
Only the old burying ground is still in use, where the curious in epitaphs the new Syllabus, the Jews of Germany have not been idle. There is at this moment
may read that the death of " Donald Robertson, to all appearance a a Synod sitting in Leipsic, consisting of about eighty rabbis, professors, and other
sincere Christian, was caused by the stupidity of Lawrence Tullock, who lay representatives of various Jewish communities. The chief purpose of the
sold him nitre instead of Epsom salts." assembly is to induce the authorities to found either special departments or
At Fowla Mr. Reid spent seven weeks, and lived upon nothing but " faculties " for Jewish theology at the German universities, or to endow special
eggs, oat cakes , flour scones, and tea, drinking of the last about a dozen chairs for that purpose. The Synod was opened by Professor Lazarus, of Berlin,
cups a day. Now and then he diversified the menu by taking " pot- luck on the 30th of June, the anniversary, as he pointed out, of Reuchlin's death,
with the natives," and on these occasions had an opportunity of who first proposed to the Emperor Maximilian, instead of burning the Talmud,
judging of the comparative merits of cod- heads, dried and fresh to found Talmudical chairs at different universities. The first resolution pro-
piltocks, dog- fish and dried skate. The Shetland climate Mr. Reid nounced " Judaism to be in fullest accordance with the principles of modern
found to be on a par with its diet. There is only one plan state and society, the absolute equality of all men, the equality of all before the
open to the resolute sketcher. He must always travel in the rain, law, their equality of duties and rights in relation to the State, and the fullest
or he will lose the very few days on which the weather is fine enough for liberty of the individual in his religious convictions, being the fundamental
painting. Mr. Reid, however, appears to enjoy an immunity of colds and principles of Judaism." It is presumed that the Berlin University will open the
first " Faculty for Jewish theology." It is needless to add that the new founda-
* "Art Rambles in Shetland." By John T. Reid. (Edinburgh : Edmonston and tion is not intended by the promoters for Jews, but for students of Jewish
Douglas. 1869. ) science, theologians, and philologists of all shades.
[ 584 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 29
JULY 9 , 1869.]

referring details to arbitration. Of £7,036,037 claimed by the telegraph com-

Parliamentary Review. panies, £5,715,047 was conceded ; the railways would get £700,000 ; £300,000
was set down for extensions and preliminary expenses ; and allowing a margin for
HOUSE OF LORDS. certain patentees and other parties yet to be settled with, the total expense would
FRIDAY. --Of the seventy-one clauses of the Irish Church Bill the House of be £6,750,000. The Government expected to get a gross revenue of £673,838 ;
Lords had at the close of this sitting disposed of twenty-eight. On clause 27 the estimate of the expenditure was £359,484, leaving a net profit of
Lord Salisbury moved an amendment relieving the Church Body from the £314,354. The interest upon the 64 millions sterling which he had stated as
payment of building charges on the glebe-houses. The Duke of Cleveland the purchase money would, at 4 per cent., be £270,000, or at 3 % per cent. ,
distinctly intimated that he supported this gift to the Church only as the £236,350, leaving in the one case a surplus of £44,000 a year, and of £77,000
counterpart of his own proposition for providing glebe-houses for Roman in the other. The price of telegrams would be fixed at the uniform rate of Is.
Catholic priests and Presbyterian ministers. The two things must go together ; per twenty words.
neither or both was his view. Lord Cairns, however, intimated that, although The resolutions were agreed to, Mr. Hunt reserving his opinion as to the
he cordially supported Lord Salisbury's amendment, he could not assent to question of monopoly.
concurrent endowment. As a matter of justice he held that the Church was TUESDAY.-After a morning sitting devoted to the Contagious Diseases
entitled to the glebe-houses free of charge, especially as the similar debt against (Animals) Bill (the debate chiefly turning on Mr. C. Read's amendment
Maynooth was waived. Lord Russell distinguished between justice and policy. requiring the slaughter at the port of landing of cattle imported from countries
The Church might have no legal claim to relief from these building charges, where disease had existed within eighteen months, which was rejected by 220
but on large principles of public policy it would be desirable to abandon the to 160) , the House resumed at night to hear the grievances of Welsh electors
debt, and make a free grant of the glebe-houses. Lord Granville and the Duke expounded by Mr. H. Richard. He moved a resolution that the pro-
of Argyll opposed the clause as an infringement of the principle of the bill. On ceedings of certain landlords in Wales to their tenants on account of the free
a division the amendment was carried by 213 to 69 -majority 144. An appeal exercise ofthe franchise was unconstitutional and oppressive, and constituted
from Lord Cairns and Lord Malmesbury to the Duke of Cleveland to postpone an infringement of the rights conferred by Parliament.
his amendment on the next clause proving unavailing, the question of con- Mr. G. O. Morgan, Mr. Leatham , Mr. Richards, Colonel Stepney, Sir T.
current endowment came directly before the House. The Bishops of Gloucester Lloyd, and Mr. Whalley joined in the protest against landlord tyranny. Mr.
and Oxford and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Halifax, Lord Salisbury, Scourfield was sceptical about these political martyrdoms, which were often got
and Lord Russell supported the amendment. Lord Granville joined with Lord up as an excuse for personal failings. Turning away good tenants was too
Cairns, Lord Hardwicke, and the Duke of Marlborough on the other side costly a game for landlords to play at. Mr C. Wynn complained of charges
in opposing it, as contrary to the feelings of the country. The amendment was being brought forward without notice to the persons inculpated. Of these
rejected by 146 to 113. charges he would only say that he always understood the Dissenting deca-
MONDAY.- The Beerhouses Bill was read a third time before the Committee logue contained a ninth commandment. Mr. Bruce feared there was
on the Irish Church Bill was resumed. too much truth in the allegations which had been brought forward, but as no
On clause 29 the Archbishop of Canterbury proposed to throw back the date notice had been given of the resolution he hoped it would not be pressed.
from which private endowments are to be reserved for the benefit of the new The resolution was accordingly with drawn.
Church Body from the year 1660 to the second year of Queen Elizabeth ; to Mr. T. Chambers called attention to the recent correspondence between the
empower the Commissioners to decide whether an endowment were a private Poor Law Board and the Marylebone guardians in reference to the separate
one on testimony not strictly legal ; and to vest royal grants as well as private education of Roman Catholic children, and moved a resolution that where
ones in the new Church Body. A proposal by Lord Granville on the part of guardians had made provision for the religious instruction of Nonconformist
the Government to give a lump sum of half a million to the Church in lieu of children within the workhouses the Poor Law Board ought not to order their
all private benefactions gave a new turn to the debate. On the suggestion of removal to schools not under the control of the parish authorities. Mr. Goschen
Lord Cairns, the Archbishop withdrew his first two amendments for the present defended the action of the Poor Law Board on general grounds of policy
in order to allow time for the consideration of the Ministerial offer, of the and on the economical advantages to the ratepayers, and after some discussion
suddenness of which some complaints were made. The third amendment, the motion was rejected by 71 to 29.
vesting in the Church the royal grants known as Ulster glebes, was carried by WEDNESDAY.- The Trade Unions Bill occupied the House of Commons
105 to 55. during the whole of the sitting. There was only a thin attendance of members ,
The Maynooth clause was opposed by Lord Fitzwalter and others, but no opposition to the measure being expected at this stage ; a number of trade
Lord Cairns, though deeming it objectionable and unjust, argued that it could unionist leaders, including Mr. Odger, in the Speaker's gallery, and a little knot
not be rejected without throwing a charge on the Consolidated Fund, an of Comtist sympathizers in the back seat at the bar, represented the outer world.
infringement of the privileges of the other House. It was carried by 146 to 22 Mr. Hughes, after an exhaustive review of the legal and social bearings of the
votes. The 67th clause was passed before the House adjourned at midnight. subject, defined the principle on which the bill is based- that the combination
TUESDAY. -The attendance in the House of Lords was somewhat scanty laws should be repealed, the criminal law strengthened and made more
at the beginning of the sitting, but grew fuller afterwards. The event explicit in regard to acts of coercion , and masters and men thus left on an
of the night was the adoption by 160 to 90 of Lord Cairns's amendment equality to make their own terms for labour, subject to the common law of
reserving for future decision the disposal of the Church surplus. Lord the country as applied to all citizens alike. Mr. Brassey, son of the well-
Malmesbury, Lord Clanricarde, the Duke of Cleveland, Lord Salisbury, and known contractor, argued in favour of legalizing trade unions, first, because
Lord Grey supported the amendment avowedly with a view to concurrent no laws had ever succeeded in putting an end to such combinations, and,
endowment. second, because he did not believe their power for mischief to be so great as
THURSDAY. - On the motion to read the Life Peerages Bill a third time, some supposed. Mr. Platt, the head of the great machine-factory at Old-
Lord Malmesbury moved its rejection. As for the argument that the measure ham, took a similar view. Mr. Charley, Mr. Plimsoll, Sir C. Dilke, Mr.
Mundella, and Lord Galway supported the bill. Mr. E. Potter condemned
would popularize the House, Mr. Bright, at any rate, did not believe it would ,
for he called it " childish tinkering." Nor could it be hoped that a life peerage unionism altogether as opposed to the true principle of trade- free competition,
would attract persons who might refuse an hereditary dignity. After some and bad for masters and workmen alike.
discussion the bill was rejected by 106 to 77. The Bankruptcy Bill, and also The Home Secretary said he believed there would be a general concurrence
the Imprisonment for Debt Bill, were read a second time. of opinion that the unions were entitled to legal protection for their funds.
Many of their rules were unwise and mischievous, but the men were already
beginning to see the error of their ways, and the more intelligent of the
HOUSE OF COMMONS. societies were abandoning the principles complained of. Further, it could not
FRIDAY. - The Assessed Rates Bill, the University Tests Bill , and the Con- be denied that the combination laws required revision . Some of them were
tagious Diseases Bill occupied the House of Commons at the morning sitting. The obsolete and inconsistent with modern ideas, but he could not commit himself
chief question in regard to the University Tests Bill was Sir R. Palmer's pro- to go so far as the bill, and repeal them altogether, without providing a
posed declaration to be taken by professors, tutors, and lecturers that they substitute. He regretted that the Government could not deal with the subject
would not teach any opinions opposed to the Divine authority of the Holy this year, but he undertook to prepare a bill for next session . After some
Scriptures, or to the doctrine and discipline of the Church of England as by law remarks by Mr. Samuda, Lord J. Manners, and others, Mr. W. E. Forster said
established. In deference to the appeal of Mr. Walter and others, and the the Government assented to the principle of the bill that combinations should
unfavourable character of the criticisms passed on the amendment, Sir R. be legalized, reserving for further consideration the question of protection for
Palmer withdrew it. The rest of the morning sitting was spent in Committee non-unionists.
on the Contagious Diseases (Animals ) Bill, and on the reassembling of the The bill was then read a second time.
House at nine o'clock it was immediately counted out. THURSDAY.- Mr. Otway, in answer to Mr. Bazley, stated that the Spanish
MONDAY. Forty- four orders of the day indicated the crowded state of Government had offered to negotiate a treaty of commerce with us, one of the
business. Mr. Bentinck, following up a complaint raised by Mr. Newdegate bases of which was a reduction of our wine duties, and the offer was now under
at the beginning of the sitting as to the count-out on Friday night, called consideration .
attention to the operation of the two o'clock morning sittings, which had Mr. Gladstone appealed to Sir H. Bulwer, who had a notice on the paper
greatly abridged the time at the disposal of private members, and in fact gave to call attention to our relations with the United States, to relinquish
the Government practically a monopoly of time. A chorus of complaint to the altogether the idea of raising a discussion on the subject this session. By
same effect was kept up by Mr. Crawford, Mr. Peek, Sir H. Selwin- Ibbetson , and this he assured Sir Henry he would be best serving the public interest, for the
others, suggestions being made that there should be only one morning sitting a United States Government, though the recent treaty had been negatived, did
week instead of two, and that atthe evening sitting ten minutes' grace should be not consider the subject definitely dropped, but thought it would be wiser that
allowed to form a quorum before a count out could take place. Mr. Gladstone some interval should elapse before it was taken up again. Sir H. Bulwer
admitted that the Government were bound to use all reasonable means to keep a reluctantly yielded to the appeal, because he was convinced that we should have
House, but suggested the Queen's ball and the debate in the Lords as reasons for cause to repent it if we left the question in its present state.
the difficulty of collecting members on Friday. With respect to last week the On the report of Monday night's Committee of Supply being brought up, Mr.
case of private members, as compared with the Government, was not a hard Dillwyn, seconded by Mr. C. Bentinck, renewed his objection to the item of £5,500
one-private members having occupied fully three-fourths, and the Government for altering the central hall of the House and decorating it with mosaics. Mr.
only one-fourth of the time. The Government could not surrender the morning Layard admitted that contracts had been entered into before the vote was taken .
sittings unless the House would consent to have another fortnight added to the This led to some sharp remarks from Mr. Hunt and Mr. S. Booth. Mr. Gladstone
session .
admitted that as a general rule it was improper that contracts should be made
A defence of the late Government in regard to the audit of public accounts before the House granted the money, but it was necessary now and then. Ulti-
by Mr. Hunt, drew from Mr. Candlish the retort that no explanations could get mately it was agreed to reduce the vote by some £ 3,000. Mr. S. Aytoun
rid of or justify the fact that in the Civil Service estimates of last year, out of a moved a resolution condemning what he held to be a contravention of the
total of 168 votes only twenty-two had been subjected to the operation of the Canada Railway Act, 1867, by the application of the loan raised under
Act of 1866. Some remarks by Mr. Fawcett on the Solicitor- General's holding Imperial guarantee for the Intercolonial Railway to the redemption of a
a brief for the Gurneys drew a sharp rebuke from Sir J. Coleridge, who portion of the Canadian debt. Mr. Gladstone remarked that there was no
explained that he received the retainer two years and a half before he became a imputation of a breach of faith, but merely of a technical non- compliance
law officer of the Crown, and that the bar had not the right to make selections with the Act ; but he agreed with Mr. Hunt that until further information
and to form their own opinions on cases . had arrived the House could not judge of the real character of the proceeding.
After some time spent in Committee of Supply, Lord Hartington introduced After some observations from Mr. Monk, Mr. Aytoun withdrew his motion,
a series of resolutions as the basis of a bill for the purchase of the telegraphs, and the House went into Committee of Supply on the Civil Service Estimates.
supplementary to that of last year, fixing the price at twenty years' purchase and The third reading of the University Tests Bill was carried by 116 to 65.
[ 585 ]
 30 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9 , 1869.

and the annual income 130,000 dols. Mr. Peabody is in very poor health
Summary of the Week's News . and quite feeble, at Salem, in Massachusetts . A few of the leaders of the
FOREIGN NEWS. Cuban filibustering expedition who were arrested have been committed for trial,
and the other prisoners released. Colonel Ryan, the commander of the expe-
The principal topic of discussion in Paris during the week has been the dition, and 300 of his men are said to be " still uncaptured," but it is not
probable result of a movement in the Legislative Body, for the purpose of stated whether they have or have not succeeded in getting to sea.
obtaining ministerial responsibility. Towards the close of last week it was stated
that the Third Party in the Legislative Body which has been organized under A New York telegram says that the Mexican Government has failed to pay
the interest of the national debt.
the name of the Left Centre, had decided upon presenting certain " inter-
pellations," demanding that greater powers should be given to the lower A singular story was brought from Canada by the last mail. It is asserted
Chamber of the Legislature. A day or two afterwards it was announced 66
that a private letter has been received in Montreal from an eminent English-
that M. du Miral, one of the Vice-Presidents of the Chamber, and man and a Liberal," in which the writer states that Messrs. Gladstone and
other members of the majority, were also engaged in drawing up interpellations Bright are in favour of Canadian independence, and are " strongly urging the
somewhat similar in spirit, though less comprehensive in the scope of the idea." It is added that the Hon. John Young, one of the foremost advocates of
reforms to be asked for. They proposed to ask the Government to re- establish Canadian independence, was to leave Canada at once on a mission to England.
the address in answer to the speech from the Throne, to organize on a larger Miss Rye arrived in Toronto on the 23rd ult., accompanied by upwards of
scale the right of interpellation, to extend the right of amendment, and to give eighty young women , whom she had brought with her to be engaged as domestic
to the Chamber the faculty of electing its president. These proposals were, it servants. The Toronto Globe says that although there is a great demand for
was believed, approved by the Government, and were really a counter-proposal girls of this class, scarcely any have emigrated during the present season. It
to the interpellation of the Third Party. It was also rumoured that the Emperor describes the girls taken out by Miss Rye as between seventeen and twenty
had had an interview with M. Buffet, a member ofthe Third Party, and that M. years of age, healthy in appearance, vigorous, cheerful, and likely to make
Rouher had resigned, but the former statement has been contradicted by the excellent servants ; and states that they will not be permitted to engage with any
Moniteur, and the latter bythe Public, M. Rouher's organ . The latest telegrams one " whose character and arrangements will not bear a pretty severe scrutiny."
state that M. du Miral's interpellation has been withdrawn, and that the one
drawn up by the Left Centre has been signed by more than 100 deputies, Some serious shipping disasters are reported in the papers received by the
including many members of the majority. An understanding " entirely last Overland mail. It is feared that the British India Steam Navigation
satisfactory to the French Government " is said to have been effected on the Company's steamer Cheduba, with mails and passengers from Calcutta to
questions at issue between France and Belgium. The Indépendance Belge says Rangoon, went down in the cyclone that passed over the Bay of Bengal on the
that the arrangement does not include the Grand Luxembourg line. 15th and 16th ult. Among the passengers on board were Major- General
Faunce, Lieutenant J. Ferguson, 21st Fusiliers, Mrs. Bainbridge, and Mr.
The French Atlantic cable has been recovered , and on Wednesday night Dwyer. On the 4th of June the Bucentaur, from Liverpool, was driven
the Great Eastern had run 1,639 miles, and 1,840 miles of cable had been ashore at the entrance of Bombay harbour, and has become a total wreck,
paid out. Her cargo alone was worth £51,000, and no portion of it had been
In Spain there have been some Ministerial changes. Señor Zorilla (who in saved. The captain and crew were saved by the Bombay lifeboat. The
Spanish political nomenclature is a Progressist) is to be Minister of Justice ; Peninsular and Oriental Company's steamer Golconda, with the English mail
Señor Martos ( Monarchical Democrat), Minister of Public Works ; and Señor of May 14, also met with an accident on the voyage from Aden. When
Becerra ( Monarchical Democrat) , Minister for the Colonies. A later telegram about half way across, her engines broke down , and a heavy storm coming
states that it is thought that all the members of the Government will resign, on, she was taken in tow by the steamer Krishna on the 3rd of June,
and that in that case Señor Rivero, the president of the Cortes, would be sent for and towed for seventeen hours . The violence of the storm , however,
by the Regent. Señor Figuerola, the Minister of Finance, has brought in bills caused the hawsers to snap one after another, and the vessels parted
ordering the sale of the patrimonial property of corporate bodies and the sup- company on the morning of the 4th, when the Krishna held on her course
pression of the salaries and pensions of individuals who refuse to swear fidelity to Bombay. The Behar had been despatched to assist the disabled
to the Constitution . There have again been rumours of disturbances in the steamer to Bombay. No fears were entertained as to the safety of the vessel.
provinces, and troops have, it is said, been sent against some bands of Repub- Preparations were already being made for the great durbar at Agra in
licans and Carlists in Andalusia and Aragon. January next in honour of the Duke of Edinburgh. The annual reliefs for
1869-70 have been so ordered that the movements of many corps will dovetail
There has been more fighting in Cuba, and the insurgents under General in with the arrangements for the durbar, and it is expected that about 13,000
Jordan are said to have taken Holguin. The volunteers who succeeded in troops will be camped in or around Agra on the occasion. Reports of the
compelling General Dulce to resign have been giving more trouble, and have intense heat continued to be received from all parts of India, and fatal cases of
been acting in a mutinous manner. General de Rodas, the new governor, is apoplexy were daily occurring.
stated to be pursuing a conciliatory course, and has released a number of
political prisoners. At the same time he is making preparations for another By the Cape mails we learn that Bishop Macrorie has consecrated the Rev.
and a vigorous campaign, if it should prove to be necessary, though in a pro- F. S. Robinson Archdeacon of Durban. Nearly all the Australian golddiggers
clamation which he has issued he says that the insurrection has been nearly had left Natal, returning to Australia. Some people, however, still believe the
suppressed, and that it now consists only of parties of guerrillas. goldfields will ultimately pay if proper machinery is used. Sir John Swinburn's
party were crushing quartz at the rate of 20 tons per day, with a yield of 4 oz.
The first ascent of Mont Blanc this year was effected on the 28th ult. by a of gold to the ton . More diamonds had been discovered.
party of six, composed of Joseph Nicolet, of Lyons ; Mr. Palmer Gannon, an
Englishman ; Simon Méderic, guide ; and three porters. The way by the
Corridor was found to be impracticable, owing to the quantity of snow, so the HOME NEWS.
travellers were obliged to strike off to the right under the Dôme du Goûté
The Irish Church Bill has now passed through Committee in the Lords.
and effect a passage by cutting about 800 steps in the ice, in order
It will be reported to-night ( Friday), and read a third time on Monday. It
to gain the crest of the smaller and larger hump of the Dromedary. will probably be returned to the House of Commons on the next night, and on
On two occasions the adventurers were forced to retrace their steps, owing to
Thursday Mr. Gladstone will move that the Lords' amendments be considered.
the violence of the wind, which threatened to precipitate the whole party into The " concurrent endowment " party in the House of Lords appear to
the abyss. On reaching the summit, Mr. Palmer Gannon was seized with a
have been completely deceived in thinking that any large body of the
fainting fit, caused by the intensity of the cold , and had to be subjected to Conservative peers would vote with them in return for the support
friction with snow impregnated with rum. The return to the Grands Mulets
was effected by a descent down Les Bosses -a very dangerous passage, and not given by Liberal peers to the Marquis of Salisbury's amendment for
yet attempted by any ascending party. giving over the Ecclesiastical residences of the clergy to the Church body free
of all change. Every prelate present and nearly all the Conservative peers
According to a telegram from St. Petersburg, an Imperial ukase has been supported Lord Salisbury's amendment, and he also received a large amount of
issued, sanctioning the foundation of an Imperial university at Warsaw, to support from the Liberal side of the House, the majority including the names of
replace the Warsaw College. Another telegram states that, according to the Dukes of Cleveland, Grafton , Somerset, and Leinster ; of Lords Russell,
intelligence from Omsk ofthe 2nd ult., a party of 600 Chinese, while pursuing Halifax, Taunton, Grey, Eversley, Gormanston (a Roman Catholic), Lyveden,
a tribe of Kirghiz, had approached the frontier district of Saisank. The result Clanricarde, and Westbury. When the Duke of Cleveland's proposal to give
was a fight, and the Chinese were driven back with great loss by a detachment glebes to the Roman Catholic and Presbyterian clergy was put to the vote,
of Russian troops. however, Lord Derby, Lord Cairns, the Dukes of Marlborough, Buckingham,
and Richmond, and the greater portion of the Conservative peers voted against
It is reported from Portugal that serious disturbances have taken place in the
Azores, in consequence of an increase in the taxes. In several districts the tax it, though it met with the support of Lord Salisbury, the Duke of Northumber-
papers were burnt. The vine disease had appeared in some parts of the land, the Marquis of Bath, the Marquis of Winchester, Lord Lytton, Lord
country, but only to a small extent. The Count of Lavradio, formerly Minister Stanhope, Lord Ellenborough, and other Opposition peers. The Archbishops
in London, is seriously ill. of Canterbury and York and 7 English bishops voted for it, and 3 English and
2 Irish bishops against it. The majority of 105 who on Monday supported the
The draft of the new Servian Constitution, laid before the Skuptschina, Archbishop of Canterbury's proposal to give the Ulster glebes to the Irish
proposes Ministerial responsibility, freedom of the press, equality of all citizens Church was composed chiefly of Conservative peers. The minority of 55
before the law, the " autonomy of the communes," and the independence of the included (besides the Liberal peers who regularly support the Government) the
judges from Government control. The members of the Skuptschina are to be Dukes of Cleveland and Wellington and Earl Grey. Earl Russell did not
elected for three years. vote. No bishop's name appears in the minority. Among those who voted
American telegrams with the Government against Lord Fitzwalter's motion to get rid of the clause
"" received by the cable state that the anniversary of giving compensation to Maynooth were the Archbishops of Canterbury and York;
" Independence Day was celebrated on Monday throughout the Union-
the Dukes of Richmond and Wellington ; the Marquises of Bath, Salisbury, and
enthusiastically in the North, but with much apathy in the South. The elec-
tions in Virginia have resulted in favour of the Conservatives, who have Winchester ; Earls Beaucham, Carnarvon, Harrowby, Nelson, and Winchilsea ;
succeeded in returning their candidate for the governorship of the State by a Viscount Powerscourt ; and the Bishops of Gloucester, Hereford , Oxford, Peter-
borough, and St. David's. Lord Cairns did not vote. In the division on
majority of 20,000. The new Constitution has been adopted, the disfranchising
section being rejected. The returns of the election of members of Congress Tuesday night on Lord Cairns's proposal to postpone the distribution of the
are not yet complete, but they seem to show that six white Conservatives and surplus revenues of the Irish Church, on which the Government were beaten by
two negro Radicals are the successful candidates. A great number of negroes 160 to 90, a great number of Liberal peers voted with the majority. Most of the
voted for the Conservatives. The ex- President, Mr. Andrew Johnson, is on a advocates of concurrent endowment supported Lord Cairns, but Lord Russell
visit to Washington, and having been serenaded, he made a speech, in which was not with them. Several of the Roman Catholic peers voted with the Govern-
he deplored the political condition of the country, and declared that it was ment ; among others the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Denbigh. The
tending to a military dictatorship or a monarchy. Mr. Reverdy Johnson is said Bishop
Governmentof Oxford separated from his episcopal brethren , and supported the
. The vote of Lord Shaftesbury, too, was given against post-
to be preparing a reply to Mr. Sumner. He will set forth the motives which
influenced him in his negotiations with Great Britain, and declare that, ponement.
in the Convention agreed to, the Americans had obtained all they ever The amendments of the Earl of Carnarvon and the Marquis of Salisbury
asked for. He is perfectly satisfied, it is said, that if the Convention are said to have done a good deal to restore the popularity of the House of
should come into operation every dollar due on the Alabama claims Lords among Irish Churchmen. The adoption of any scheme of concurrent
will be recovered. Mr. Peabody has given another million dollars to his
endowment, however, would probably have given rise to a strong agitation
American Southern Education Fund, the entire fund being now two millions, against the measure. Several public meetings were held last week to condemn
[ 586 ]
 JULY 9, 1869. ]
PALL MALL BUDGET. 31

any such measure by anticipation. One composed of Nonconformists, ministers H.B.M.'s Secretary of Legation at Rio de Janeiro, has been appointed Chargé
and laymen, was held at the Cannon-street Hotel, and though called partly bythe d'Affaires and Consul General to the Republic of Venezuela, to reside at
Liberation Society, was attended by many gentlemen who do not usually Caracas, in the place of Mr. George Fagan, who died of yellow fever some
support that organization. The Dissenting Deputies, the Congregational Board, months ago.
and the Wesleyan Conference, have also published resolutions against the Mr. Secker has been appointed Secretary to the Norwich Election Inquiry
levelling-up " schemes, and a well- known evangelical clergyman , the Rev. Commission, and Mr. Collier, brother of the Attorney-General, to that at
J. C. Ryle, has published a letter, in which he says : -" I would rather see the Beverley.
whole United Church of England and Ireland disestablished and disendowed
to-morrow than see Roman Catholic priests paid by the State." A copy of a A testimonial was presented on Tuesday to the Rev. Prebendary T. G. Hall,
resolution passed at a meeting of Nonconformists and Wesleyans held at who has been for many years professor of mathematics in King's College. A
Walsall last week, protesting against the endowment of Episcopalians, Presby- large number of past and present students attended.
terians, and Catholics, by giving them glebes, manses, or otherwise, as a violation Professor Syme, on account of ill health, is about to resign the chair of
of religious equality, having been forwarded to Mr. Gladstone, his secretary in clinical surgery in the University of Edinburgh, which he has held since 1833 .
acknowledging it calls attention to the fact that " the plans in question have
neither originated with, nor found countenance from, her Majesty's Govern- The Rev. T. Binney, the well-known minister of the King's Weigh House
ment." (Congregationalist) Chapel, Fish-street-hill, on Sunday formally retired from the
duties he has discharged there for the last forty years. Though Mr. Binney
The Queen leaves Windsor for Osborne to-day (Friday). On Tuesday, her ceases to be the minister ofthe congregation, he retains a nominal and honorary
Majesty held at Windsor Castle private investitures ofthe Orders of the Bath, of connection with it, and will preach occasionally.
the Star of India, and of St. Michael and St. George. Lord Lucan, Sir James Y.
Scarlett, Sir George Buller, and Sir A. K. Kuper were invested with the General Garibaldi has intimated to a friend in the north of England that he
insignia of Knights Grand Cross of the Bath ; and the following officers will visit this country during the present year.
were knighted and received the insignia of Knights Commanders of the In accordance with a requisition signed by nearly 100 members of Par-
order :-Vice- Admiral W. Ramsey, Lieutenant- General Viscount Templetown, liament, besides other members of the Reform Club, the committee have
Vice-Admiral the Right Hon. Lord Clarence E. Paget, Major- General convened a general meeting of the club, in order to reconsider the recent
F. Horn, Major- General A. A. T. Cunynghame, Major- General Lord George decision which has led to the withdrawal of Mr. Bright and Mr. Forster. In
A. F. Paget, Major-General A. J. Lawrence, Major-General Horatio Shirley, the meantime the committee has refused to confirm the minutes of the meeting
Vice-Admiral H. R. Yelverton, Major-General W. Jones, Rear-Admiral at which the nominee of Mr. Bright and Mr. Forster was rejected.
B. J. Sulivan, Major- General John St. George, Major- General E. C. Warde,
Major- General James Brind, Major- General the Right Hon. Percy E. Herbert , Respecting what is called the " Warwickshire scandal," the Birmingham
Major-General J. L. A. Simmons, Major- General Archibald Little, and Gazette says :- " Various rumours have of late been in circulation to the effect
Dr. T. G. Logan, Director- General of the Army Medical Department. that the Mordaunt case had been abandoned, or, at all events, would not be
Major-General George Le Grand Jacob received the insignia of Knight Com- carried into court. We are in a position to contradict these reports, and to
mander ofthe Star of India ; Lord Monck, Earl Grey, and Earl Russell were state that the petitioner's case is proceeding, and that there is at present no
invested with the riband and badge as Knights Grand Cross of the Order of probability of its being withdrawn."
St. Michael and St. George ; and the following were knighted and invested
The authorized version of a story which was mentioned last week, and
with the insignia of Knights Commanders of the Order : -Colonel Gore Brown,
which has been the talk of London for the last fortnight, has been given in a
Count P. E. de Strzelecki, Lord Lyttelton, the Right Hon . Frederick Peel, the
Right Hon. C. B. Adderley, Sir Frederick Rogers, Mr. Henry Taylor, and correspondence sent to the papers by Mr. Grenville- Murray. That gentleman's
account of the affair is that he ( Mr. Murray) was coming out of the Conserva-
Mr. T. F. Elliot. On Wednesday Mdlle. Nilsson, accompanied by Mrs.
Anderson on the piano, sang before the Queen at Windsor Castle. tive Club a little after midnight on the 22nd of June, when Lord Carington,
whom he did not know, after asking him who he was, struck at his hat without
On Friday, the 2nd inst. , there was a State ball at Buckingham Palace, to a moment's warning with a stick which he had concealed behind him , and
which a party of 1,800 was invited. The Prince and Princess of Wales arrived " the dent in the hat," says Mr. Grenville- Murray, " is still visible." Lord
shortly after ten o'clock. The other members of the Royal Family present were- Carington explained that he had used the stick because Mr. Grenville- Murray
the Princess Louise, Prince Arthur, the Duke of Cambridge, and the Prince and had written against his (Lord Carington's) father. Mr. Grenville- Murray said
Princess of Teck. The Prince and Princess of Wales, accompanied by the he had done no such thing, and upon this Lord Carington " seemed scared
members of the Royal Family, entered the ball-room at twenty minutes past ten and went away." Mr. Grenville- Murray subsequently desired his solicitors
o'clock, when the dancing immediately commenced . The Princess of Wales to assure Lord Carington that he never intended to say anything discour
wore a dress of blue crape and tulle over blue silk, trimmed with rich Brussels teous about that noble lord or his family, and further, that he neither edits
lace, forget-me-nots, and yellow roses ; head-dress, diamonds and forget-me- nor owns any newspaper whatever. Lord Carington , in reply to the letter
nots ; ornaments, pearls and diamonds ; orders, the Victoria and Albert, the which Mr. Murray's solicitors wrote to his lordship upon these instructions,
Danish, and the order of Catherine of Russia. Princess Louise wore a white declined
แ in any way to apologize, and justified what he had done by the fact that
tulle dress trimmed with lace and a blue satin tunic with bunches of different Mr. Murray must be well aware from recent events that his connection with
coloured roses ; head-dress, a wreath of roses intermixed with diamonds ; orna- the Queen's Messenger is a matter of public notoriety, and admits ofthe clearest
ments, diamonds ; orders, the Victoria and Albert, the order of St. Isabel, and proof." In the meantime the matter had come before the committee of the
the Coburg and Gotha family order. Conservative Club, and the secretary wrote to Mr. Grenville - Murray to say that,
unless satisfactory explanations were offered, they would have to call a special
On Monday evening the Prince and Princess of Wales gave a ball at meeting to consider the matter. Mr. Grenville- Murray, in reply, denied point-
Marlborough House. Among those present were the Princess Louise, Prince blank the authorship of the articles which have been attributed to him, and
Arthur, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, the Prince and Princess of declined to enter into the subject further with the club committee. As to the
Teck, the Duke and Duchess Philip of Wurtemberg, the Count and Countess assault, he pronounces it to have been " cowardly " and " womanly." He was
of Paris, the Duke and Duchess of Chartres, the Duke and Duchess of alone, while Lord Carington was accompanied by a man who looked like “ a
Aumale, the Prince and Princess of Joinville, the Duke of Nemours and fighting man." If Mr. Grenville- Murray had acted as his feelings prompted, he
the Princess Marguerite of Orleans. The costume worn by gentlemen would, he says, have horsewhipped his lordship, but acting on the advice of
at the ball is stated to have been a blue dress coat, with gilt buttons, black friends not to break the law either in that way or by offering to fight a duel with
breeches, and white waistcoat. On Tuesday afternoon, the Princess of Wales an antagonist young enough to be his son, he determined to treat the case as if
was present at a juvenile party given by the Countess of Derby in St. James's- the offence had been committed by a vulgar brawler.
square. In the evening the Prince and Princess went to the St. James's
Theatre. On Wednesday their Royal Highnesses went to Lynn , and opened a On Wednesday the affair came before the Marlborough-strect police
new dock there, which is to be called the Alexandra Dock. The Prince and magistrate, and led to a scene such as has seldom before been witnessed in a
Princess arrived at Lynn about half-past three in the afternoon , and went to the London police- court. Mr. Grenville - Murray had obtained two summonses
Town-hall, where an address was presented by the mayor and corporation, and against Lord Carington - one for assaulting him, and the other for using
afterwards to the Grammar School, where another address was presented , and language intended to provoke a duel. The audience which assembled to hear
a gold medal given annually by the Prince was handed by him to the pupil who the case was a very aristocratic one. At least one duke was present and several
had this year gained it. The Royal party then went down the Norfolk Estuary marquises, to say nothing of inferior grades of the peerage. The charge of assault
Channel in a steamer, and returned to the new dock , which the Prince then preferred against Lord Carington was not denied, but his counsel cross - examined
declared open . A banquet in the Stone Hall followed , and the Prince and Mr. Grenville-Murray very severely as to his connection with the Queen's
Princess left about 8 P.M. for General Knollys's residence at Sandringham , Messenger, and the authorship ofthe article said to reflect upon Lord Carington ,
where they will stay for a few days. entitled " Bob Coachington, Lord Jarvey." After much wrangling, he denied the
authorship ofthe article, but he declined to answer the questions relating to his
The Queen has contributed 100 towards the funds of Mrs. Gladstone's connection with the paper. A number of letters, articles in manuscript, and a
Convalescent Home, and has presented for the use of its inmates a copy of her corrected proof of an article were shown to him, but he declined to say whether
journal, with an autograph inscription . they were in his handwriting. He admitted that he had written some articles
The Gazette of Friday announced the appointment of the Duke of Edin- in the Queen's Messenger, but said that he would rather have cut off his right
hand than have written others. Lord Carington was ultimately bound over to
burgh, K.G., K.T., Captain in the Fleet, to be an Ordinary Member of the
First Class, or Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. keep the peace in reference to the first summons, and committed for trial
George. on the second one. He was admitted to bail- himself in £ 4,000, and two
sureties of £2,000 each. The Duke of Beaufort and Lord Colville were the
Lord Castlemaine died on Sunday, in his seventy-sixth year, after a short sureties.
illness. Lady Clinton died suddenly on the same day ; and on Monday even-
ing, as Mr. Robert Phippen, high sheriff of Bristol, was dining with the mayor, At the close of the case, the extraordinary scene above mentioned
took place. It is thus described by the Times' reporter :-" Mr. Newman,
he was seized with fainting fits, and died in a very short time. The deaths are
also announced of Sir William Byam , late President of the Council of Antigua, a solicitor, who had brought a large tin box into court, containing MSS.
and (by the Atlantic cable) of Sir Arthur C. H. Rumbold, Bart., governor of the of the Queen's Messenger, was about to remove the box when a rush
Virgin Islands. He leaves no male issue, and his brother, Mr. Charles Hales was made simultaneously from several parts of the court, and a dash
Rumbold, succeeds to the baronetcy . made at the box. Mr. Newman, an elderly gentleman, threw his arms
round it and called loudly for the police. The noblemen and gentlemen
The Earl of Kellie was on Wednesday unanimously elected a representative on the bench rushed forward to give assistance, and for a quarter of an
peer for Scotland. The Duke of Buccleuch and the Earl of Kellie were the hour a kind of free fight went on, sticks and fists being used, and from twenty
only peers present, but fourteen others voted by proxy. to thirty engaged actively in the scuffle. The police were too few to be of use,
but they exerted themselves vigorously, though they were puzzled to know what
A petition has been lodged against the return of Mr. Seely, M.P. for
Nottingham , on the ground of bribery, treating, and undue influence. the uproar meant or who were the offenders. Ifthey took hold of one they were
told, I am the Duke of ;' of another, ' I am Lord ;' and they were
It is stated that the Hon. Charles Spring Rice is to succeed Mr. James obliged to content themselves with marking the most active in the affray, and
Murray as Assistant Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office. The when assistance came, in securing them. Mr. D'Eyncourt ordered the court
Hon. C. Spring Rice has been in the Foreign Department since the year 1839, to be cleared, but the row became so serious, and approached so alarmingly
and was appointed a senior clerk in March, 1857. According to the Owl Mr. near the seat of justice, that he left the court. When something like order was
Musgrave, Governor of Newfoundland, is to be appointed Governor of British restored, the court appeared a little wreck. Chairs were broken as well as
Columbia, in succession to the late Mr. Seymour ; and Mr. R. T. C. Middleton , inkstands, the ink spilt over the desks, and several hats trodden out of shape."
[ 587 ]
 32 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869.

Several persons who took part in the uproar were arrested, but all were fears are entertained of serious disturbances. Strong detachments of military
released except Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell, who was held to bail, and police have been sent to the districts where it is thought their presence
and appeared at the court on the following morning to answer a charge of dis- may be required.
orderly conduct and assaulting the messenger of the court. Colonel Campbell
said he mistook the messenger for one of the persons who had attacked Mr. An open- air meeting, at which about 2,000 men were present, in favour of
the Trade Union Bill of Mr. Hughes and Mr. Mundella, was held on Tuesday
Newman, and having apologized to the complainant and expressed his regret
for what had occurred, he was discharged. night upon Knott Mill Fair ground, Manchester. On the other hand, the
Leicester Chamber of Commerce has petitioned against the Bill as defective,
The Prince of Wales presided at the annual banquet of the Trinity House and urge that the Government ought to take charge of any measure onthe
on Saturday night, and among the speakers were Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Lowe, question. Mr. Frederic Harrison has published a long letter in justification of
Mr. Bright, Mr. Cardwell, Mr. Childers, Mr. Disraeli, and Sir Stafford Northcote. the principle of the bill, which he says is misunderstood by the public. It is
Mr. Gladstone, in responding to the toast of the Queen's Ministers, confined not, he says, promoted by the unions, but is an independent attempt to settlethe
himself to such safe topics as the good deeds of the Trinity House, and only question, which has been offered to the unions, and which they, after long discus-
wished for himself and his colleagues that they might be as happy as the years sion, have frankly accepted. The public will be the greatest gainers by the bill,
or weeks run round -for (he added ) the existence of a Government may often for it will, for the first time, give them adequate security that the affairs of the
be measured by weeks as well as years- in escaping criticism and acquiring unions were conducted in an open and legal manner. The conflict of
confidence as had been the excellent and distinguished men entrusted with the opinion among the judges in the Court of Queen's Bench on Saturday affords
conduct of the affairs of this important corporation. Mr. Bright, too, though Mr. Harrison an argument for the necessity of legislation. Two of the judges,
he spoke at some length, dwelt chiefly on the greatness of British commerce, and he points out (including the Chief Justice), thought that the Amalgamated
extolling beacons, buoys, lighthouses, and lifeboats. Mr. Lowe, who responded Carpenters' Society was an illegal society, and therefore could not prosecute ;
for the House of Commons, was more venturesome. He bespoke the sympathy two of them thought it was legal and could.
ofthe company for the House of Commons as a suffering body, and compared their
position to that of a painter standing unknown to those around him at the A demonstration of the Fenian Amnesty Committee was to have taken place
Exhibition of the Academy, and hearing the not very flattering comments that at the Rye House on Sunday, but the owner of the place refused to allow it to
are made on his picture. "We had (he said) flattered ourselves that we be held there. A large body of the Hertfordshire police, drafted from different
had done a great work. We traced a broad and clear outline -- we laid in parts of the county, was sent over to Hoddesdon in the morning, and watched
what we believed to be neutral tints. We took infinite pains and labour with until evening, when it became certain that their services would not be wanted
our performance, and satisfied ourselves with its thoroughly artistic character. to preserve the peace against Fenian disturbers. The Fenians (if Fenians they
were) went to High Beech, in Essex, but there was no disturbance.
But now we are subjected to an excruciating ordeal. We see our performance
reviewed by no friendly eyes, criticised , altered, and remodelled according to the The number of deaths registered in London last week was 1,231 , being less
notions of our critics. The neutral tints disappear and give place to the most by 96 than the estimated number. The deaths from scarlet fever (75) show an
violent lights and shades. The clear and definite outline we had drawn increase in the number returned in many previous weeks. The mean tempera-
becomes blurred and indistinct-all sorts of, I will not say tricks and ture was 56.9, or 4.4 below the average.
experiments, are tried on our performance, and we are compelled to stand by,
our arms folded, to watch this excruciating process without being allowed A meeting was held in Burnley on Saturday evening to protest against "the
to interpose a word." There was, however, the consoling reflection that after duties imposed upon yarn and manufactured goods exported to India and the
all these alterations had been made in their performance it would return to them , colonies," and to pray for their immediate repeal. The mayor was in the chair.
and they would have to give it the final touch ; and (he added) " we are not A petition to Parliament was adopted.
without hope that we may be enabled to reform what has been blurred, to restore In the House of Lords on Tuesday evening the Duke of Argyll announced
the outline, and make the picture, if not exactly the same as before, yet so much his intention on the 19th inst. of laying on the table despatches from the Govern-
the same at least as satisfactory in all points of view." Mr. Disraeli, who
ment of India on the question of the construction of railways, and of submitting
replied to the toast of " The Honorary Brethren," spoke sarcastically of the a statement of the financial affairs of the Indian empire.
" tact and taste " of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and said, addressing
the deputy-master, " Sure I am you will feel this -whatever may be your public In the House of Commons the same evening , in reply to Sir J. Elphinstone,
duties, you may encounter them successfully with the temper and forbearance Mr. Grant Duff said he much regretted to say that he was not as yet able to
which generally in public affairs meet their due reward ; and you will feel sure name any day for the annual statement on Indian affairs.
in the transactions of public life that there is no wise rule that it is more
sedulously our duty to observe than this- that it is unwise to introduce difficult
THE VOLUNTEERS AT WIMBLEDON.
subjects upon which men may differ when it is unnecessary to obtrude them
on public notice." The tenth annual prize meeting of the National Rifle Association com-
The Committee appointed by the House of Commons to inquire into the menced at Wimbledon on Monday. The principal competition on the first
causes of the excessive expenditure in Abyssinia met on Wednesday. Sir day was for the Prince of Wales's prize, £ 100, which was won by Corporal
Stafford Northcote, who was Secretary of State for India when the expedition Peake, 6th Lancashire Rifles, with 45 points. This is equal to the average of
was undertaken, was the first witness examined. In answer to Mr. White, Sir the winners in the five previous years. The scores of the twenty next best
S. Northcote said that a carte blanche was given to the Governor of Bombay, men, who take £ 5 each, are, however, a long way behind the corresponding
and if the cost had been £ 20,000,000 the Government would have scores of last year. The Alexandra, 500 yards, five shots with the Enfield, was
paid it. In reference to questions put by several members of the Com- the only other completed competition. The first prize , £20, was won by
mittee, he said he really could not understand the object of them. Quartermaster- Sergeant Nicholls with 19 points. The average shooting in
He should be happy to give any information on matters of fact, but if this competition also was not by a point per man up to the standard of last
he was expected to argue the estimates he should decline to do year. Early in the morning a fire broke out in the waiters' encampment, and
So. He said he certainly was surprised at the expenditure caused by burned down a large tent, in which a dozen men were sleeping . Everything in
the expedition, but he never knew a war in which the estimates had not been the tent was destroyed, but no further damage was done. The fire seems to
largely exceeded. In answer to Colonel Barttlelot, Sir Stafford Northcote said have been caused by the carelessness of the waiters, who were enjoying them-
he certainly did not regret the large expense. If we had sent fewer men and selves till within a quarter of an hour of the outbreak.
fewer transports the campaign must have been longer, and might not have On Tuesday four competitions were brought to a close. The principal
proved successful. Mr. White said he did not quite understand to whom the contest was for the St. George's Challenge Vase, which produced some excellent
carte blanche was given. Sir S. Northcote said it was thought that the shooting. Sergeant Lowe, 16th Lincoln , and Corporal Wyatt, 13th Salop, made
Governor of Bombay and the Commander-in- Chief should act in full accord, the highest possible score, and there were two nineteens and five eighteens
and therefore the carte blanche was really for the Commander-in- Chief. Perhaps following them. In the first stage of the Alexandra, 600 yards, Sergeant
it would be more correct to say it was sent to the Governor of Bombay in Sharman, 4th West York, was the winner of the first prize, £ 20, with 18 points.
Council. He was tied by Sergeant H. Archer, 4th Suffolk, who takes £ 15. In the
Lord Stanley presided on Monday at a meeting held in the rooms of Enfield Nursery, five shots at 500 yards, Sergeant Liversedge, 19th Lincoln, took
the Society of Arts to discuss a paper read by Mr. Arthur Hobhouse, Q.C., the first prize of 10 with 18 points. The competition for the extra prizes, first
on "the Limits to be placed on Posthumous Dispositions to Public Uses." His series, 200 yards, was concluded, Private Frazer, Civil Service, and Captain
lordship said that in his opinion too scrupulous an adherence to the dictates of Batten, Cambridge University, taking the first two prizes with 18 points. There
the founders of charities had hitherto been manifested. He did not think any were three other eighteens, and two seventeens came in for the lowest prizes.
one would contend there was not a right inherent in the State to interfere in the On Wednesday a large amount of work was got through. The Alexandra,
government of a charity whose objects had been abused. The State ought to 200 yards, was concluded, and three competitors tied for the first prize with
assert its power by sweeping away all charities which had failed in their object. scores of all bull's-eyes. Their names are -Corporal M'Nabb, 1st Lanark ;
The State should also interfere in the matter of obsolete endowments, and should Sergeant Shaw, 6th Lancashire ; Corporal Bird, 1st Herts. The first prize is
decide that no one should be permitted to make a will which was to remain for £ 20. The Aggregate Alexandra was also concluded. Lieutenant Pollard, 13th
ever without change. Cornwall, took the first prize with the excellent score of 53 points, which equals
The celebration of the 1st of July in Ulster was the occasion of a serious that of the winning of last year ; but the scores of the next best men are not
and fatal riot at Portadown . Bonfires had been lighted, according to custom up to some of last year. The Daily Telegraph Prize, five shots at 500, with
on that day, and around one of these, at a place called Quarry's-turn, an Enfield rifles, was taken by Private Toplis, 1st Notts, with eighteen points, and
two other eighteens tied for the second prize. The 200 yards shooting for the
Orange crowd had collected, which the police endeavoured to disperse. The
mob resisted, threw volleys of stones at the police, and assailed them so fiercely Queen's Prize was also concluded.
that at length the police fired, killing a lad named Watson and severely Some good shooting has taken place in the breech-loading competition. On
wounding a man named Girvan. The occurrence has caused great excitement Monday, at the 200 yards, Private Fraser, of the Queen's Edinburgh Rifles,
in the town, and there is a strong local feeling against the police, into whose with a Henry rifle, made 118 points in 49 rounds, with only two misses. This
conduct the townspeople demand an inquiry. At the funeral ofthe boy who was is nine more than the highest score made last year. On Tuesday, the Henry
shot the Orangemen, who walked in procession, " in open violation of the had another triumph Sergeant Pace, 26th Kent, in the three minutes got off
Party Processions Act," are stated to have worn " all sorts of sashes- white, 43 rounds and scored 114, five more than the winning score of last year.
black, and blue, but more especially orange." About 500, who headed the The Westley- Richards- Henry was also fired with very promising results : one
procession, two and two, had orange scarfs. There were 10,000 people at the competitor got off 36 rounds and scored 104 points ; another got off 42 and
churchyard. With the exception of the riot at Portadown , there does not scored the same number ; while a third with the same description of rifle got off
appear to have been any actual disturbance in Ulster on the 1st. The 40 and scored 97. The Chassepôt was tried, but entirely broke down ; and the
Orangemen, however, hoisted their flags on almost all the churches, and Martini- Henry only got off 34 rounds with a total score of 84.
in some places varied the customary programme by burning Mr. Gladstone Corporal Peake, of the 6th Lancashire, who last year made the highest score
in effigy, with the Church Bill in his hand. At Killeevan, county Monaghan , for the Queen's Prize, but was afterwards disqualified, has again got into
they are stated to have been under the leading of the Rev. Mr. Flanagan, a trouble . On Wednesday evening, while practising in his tent the loading and
rather violent " defence " orator, who addressed them on "the perfidy of the discharge of one of the new breechloaders with blank cartridges, he fired by
House of Lords, and in particular on the treacherous doings of the so-called accident an ordinary one. The bullet passed through several of the tents, and
Conservative peers." Groans were given for Lord Cairns ; "the English through the palings on the common, and though no one was hurt the council
Puseyite bishops," with " three in particular for the Bishop of Oxford " and felt bound to disqualify Mr. Peake from all further competition during the
the "renegades of the House of Peers." The anniversary of the 12th of July meeting. As stated above, however, Mr. Peake had already won the Prince
will, it is expected, be celebrated this year with unusual heartiness, and some of Wales's Prize, value £ 100, and this distinction he, of course, retains.
[ 588 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 33
JULY 9, 1869. ]

THE CHURCH AND THE UNIVERSITIES. squadron in the Household cavalry, or sixty men in other regiments, and will
consist of £5 and a badge of cross swords and crown worked in gold, to be
The Rev. Dr. Vaughan, vicar of Doncaster, has been appointed Master of worn on the left arm. The second prize is to be awarded to the best swordsman
the Temple. The rev. gentleman, in announcing his acceptance of the office, in in each squadron, and will consist of£3 and a badge of cross swords worked in
a letter to the Mayor of Doncaster, remarked that it is an office of no emolu- gold. The third prize will be given to swordsmen in each squadron, in the
ment, but it opens to him the prospect of some usefulness, with God's blessing, proportion of one prize for every twenty men competing, in addition to the
for the later years of his life. He says he has felt of late the increasing sense holders ofthe first and second prizes, and will consist of £ 1 10s. and a badge of
of the weight of the parochial charge which has been laid upon him, and cross swords worked in worsted. No two of the above prizes will be held by
although the parting will be bitter to him, he earnestly hopes that God will the same soldier. Similar prizes will be given for good lance practice in lancer
raise up the right man to follow him in the charge of a beloved Church and regiments.
people. By direction of the War Office considerable reductions have been made in
The Bishop of London has appointed the Rev. Robert George Baker, M.A. , the amount of powder stored at Upnor, and the remainder is in course of
to be rural dean of the deanery of Fulham ; the Rev. John North Ouvry- North, removal. It is intended in future to keep only small arms ammunition and
M.A., to be rural dean of the deanery of Ealing ; and the Rev. George Good- perhaps saltpetre at that place.
win Pownall Glossop, M.A. , to be rural dean of the deanery of Hampton.
Vice-Admiral Sir Henry Kellett, K.C.B. , has selected Captain Hewett, V.C.,
The Archbishop of Canterbury has nominated as first principal of the new to be his flag captain, and it is stated that his flagship will be the Penelope.
"Keble College," at Oxford, Mr. Edward Stuart Talbot, M.A. , student and Mr. Lishman, a paymaster of 1863 , has been selected by Sir Henry to be his
lecturer at Christ Church.
secretary. Rear-Admiral Lord Frederick Kerr, having declined the appoint-
The Sultan has appointed Mr. Thomas Chenery, Lord Almoner's Professor ment of Director of Naval Ordnance, lately held by Rear-Admiral Astley
of Arabic in the University of Oxford , to be a Member of the Second Class of Cooper Key, the post has been conferred on Captain Hood, of her Majesty's
the Imperial Order of the Medjidié. ship Excellent.
Admiral of the Fleet Sir William Bowles, K.C.B., died on the 2nd inst
The University of Dublin, following the example of Cambridge, has decided
to establish an annual examination for women. Trinity College divides the He entered the navy very shortly after Nelson, whose career terminated nearly
sixty-five years ago. Sir William was not fortunate enough to have figured
candidates into two classes- junior and senior-distinguished by age. The prominently in any great naval engagement, but it is generally admitted that he
junior candidates will be girls from fifteen to eighteen years of age. The senior possessed great administrative talents. He was promoted to the rank of captain
candidates will be all those above eighteen.
in 1807, and held office under successive Boards of Admiralty at Whitehall,
The following are the results of the examination for the mathematical prizes and at the Custom-house as Controller of the Coastguard. He was also
at Eton, the examiner being Mr. A. Cockshott, fellow and assistant tutor of repeatedly employed afloat. His last appointment was as Commander-in- Chief
Trinity College, Cambridge : --Tilley, K.S. , Tomline Scholar ; Gregory, K.S., at Portsmouth.
Russell prizeman ; Grant, K.S.; Radcliffe, ma., K.S.; Wintle ; Wodehouse, It has been determined to place the Herbert Hospital at Woolwich, hitherto
K.S. In alphabetical order : Corrie, K.S.; Forbes, max.; Goldney, K.S.; conducted on the general hospital system, entirely under medical control.
Hawkins, K.S.; Lacaita ; Tindal, ma. , K.S.; and Yonge, ma. Colonel H. J. Shaw retires permanently from the post of governor on August I
and it is stated that Mr. Hawtree, the present captain of orderlies at Netley
THE ARMY AND NAVY. proceeds to Woolwich, to assist the principal medical officer in his new
administration.
The Queen has been pleased to command that a medal shall be conferred
Mr. Childers has appointed Captain Rice, now serving in the steam reserve
on every surviving officer, non-commissioned officer, and private who was
at Portsmouth, to be a naval aide-de-camp to her Majesty the Queen, in the
present at any one of the various military operations which took place between
the years 1849 and 1863 inclusive on the north-west frontier of India. The place of Commodore Edmonstone, promoted.
medal and ribbon will be the same as were granted for the second Burmese and The Octavia, screw unarmoured wooden frigate, 35 guns, Captain John H. J.
the Persian campaigns, with a clasp for the operations alluded to, and a Alexander, C.B. , arrived at Spithead on Wednesday from the East Indies, and
separate clasp for Umbeyla. In cases where troops were present at Umbeyla has received orders to proceed into Portsmouth harbour to be dismantled and
only the medal with clasp for that service alone will be given. Those already paid out of commission .
in possession of the medal will only receive the additional clasp or clasps. At a court-martial held at Plymouth, on the 2nd inst., Navigating Sub-
Captain Sussex Vane Stephenson, of the Scots Fusilier Guards, and now Bri- lieutenant Cunningham, of the Himalaya, was severely reprimanded and
gade- Major of the Guards, will accompany Lieutenant- General Sir A. Spencer dismissed his ship for leaving watch and playing cards after the lights had been
to Bombay as his military secretary. Captain Blundell, of the Grenadier Guards, ordered out.
who has passed through the Staff College, is likely to be appointed Brigade- A telegram received at the Admiralty states that the Bermuda Dock was
Major of the Guards, in succession to Captain Stephenson. met on the 1st inst., in lat. 39.0 N. , long. 13.28 W. , in tow of the Agincourt
The sailing Indiaman Alumbagh arrived at Spithead on Tuesday evening and Northumberland, Terrible and Lapwing in company. All was going well.
from Madras, with twenty-five invalided soldiers on board, accompanied by two
women and three children, under the command of Captain W. R. Lascelles, LAW AND POLICE .
Rifle Brigade. The sailing Indiaman Sam Mendel arrived at Spithead on the
same evening from Bombay with the following military officers and troops on The Overend and Gurney trial has been postponed until November, the
board -Captain H. F. Hutton, 23rd Infantry, in command ; Lieut. Lloyd, Lord Chief Justice and all the persons concerned having come to the conclusion
23rd Infantry; Lieut. Stourton, 8th ditto ; Lieut. Hughes, 1st battalion 1st Royals ; that it would be impossible to finish it during the few days which remain of the
Assist.- Surgeon Howard , R.A., in medical charge ; 100 time-expired and inva- present sittings of the Court of Queen's Bench. The Attorney-General made
lided soldiers, eleven soldiers' wives, and nineteen children. Eight soldiers, one the application for the postponement on the part of the prosecution , and he is
woman, and two children died on the voyage. to be retained to conduct the prosecution, though not by the Government. A
committee has been formed to receive subscriptions to defray the expenses of
The Army and Navy Gazette fears that " those who are looking forward the prosecution.
anxiously for the promulgation of the new control scheme will have to wait for The court of arbitration in the " Edmunds' scandal " case is now con-
some time longer. So far as the War Office is concerned, everything has been
done. But the Chancellor of the Exchequer is understood to see grave stituted, and held a preliminary meeting on Wednesday. The court consists
objections to some of the features of the plan initiated by Sir Henry Storks." of the Hon. G. Denman, Q.C., and Mr. C. Pollock, Q.C. , arbitrators, and
According to the Owl the hitch here referred to will be removed by the Mr. Manisty, Q.C., umpire. The inquiry is to commence on the 21st of
adoption ofan important modification. " The local control of the finance business October, and the court will sit in public de die in diem until the case is con-
of the War Department will probably be conducted by a special staff uncon- cluded. All points at issue between Mr. Edmunds and the Crown are to be
nected with any of the executive branches. It was scarcely to be expected heard and determined " on legal and moral grounds."
that an arrangement under which the great supply or spending department On Monday, the twenty-fifth day of the hearing of the Shedden case in the
should have the control of its own accounts and finance would satisfy the House of Lords, the Lord Chancellor stopped Mr. Shedden (who had been
present heads of the Treasury." warned that he would have to finish that day) , and said that the time
had come when they must declare the arguments on behalf of the appellants to
A parliamentary return, obtained on the motion of Colonel North , has been
be finished. Mr. Shedden entreated their lordships to give him another half-
issued, containing a copy of a report of a committee appointed a few months hour, but the Lord Chancellor refused. " We have," he said, " all the points in
ago by the War Office to inquire into the question of the supersession of the case fully before us. Some of these points are of more importance than
colonels in the Royal army by those of her Majesty's Indian army. The
others, but they will all have our full consideration before we state whether or
committee, which consisted of Colonel C. R. Egerton, Major W. Marvin, and
Mr. G. E. Cochrane, state that the evil of supersession is now a more grave not we think it right to hear the learned counsel who appear on the other side.
Had we not been fully satisfied from the course you have adopted that you had
and substantial injury than it was when Lord Hill condemned it in 1833, not a single further important observation to make we should not have adopted
and they recommend , as a partial amelioration of the present state of
the extreme course of stopping you." The further hearing was then adjourned
things, that forty-five additional major-generals should be forthwith created sine die.
in anticipation of the promotions (about eight annually) which would become
due to the British establishment from 1871 to 1877 , on account of the Indian On Tuesday the Wicklow peerage case was before their lordships on the
Staff Corps. The immediate expense of such a measure would be £ 11,762 2s. 6d. petition presented by Mrs. Ellen Howard, the widow of William George Howard ,
a year, but this charge on imperial funds would probably be only who stated that, being in distressed circumstances, she was unable to defray
temporary. The committee also recommend that simultaneously with these the expense of employing agents, or of instructing counsel, or of taking any
promotions the dates of the commissions of all the present major-generals other steps to defend the rights of her infant son, and therefore prayed their
of the British army whose colonelcies bear date on or after the 28th of lordships to assign counsel and agents on her behalf,and to direct the necessary
November, 1854, should be SO altered as to place them in the same steps to be taken to defend and maintain the rights of her infant son. Their
relative position with the general officers of the Indian army as they held lordships ordered that Mr. Charles Clark, of the Middle Temple, should be
with such officers in the rank of colonel, and that on the promotion to the rank assigned as counsel for the petitioner, and that Mr. S. H. Lewin should be
of major-general of a colonel of her Majesty's Indian army who may be junior appointed her parliamentary agent. The claim was appointed to be further
as colonel to any colonel of the British army actually serving in India, the latter heard on Monday next.
should have the local rank of major-general, with corresponding date, so as to The hearing of the arguments in the case of the Bishop of Capetown v . the
enable him to maintain his former seniority. Bishop of Natal, before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, was con-
cluded on Tuesday. The question at issue is whether the appellant or the
A farewell banquet was given at Woolwich last week by the officers of the
garrison to General Sir Edward C. Warde, on the expiration of his command respondent is entitled, as trustee, to the possession of the cathedral of the
at Woolwich. Prince Arthur and about 120 officers were present. diocese of Natal, and the land on which it is built. After the sentence of
deposition pronounced by Dr. Gray on Dr. Colenso, the latter was in various
A royal warrant has been issued authorizing prizes to be given in the army ways obstructed in the use of the cathedral, and he brought an action against
for good swordsmanship and lance practice under certain regulations which are the Bishop of Capetown, praying that Dr. Gray might be ejected, and that the
to be laid down by the Field-Marshal Commanding-in - Chief from time to time. grant, by which the Crown gave the land, might be amended by substituting
The first prize is to be given to the best swordsman of each regiment in which the name of Dr. Colenso and his successors, Bishops of Natal, as trustees. The
all the squadrons shall have competed with an average of at least forty men, a Supreme Court of the colony gave judgment for the plaintiff for the damages
[ 589 ]
 34 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869.

(one farthing) claimed by him, with costs, considering that the Bishop of Natal MISCELLANEOUS NEWS.
was the proper trustee according to the intention of the Crown in the grant. Miss Kinch , the daughter of the governor of the gaol at Morpeth, eloped the
Against this decision Bishop Gray has appealed. Their lordships reserved other morning with an engine- fitter named Smith, who recently underwent nine
judgment.
months' hard labour in the gaol for cutting and wounding. Her father was
The Judicial Committee gave judgment on Wednesday last in the case of away from home when the elopement took place, and on being telegraphed for
the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China v. Evans and another- he went to Newcastle, where he learned that the two had been married the same
an appeal from the Supreme Court for China and Japan ordering the morning.
judgment of her Majesty's Court at Hankow in favour of the appellants be At an inquest held at Camden-town a few days ago respecting the
reversed with costs, and that the respondents be paid 10,029 taels and other death of a woman named Allen, it was asserted that her death was
moneys, amounting to about £ 3,000. The respondents were the creditors' hastened by her having been discharged from the workhouse infirmary
assignees of Mackellar and Co. , who were merchants at Hankow, and claimed before she was convalescent. The two resident medical officers at the
a sum of money in possession of the branch of the appellants' bank at that workhouse declared that Mr. Harley, who was in charge of the infir-
place. The judgment was in favour of the bank, on which there was an appeal mary at the time, had told them that he had been sent into the infirmary
to the Supreme Court, where additional evidence was allowed, and the decision by some of the gardians purposely to clear it of patients. This state-
of the court below was reversed. Lord Justice Giffard said their lordships were ment Mr. Harley declared to be a falsehood. The jury found that the woman
of opinion that the judgment of the Supreme Court could not be sustained, and died from natural causes, but " that her death was accelerated by being turned
the appeal to reverse its decision must be allowed with costs. out of the infirmary before she was sufficiently cured by Mr. Harley." Dr.
Lankester said that this was a verdict of manslaughter, and was against the
The alleged false prospectus case, Jacomb v. Watkin and Thompson, after
weight of evidence ; that if they imputed blame he must commit Mr. Harley,
Occupying the Court of Queen's Bench for several days, came to an abrupt and that the verdict was inconsistent, as it could not be a 66 natural " death if
termination on Tuesday. Before the cross- examination of Sir Edward Watkin ,
the principal defendant, was concluded , the jury interposed, and expressed their it were " accelerated " by anything. After some discussion a verdict of
opinion that the plaintiff had not made out his case. The Lord Chief Justice "Death from natural causes was agreed to, with the following addendum :--
expressed his concurrence in that view, and upon this intimation the plaintiff " That the conduct of Mr. Harley in ordering Mary Allen out of the infirmary
consented to be nonsuited. before she was wholly cured was improper and dangerous."
The Duke of Newcastle's affairs came before the Court of Exchequer on A few days ago a young woman was found insensible on the Midland Rail-
Wednesday. In May last Mr. Padwick obtained a judgment against the duke way on her way from Kentish Town to Mill Hill, having been thrown or having
fallen from the train. She was conveyed to St. Mary's Hospital, and has not
for £95,000, for which sum execution was issued. About the same time, Messrs.
Peters, the well-known coachmakers, seized the duke's sporting stud at Clumber, yet been able to give any account of what happened to her. She is, however,
expected to recover.
and the proceedings on Wednesday were in the form of an interpleader issue to
determine whether Mr. Padwick's execution on the duke's London mansion was A sad accident occurred at Southport on the 2nd inst. A bather named
a valid one, and also whether the horses seized by Messrs. Peters were the Mason was observed to be struggling in the water, whereupon a young man
property of Mr. Padwick, Mr. Hawkins, Mr. Padwick's counsel, made named Williamson went to his assistance. Mason was rescued in a very
a long statement to show the " perfectly honest and bond fide character " exhausted state, but his generous friend , Williamson , was drowned .
of all that gentleman's transactions with the duke, and asserted
Miss Matty Colston, the daughter of the Rev. J. R. Colston, principal of
that of the whole £95,000 for which judgment had been obtained, Thistleboon House Academy, while bathing with her sister in Langland
his client had only received between £20,000 and £30,000. Messrs.
Peters, having satisfied themselves that Mr. Padwick's claim was Bay, at the Mumbles on Tuesday, floated out seaward , and was drowned.
good one, consented to a verdict for Mr. Padwick. Their own claim was only A serious collision took place on Tuesday morning on the North Eastern
£700. On Thursday at Judge's Chambers two summonses in another action Railway near Malton. A goods train from York had called at the Castle
relating to the duke's affairs -Padwick v. Beyfus-came before Mr. Baron Howard station , and part of it had been left on the main line while the
engine fetched some trucks out of a siding. At that moment a Doncaster
Martin, one praying that a commission should be granted to examine the
Duke of Newcastle at Homburg. Mr. Baron Martin appointed a day to hear excursion train, consisting of thirty-six well-filled carriages, came up, and
the arguments on the subject. ran into the goods train, which, owing to the sharp curve at that point,
would be hidden from the driver of the advancing engine. The collision
The Master of the Rolls gave judgment on Tuesday in the case of Lord caused a scene of wild excitement amongst the excursionists, many of whom
Brougham v. Cauvin. The Chief Clerk had decided that Dr. Cauvin was entitled were injured by jumping out of the train, but most of them received only slight
to £330 for preparing part of the autobiography which the late Lord Brougham bruises.
had intended to publish, and the question for the court to decide was, whether the On Monday afternoon a boiler in the saw-mills belonging to Mr. C. N.
present Lord Brougham or Dr. Cauvin should pay the costs of the suit. Lord Newdegate, M.P. , at the Griff Colliery, near Nuneaton , exploded while about
Romily held that Dr. Cauvin's offer of reference to Mr. John Forster or Mr. forty men were at work on the premises, and was blown a distance of eighty
Theodore Martin ought to have been accepted, and that all costs subsequently yards. The brickwork by which the boiler had been surrounded was all carried
incurred by Dr. Cauvin should be paid by Lord Brougham .
away, and some of the bricks fell through the roof of a house sixty yards from
The Court of Queen's Bench gave judgment on Saturday on a case (Farrer the scene of the explosion . Several of the workmen were struck by the falling
bricks, and one man rather severely hurt, but no lives were lost. On Tuesday
7. Close) of considerable importance to trade unions and friendly societies.
Some time ago the secretary of a friendly society at Bradford, called the Amal- evening a steam boiler, on the premises of Mr. Henry Andrews, engineer and
gamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners, was prosecuted for wilfully mis- nailcutter in Birmingham, exploded, and was blown some distance. A number
appropriating £ 40 belonging to the society. The justices found that the guilt of workpeople and other persons received slight injuries, but no one was
of the accused was fully proved, but they dismissed the complaint on the seriously hurt.
ground that the society was not entitled to the remedy provided by the The news from Carnarvon is that there have been no more deaths from the
Friendly Societies Act, because the rules of the society showed an illegal nitro-glycerine explosion, but two of the injured persons are not expected to
purpose, as their funds might be made available in support of strikes. The recover. The rest are all going on well. The total number of deaths at
Lord Chief Justice and Mr. Justice Mellor were in favour of affirming the deci- present is seven.
sion of the magistrates . Mr. Justice Hannen and Mr. Justice Hayes, on the
The inquest on the bodies of the men killed at the late explosion at the
other hand, were of opinion that it had not been shown that the objects of the Ferndale colliery was resumed on the 2nd inst., but no evidence of importance
society were illegal, and that the decision of the Bradford bench ought to be
reversed. The court being thus equally divided in opinion the junior judge was given, and the inquiry was again adjourned.
withdrew his judgment, and judgment was entered against the appellant. A fire broke out on Wednesday night on the premises of Messrs. Vogan
Brothers and Company, grain merchants, Mill-wharf, Mill-street, close to
The directors of the Joint- Stock Discount Company were on Monday Meriton's Wharf and the biscuit manufactory of Messrs. Peek, Frean, and
ordered by Vice- Chancellor James to refund to the shareholders £ 30,000 which Company, and was not thoroughly extinguished till late on the following day.
had been paid out of the company's funds in respect of 3,500 shares which, One of the steam floating-engines sank while assisting in putting out the fire.
without the authority of the shareholders, had been purchased in Barned's The damage done was very great .
Banking Company.
Colour- Sergeant Montgomery, of the 30th Middlesex (Ealing) volunteers,
An act of courage on the part of a young woman was mentioned at the was a few days ago trying a new breech-loading small-bore, when he incau-
Middlesex sessions on Tuesday. A man was assaulting a police- constable, and tiously placed his hand over the muzzle. The rifle went off, and the contents
had almost suffocated him, when the young woman, who happened to be passed through his hand, injuring it so much that it is feared he may not be
passing, came to the policeman's rescue, and released his throat from the grasp able to shoot again. Mr. Montgomery was the winner of the 100 Wimbledon
of his assailant. She was warmly complimented by the Assistant-Judge, who Cup last year.
ordered her to receive a sovereign from the funds of the court. A couple of gun accidents--one of them fatal- are reported from the west.
Edward Hastings Forder, a young man said to be very respectably con- Mr. John Bates, formerly chief manager and director of the West of England
nected, was charged before the Great Yarmouth magistrates last week with the Bank at Bristol, who lived at Umberleigh House, near Barnstaple, was shooting
murder of his aunt, Susanna Hastings. It seemed that the prisoner, who had rabbits on the adjoining estates, and while attending to his gun it exploded,
led a dissolute life, went to the residence of his relative and demanded some the contents passing through his heart. His dead body was found lying on
money. The demand was refused, whereupon he struck Miss Hastings a fearful the face, with the gun by his side. Mr. White, gamekeeper to Mr. George
blow under the right ear with his fist, from the effects of which she died a few Willians, near Helston, Cornwall, was trying to stop some colts, and held up
hours afterwards. The prisoner was remanded. a double -barrelled gun for the purpose ; it exploded, and the man received
two shots through his right ankle. His recovery is considered hopeless.
A shocking murder was committed at Uxbridge on Tuesday evening. Two
young men, one, Redrup, son of a tradesman well known in the town, the other John Smith, a publican at Southampton, went to the police-station there
named Murray, a journeyman bricklayer, were drinking together at a public- on Tuesday evening, and told the inspector that he had cut his wife's throat.
house, and a trifling dispute with some bystanders had taken place. Murray The inspector treated the matter somewhat lightly, but sent two constables to
persuaded Redrup, a young man of weak intellect, to go home with him to his the house with the man, where the wife was found to have sustained a severe
wound in the throat, though she is expected to recover. Smith having been
mother's house and lie down for a time. Redrup did so, and a quarter of an
hour or so afterwards Murray left the house. Shortly after that, his sister having mixed up with election matters, at the time of hearing the election petition was
occasion to go into the room where her brother and Redrup had gone, found served with a subpoena, and hung himself, but was cut down before he was
the latter lying dead with his throat cut. A razor was on a chair in the room. dead. It is believed his mind is affected.
Murray meanwhile had gone into the town, stated that he had murdered Redrup, An inquest was held at Wolverhampton last week on the body of Philip
and had been taken into custody. He bears a very bad character, and had Morris, who committed suicide by jumping down an old coal-pit. He had pre-
been heard to threaten to " do " for somebody against whom he appeared to have viously attempted to hang himself, and was sent in consequence to Stafford
a grudge. Asylum. A few days ago he was seen to throw himself, head first, down an
On the following night another shocking occurrence took place in the same old pit belonging to Mr. Dixon, and when his body was got out by aid ofthe
town. Two boys in the employment of a fishmonger quarrelled, and one of drags in about two hours it was found to be much mutilated. The jury
them, aged eleven, seized a long pointed knife and threw it at the other, aged returned a verdict of " Suicide while in a state of temporary insanity."
thirteen. It struck him in the back along the hipbone, and the lad died within A disgraceful scene took place on the 2nd inst. at the funeral of the man
An hour, Duggan and his wife and six children. A large crowd followed the hearses to
[ 590 ]
 JULY 9, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET.
35

the grave, and instead of conducting themselves with the soberness which the states, sold to Mr. Wilson for £230. Of the etchings executed by Turner for the
solemnity of the occasion should have produced, the " roughs " who assembled " Liber," Blair Athol sold for 30 guineas ; The Devil's Bridge, £20 ; Calm, £ 27.
seemed to have regarded the scene as a fit opportunity for a " lark," and even Of rare artists' proofs, the Frontispiece sold for £27 ; The Clyde, £ 18 ; Ship-
fights were going on while the funeral ceremony was proceeding. ping, £42 ; Coast of Yorkshire, 19 guineas ; London from Greenwich, £35.
At an inquest held a few days since respecting the death of a woman Artists' proofs touched upon by Turner ; Norham Castle, before the ray
named Davis, who died in Marylebone workhouse infirmary, Dr. Fuller, of light, £25 ; The Devil's Bridge, in dark ink, £ 31 ; Basle, £39.
who made the post-mortem examination , said the body was well nourished , but Etchings : Via Mala, £ 20. Of the printed plates, Glaucus and Scylla sold
he found several hydatids nearly as large as a walnut on the brain. Such cases for £26 ; Dunbarton, artist's proof, in black ink, £90. Some rare prints, such
were very uncommon. The diseased state of the brain was the cause of death. as decorated the political and satirical broadsides of the seventeenth century,
In answer to the jury, Dr. Fuller said that the eating of measley pork or raw sold for considerable sums. The Fairfax and Cromwell, with the wolf and lion,
meat would not produce hydatids. The cysts contained an inferior animal, £5 ; Cromwell with the triple crown, trampling on the Scotch, squeezing the
which lived and breathed in its covering ; but how its generation could be English under his arm, and disembowelling a Dutchman, £ 18 ; Cromwell in
accounted for had to the present time baffled medical science. The jury returned the Pulpit, returning thanks for the victory at Worcester, 19 gs. ; a contem-
a verdict of " Death from disease of the brain." porary flying sheet, a perfect list of all the victories obtained (through the
blessing of God) by the Parliamentary forces under the command of his
The extent to which Cheshire suffered by the cattle plague was demonstrated excellency Robert, Earl of Essex, with ten portraits, very rude, £40 105.
in a statement made by Mr. Laird, jun., at a recent meeting of the Bir-
kenhead Commissioners. No fewer than 73,000 cattle were slaughtered A new German Alpine Club is talked of, with a view to the thorough explo-
during the epidemic, and the amount of compensation paid for those destroyed ration of the German Alps, and the publication of periodical works on the
after the passing of the Cattle Plague Act (35,000) was nearly a quarter of a subject. Munich is to be the first place of meeting.
million sterling.
Gerhard Rohlfs, the African traveller, is now in Berlin , and was to give an
A cruise to the southern latitudes during the winter months is now being account of his last journey at a recent sitting of the Geographical Society.
organized by an officer of the Royal Naval Reserve. The principal cruising The purpose of his journey was to explore the as yet unvisited wilder-
ground will be between St. Helena and Ascension to the east, and Rio and ness of the Eastern Sahara, but the impossibility of obtaining guides and camels
Pernambuco to the west ; thus the great highway of all outward and homeward frustrated his design. He has, however, brought to Europe, besides a number
bound vessels will be crossed. The officers and crew will be selected from the of archæological remains, photographic views of the monuments of Cyrenaica,
Royal Naval Reserve. and a large collection of plants.
Another attraction was added to Scarborough on Monday by the opening of The Orchestra hears that Mr. Boucicault and Mr. Webster have come to
a promenade pier on the North Sands, which commands the whole of the rugged an understanding intended to secure a large theatrical monopoly. If this
and bold scenery of the castle headland, hitherto unseen except from the water. agreement is carried out, no less than four London theatres will come under
A few nights ago some workmen found in an empty house at Land's End the their hands.
body of a middle- aged woman , with the head nearly severed from the body. It
" The Prodigal Son," Mr. Arthur Sullivan's new oratorio, written for the
has been ascertained that she left her home with a considerable sum of money Worcester Festival, is shortly to be put in rehearsal.
in her possession, and when the body was discovered the money was gone.
It is said that the Abbé Liszt has completed his oratorio bearing the same
Doctor Boehm, a celebrated German surgeon, has performed the opera- title as that which Mendelssohn did not live to conclude, and that a third
tion of separating two female children, five years of age, who were joined concerto has also been written by the pianist priest.
together in the same manner as the Siamese twins. The German papers state
that the operation was attended with perfect success ; but one of the patients Several unpublished works by Sebastian Bach have been discovered at
seems to have died the same day. The survivor is in good health. Berlin among the papers of Herr Bach, late director of the school of sacred
music. They include a flute concerto written for Frederick the Great.
Intelligence has been received at Lloyd's that the ship Antonio Vincent
arrived at the Falkland Islands on the 3rd of April with a boat's crew belonging Mdlle. Déjazet has reappeared in M. Sardou's comedy of " Les Prés- Saint-
to the ship Blue Jacket, bound from Lyttelton, New Zealand, to London, which Gervais," which has been received at the Theatre Dejazet.
was burnt at sea on March 9. One account says that the crew consisted of eight
men, three having died, and another, that four had died in the boat, and three The scene of Wagner's new opera is to be Finland, and its title " Imatra,"
in the Antonio Vincent. It is also stated that there was £ 10,000 or £ 15,000 in Wagner is said to have chosen the subject in order to manifest his gratitude for
gold in the boat. The boat was for one day in company with a yacht, in charge the reception the Russians had given to his music.
of the master, White, and one lifeboat, in charge of the second mate, after The King of Bavaria lately had " Lohengrin " performed for his own special
which they parted company. From these details it is believed that it is the third behoof. The representation began at ten o'clock in the morning, the theatre
mate's boat which has been picked up. According to the captain's report there was brilliantly illuminated, and the orchestral players had to appear in dress
were thirty-one men in the two missing lifeboats. coats and white ties. " Tristan und Isolde was to be given last week in the
same manner.
The Earl of Glasgow's personal estate was sworn under £ 170,000. He has
bequeathed to Mr. George Payne £25,000, in addition to one-half of the horses Some statistics have been published as to the number of theatres in the
in training, leaving the other portion to General Peel. He bequeaths to the different European countries. France has thegreatest number, namely- 337. Italy
Hon. James Macdonald, £8,000 ; to the Hon. Colonel H. Forester, £ 5,000 ; comes next, having 298. Spain is third on the list, its number being 168.
to Mr. Cunningham, who had charge of his stud paddocks at Doncaster, £500, England occupies the fourth place with its 159 theatres ; and the other countries
and also leaves him the stallion Tom Bowline ; and to Mr. Aldcroft he leaves, in Europe rank as follows- namely, Austria, 152 ; Germany, 115 ; Prussia, 76;
by codicil made only two days before his lordship's death, a legacy of £500. Russia, 34 ; Belgium, 34 ; Holland , 23 ; Switzerland, 20 ; Portugal, 16 ; Poland,
Mr. G. Payne intends running the horses bequeathed to him in his lordship's 10 ; Sweden, 10 ; Norway, 8 ; Denmark, 5 ; Sleswick, 5 ; Greece, 4 ; Turkey, 4 ;
colours -white body, crimson sleeves and cap. Roumania, 3 ; Servia, 1. The total is 1,482.
The result of the election of three fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons
on the 1st inst. was in favour of Mr. Solly, Mr. Erichsen, and Mr. Gay. COMMERCE AND FINANCE.
The John Bull says that one of the sons of the Viceroy of Egypt is about The English Funds are firmer. Consols, which closed on Friday, the
to be entered as a student at Oxford.
2nd inst., at 9234 to 92 % for money and 92 % to 93 for the account, closed
Three sheep were found buried in a snow drift last week in one of the yesterday at 93 % to 93 % for money and 93 % to 93 % for the 5th of August,
recesses of the mountain High Street, in Westmoreland. They were all alive. Reduced and New Three per Cents. were at 93 % to 934 ; Indian Ten-and-a-
Snow was still lying in some of the shaded parts of Skiddaw last week. Half per Cents., 206 to 208 ex div.; Indian Five per Cents., 111½ to 112 ;
Indian Four per Cents., 100 % to 100 % ; Indian Bonds , 16s. to 22s. prem.;
A Herefordshire correspondent writes that trout in the Wye are becoming Indian Debentures, 103 to 104 ; Bank Stock, 241 to 243 ; Exchequer
scarcer every year, owing to the great increase of pike. A short time since
Bills, March, 35. to 8s. prem. , and June, 5s. to 10s. prem. Foreign Stocks
Mr. W. Stephens , of Hereford , who has a fishery, caught 200 pike, and in the
mouth of one he found seventy-seven fry an inch long. have been in fair demand, but Turkish of 1865, Italian, and Spanish
are flat ; American have inproved. Home railway shares are flat, and
The " captive balloon " at Chelsea which lately escaped through the rope in some cases lower. In Indian railways there is very little change : East Indian
breaking, and was recovered in Berkshire, has been repaired, and has again are quoted at 107½ to 108 ; Great Indian Peninsula at 105 to 105 ½ % . Tele-
commenced its ascents.
graph shares are in demand, and French Atlantic are at 1 % to 1 % prem. The
money market is easy, and the best three months' bills are taken at 3 per cent.
ART, LITERATURE, AND THE THEATRE. The stock of bullion in the Bank of England is £ 19,810,598 ; in the Bank of
At a meeting of members of the Royal Academy last week Mr. E. M. Barry France, £47,258,500.
was elected a member. The secretary of the Academy, Mr. J. P. Knight, who The following dividends have been announced or declared :-The London
has held that office since 1847 , is about to retire for a time, in order to recruit and Westminster Bank, a dividend and bonus equal together to 8 per cent. for
his health. The duties of the secretaryship will be performed by Mr. Solomon the half-year, equivalent to a division of 16 per cent. upon the old capital of
Hart, R.A.
one million ; the Union Bank, 15 per cent. per annum, to which will be added
The Athenæum says that the Duke d'Aumale has entrusted the trans- a bonus of 2½ per cent, on the paid-up capital, making together 10 per cent.
lation of his " Histoire des Princes de Condé " to the Rev. R. Brown- Borthwick, for the last half-year ; the Birmingham Joint- Stock Bank, 20 per cent. per
incumbent of Grange , Keswick. annum for the past half-year ; the Colonial Bank, 6 per cent . for the half-
year, in addition to an 66 extraordinary " dividend of 1 per cent ; the Rever-
The Rev. Edwin A. Abbott, head master of the City of London School, is
about to publish a Shakspearian Grammar for the use of schools and Shakspeare sionary Interest Society, 4½ per cent. per annum, clear of income tax.
rea ders.
On the 15th of September next the creditors of Overend, Gurney, and Co.
Dr. Reinhold Rost has been appointed Librarian to the India Office. will receive another is. dividend, which will make 20s. in the pound, and all
that will then remain due to them will be the interest on their claims. This
Mr. Wynne, of Peniarth, in cataloguing, with the assistance of the Rev. was to have been paid at the same time as the final 1s. of principal, but the
Robert Williams, author of a Cornish dictionary, &c. , the collection of Hengwrt liquidators have found more difficulty in realizing the assets than they expected,
and Peniarth MSS. , has discovered a Cornish " mystery " which is believed to
and have, therefore, been compelled to ask for an extension of time till the 30th
be
fourunique.
th. Only three of these mysteries were heretofore known ; this is a of June next.

The local committee at Exeter propose to hold an exhibition of the mining At the general meeting ofthe Oriental Hotels Company on the 2nd inst. the
report, which was adopted, stated that the business at the Galle Hotel has con-
products, building stones, rocks, and fossils of Devon and Cornwall during the tinued to improve, the net profits for the year being £4,204 10s., or an increase
meeting of the British Association in August next. It is also suggested that
papers on the health of the miners, on the drainage and ventilation of mines, of £777 8s. on 1867, and it was still possible to increase this profit. The net
and others bearing on the social questions connected with mines and miners, profits of the Cairo Hotel have been £ 1,229 3s. , which was less than anticipated.
would furnish interesting materials for reading for the sectional meetings. The hotel at Cairo has been completed, but the cost exceeds the estimates.
The changes of plans of the Viceroy of Egypt and the deserting of the railway
At the sale of Mr. Dillon's collection of prints , etchings , &c. , a complete set had led to great losses to the company, and negotiations were now pending for
of seventy plates of the "Liber Studiorum" of Turner, in the first published the sale of the hotel. The Galle Hotel continued to work satisfactorily.
[ 591 ]
 36 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869.

CLERICAL APPOINTMENTS.
Friday Morning.
The following preferments and appointments have been made : The Rev. A. B. Alexander, M.A.,
Postscript. curate of St. John's Church, Redhill, to the vicarage of Churt, near Frensham ; the Rev. Charles Randal
FRANCE. Bradburne, M.A. , curate of Sheriff Hales, to the vicarage of Lilleshall, Shropshire, on the nomination
of the Duke of Sutherland ; the Rev. Frederick Thomas Colby, B. D. , to the rectory ofSouth Newington,
The " interpellation " of the Left Centre, asking for an increase of political near Banbury, on the nomination of the rector and fellows of Exeter College. Oxford ; the Rev. Charles
power, has now received 120 signatures. The Peuple of last night declares that BaringJ.Coney,
Rev. M. A. M.A
Davey, , chaplain to themaster
, head Bishop of
of Durham,
Hertfordto School,
the rectory of Downham
to be , Cambridgeshire;
head master of Coatham
those members of the Third Party who have signed the interpellation do School, Redcar; the Rev. Elwin Everard John Evered, M.A. , late incumbent of Bishopston, to
not desire that the Emperor should renounce his initiative, but that the vicarage of St. Mary Magdalene, Harlow, in exchange with the Rev. J. R. Smith ; the Rev.
Frederick Fisher, M.A., vicar of Downham, to the rectory of Fleet, Dorset, on the nomination of Mr.
he should share it with the Chamber, and expresses the opinion C. Goodden : the Rev. Charles D. Hamilton, M.A., late chaplain in the Bengal Presidency, to the
that his Majesty will make this concession to public opinion. The vicarage of Loxley, near Warwick on the nomination of the Lord Chancellor ; the Rev. Charles
Edwin Jarvis, M.A. , late curate of Abingdon, to the rectory of Hatton, near Wragby, on the nomination
Legislative Body yesterday pronounced the validity of seven more elections. of Mr. C. W. W. Sibthorp ; the Rev. John Henry Jowett, M.A., late secretary to the Curates' Aid
M. Jules Favre protested against the delay which has taken place in Society, to the vicarage of St. Mark's, Holbeach ; the Rev. C. M. Merry, M.A. , curate of Spofforth, to
formally constituting the Chamber, and declared that the object was to the incumbency of Wetherby ; the Rev. W. A. Voss, M.A., late curate of Bowness, to the vicarage of
Allenby: the Rev. Alfred Henry Williams, curate of St. Peter's, Pimlico, to therectory of Alcester,
allow time for the reconstruction of the Ministry. M. Rouher, in reply, said Warwickshire, on the nomination of the Marquis of Hereford ; the Rev. John Clarke Williams, M.A. ,
that the fate of a few individuals was not the question at issue, but the " future late curate of St. Colomb Major, to the vicarage of Widdecombe-in-the-Moor, near Ashburton, on the
nomination of the Dean and Chapter of Exeter.
of society," and the question of the " barrier which must be raised against
revolution."
AMERICA. THE GAZETTE.
A cable telegram says that the Washington correspondents of several New CIVIL.
York evening journals state that " information has been received that Mr. Motley COLONIAL OFFICE, DOWNING-STREET, July 2. -The Queen has been graciously pleased to give orders
for the appointment of his Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G. , K.I. , Captain in the Fleet,
has had a protracted interview with Mr. Gladstone, the results of which were to be an Ordinary Member of the First Class or Knights Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished
not satisfactory." The Ohio Democrats have nominated General Rosecrantz Order of Saint Michael and Saint George.
as their candidate for the governorship of the State. ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE. - Erratum in the Supplement of the London Gazette of
Thursday, July 1 :-In the first list of nominations to the Second Class, or Knights Commanders of
TURKEY AND EGYPT. the Order of St. Michael and St. George, insert Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, C B. , late Captain
General and Governor-in-Chief of the Island of Tasmania, before Francis Hincks, Esq . , C.B. , late
A pamphlet has been published in Constantinople explaining the relations Governor and Commander-in- Chief ofthe Colony of British Guiana,
which exist between the Porte and the Viceroy of Egypt, and the political MILITARY.
position in which the latter stands to the former. The work contains WAR OFFICE, July 6. - Royal Horse Guards. Lieut. H. H. Wombwell to be Capt. by pur., vice
C. F. R. Rushout, who retires ; Cornet L. Dundas to be Lieut. by pur., vice Wombwell ; Cornet
thirty official documents, ranging from the Convention of 1840 to the firman of T. E. Case to be Lieut, by pur., vice T. W. L. Brooke, who retires ; Charles Gore, Lord Kilmarnock,
1866, by which the title of Khidive was conferred on his Highness, and is said to to be Cornet by pur. , vice J. G. C. Moore, prom.
possess a sort of semi- official character. The Levant Times, in noticing the 5th Dragoon Guards. -J. P. Alexander, Prince Sapieha, to be Cornet by pur. , vice E. J. Brown, who
retires.
pamphlet, says that the author takes for granted the Viceroy's design to render 2nd Dragoons.- Major and Brev. Lieut. -Col. T. Wickham, from half-pay, late 33rd Foot, to be Major, vice
himself independent of the Porte, and loudly calls for his deposition as guilty of L. Prendergast, who retires on temp. half-pay ; Capt. A. S. M. Browne to be Major by pur. , vice
" high treason and felony." Brev. Lieut. Col. T. Wickham, who retires ; Lieut. J. W. Hozier to be Capt. by pur. , vice Browne;
Cornet G. F. A. M. Bashford to be Lieut. by pur., vice Hozier ; Cornet J. Wilson to be Adjt , vice
Lieut. J. W. Hozier, prom.
The reports of the Great Eastern continue to be satisfactory. The ship, 8th Hussars. --Lieut. W. H. Field to be Capt. by pur. , vice H. C. Norris, who retires ; Cornet G. P.
Low to be Lieut. by pur., vice Field ; J. B. Miller, geut,, to be Cornet by pur., vice Low.
with that portion of the cable which yet remains to be paid out, was expected 19th Hussars. -Gent. Cadet J. M. Macwhirter, from R. Mil. Coll., to be Cornet, vice J. Boulderson, prom .
to be in shoal water last evening or early this morning. Koyal Artillery. —Capt. and Brev. Major A. M. Calvert to be Lieut. -Col. , vice G. H. Colomb, who retires
on full-pay ; Capt. and Brev. Major H. C. S. Dyer, from Supernumerary List, to be Capt., vice Brev.
The Queen came up to London yesterday afternoon and paid a visit to the Major Calvert ; Lieut. T. W. Bridges, late Bengal, to be Second Capt. , vice G. F. Hamilton, decd.
studio of Mr. J. H. Foley, R.A. The undermentioned gent. cadets, from the R. Mil. Coll , to be Lieuts., viz. :-E. B. Stanbridge,
vice H. L. Smith, appd. to Bengal Staft Corps ; E. H. Walker, vice H. S. Cowan, appd.
The Lords and Commons match took place at Wimbledon yesterday. The to Bengal Staff Corps : C. H. H. Mayne, vice G. C. Strahan, seconded ; T. P. M. Pattle, vice
H. de S. Isaacson, prom.; C. M. Western, vice H. C. Magenis, prom.; Hon. W. C
representatives of the Peers were the Duke of Abercorn, Earls Spencer, Rowley, vice E. O. Hollist, prom.; W. G. Palk, vice P. M. Rolland, prom.; W. L. Davidson,
Denbigh, Ducie, and Dunmore, and Lords Cloncurry and Dufferin. The Com- vice A. H. Murray, prom.; C. C. Lindsay, vice J. G. Edwardes, prom.; E. St. Clair Wray,
moners were the Marquis of Lorne, Lord Elcho, Sir P. G. Egerton , Mr. vice A. F. Cumberlege, appd. to Bengal Staff Corps ; R. H. S. Baker, vice F. S. Le Grice, prom.;
F. C. Fox, vice A. De M. Prior, decd.; N. J. Nugent, vice D. W. Buckle, placed on temp. half-
Wells, Mr. M. A. Bass, Mr. Fordyce, and Mr. Malcolm. The contest, at pay; P. C. Walker, vice G. M. Kennedy, decd.; P. W. H. Miles, vice J. H. Alexander, prom.;
ranges of 200 and 500 yards, resulted in a victory for the Commons by 353 to R. Allsopp, vice F. Lindsay, resigned ; S. G. Fairclough, vice A. W. O. Whiayates, prom.; A. J.
315 points. The highest scores made for the Lords were by Earls Spencer and Bigge, vice F. W. B. Medhurst, resigned : W. N. Lockyer, vice P. T. H. Taylor, prom.: F. C. Ord,
vice H. S. Hutchinson, appd. to Bengal Staff Corps ; W. J. Tydd, vice H. M. Mackenzie, resigned.
Denbigh, who each made 50 points. The highest for the Commons, 55, was Royal Engineers. -Lieut. C. H. P. Christie, employed in Pub. Works Dept. , India, to be seconded, but
made by Mr. Fordyce, the member for East Aberdeenshire. not succeeded in his corps. The undermentioned gent. cadets, from R. M. Acad. , to be Lieut ,
with temp rank, viz. : -H. J. Harman, vice G. M. Collings, prom.; W. W. Robinson, vice R. N.
The trial of the issue between the trustees of the late Duke of Newcastle Buckle, seconded ; W. Peacocke, vice H. F. Blair, prom.; A. E. Dobson, vice P. S. Marindin,
and Mr. Padwick was opened in the Court of Exchequer yesterday. The issue prom.; R. T. Orpen, G. R. R. Savage, P. Haslett , T. R. Heun, G. W. Addison, A. Porcelli, J. W,
Thurburn, F. Gossett, G. G. Chapman, W. St. George Ord, C. E. Turner, C. Hoskyns, F. T.
was raised for the purpose of adjudicating on the claim which Mr. Gladstone Maxwell, F. Beauclerk, M. Martin, E. R. Hussey.
and his co-trustee, Lord de Tabley, allege they have upon certain goods which Scots Fusilier Guards. - Lieut. and Capt. J. E. Ford to be Capt. and Lieut. Col. by pur., vice F. Baring,
who retires ; Ens. and Lieut. H. E. H. Drummond- Moray to be Lieut. and Capt. by pur., vice Ford;
the present Duke included in the bill of sale given to Mr. Padwick. The case C. H. J. B. Lee-Warner, gent., to be Ens. and Lieut. by pur , vice Drummond-Moray.
for the plaintiff was not concluded at the rising of the court. 3rd Foot.- Ens. J. M. D. Lewes to be Lieut. by pur. , vice E. Openshaw, who retires ; G. A. Colvill, gent ,
to be Ens. by pur., vice Lewes.
Two or three questions relating to Indian affairs were asked in the House 4th Foot.- Lieut. S. G. M'Dakin, from half pay late 19th Foot, to be Lieut , vice W. S. Brown, who
of Commons last evening. In reply to Sir Charles Wingfield , Mr. Grant Duff retires on temp. half-pay ; Ens. E. R. P. Woodgate to be Lieut. by pur , vice S. G. M'Dakin who
retires; Gent. Cadet D. A. A. Macpherson, from R. Mil. Coll , to be Eus. without pur. , vice J. T.
said that the Secretary of State in Council lately called the attention of the Carruthers, a Probationer for Staff Corps in India ; J. H. W. Torr, gent. , to be Ens. by pur. vice
Bombay Government to delays in the transmission of appeals to the Privy Woodgate.
Council from the High Court there, and he intended presently to 6th Foot. - Gent. Cadet C. W. Muir, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur., vice A. J. O'M.
Quin, prom.
address the Government of India as to the expediency of hastening 7th Foot. - Gent. Cadet B. H. Hobart, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur. , vice A. H. Morgan,
the transmission of appeals from all the High Courts. In reply to deceased.
9th Foot. - Capt. C. C. Grantham to be made supernumerary, on appt. as Capt. Inst. at School of
a question from Sir D. Wedderburne, Mr. G. Duff said it had been determined Musketry Gent. Cadet G. C. Dobbs, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur., vice L. G.
by the Government of India, both on military and political grounds, after a Brooke, transf. to 94th Foot.
12th Foot.-Lieut. H. Magee to be Capt, without pur., vice F. E. Medhurst, decd.; Ens. T. F. Hobdayto
careful inquiry, to erect permanent barracks at the cantonment of Morar, near be Lieut. without pur., vice Magee ; Ens. J. A. Miley to be Lieut. without pur. , vice Hobday, a
Gwalior. In answer to a question from Mr. Kinnaird, Mr. Grant Duff Probationer for Staff Corps in India ; Gent. Cadet W. R. Routh, from R. Mil. Coll . , tobe Ens.
said that no opinions of the members of the Indian Council on the without pur., vice W. Hailes, a Probationer for Staff Corps in India ; Gent. Cadet E. V. Huyshe, from
R. Mil. Coll., to be Ens. without pur., vice J. A. Miley.
question of the construction of railways in India had been officially recorded. 13th Foot.-Gent, Cadet R. L. P. Reilly, from R. Mil . Coll. , to be Ens. without pur. , vice E. B. Quirk,
If Mr. Kinnaird was pointing at anything which existed , he must be pointing at prom.; Gent. Cadet R. Cooper, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur., vice E. St. Maur, transf.
to 60th Foot.
certain confidential opinions given by members of Council for the Secretary of 14th Foot.-Staff Surg. R. Webb to be Surg. , vice Surg. Major J. E. Carte, M. B. , C.B. , appd. to Staff.
State's information , which were private documents, just as private as any one's 15th Foot. -Ens. R. V. S. Riall to be Lieut. by pur. , vice H. K. G. Savage, who retires ; Gent. Cadet
private letters. In reply to another question from the same gentleman as to W. C. Bellers, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur. , vice W. Gaskin, decd.; G. H. Johnston,
gent. , to be Ens. by pur. , vice Riall.
why the frontier medal should not be given to the officers and men engaged in 17th Foot. -Gent. Cadet B. T. B. Flood, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur. , vice H. I. Nares,
the Bhootan war in 1864 and 1865 , Mr. Duff said that, on former occasions, the prom.
19th Foot.-Gent. Cadet R. A. P. Hallifax, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur., vice W. A.
medal had been conferred at the suggestion of the Indian Government. Curtis, prom.
In the present instance there had been no such suggestion. In reply to 20th Foot. - Gent. Cadet F. J. Waudby, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur. , vice P. A. Robinson,
Mr. Stacpoole, Captain Vivian stated that in consequence of the large prom.
24th Foot. -The surname of the captain who purchased his company or Aug. 5. 1859, is Johnston, and
number of regiments sent out to India during the mutiny in 1857 and not Johr.stone, as then stated; Gent. Cadet H. F. V. Gaitskell, from K. Mil. Coll., to be Ens.
1858, it had been found impossible, as only five regiments could be without pur., vice C. A. H. Bishop- Culpeper, transf. to 91st Foot ; Gent. Cadet D. G. Mackenzie,
from R. Mil. Coll., to be Ens. without pur. , vice W. H. B. Little, transf. to 4th Foot.
relieved in a year, yet to bring them all home, but he hoped that by the end of 25th Foot - Paymaster, with hon. rank of Capt. , E. Gibbs, from R. Art. , to be Paymaster, vice hon.
1872 all the regiments which went out in 1856 would be relieved. If more than Lieut.-Col. W. Brumell, who has retired upon half-pay.
five regiments were relieved every year, a hardship would be inflicted upon 27th Foot.-Gent. Cadet G. H. Michaelson, from R. Mil. Coll., to be Ens. without pur. , vice W. W.
Scott, transf. to 19th Foot.
regiments serving upon other foreign stations. He added that, although the 29th Foot. -Ens. J. O. Dalgleish to be Lieut. by pur., vice F. Russell, who retires.
battalions had remained in India during this long period, there were very few 46th Foot. -Gent. Cadet C. E. De la Poer Beresford, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur., vice
officers or men left there who went out in 1857. S. Apthorp, transf. to 59th Foot.
50th Foot. -Lieut. W. H. Wilson to be Capt. by pur., vice C. F. Young, who retires.
It appears that the senior new Grand Cross of the Bath, Admiral Sir Henry 54th Foot-Gent, Cadet C. H. Law, from R. Mil. Coll . , to be Ens. without pur., vice W. J. Luxmoore,
transf. to 7th Dragoon Guards : Gent. Cadet H. N. Webb, from R. Mil. Coll., to be Ens. without
Prescott, was not present at the investiture at Windsor the other day, in conse- pur., vice C. W. Gore, transf. to 76th Foot.
quence of an accident. The gallant admiral on Monday last was knocked down 56th Foot.- Gent. Cadet D. A. Blest, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur. , vice A. Howlett, transf.
to ist Foot.
by a cab in the Strand and picked up insensible. He is progressing favourably. 58th Foot. - Gent. Cadet A. W. C. Bell, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur. , vice E. C. Elliston, a
Probationer for Indian StaffCorps.
The inquest on the body of the lad who was killed at the fatal affray at 63rd Foot. - Gent. Cadet S. J. Hammett, from R. Mil . Coll , to be Ens. without pur., vice A. J. P.
Portadown on the 1st of July was opened on Wednesday and was continued Nuthall, transf. to 83rd Foot.
64th Foot. - Gent. Cadet G. Dewar to be Ens. without pur. , vice A. T. Morison, transf. to 2nd Foot
yesterday. Several witnesses stated that in their opinion there was no justifi- 65th Foot. - Gent. Cadet W. M. P. Coleman, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur. , vice A. W.
cation for the police firing, and the sub-inspector stated that he was acting on Acheson, prom. Gent. Cadet C. J. Whitaker, from R. Mil. Coll , to be Ens. without pur. , vice
his own responsibility, that there was sufficient provocation, and that he had J. Grant, transf. to 12th Foot.
66th Foot. -Lieut. W. L. Beatie to be Capt. by pur. , vice J. L. Verschoyle, who retires ; Ens. G. G.
ordered the people to disperse. The court again adjourned. Baker-Cresswell to be Lieut. by pur. , vice Beattie ; C. C. Whistler, gent. , to be Ens. by pur. , vice
Baker Cresswell.
The inquest in connection with the murder at Uxbridge on Tuesday night 70th Foot. -Gent. Cadet J. A. Winter, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur. , vice E. S. King,
was held yesterday. According to the evidence of one of the witnesses, Murray, transf, to 37th Foot.
78th Foot. - Lieut. E. P. Stewart to be Capt. by pur. , vice H. B. Savory, who retires ; Ens. G. W. R. M.
the man accused of the crime, stated in conversation that he had killed the Waugh to be Lieut. bypur., vice Stewart ; Lieut. C. E. Croker- King to be Adjt. , vice Lieut. E. P.
deceased with a razor. The inquiry was adjourned. The prisoner was also Stewart, prom.; Lieut. C. J. B. Stewart to be Instr. of Musk , vice Lieut. C. E. Croker- King.
brought before the local magistrates, who committed the prisoner for trial. appd. Adjt.
84th Foot. -Gent. Cadet H. J. Johnston, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur. , vice W. A. J.
Frere, transf. to 21st Foot; Gent. Cadet J. W. T. Hume, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur.,
ADVERTISEMENTS. vice C. W. Morland, transf. to 71st Foot.
88th Foot -Gent. Cadet G. C. Wilmer, from R. Mil. Coll . , to be Ens. without pur. , vice L. W. Ford,
LUDIBRIA LUNE. A New Work by FOR INDIGESTION. -MORSON'S PEPSINE prom.
WILLIAM 89th Foot. The dates of appt. of the undermentioned officers to be altered as follows : viz. Ens. E. C.
ELDER andJOHN
Co. COURTHOPE. London : SMITH, the
WINE, Powder, Lozenges, and Globules adopted by
Profession. -Southampton-row, London, Brown to 24th June, 1869 ; Ens. R. H. Ellis to 25th June, 1869.
[ 592 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 37
JULY 9, 1869. ]

91st Foot. Capt. C. F. Dashwood, from 92nd Foot, to be Capt., vice D'Eye, who exch.
92nd Foot. -Capt. W. R. D'Eye, from 91st Foot, to be Capt., vice Dashwood, who exch. SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE .
95th Foot -Gent. Cadet C. H. S. Butler, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. without pur., vice J. De B. ARRIVALS .
Lynch, a Probationer for Staff Corps in India.
goth Foot.- Lieut. A. J. M. Treeby has been permitted to retire from the service by the sale of his At Liverpool. - June 30 : Americano, from Bombay - July 1 : River Jumna, from Iquique : Pascal,
commission. from Babia; Alcatraz, from San Francisco; Mauritius, from Mobile.--July 2 : Hecla, from New York ;
101st Foot.-Gent. Cadet T. R. M. Macpherson, from R. Mil. Coll., to be Ens , vice G. W. Deane, Pontiac, from New Orleans ; Elsworth, from St. John's, N. B.; W. F. Storer, from New York ; Great Britain,
transf. to 106th Foot ; Gent. Cadet G. B. Austin, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. , vice E. A. Free, from Melbourne.--July 3 : Der Berbaudici, from Java ; Erin, from New York ; Bazaar, from Savannah.
promoted. -July 4 Isabella and Saladin, from Pernambuco ; Levant, from Savannah ; Cuba, from New York :
104th Foot. - Gent. Cadet J. R. Best, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. , vice A. E. W. Goldsmid, prom. Nicolaus, from Boston.- July 5 : Chapultepec and Pomona, from Quebec ; Ellen Southard, from
rosth Foot - Gent. Cadet F. C. Cooper, from R. Mil . Coll .. to be Ens. , vice D. E. Gouldsbury, prom. Savannah ; Floating Cloud, from Natal ; Abeona, from Maceio ; Arlington, from St. John's, N.B.;
100th Foot. -Gent. Cadet E. D. F. Bignell, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens., vice M. R. Kittoe, prom. Baroda, from Calcutta ; Helen Burns, from Rangoon ; Mary Mark, from Belize ; Canute, from Quebec :;
108th Foot. - Gent. Cadet W. J. Orr, from R. Mil. Coll. , to be Ens. , vice E. B. Anderson, prom. Edmund Kaye, from Pensacola; Ruth, from New Orleans; Lady Clermont, fromMobile; Sarah King, Brothers
Rifle Brigade.- Surg. H. M. Fraser, M.D. , having completed twenty years' full-pay service, to be Surg. Pride, Regent, and Nurquam Dormio, all from St. John's, New Brunswick ; Shackamaxon and Indus,
Major, under provisions of Royal Warrant of April 1, 1867. from Rangoon ; Flying Venus and Sandringham, from Bombay ; Bodrhyddan and Germania, from San
Depot Battalion. -Lieut. - Col. W. L. Stewart, from half-pay, late of a Depot Batt , to be Lieut. Col. , Francisco ; Achilles, from Java ; Ben Nevis and Lady Cartier, from Quebec ; Amaranth, from New
vice P. Robertson- Ross, who retires on half-pay on appt as Adjt. -Gen. ofMilitia in Canada ; Capt. Orleans ; Sarah Burnyeat, from Antigua ; Phoebus and Eliza, from Bahia ; Caractacus, from New York;
W. G. Swinhoe, Rifle Brigade, to be Inst. of Musk. , vice Capt. W. F. Carleton, 6oth Foot, ordered Tickler, Urania, and British Queen, all from Huelva ; Julia, from Savannah; Queen Victoria, from
to join the depot of his corps. Philadelphia ; Montreal, from St. George's, New Brunswick ; Varen, from Bahia : Ardour and Azelia,
Chaplain's Department. Chaplain of the Fourth Class the Rev. J. B. Rowlands, B.A., has been permitted both froni Paraiba ; Prino Carzler, from Havannah.-- July 6: Annie W. Weston, from San Francisco ;
to resign his commision. Lady Macdonald, Cityof Kingston, and Prussian, all from Quebec ; Catalina, from Paraiba ; Royal Charley
Medical Department. Surg. Major J. E. Carte, M.B. , C. B. , from 14th Foot, to be Staff Surg. -Major, and M. A. M'Neil, from St. John ; Isabel, from Havannah ; Siberia and Minnesota, from New York ;
vice Staff Surg. Webb, appd. to 14th Foot. Eliza Fleming, from Rangoon ; Veloz, from Porto Rico ; City of London, from Kurrachee ; the Albert
Brevet. Brevet Col. R. Wardlaw, CB. , Lieut. - Col. , half-pay, late 1st Dragoons, to have temp. rank of Edward, from Matanzas; Magaguadavic, W. A. Campbell, Emily M'Near, Athlete, and S. J. Ellis,
Brigadier- Gen. while in command of a Brigade ; Lieut. - Col. G. H. Colomb, on retired full- pay hist of from St. John's ; Conquest and Canute, from San Francisco ; Cherokee, from Quebec : Joshua, from
R. Art., to be Col. , the rank being honorary only ; Staff Surgeon- Major R. W. Read, who retires on Cardenas ; Antonio, from Havannah ; Hyack, from Monte Video ; E. C. Beale, from San Francisco :
half-pay, to have hon. rank of Dep. Insp. Gen. of Hospitals. Cuban, from Colon ; Amelia, from Charleston ; Black Prince, from Baltimore : Antonio, from Havannah ;
The undermentioned officers of R. Art. having completed qualifying service in rank of Lieut. - Col . to be Simoda, from Cardenas ; Nova Scotian, from Quebec ; Catharina, from Oporto ; Acaso, from Fayal.
Cols., under Royal Warrant of Feb. 3, 1866, viz. :-Capt. and Brev. Lieut. Col. J. F. Pennycuick, --July 7: Berlin, from Bassein ; Margaret Pollock, from New Orleans ; Lady Dufferin, from
C.B.; Lieut. - Col. A. C Pigou.
Theundermentioned warrant officers to have a step of honorary rank, as under:-To have hon, rank Colorado ; St. Jacques, from Maceio ; Fides, from Maracaibo ; City of Brooklyn, from New York ,
of Capt. Lieut. and Dep. Comm. G. P. Hazlegrove, Bombay Estab. To have hon, rank of Lieut.: Ceylon, from Porto Rico : Atalanta, from Galveston ; King Bird, from New River ; British Sceptre,
Ens. and Assist. -Comm. J. Murray, Bombay Estab.; Ens. and Assist. - Comm. F. Bunyer, Bombay fromAtBombay ; Lake
Gravesend Ontario,
.--July from Montreal
3 : Rosalie, ; Ailsa, :from
from Grenada Pet,Mobile.
from Nassau ; Tynemouth, from Zanzibar ;
Estab. To have hon, rank of Ensign- Dep. Assist.-Comm. J. Blair, Bombay Estab.; Dep. Assist.- Glance, from Porto Rico.July 4 Laurel, from New York.- July 6 : Patrician, from Calcutta via
Comm. J. Cheers, Bengal Estab. Jamaica ; Bellona, from New York ; Theres, from Bahia ; Caroline, from Boston; Dundee, from
Memorandum. -Major Sir W. Brett, K. C.M. G., half-pay late 76th Foot, has been permitted to retire Jamaica ; Derby, from Alexandria..-July 7 : Dunbar Castle, from Sydney : Ilovo, from Port Natal ;
from the service by the sale of his commission, under conditions of Horse Guards Memorandum of Agamemnon, from Melbourne ; Roska, from Rio Janeiro ; Rajpoot, from Calcutta ; Anglo-Indian, from
Feb. 15, 1861. Jamaica ; Willie, from St. Lucia : Lady Agnes, from Colombo ; Forest King, from Halifax ; Stratton
NAVAL. Audley, from New York ; Isles of the South, from Bangkok ; Ganges and Georgetown, from Barbadoes ;
ADMIRALTY, July 2 -Lieut. A. D. Norie, on the Reserved List, has been permitted to assume the rank William Naisby, from Jamaica ; New World, from New York ; Kvernbitr, from Sarawak ; Rebecca, from
and title of Retired Commander, under H.M.'s Orders in Council of Nov. 1, 1830, and July 9, 1864, Nassau ; William Tapscott, from New York ; Blink Bonny, from Antigua ; Arabella, from Grenada ;
having attained fifteen years' seniority. Litle Nell, from Nevis ; Elgin, from Philadelphia : Princess Royal, from Jamaica ; John Bull, from
Montreal ; Unanima, from Baltimore : Atlas, from Huelva.
Off Deal. -July 7 : Yeavering Bell, from Cochin ; Excelsior, from Wellington : Salome, from
ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE. Coringa ; Sir George Grey, from Guayaquil ; Underley, from Colombo ; Star of Scotia, from Calcutta ;
The following are the names of the successful candidates at the recent examination at Chelsea White Eagle, from Adelaide.
Hospital for admission to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst :-A. M. Crofton, 6,208 marks ; L. F. H. At Bristol. -July 4 Waif, from Philadelphia ; Ann Hood, from Africa. July 5 : Soobrang.
Thomas, 6,180 : E. R. B. Ingram, 6,124; A. F. Liddell, 6,106 ; R. A. Vansittart, 5,830 ; A. Daniell, from Philadelphia ; Ocean Mail, from Prince Edward's Island ; Abigail , from New York. July 6 : Magic
5,516 ; E. S. Browne, 5,249 ; F. N. Macgregor Skinner, 5,118 ; G. Dunsmure, 5,036 ; J. L. C. St. Clair, and Genius, from Newfoundland ; Era, from Barbadoes ; Alexander, from Callao ; Challenger, from
5,008 ; R. J. F. Banfield, 4,984 ; J. W. Godfray, 4,879 ; E. L. Braithwaite, 4,855 ; W. M. Jamaica.
Duckett, 4,8co ; E. N. Leahy, 4,746 ; C. Hogge, 4.649 ; A. H. Pain, 4-599 ; C. L. S. DEPARTURES.
Auber, 4,537 R. F. K. Money, 4.520 ; W. G. A. Bowyer, 4.489 ; F. R. B. Liebenrood, 4,382 ;
E. W. Curteis, 4.379 ; H. B. St. John, 4,338 ; H. B. N. Bewicke, 4,265 ; C E. J. Chichester, 4,190; From Liverpool.-June 30 : Mary Ann, for Boston ; Rhea, for City Point ; Themis, for Quebec ;
Bilbao, for Santander ; Ezra, for Baltimore ; H. J. Cummins, for Vera Cruz. —— -July
) 1 : City of Boston,
G. G. Bowring, 4,180 ; A. Smith, 4,018 ; L. J. Browne, 3,982 ; C. R. Crosse, 3,981 ; C. F. Gambier, 3,973 ; for New York; Peruvian, for Quebec ; Sarato, for Valparaiso July 2 : Candidate, for San Francisco :
V. Jenkins, 3.941 ; G. Wingate, 3,933 ; E. Spencer, 3,906 ; A. L. D. Fordyce, 3,896 Gipsy Queen, for Valparaiso; Wealth of Nations and Renown, for Rio Janeiro ; Robert Kerr, for Mel-
E. M. Baker, 3,868 ; A. M. Hopkinson, 3,820 ; F. G. D'E. Hammet, 3,802 ; C. H. W. Cafe, 3,786 ; bourne. -July 3 : Scotia, for New York ; City of Baltimore, for Halifax ; Tropic Bird, for Baltimore :
C. C. W. Dandridge, 3,725 ; H. B. Prichard, 3,697 ; J. G. Ponsonby, 3,685 : John W. Hogge, 3,679 ; San Antonio, for Valparaiso.- July 4: Locomotive, for Monte Video ; Atilla, for Rio Janeiro ; Isis, for
R. St. G. H. Hamilton, 3,660 ; M. C. Boyle, 3,658 ; J. D. Caghlan, 3,643 : H. L. Hallewell, 3,612 ;
J. Read, 3,604 ; H. Bayly, 3.601 ; F. C. J. Loder, 3,465 ; S. L. M. Remmington, 3.430 ; C. M. Fitz- Alexandria ; Benin, for Africa. - July 6 : Tripoli, for Boston ; Allegro, for St. John's, Newfoundland ;
Gerald, 3,396; H. M. Wade, 3,392 ; H. F. Cavaye, 3,375 : J. Bonhote, 3,368 ; G. Cleaveland, 3,314 ; the Calabar, for San Francisco ; Medusa, for City Point ; Mexican, for Barbadoes.--July 7 : Tuscarora,
H. A. Spyer, 3,311 ; F. C. Maisey, 3,308 : J. Crossle, 3,297 E. S. Hill, 3,248 ; A. A. Garstin, 3,233 ; for Philadelphia : City of Agra, for Shanghai ; Howard, for Congo ; Gazelle, for Pernambuco ; Hannah
f. De Houghton, 3,228 ; M. C. Cooke Collis, 3 222 ; O. C. Radford, 3,198 ; C. Pulley, 3,155 : W. H. Sim, Morris and Theoni, for Philadelphia ; Echo, for Cuba ; Albert Gallatin, for Mobile ; Mentor, for Lagos ;
3,146 ; F. G. A. Wiche, 3,143 : C. G. H. Newington, 3,056 ; H. O. Weare, 3,039 ; H. Cummings, 3,030 ; W. Virginia and Idaho, for New York.
G. Mansel, 3,015 ; G. N. Wyatt, 2,987 ; J. Haughton , 2,967 ; W. E. M. Rough, 2,955 ; R. F. Jameson , 2,862 ; From Gravesend. - July 1 : Winchester, for Calcutta. - -July 3 : Johanna Maria, for Yokohama ;
G.Harden, 2,849 ; R. R. B. Ternan, 2,791 ; A. C. Bunny, 2,760 ; G. A. Beresford, 2,757 : M. Gibb, 2,757 ; G. T. Otter, for Singapore ; Victoria, for Otago ; Come On, for Newfoundland ; Hydaspes, for Canterbury ;
W. Hewat, 2,666; F. W. J. Cole, 2,632 ; R. J. G. Creed, 2,597 ; F. E. Trower, 2,552 ; G. M. Griffin, 2,505 ; H. Zephyr, for Swan River ; Beltana, for Adelaide. - July 4 : Jalowar, for Bombay.-- July 6 : Ernestine,
R. Mends, 2,460 ; R. W. M'G. Martin, 2,459 ; F. R. Bell, 2,452 ; J. W. Thompson, 2,450 ; H. P. Russell, 2,424; for Port Phillip ; England's Rose, for the Cape ; Bridgetown, for Swan River.--July 7 : Abergeldie,
E. Allfrey, 2,421 F. G. L. Mainwaring, 2,415 ; T. E. K. Addison, 2, 405 : A. W. L. Rickards, 2,402 ; T. J. A. for Sydney; Highflyer, for Port Phillip.
Bather, 2,390 ; H. A. Tapp, 2,388 ; T. G. Dundas, 2,379 : H. N. M'Rae, 2,354 ; T. J. Robilliard, 2,347 ;
S. J. Lea, 2,311 ; E. T. C. N. Marten, 2,303 ; F. B. Wells, 2,262 ; J. Wilson, 2,258 ; C. C. M'Callum, From Bristol. -July 6 : Prinz F. Carl, for New York.
2,252 ; H. Haynes, 2,225 ; P. Marrow, 2, 204 ; E. H. Studdy, 2,133 ; R. B. Mainwaring, 2 , 122 ; W. H. Odell,
2,117 : H. O. Bristowe, 2,111 ; W. H. Riddell, 2,060 ; F. A. Heathcote, 2,046 ; M. E. Thomson, 2,034 ; VESSELS SPOKEN WITH.
E. B. J. Vaughan, 2,027 ; Eustace M. Heathcote, 2,000 : P. J. H. Plumridge, 1,973 ; A. J. Loudon, 1,873 ; Anna Nelson, Liverpool for Shanghai, May 4, 22 S. , 33 W.; River Boyne, Valparaiso for
E. P. Larken, 1,839 ; N. R. Stewart, 1,834 ; A. A. C. Nelson, 1,804 ; W. S. Morrice, 1,804 ; J. D. Gar
meson, 1,765: A. M. Rrookfield, 1,744 ; F. J. S. Cator, 1,666 : W. A. Jones, 1.653 : C. R. B. Sinclair, Liverpool, May 1 , 32 S. , 33 W.; Sirene, Bonny for Liverpool, June 9, off the Island of Flores ;
1,624 ; M. Woodward, 1,572 ; A. B. Mein, 1,563 ; J. C. Hilliard, 1,547 ; W. S. Hewett, 1,522 ; Charterfield, California for Liverpool, June 26, 51 N. , 9 W.; Third pendant, No. 0831, English ship.
1. W. L. Penno, 1,503. Sydney for London, June 17, 43 N. , 27 W.; Dhollerah, from London, April 23, 19 S. , 27 W.;
Ravensbourne, London for Japan, April 21 , 16 S. , 28 W.; Abel, Havannah for Falmouth, June 7.
Queen's Cadets. -Arthur G. F. Browne, 4,283 : C. D. Rosser, 3,128 ; C. B. Airy, 2,654 ; H. F. Lane, 39 N., 59 W. Killarney, for Hong Kong, May 27, 5 S. , 31 W.: Thomas Hamlin, Trinidad for the Clyde,
2,522; De Salis, 2,338. June 14, 40 N. , 48 W.; Camana, Sydney for London, June 10, 25 N, 41 W.; Germania, Iquique for
Cadets nominated by the Secretary of State for India. - H. J. B. Sparks, 4,815 ; C. H. M. Smith, Falmouth, June 27, 48 N. , 14 W. Georgetown, Barbadoes for London, same day : Stratton Audley,
4,011 ; W. G. Dunsford, 3.934 ; P. E. Henderson , 2,366 ; R. Van-Cortland, 2.429 ; A. Wapshare, 1,939 ; New York for London, June 30, 48 N., 9 W.; Ariadne, Jamaica for Londen, June 13, 39 N. , 48 W.; the
G. H. B. Coats, 1,667 ; J. D. Fullerton, 1,650. brig Amphion, Prince Edward Island for Londen, June 22, 48 N. , 20 W.; Mary E. Campbell, St. John's,
N. B. , for Liverpool, same day ; Anne, Tellicherry for London, June 14, 15 N. , 30 W.; Pride of Scotia,
Calcutta for London , June 17, 34 N. , 38 W.; Titania, New York for Loudon, July , 50 N. , 12 W.; Rio
NAVAL APPOINTMENTS. Grande, Jamaica for London, July 2, 49 N. , 12 W.
Commanders -C. H. Stirling, from the Excellent to the Duke ofWellington ; S. F. Douglas, to the
Achilles (addi.), for service on shore at Plymouth. Lieutenants- J. J. F. Bell, to the Cockatrice ; C. F.
Cox, tothe Growler ; Charles M'Laughlin, J. B. Hayes, G. H. V. Noel , E. B. Boyle, and F. C. Law, to LIST OF PASSENGERS.
the Excellent. Sub-Lieutenants- G. H. Stoate (navigating), to the Duke of Wellington, for service in
the Revenge ; Hon. F. C. Lascelles and W. B. Forbes, to the Bellerophon. Staff Surgeons -F. M. The following persons have engaged passages by the Peninsular and Oriental Company's
Rayner, to the Asia ; Dr. W. L. Gordon, to the Duke of Wellington, for service in the Revenge ; Walter steamers during July, August, and September :-
Laurence, to the Winchester. Surgeons J. C. Ingles, to the Achilles F. M'Aree, to the Pembroke.
Assistant Surgeons-J. B. Nicoll, M. D. , and R. S. P. Griffiths, to the Duke of Wellington, for service in July 10.
the Revenge. Assistant-Paymaster - E. S. Lean, to the Duke of Wellington, as supernumerary. SOUTHAMPTON ΤΟ GIBRALTAR - Mr. A. G. SUEZ TO MADRAS- Mr. C. B. Knorpp.
Midshipmen- Henry Harris, to the Minotaur ; Peter O'Cazalet and Charles Webb ( navigating) , to the Stewart, Mdme. Laurent. SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA - Mr. G. Ule, Mr.
Duke ofWellington, for service in the Revenge ; H. C. Dawson, to the Duke of Wellington ; and B. H. SOUTHAMPTON TO SUEZ- Comm. W. Howorth. E. Fairland, Mr. R. 1. Jenkins.
Chevalier, to the Bellerophon. Clerks - J. J. Johnson (addi. ), to the Royal Alfred ; and B. B. Laorte, SOUTHAMPTON TO ALEXANDRIA- Mr. Maitland MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA- Mr. R. M. Ross,
assist. (addi.), to the Royal Alfred. Purvis. Mr. J. J. Guise.
MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Major Hastings Fraser, GIBRALTAR TO SINGAPORE- Mr. A. Mosley.
RACING INTELLIGENCE. Lieut. Col. de S. Barrow, Mr. C. Gandon, Capt. SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG- Mr. F. Cumber-
C. Way. land.
NEWMARKET. - TUESDAY. SOUTHAMPTON TO GALLE- Mrs. Halliley, child SOUTHAMPTON TO SHANGHAI- Mr. Broughall.
SWEEPSTAKES of 10 Sovs. -Troy (T. French) beat Lady Stanley. and two sons, Mr. H. Skrine , Mr. W. B. Ainger, SOUTHAMPTON TO SYDNEY Mr. J. Steele, Mr.
GLADIATEUR STAKES. - Hawthornden (Adams), 1. Prince, 2. Katherine Logie C., 3 Five started. Mrs Peddie. March.
100 PLATE - Capsule (Butler) , 1. Guy Dayrell, 2. Perfume, 3. Eleven started. MARSEILLES TO GALLE - F. R. Sabonadière. SUEZ TO SYDNEY- Mr. A. H. Baass.
ACHIEVEMENT STAKES.- Basquine f. (French), I. Bombarde, 2. Verdure, 3. Six started. MARSEILLES TO MADRAS - Mr. and Mrs. S. T. SUEZ TO MELBOURNE--Mr. J. Stuart.
SWEEPSTAKES of 10 Sovs. -Columbine f. (French), 1, Acid, 2. Divorce, 3. Five started. Wood.
SWEEPSTAKES of 10 Sovs. - Lady Betty ( French), I., Master Walter, 2. Rosalie, 3. Four started.
JULY STAKES - Sunshine ( Morris) , 1. Alaric, 2. Waif, 3. Thirteen started. July 17.
HANDICAP Master Walter, 2. Ellermire f., 3. Seven
started. SWEEPSTAKES. -Queen of Hearts (French), 1. MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY-Mr. H. D'Oyley. Mr. SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY- Captain Alexander
50 PLATE Red Ribbon (Hibberd), 1. Citadine, 2. Three started. J. Elphinston. Malcomson, Mr. A. O. Wiley.
SWEEPSTAKES of 25 Sovs. - Roma ( H. Covey) walked over. SOUTHAMTON TO GIBRALTAR- Mr. F. Prevost. 1
WEDNESDAY. July 24.
TOWN PLATE.- De Vere (French), 1. Lancet, 2. Far Away, 3. Three started.
MIDSUMMER STAKES . - Hermione c. (Fordham), 1. Badsworth, 2. Misadventure, 3. Three started. SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY-Mr. W. Hamilton. SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA Mrs. E. M.
LO PLATE. - Sabrina (F. Webb ), 1. Elferon, 2. Succession, 3. Eight started. MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY - Mrs. S. Nordmann and McKenzie .
EXETER STAKES.- Basquine f. (French), 1. Mahonia, 2. Calypso, 3. Five started. infant, Miss E. Nordmann. MARSEILLES TO BATAVIA- Mr. and Mrs. Pieter-
£50 HANDICAP PLATE. - Victress (Chaloner), 1. Riga, 2. Court Card, 3. Thirteen started. MARSEILLES TO GALLE- Mr. W. J. Carver. maat.
SWEEPSTAKES of 10 Sovs. - Sharp Practice c. (Parry), I. Tit-bit, 2. Mediea c., 3. Seven started. SUEZ TO HONG KONG - Mr. and Mrs. Badé.
BEAUFORT STAKES . -Silenus (Fordham), 1. Locksley, 2. L'Aspirant, 3. Seven started
SWEEPSTAKES of 1co Sovs. -Bradgate (Maidment) walked over. August 7.
THURSDAY. SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Dr. Barker, R.A. MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA-Mr. Stuart Hogg,
MATCH. -Percy (French) beat Sister to Parma. SOUTHAMPTON TO SYDNEY-Mr. T. F. Dodd.
MAIDEN PLATE. -Podesta (Daley), 1. Adeline g., 2. Polly Perkins and Verdure ran a dead heat
for third place. Twenty-four started . August 21.
L50 PLATE. Silenus ( Fordham ), 1. Chamade c. , 2. Moonstone, 3. Eight started.
SUMMER STAKES. -Reindeer (Maidment), 1. Suffolk, 2. Royal Rake, 3. Eight started. MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Mr. W. T. Tucker, SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Lieut. Colonel and
CHESTERFIELD STAKES.--Kingcraft ( French ), 1. Cestus, 2. St. George, 3. Fourteen started. Captain and Mrs. H. V. Mathias. Mrs. W. D. Bishop.
Eso HANDICA P PLATE. -Prince Imperial ( French), 1. Pericles, 2. Flash, 3 Fourteen started. MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA- Mr. W. F. Campbell. SUEZ TO BOMBAY Mr. C. M. Cursetjee.
HANDICAP SWEEPST AKES of 10 Sovs. -Suffolk, 1. Stork, 2. Bradgate , 3. Four started, SUEZ TO HONG KONG Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Smith
August 28.
CARLISLE.-- TUESDAY. SUEZ TO BOMBAY--Mr. Sturtz, Mr. Andreae.
TRIAL STAKES. -Kelvin Grove (Platt), 1. Annie Stuart, 2. Pantaloon, 3. Three started. MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY Mr. John Weinholt.
CARLISLE STAKES. -Hawthorndale ( Snowden), 1. Leonora, 2. Absolution, 3. Five started.
MAIDEN PLATE. -Velvet Ned ( Snowden ), 1. Lancer, 2. Kho, 3. Nine started. September 4.
CUMBERLAND PLATE. -War (Cameron), 1. Number Nip, 2. Slap Bang, 3. Eight started. SOUTHAMPTON ΤΟ BOMBAY -Captain C. R. SOUTHAMPTON TO SYDNEY- Mr. J. Lindsay.
ATHLETIC STAKES. -Bonaparte ( Clayton), 1. Quality, 2. Shamrock, 3. Five started. Matthews. SOUTHAMPTON TO MELBOURNE- Mr. W. Handis-
GRAND STAND PLATE. - Honesty (Snowden), 1. First Blood, 2. Evelina, 3. Three started. SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG- Mrs. Hockin. side.
EDEN STAKES .- Emerald, 1. Cavendish, 2. Maggie, 3. Twelve started. SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Mrs. Busted and MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Mr. and Mrs. H. A.
WEDNESDAY. two children. Harrison, Captain C. D. Broadbent, J. A.
LOWTHER PLATE. - Kelvin Grove (Platt), 1. Annie Stewart, 2. First Blood, 3. Six started. SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Mr. Bell, Mr. Temple.
COREY CASTL E NURSE RY HANDI CAP -Catalo nia Hawthorndale , 2. Leonora, 3. Five started.
( Platt), 1. Hyme O'Connor, Miss E. Reynolds, Mrs. Tween, Mrs. MARSEILLES TO MADRAS- Miss Alice Peachy,
SCURRY STAKES. - Triphthong ( Clarkson), 1., Qualit y, 2. n, 3 Four started. M. Ross, Mrs. Loch, Miss Drummond. Mr. G. Simmons.
HER MAJESTY'S PLATE. - Géant des Batailles (Snowden) beat Number Nip.
LOTTERY STAKES.-Whiff Wood), 1. Rho, 2. Velvet Ned, 3. Eight started. September 11.
HOLM HILL STAKES. - Honesty ( Snowden), 1. Minster Bell, 2. Evelina, 3 Three started. SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY Mr. T. Willaume MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY Mr. W. H. Savill,
CONSOLATION SCRAMBLE. -Pantaloon ( Snowden), 1. Shamrock, 2. First Blood, 3. Seven started. and a lady, Mrs. B. F. Hallahan. Major Chapman, Mr. S. Bird.
[ 593 ]
 38 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 9, 1869.

FELL - BAINBRIDGE --At Putney, Mr. C. Y. Fell, Barrister, to Edith L. , FARLEY, Alice M. , daughter of Mr. L. , of London, at Shildonck, Bel-
BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. daughter of Mr. A. F. Bainbridge, of Putney-hill, July 3. gium, aged 21, June 22.
BIRTHS. FIELDING JACKSON-At St. Sepulchre's, Mr. G. W. S. Fielding, late FEARBY, Miss A., at The Mount, York, aged 66, July 4.
11th Hussars, of Grundisburgh Hall, Suffolk, to Henrietta E., FIRMSTONE, J. F. R., at Rockingham Hall, Hagley, Stourbridge,
SONS. daughter of Rev. J. Jackson, M.A. , vicar of St. Sepulchre's, July 3. aged 4, June 30.
BARNEBY, Mrs. W. H., at Halkin-street West, July 1. FINLAY PATERSON-At Wardie Villa, near Edinburgh, Mr. W. GARRETT, Mr. J., of Watling - street, Catford- bridge, aged 51, July 6.
BLOIS, Lady, at Queensgate-place, July 2. Finlay, F.R.C.P.E. , to Catherine, daughter of the late Mr. A. GODFREY, Mr. N. , Surgeon, at Turvey, Beds, aged 63, July 4
BRUCE, the wife of Mr. C. , at Plaines Wilhems, Mauritius, June 4. Paterson, S. S.C. , Edinburgh, July 1. GOLDSMITH, Capt. , at Gad's Hill, Higham, Kent, aged 64, July 2.
CLARK, Mrs. M., at Granville-place, Portman-square, June 30. FREEBODY KNIGHT-At Quebec, Mr. M. G. Freebody, of Woburn- GRANT, Mr. W. J. , of Beldorney, at Aberdeen, June 29.
CLAY, Mrs. R. , at Dane-hill, Sussex, July 2. chambers, Covent-garden, to Julia, daughter of Colonel A. Knight, GREAVES, Sarah, relict of Mr. W., late of Mayfield Hall, Staffordshire,
COLLYER, Quebec,GARLAND-At
June 24. at the Bridge of Allan, aged 2o, June 29.
(twins). Mrs. W. D., at Cormiston Towers, Lanarkshire, July 6 GILBERT Upper Norwood, Mr. W. Gilbert, R.N. , to GREEN, Jane, widow of the late Mr. J., at Lonsdale-square, Isling.
CURRAN, Mrs. P. H. , in the Fort, Bombay, June 7. Mary E., daughter of Mr. H. Garland, of The Manakan, New ton, aged 80, July 1.
Dowson, Mrs. Edward, at 117, Park- street, Grosvenor- square, July 1. Zealand, July 6. GREEN, Ann, widow of Mr. W. , late of the Ordnance Department,
FAWCETT, wife of Capt. R. H. , 33rd Regt. , at Southsea, June 28. HANDLEY- GILBERT- At Broadwater, Worthing, Rev. A. B. Handley, at Camberwell, aged 80, May 20.
FRANCIS, Mrs. J. R., at Gwydir-villas, Swansea, June 30. Rector of Fisherton Anger, Wilts, to Jane, widow of Mr. T. W. GRIFFITHS, Lieut. H. B. , H.M.'s 4th Hussars, at Meerut, aged 27,
GRAY, wife of Mr. F. M., at St. Michael's, Quebec, Canada, June 20. Gilbert, of Salisbury, June 29. June 22.
GUNNERY, wife of Rev. R. , Vicar of St. Mary, Hornsey-rise, July 3 HALL - MEEKING-At Iver, Bucks, Rev. L. D. Hall, Vicar of Corton, HALLAM, Mr. J., J.P., at Newcastle-under-Lyme, aged 7, July 3
(prematurely, stillborn). to Mary K., daughter of Mr. C. Meeking, ofRichings Park, Bucks, HARRIS, Charlotte, widow of Mr. W. R. , late of Oporto and South-
HILL, Mrs. J. W., at Rio de Janeiro, May 29. July 1. sea, at Bury-road, near Gosport, aged 78, June 30.
HINDE, widow of Commander E. T. , R. N. , at Bushey Heath, July 1 HAMILTON- SIMEON- At Paris, Mr. H. C. Hamilton, C.S.I. , to HARRISON, Martha, wife of Mr. S. F., Wakefield, July a.
(stillborn). Letitia, daughter of the late Rear-Admiral C. Simeon, July 5. HARVEY, the Rev. G. L. , at Yate Rectory, Gloucestershire, aged 71,
HORE, wife of Capt. F. S. , 39th Regt., at Hythe, July 4. HARVEY WILLIAMSON-At Monkstown, Cork, William W. , son of June 23.
HOYLAND, wife of Rev. J., at Felkirk Vicarage, Yorkshire, July 4. the late Mr. G. N. Harvey, of Cork, to Avice, daughter of the HARVEY, W. B. B., son of Mr. W. B. B. , of the Mint, Calcutta, at
HUTCHISON, wife of Capt. F. J. , 64th Regt., at Colombo, June 1. late Rev. W. C. Williamson, M.A. , Rector of Lisgoold and Pre- Stockwell Park-road, aged 15, June 22.
JOHNSON, Mrs. T. H., at Upper Parliament-street, Liverpool, July 6. centor of Cloyne Cathedral, July 1. HASLEHURST, A., son of the late Mr. W. , of Great Ilford, at Rosario,
LAURENCE, wife of Rev. R , at the Rectory, Chigwell Row, July 4. HILL-DENNISON-At Westbury-on-Trym, Rev. I. Hill, Vicar of South America, aged 29, May 24.
MCILWAINE, wife of Lieut. W. F. , R.M., at Plymouth, July 3. Helperthorpe-cum-Luttons Ambo, to Grace, daughter of the late HATHORN, Mr. H. C. V. , Acting Superintendent of Police, at Allah-
MASSIE, wife of Mr. E. R., late 78th Highlanders, at Pau, July 2. Mr. W. Dennison, K. N.L. of Sindang Laut, Cheribon, Java, abad, May 20.
MOORE, wife of Dr. G. , Surgeon R. N., at Portsmouth, June 30. June 23, HENDY, Mr. C. W. , at Gipsy-hill, aged 34. July 1.
MORGAN, Mrs. O. V. , at Ross House, Boltons, July 7 (stillborn). HODGSON- GIBSON -At East Woodham, Hants, Capt. G. E. Hodgson, HIGGINS, Mr. E. G. , Major in H.M.'s 107th Kegt. , at Hazareebagh,
MORISON, Mrs. J. B. B., at Dunsinane House, Perthshire, June 30. 44th Regt. , to Emily, daughter of the late Rev. J. Gibson, Vicar of East Indies, May 23,
MORRISON, wife of Col. J. C. D. , at Cleygate, Esher, June 29. Brent and Furneux, Pelham, June 29. HOLWORTHY, Mr. C. W. , at Finchley-road, St. John's-wood, aged 77,
OLDFIELD, wife of Rev. C., St. Michael's, Stamford, June 30. JEFFREYS- ROBINSON- At Cockshutt, Salop, Mr. W. P. Jeffreys, June 30.
PATCH, wife of Rev. J. T., at Weston-super-Mare, June 26. Royal Brecknock Militia, Henllys, to Agnes, daughter of Mr. C. B. HOOPER, Mr. E., at Portswood Lawn, Southampton, aged 46, July 2.
Robinson, of Frankton Grange, Salop, June 24. HORNBY, Mr. W. H. , at Woolwich, aged 70, June 26.
PEARSON, wife of Lieut.-Colonel C. K. , The Buffs, at Cambridge JOHNSON - MACDONALD-At Ootacamund, Rev. W. Johnson, C.M.S. , HORSLEY, Mr. F. , at Maroim, Brazil, aged 39, May 26.
town, Sandhurst, June 29. Howe, Rev. J. , late Curate of Saffron Walden, at The Grove, Black-
REYNOLDS, Mrs. C. H. , at Malabar Hill, Bombay, June 24. to Catherine A. , daughter of the late Major- General W. P.
ROUSE, wife of Rev. R. C. M. , at the Rectory, Southwold, June 29. Macdonald, May 17. heath, aged 24. June 30.
ROLSTON, wife of Mr. P. W., Surgeon R. N., at Plumstead- common, JOHNSTON - GUNNING -At Stranorlar, co . Donegal, Mr. J. S. Johnston, IBBETSON, Arthur, son of Mr. E. A. , Assistant Commissary-General,
June 25. J. P., Rochfield, to Bessie, daughter of Mr. J. Gunning, Stranorlar, at Gibraltar, aged 14, June 23.
SANDARS, Mrs. S. , at Gloucester-place, Hyde Park, July 5. June 24. JOHNSON, Mrs. W. , at Sackville-street, Piccadilly, aged 38, July 3.
STEWART, Mrs. R. S. , at Hollycot, Edinburgh, June 30. JONES - BENHAM-At Westbury-on-Trym, Francis R. , son of Mr. G. JONES, Mr. J. W., of Jermyn-street, St. James's, aged 22, June 29.
ST. JOHN, Mrs. J., at Banisters, Berks, July 2 (twins, son and daughter). Jones, of Stoke-upon-Trent, to Emily A. , daughter of Dr. Benham, JONES, Mr. D. , late M.P. for Carmarthenshire, at Pantglas, aged 59,
VVE, Mrs. H., at Glens Falls, Bridge, near Canterbury, July 5. of St. Michael's-hill, near Bristol, June 28. July 1.
WARREN, Mrs. G. E. , at Cliftonville, Brighton, July 2 (stillborn). KING POWELL-At Winchester, Mr. T. F. King, B.A., to Alice, JONES, Elizabeth A. , widow ofthe late Mr. W., of the Royal Arsenal,
WATSON, wife of Capt. W. J., 8th Regt., at Chatham, July 5. daughter of Mr. H. Powell, of Winchester, June 29. Woolwich, at Sutton House, Heston, aged 78, July 6.
WHITE, wife of Mr. H. P. , H. M.'s Consul, at Tangier, June 8. LEES - BRADY-At St. Peter's, Cornhill, James, son of Sir J. Lees, JONES, Harriet, daughter of the late Lieut - Gen, Sir R., K. C. B., of
WILLIAMSON, Hon. Lady, at Eaton-place, July 5. Bart., to Emily, daughter of Mr. J. Brady, M.P., June 29. Worthing, Sussex, at Kingston- on- Thames, July 3 .
WILLIAMSON, wife of Mr. J., M.D. , at Mildmay Park, N. , June 29. LITTLE - PITMAN- At Bathwick, Charles E. , son of Mr. B. Little, KEMBLE, Georgina E. , wife of Capt. F. , R. N., at Wargrave, Berks,
WOLF, Mrs. H. , at Hamburg, July 1. of Bath, to Constance E. J. , daughter of Mr. S. Pitman, of July 1.
Oulton Hall, Norfolk, June 29. KILLICK, Louisa C. A. , daughter of Rev. R. H., Rector of St.
DAUGHTERS. LITTLE WALKER- At Penge, Rev. J. Little, of Warrington, to Clement Danes, at Kensington, aged 14, July 3
ARATHOON, wife of Mr. C. W. , Barrister-at-Law, at Lucknow, May 27. Emma, daughter of the late Mr. J. Walker, of Upper Norwood, LASCELLES, Catherine, daughter of the late Rev. E. R. , Vicar of Little
ARCHDALE, wife of Capt. C. W. , at Coltishall, June 16. July 1. Ouseburn, at Boroughbridge, aged 26, July 5.
BARNARD, Mrs. C. E. G. , at Westbury-on-Trym , July 4. LUNDEY HEATON- At All Souls' , Langham-place, Mr. C. W. Lundy, LAURENCE, Harriet, daughter of the late Mr. T. , at Hastings,
BARRETT, Mrs. W. T., at Crosshaven, co. Cork, June 30 (three). Harley- street, Cavendish-square, to Henrietta E. M. , daughter of aged 64, July 2.
ROYCE, Mrs. J. H., at Stanley-street, Pimlico, June 30. Capt. E. Heaton, Doncaster, July 1. LAWRIE, Mr. G. , at Queen Anne-street, Cavendish-square, aged 48,
BRANCKER, wifeof Capt. , R.A. , at Blomfield-road, July 2 (prema- MACDONALD - TURNER -At Birch, Manchester, Mr. D. W. Mac- July 3
turely, stillborn). donald, son of Captain Macdonald, R. E. , and the Lady Ramsay LEGARD, Captain J. A., R.N. , R.Y.S. , K.T.S. , at West Cowes, Isle
BRYANT, Mrs. E. R. , at Wylam, Northumberland, July 3. Macdonald, to Jane, daughter of the late Mr. J. Turner, of ofWight, aged 64, June 25.
COBB, Mrs. H. P. , at Great Cumberland-place, Hyde Park, July 7. Rusholme Park, Manchester, July 1. LEGGATT, Catherine, daughter of the late Mr. H. , of Cornhill, at
COODE, wife of Mr. W., Barrister, at Codrington-terrace, Notting-hill, MOORSON - CHAPMAN-At Pimlico, Lieut. H M. Moorson, R.A , to Enfield, June 20.
July 5. Ada F. , daughter of thelate Mr. T. H. Chapman, of Whitby, July 3. LINDLAW, Mrs. W. , at Galashiels, aged 29, July 1.
COLMAN, Mrs. J. J., at Carrow House, Norwich, July 2. OLIVER - BRUNTON-At Plymouth, Mr. J. Oliver, of Plymouth, to LUMLEY, Mary H., relict of the Hon. Col. S. H. , at Elberton
CORBETT, Mrs. H., at Aston Hall, Shropshire, July 3. Gwenllian S. , daughter of the late Mr. W. Brunton, M.I.C.E., Vicarage, Gloucestershire, aged 81, July 5.
CORRIE, wife of Mr. B. , R. N., at Weymouth, July 3. July 1. MAINWARING, the Rev. E., at Abbots Hays, Chester, aged 76, July 6.
CUSTANCE, wife of Rev. G. M. , at Colwall Rectory, July 2. PANTER- DOWNES -BALLY-At Hollington, Sussex, Mr. E. D. Pan- MCALESTER, Adrienne, wife of Lieut. - Col. , at Axminster, aged 86,
DANIELL, Mrs. L. H., at St. Dalmas di Tenda, Italy, July 1. ter- Downes, Commander R.N. , to Matilda, daughter of the late July 1.
DE LA FOSSE, wife of Major, 101st Fusiliers, at Gosport, June 30. Mr. W. F. Bally, July 5. MELLISS, Eliza, widow of the late Mr. A., at Clarendon-road, Ken.
DICKSON, wife of Rev. G. D. W. , at St. George's-square, June 30. PELLEW-ANDERSON- At Brighton, Mr. F. H. Pellew, Bengal C. S. , sington Park, July 5.
EDWARDS, Hon. Mrs., at John-street, Berkeley-square, July 7. to Dora, daughter of the late Rev. P. Anderson, Chaplain on the MILLER, Augusta, at Morland-road, Croydon, June 28.
FRANKS, Mrs. T. , at Ballyscadane, co. Limerick, June 28 (stillborn). Bombay Establishment at Colaba, July 3. MOLISON, Mr. J., late of Sydney, N.S.W., at Balnagask, Aberdeen,
GRANTHAM, wife of Captain, 2nd Batt. 9th Regt., at Hythe, June 26, PENN-GASKELL- STUBBS-At Paddington, Mr. P. Penn- Gaskell, of aged 53, June 29.
HOWARD, Mrs. J. , at Cosham Park, Hants, June 30. Shanagarry, Cork, to Mary K., daughter of Mr. C. E. Stubbs, of MOLTENO, Mr. F. , at Honolulu, aged 53, March 1.
HUNT, wife of Right Hon. G. W., M.P. , at Rutland-gate, July 5. Sussex-square, Hyde Park, July 6. MOWBRAY, Anne, widow of Capt. T. , R. N. , of Grangewood House,
JONES, Mrs C. , at Caldicot-hill, Aldenham, Herts, July 5. PHIBES SMITH- At Dublin, Lieut. G. Phibbs, Royal Irish Fusiliers, Leicestershire, aged 66, July 1.
KIRBY, wife of Mr. T. F. , Barrister, at Tavistock-terrace, West- to Frances C. , daughter of Major B. Smith, July 6. MUNRO, Emily M. , wife of Capt. G. G. G. , 20th Regt. , at Colchester,
bourne Park, June 29. PIRKIS L'EVESQUE- At St. Mark's, Old-street-read, Mr. A. E. aged 35, July 1.
LOVELL, wife of Mr. G., Barrister, at Boundary- road, St. John's wood, Pirkis,late MUKTON, Charlette, wife of Mr. J. , Charing, Kent, aged 51. June 29.
July 2. of the of H.B. M.'s Consular Service, China, to Bessie, daughter
Mr. J. L'Evesque, June 29. NETHERSOLE, Marian A. , daughter of Mr. G. B., Delhi Railway, at
OWENS, wife of Dr , at Farleigh, Kent, June 28. RICKARD HOWARD At Dover, Mr. G. P. Rickard, Royal Clarence- Umballa, June 24.
PINNIGER, wife of Mr. B., Solicitor, of Newbury, July 1. yard, Gosport, to Carrie, only child ofthe late Mr. H. B. Howard, NICKSON, Frank O. , son of Mr. J. T. , of Bath, aged 3 , June 27.
PRENDERGAST, Mrs. L., at Grosvenor-gardens, June 30. June 29. NOWELL, Clara E., infant daughter of Capt. R. A. , Bengal Staff
RICHARDSON, wife of Mr. W. P., C. E. , Irrigation Works, Central RIDDELL- GOSLING- At Ootacamund, Mr. G. D. Riddell, A. S. , 3rd Corps, at Debroogurh, Assam, May 22.
India, at South Hackney, July 4. Inf. , Hydrabad Contingent, to Laura M. , daughter of the late OLDERSHAW, Mr. F., of Warrington-crescent, Maida-hill, at St.
ROBERTSON, Wile of Captain C, at Abbey View, Boyle, Ireland, Major-General H. C. Gosling, commanding Pegu Division , May 20. Leonard's- on-Sea, aged 30, July 5.
July 3. RYLAND RENSHAW-At Paddington, Lieut. F. P. Ryland, 48th OLIVER, William, son of the Rev. W. , at Bovinger Rectory , Ongar,
SPOONER, Mrs. H. H., at Lower Belgrave-street, Eaton-square, Regt. , to Eliza E. B., daughter of the late Mr. J. Renshaw, of July 2 .
July 5 West-heath House, near Erith, July 6. PARLETT, Pleasance, relict of Mr. S., formerly of King's Lynn, at
ST. AUBYN, Mrs. E. , at Sumner-place, July 6. SEWELL- FENWICK- At Westminster, Mr. R. B. Sewell, of Bon- Brompton, aged 72, July 4.
TAYLOR, Lady J. , at Gayton Lodge, Wimbledon-common, July 5. church, to Eliza I. , daughter of the late Rev. C. F. Fenwick, PHILLIPS, Mr. P. L. , M.D. , ofTorville, Torquay, at Excter,July 2.
WALTERS, wife of the Rev. W., at Oldham, July 4. rector of Brooke, Isle ofWight, July 7. POLLARD, Major G. , Paymaster 66th Regt., at the Curragh Camp,
WILSON, wife of Rev. W. T. H., Cally Parsonage Gatehouse, N.B. , SWANWICK-BRUCE At Hampstead, Mr. R. Swanwick, of Ciren- aged 50, July 1.
at Hertford Heath, July 6. cester, to Clara, daughter of the late Mr. H. Bruce, of Albert- POWER, Alary, widow of the Rev. E., of Atherstone, at Leamington,
WARBURTON, wife of Mr. R., Royal Art. , at Royal-crescent, Notting - terrace,ANGELL-
TEMPER Regent's At July ,2.Mr. W. M. Temple, of Peckham , to
Chelse
Park, age17 , July 3.
hill, July 3. RADFORD, Mr. A., at Great Shelford, Cambridge, aged 76, June 28.
Mary A., daughter
WARNEKEN SLATER-ofAtMr.Bombay,
E. T. Angell,
Mr. of West
H. H.Brompton,
Warneken July to
1. RALLI, Mr. P. A. , at Westbourne-terrace, W., aged 50, July 2
MARRIAGES. REID, Catherine, widow of the late Mr. D. , at Leamington, July 3.
ADAMS -NEVNOE - At St. Twinnel's, Pembrokeshire, Mr. J. A. P. Jane, daughter of the late Mr. D. Slater, Edinburgh, June 2. REID, Mr. J., at Longwood House, near Bristol, aged 64, June 2,
Adams, late Captain R.A. , to Lucy E. , daughter of the late Mr. WILI IAMS --TURRILL- At Hastings, Mr. C. Williams, of Reading, to ROBERTSON, Capt. W. J. , formerly 30th Regt., at Kinlockmoidart,
E. L. Neynoe, of Castle Neynoe, co. Sligo, June 22. Alice E., daughter of Mr. H. L. Turrill, of South Audley-street, Inverness-shire, June 26.
ANDREW-PENLEAZE -At Black Torrington, North Devon, Rev. S. June 29. ROBINSON, Charlotte, wife of Rev. C. J. , at Hatfield, Herts, July 3.
Andrew, Rector of Halwell, Devon, to Emily M. , only child of ROBINSON, Henry, son of the late Mr. R., of Hoddesdon, at Water-
Rev. J. Penleaze, Rector of Black Torrington, July 1. DEATH S. beach, Cambs. , aged 31, June 21.
BARFF DUNDAS -At Geneva, William H. , son ofthe late Mr. J. ACKLAND, Harriet C. , widow of the late Rev. T. G. , D.D. , aged 83 , RYAN, Frances, wife Mr. W. ,M.D. , at Dublin, June 10.
Barff, of Wak field, to Fanny M., daughter ofRev. T. H. Dundas, June 26. SAFFERY, Rev. P. J. ,Association Secretary to the Religious Tract
Vicar ofWarton, Lancashire, June 24. AVELINE, Ann, widow of Mr. T. H., of Oatlands, Wrington, Somer- Society, at Tottenham, aged 68, July 5.
BARNETT- LINDOE -At St. George's, Hanover-sq., Mr. C. Barnett, setshire, at Bayswater, July 2. SANDYS, Susan F. , daughter of the late Captain T., R.N. , at Five
late Lieut. 53rd Regt. , to Anna E. , daughter of the late Mr. R. F. BAKER, Mrs. L. J., at Haydon Hall, Eastcott, June 30. Oaks, Jersey, aged 28, June 27.
Lindoe, of Bath, and Stratford, Wilts, June 30. BATES, Mr. J. , of Umberleigh House, near Barnstaple, at Whitefield, SASS, Miss S. A. , at Formosa-terrace, Maida-hill, aged 76, June 29
BEAUCLERK -WESTPHAL - At St. George's, Hanover- square, Mr. Marwood, aged 68, July 2. SCHERER, Caroline, daughter ofthe late Mr. G. F. , at Charlotte- street,
W. A. Stopford De Vere Beauclerk, son ofthe late Lord Charles BIGGAR, Mr. D. , of Milton Court, Dorking, at Upper Norwood, Bedford-square, aged 22, June 30.
Beauclerk, to Mary Augusta, daughter of Admiral Sir G. A. West- Surrey, aged 68, June 30. SCOTT, Harriet, at Pagoda-villas, Lee, aged 72, June 27.
phal, July 3. BIGGS, Ambrose F. , infant son of Mr. J. , at Westbury Lodge, Brent- SELMES, Elizabeth, relict of the late Mr. J. , of Deptford, at New-
BLOUNT DE LA ROCHETTE At Paris, Henry E. , son of Mr. wood, June 26, cross-road, aged 78, July 5.
E. Blount, of Paris, to Marguerite, daughter of Baron de la BOLTON, Mr.J , M.R.C.S. , for many years Government Medical SHEPHARD, Agnes, daughter of Mr. J. , of Castle-hill, Englefield-
Rochette, of La Rochette, Seine et Oise, France, July 5. Officer for the District of Savane, at Souillac, Mauritius, aged 45, green, at Clifton, June 30.
BRYSON- SHOTTER- At Warsar, Ontario, Canada, Mr. W. G. Bryson, May 11. SIMMONDS, Mr. B., Veterinary Surgeon, aged 34. July 2.
M.D. June 1. F. F. , daughter of the late Mr. S. W. Shotter,
, to Margaret
of London, BOWLES, Admiral of the Fleet Sir W. , K. C.B. , at Hill- street, Berkeley- SKIDMORE, Mr. W., Sergt. -Major of H. M.'s Body Guard, late Qr.-
square, in his goth year, July 2. Master Sergt. Scots Fusilier Guards, at Chelsea, aged 69, July 3
CHAPMAN ROBERTSON - At Canterbury, Mr. H. W. Chapman, late BRAGG , Mr. W. N. , of Furlong, Drewsteignton, Devon, aged 46, July1 . SMITH, Mr. H. F., of Clapham Park and Coleman-street, aged 41,
Captain Bengal Army, to Julia E. , daughter of Rev. J. C. BURTON, Eleanor, daughter of the late Mr. W. , of Wakefield, at July 2.
Robertson, Canon of Canterbury, July 1. Pontefract, aged 90, July 3. STEAD, Mr. P., ofLansdowne Park, Helensburgh, N.B. , at Birɛam,
CLAY- ARDEN-At Tatenhill, Staffordshire, Charles J., son of Mr. H. BURTON, Emma, wife of Lieut. - Col. , of the Madras N. I. , at St. Helier's June 28.
Clay, of Chepstow, to Agnes L., daughter of the late Rev. T. Jersey, June 30. STEARNS, Sarah Ann, widow ofthe late Mr. J. , of Cranbrooke Park,
Arden, ofWalton-on-Trent, July 6. BUTTERFIELD, Mr. R. S. , J. P. , at Woodlands, Haworth, Yorkshire, Ilford, at Maidenhead, aged 59, July 6.
CLAY BARCLAY- At Westcott Church, Arthur T. F., son of the late aged 63, June 26. STOCK, Mr. A. , at Ashton-in-Mackerfield, Lancashire, aged 60, June29.
Sir W. Clay, Bart. , to Margaret, daughter of Mr. A. K. Barclay, BYAM, Sir W. , at Westwood, Southampton, aged 77, July 5. STREATFIELD, Henry J., infant son of Mr. S., at Chester-terrace,
of Bury-hill, Dorking, July 1. CASTLEMAINE, Richard, third Baron, aged 77, July 4. Regent's Park, July 6.
CLAY- BUCHANAN -At Montreal, Mr. J. B. Clay, late Capt. 13th CHAMIER, Mr. C. F. , Judge of Salem, on the Shevaroy Hills, TANNER, Miss M. , of Bath, at Frenchay, Gloucestershire, July
Hussars, to Florence A. , daughter of Mr. W. O. Buchanan, Madras, aged 44, April 20. THARP, Mrs. J. , of Alfred-place West, South Kensington, at Spa,
Montreal, June 15. CLEMENTS , Kathrene, wife of the Rev. D. , Rector of Warleggon, Belgium, July 6.
CORFE- HARDY- At Farmborough, Robert P. C. , son of Dr. Corfe, Cornwall, June 29. TILLGBT , Mr. J. , of Gresham-street, at Dalston, July 1.
Christ Church, Oxford, to Emily I. C. , daughter of the late Mr. B. CLINTON, the Lady, at Heanton Satchville, North Devon, aged 34, TORR, Frances, daughter of the late Rev. J. , B.A., Vicar of West'e'g'",
Hardy, of Birksgate, and Shipley Hall, Yorkshire, June 23. July 4 Devon, at Cheltenham, aged 61, July 5.
CURSHAM -MAW-At Manton, Rev. F. L. Cursham, rector of Strelley- COKER, Mr. H. F. , at Netley Firs, near Southampton, aged 59, July 1 . VINING, Mr. C. J. , of Bristol and of Backwell, Somersetshire, at
with- Bilborough, to Mary A. , daughter of the late Mr. W. Maw, COOPER, Jane, the wife of Dr. , of Clapham-rise, July 7. Clifton, aged 60, July
of Bigby, Lincolnshire. June 30. COTTLE, Martha, relict of the late Mr. J. M. , at Cheltenham , aged WATSON, Mr. G. H. , M.R.C.S.E. , at Hounslow, aged 38 , June 3.
DEAN- GRAY-At Over Tabley, Cheshire, Rev. C. K. Dean, M.A. , 88, June 20. WEBBER, Capt. H. H. , R.Art , while crossing the Andes between
Queen's Coll , Oxon, Vicar ofthe parish, to Margaret I. , daughter CRAWFORD, Sarah M. , widowof late Rev. J. , M.A. , at Childwall, near Tinogasta
of Mr. G. Gray, Yew Tree House, June 30. Liverpool, aged June WILKINS, Inaand
L. , Copiapo, Chili, aged
infant daughter 30, May
of Rev. A. 2.D. , at Copt Hewick,
DOUGAL- MITCHELL- At Blairvockie, Mr. R. Dougal, late Bengal CUMBERLEGE, Lieut.66,R., 2nd30. Batt. 11th Regt. , at Graham's Town, WILLIAMS July 5.widow of the late Mr. J., of Luton, at St. Albans,
, Caroline,
near Ripon,
Army, to Helen I., daughter of Mr. D. Mitchell, of Blairvockie, aged 26, May 19 ; and Alexander C., his son, aged 1, May 21.
June 35. CURTIS, Harriett, relict of the Rev. T., formerly of Islington, at aged 75, July 1.
EDWARDS-TRENCH - At Shinrone, Francis W. L., son of Mr. R. L. Canonbury, aged 77, July 1. WILLIAMS, Mr. G. , at Wimbledon, aged 78, July 3.
Edwards, of Nanhoron, North Wales, to Georgiana S. , daughter of DAVID, Mrs. E. , at Blyne mawr Llannon, Carmarthenshire, aged 59, WILLS, MaryA. , wife of Mr. J., at Hove, Brighton, aged 67 , Tuly 4 .
Mr. H. Trench, of Cangort Park, King's County, June 24. June 23. WILMOT, Edmund, son of the late Sir R. , Bart., at Milford House,
FAUSSETT WETHERED - At Great Marlow, Rev. R. Faussett, DELL, Mr. John C., at Whitelands, Clapham, aged 50, July 5. Derby, aged 59, June 29.
Student of Christ Church,Oxford, to Ellen A. , daughter o the FARBROTHER, WYBURD, Sarah, widow of Mr. W. F. , at Bryanston-street, Portmap,
late Mr. O. Wethered, of Great Marlow, July 1. June 30. Mr. H. F. , of the MiddleTemple, at Reading, aged 30, square, aged 82, July 2.
[ 594 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET.
JULY 23, 1869. ] 3

virtues that can be claimed for it, and granting, what is much
THE PALL MALL BUDGET. more, that it is a possible system in France at present, we should
still be constrained to this opinion that if it could ever work
FRIDAY, JULY 23 , 1869. in with Bonapartism the attempt to combine the systems would
now be made too late. But it is needless to enter upon
the question of time and opportunity if it be true that a combi-
THE PROSPECT IN FRANCE. nation of Imperial and Ministerial rule is impossible ; and, more-
over, that one of the elements in the proposed combination has no
WHEN the Emperor NAPOLEON'S message to the Corps Législatif existence. Indeed, it will be enough to confine our observations to
was published, it was answered at once in this country with a this last-mentioned circumstance. To establish it in the argument
general round of applause. In France itself the response was less it is only necessary to say that ministerial government is impossible
immediate and not quite so hearty. Now, considering that English without Ministers, and that there are no persons in France just
journalists are and French journalists are not accustomed to the now who in practice would answer to the description. Will, ability,
discussion of political affairs, and considering that we do unquestion- and experience in combination (which is the necessary combination )
ably know better than any other people in Europe what good are not to be found there. Among the unnamed blessings of the
government means, this difference seemed to show so far that Emperor's rule we must count the destruction of that parliamentary
France was less intelligent or less grateful than she ought to be. life and discipline which might have saved the country from
But no sooner had our own Liberal writers ended their first anarchy at his death, and which has substituted for men
enthusiastic greeting than they began to look gravely at the who would have been true Ministers a dozen heads of half
thing they had applauded ; and since that time they have a dozen different factions. To make parliamentary Ministers
moderated their fervour. There is not so much difference now of the men who are preparing to fight for the ascendency which
between the tone they take on this subject and the tone of their NAPOLEON can no longer maintain is utterly hopeless . To begin
French contemporaries ; and we are strongly of opinion that their with, they have never had the training necessary to carry on
second thoughts are best. Not that this opinion rests upon ministerial government ; few of them - none, indeed, but the
the considerations which have changed the minds of the regular Imperialists- care to prolong under that form the power
Times, the Star, and other Liberal journals. It is reasonable, of a sovereign with whom they are profoundly discontented, and
indeed, to doubt the scope and the sincerity of the Emperor's from whom the country is falling away ; and, lastly, they are
promises, to suspect his intention in suddenly proroguing the divided into ambitious factions, watchful of each other, jealous of
Corps Législatif, to question the machinery by which his wonderful each other, and of very different minds as to what the next form
concessions are to be established ; but even were all these of government should be. To look for responsible parliamentary
doubts and suspicions favourably resolved, the satisfaction with Ministers amongst these men, is to look in vain. Therefore nothing
which the Imperial message was hailed would still be baseless and remains for choice but a Cabinet of nonentities, with no power
unmeaning. It would then be said once more, as was said at first, or respectability but such as may be reflected upon them
that NAPOLEON of his great sagacity gives to his country good from the Emperor himself ; and, in the present state of affairs,
and safe gifts of freedom ; that thus, and by the establishment of that is a sort of power which simply challenges overthrow,
ministerial government, he strengthens his dynasty and secures the and a respectability which invites derision. Such a Ministry we
peace ofthe Empire. But it would not be a truc saying. So much see now set up, after a week's efforts at organization : that is the
of it as can be called matter of fact is false ; so much as is matterbest and most hopeful Ministry vouchsafed to France at starting on
of opinion is illusory. In the first place the sagacity of which her new career, It is itself enough to show how vain is the con-
we hear so much is mere necessity and compulsion : sagacity, ception of ministerial government in that country at present ; though
anticipating compulsion, would not have awaited the appearance the mistake will not be fully demonstrated till the new Ministers
of M. GAMBETTA. What NAPOLEON offers to give, a power take up their various tasks in the presence of his Majesty's
greater than he had already put out its hand to take ; and Opposition. That it is no Ministry at all in the sense intended .
besides, what he offers cannot content the people it is intended is fatally clear ; and we have shown why it is not likely to
to satisfy, and gifts of a little liberty, made to a nation aroused be followed by a more real one. And without real ministerial
to take much of it after long privation, are never safe. For a government to check and guide the process, every hope of
despotism (or personal government) there are two ways of giving liberty to the Deputies without ending the Empire
dealing with a threatening opposition ; one is to quell it with forthwith is idle. Whether these expected liberties, in any con-
the sword, the other to make concessions. The first of these siderable degree, will ever be volunteered to them we still doubt.
methods is sometimes successful, the other never ; and partly If they are so offered they will be taken ; and with them the
because the Second Empire began with violence, and SO sword will be delivered to the Deputies by the handle, the
discounted it, as they say, and partly for more immediate and Emperor keeping the blade in his grasp if he pleases. And if
manifest reasons, the choice of the Emperor is the method that has these liberties are offered in expectation that they will be
no chance of success at all. We know that in saying this we are softened and delayed in their natural operation by minis-
in opposition to the whole current of opinion in England even terial government, that expectation will be frustrated by the
to-day, and after NAPOLEON'S famous message has been simple fact that ministerial government is impossible. A
contemplated long enough to be seen for what it is a thin and substitute for it is possible, but that will only make revolution
unsubstantial tissue of vague words. The general assump- an easier process, by its obvious pretence and imposture.
tion in England is that the sagacity which has promised Roughly stated, this is the way in which we regard the
certain doubtful concessions to liberty has only to extend and Emperor's " concessions " if they are made real ; and if, after
confirm them, and he and his heirs for ever may govern France all, he concedes nothing, or so little that it is accepted for nothing,
in peace.
Thus the Spectator, in the course of a long hyste- then we shall speedily hear of extortion instead of concession . In
rical rhapsody, says, " The Belshazzar of to-day sees no hand- brief, the Emperor's day is done ; and France is soon to pay the
"writing on the wall, or he would read, and , reading, understand , necessary penalties of personal government. The good fruits of it
" and perhaps evade his doom ." We ourselves have no doubt that have not been inconsiderable ; what their true value may be has
Belshazzar sees and reads, and yet cannot evade his doom. The yet to be estimated, for their cost is yet to be discovered.
potentate who has played the part of Providence so long knows
himself so helpless that nothing he can do will avert his downfall ,
and if he does nothing the same fate awaits him and his whole THE GOVERNMENT AND THE LORDS.
divine scheme of government . What he does in this situation
is to choose of the two means of meeting the opposition THE Cabinet were on Wednesday engaged for several hours in con-
which was from the first inevitable, the one that ensures the sidering the very important question : Shall we now, after the
destruction of his power in the least troublesome way for large and determined majority which voted against us last night
France .
He cannot hope to prevail by such means ; he can in the House of Lords, withdraw the Irish Church Bill ? They
only hope to exist for a while by them. The ruler who, resolved to proceed with the bill, and thus avoided a serious error,
having gone further than is tolerable in personal government, thinks but we are constrained to observe that it was a very great pity
he can retreat one step, or two, or three, and there make a stand, is the Government undertook to consider this question at all at that
self-deluded. NAPOLEON will find, what we do not doubt he stage of affairs. It brought back to mind that famous evening in
expects to find, that concession is abdication - virtually an end to 1866, when Mr. GLADSTONE declared he must consider the
him. " Crowning the edifice " means crushing it to its foundations. position of the Ministry, because a majority of eleven had decided
Those who think differently have, so far as we can see, only one against him on a petty difference of rating and rental. The result
ground for the difference . " Ministerial Government " is the of his deliberations was that the Liberals went out of office, and
answer to us when we adduce the old experience that for that the Tories came in to commence the reign of riot which
despotism to give way is to give up. The modern machinery produced our Reform Bill, and disordered and disgraced all
of ministerial government is relied upon as a smooth and easy parties alike. Even now it is worth while to consider what
means of working the Emperor's concessions to the satisfaction of consequences might have followed a determination to withdraw the
the country, preserving at the same time his own safety and dignity Irish Church Bill. On Tuesday, the first night of the renewed
As its monarch, But, granting to ministerial government all the debate, the House of Lords met chafing under new and not unrea
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 4 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23, 1869.

sonable irritation at the contemptuous spirit evinced against them in upon, we regard it as a very serious blot on the completeness and
the House of Commons, and perhaps also (for there is " the country " unity of the bill. If we shared the opinion of many of the Peers
behind the House of Commons, and the newspapers represent the that the country is slowly coming round to a belief in concurrent
country too) at the still more contemptuous and threatening endowment, our regret would be all the greater. In that case we
language of the Liberal press. Not even dislike to the Irish should be additionally eager to get the money disposed of with
Church Bill is so plain throughout the discussion as the anger all possible speed, in order to interpose a final bar to its application
and rebellion thus occasioned ; and, in our humble opinion, the to a mischievous purpose. It is our conviction that the country is
anger was quite reasonable and the rebellion perfectly natural. not coming round to any such thing that leads us to accept the
It is a well-known feeling in the breast of every man ofsense and Lords' amendment as a blot and nothing worse. The omission of
spirit to resist being bullied even into virtuous deeds ; cor- the negative clause from the preamble may lead to some angry
porations and assemblies are no more disgraced than individuals by discussions out of doors, and so far strengthen that feeling against
cherishing such a feeling ; and it is impossible to deny that the the State endowment of any religion which is slowly coming
House of Lords has been assiduously bullied from the first to maturity throughout Europe, but it will do nothing more.
moment of the discussion in which they are now engaged . They It will neither weaken the resolution of the Government, nor
were bullied beforehand, and every step of the debate, so far as change the feeling of the nation , and until one of these ends is
they have taken part in it, has been enlivened by threatening accomplished the real barrier against concurrent endowment will
and contemptuous adjurations from ministers, members, and remain as impassable as ever.
journalists alike. It may be that, in obedience to these adjurations, With regard to the broad issue before Parliament, when
the Lords should have resigned for this occasion their right of Lord SALISBURY spoke of the Lords ' amendments as mere altera-
legislative action ; but, whether or no, it was most natural that they tions of detail, mere adjustments of private rights, mere ques-
should be irritated thereby. And in this spirit they met on Tues- tions of money, he was using language which was only technically
day ; it was this spirit which intensified their opposition to applicable to the case. Formally, no doubt, a change introduced
the bill as it came up to them from the House of Commons ; and in Committee is an alteration of detail, the determination what
it was this spirit of resentment, as well as their dislike to the bill property shall and what shall not belong to certain clergy-
as a simple measure of legislation, which promised the fulfilment of men is an adjustment of private rights, the alternative
that most fruitful calamity- direct conflict between the Houses . between disendowment and re-endowment is a question of
Now all this should have been clear to the Government leader in money. But directly you look underneath this minimizing
the House of Lords ; but if it had been clear to him he would have language you come to the fact that the amendments thus modestly
taken the division more coolly we should have supposed. Surely characterized do in truth go flatly against the principle of
it would have been more judicious to have bent to the storm, as a the bill. Disestablishment and disendowment are inseparable
storm of anger, instead of asking time to consider whether it would ideas. This Minister
Minister may have thought he could sever
not be wise to increase it, and at the same time add to whatever justifi- them, that Minister may have said he would sever them ,
cation may be found for it. We are quite content to leave it an open but when the trial comes to be made all Ministers alike
question whether this one first vote on the preamble would or would find that they cannot sever them. To give public money to a
not have justified the bill's withdrawal in itself. But however that particular religious community-not in payment for specific
question may be decided in different minds, we must all agree that work done for the State, but as a free grant for its own purposes
it would have been far better to have waited till the Lords' debate is, so far as it goes, to establish that communion. The distance
had shown what other justifications they might make for its with- travelled may be very small, the amount of exclusive favour
drawal. We had then more than one business in hand-various ills shown may be very slight, but the essence of the thing is there.
to avoid. The most important business unquestionably was to The State has singled out a particular Church as the recipient of
pass the Irish Church Bill with its original principles unmutilated ; its especial countenance. That countenance may not take the
the most serious ill to avoid was consent to shuffling amendments form of political privilege, and so far the most salient features of
and double-dealing provisions which would keep open the field of an establishment may be wanting, but in whatever degree the
strife. But it was surely desirable at the same time to accomplish countenance is given the principle of an establishment is conceded
these ends with as little danger as possible of that conflict of the The Lords may hold a different theory of what disestablishment
Houses, that glorious row, which is so fondly desired in some ought to mean, but they may depend upon it that this is what
quarters. The withdrawal of the bill, after the Lords had gone all the nation takes it to mean. If so , on their own showing,
through it, recording once more by regular process of vote their the Lords are not bound to resist the verdict of the country, nor
determination on this clause and that provision, would have been a responsible for the consequences they may fear from it. When
course taken on wide grounds, for broad and general reasons , Lord SALISBURY professes to try that verdict by a " simple test," and
and with as much respect for the functions of the Upper Chamber asks whether, if the Prime Minister had proposed that the Lords'
as they demand and deserve. This is very different, however, from amendments should be accepted, they would have been refused by
saying to the Lords on their first adverse vote, "We must really the House of Commons he confuses the immediate with the ultimate
" make up our minds as to whether it is worth while listening to you result. The nation has so unreservedly committed the execution ofits
" any longer ! "-the fact being that the force of this vote, its vast purpose towards the Irish Church into Mr. GLADSTONE'S hands
majority and the violence of the speeches which led up to it, was that , if he had accepted the Lords' amendments, the repre-
mainly the fruit of the contempt with which they had been listened sentatives of the nation might for the moment have been
surprised into
surprised a state of paralyzed acquiescence.
into a But that
to all along. That is not good statesmanship. It is another
proof of the want of guidance which distinguishes the Liberal party acquiescence would shortly have given way to a profound con-
in Parliament. Of course, if the vote of Tuesday went to the vitals viction that they had been betrayed by the man they trusted.
of the bill, we should write differently on the subject ; though even Mr. GLADSTONE'S reputation would have been ruined, but the
in that case it would have been far wiser to have awaited the delivery Irish Church would not have been saved.
of every arrow in the enemy's hand. Then the Government
might have said, " We have patiently and anxiously listened to
46 THE LUXURY OF LANDHOLDING.
all that is urged in the Upper House against the measure
once more ; and what it comes to is that we must postpone
MR. BERESFORD HOPE, as he has since explained, did not express
"the application of the surplus till some indefinte date ; and
himself clearly the other night when he spoke of the possession
"for unknown purposes ; and the life interests of the clergy of land as a rich man's luxury ; nor was it very logical to
" must be commuted at the extravagant rate of fourteen years' argue from that fact to the conclusion that the bill for assimi-
purchase ; and the Church must have the glebe houses
lating the distribution of real estate in the case of intestacy to
" free of charge ; and provision must be made for permanent that of personal estate ought not to pass. When a very rich
" curates. We cannot consent to the imposition of these changes ; man makes a remark understood in that sense, he does in
" persisted in, they show an irreconcilable opposition to the bill as fact invoke upon himself a sort of Nemesis, for it is hardly
a whole ; and we withdraw it." In that case, or if only two or in human nature that men should not be provoked by such
three of these changes had been insisted on after full reconsideration, speeches to ask certain very unpleasant questions, which
the Government would have been amply justified, and the Ministry would lead to most unpleasant answers. Here are a few
and the House of Commons would have been saved from the of them. Is not the land of the United Kingdom the local
charge of contemptuous aggression upon the functions of the habitation of the nation, and the indispensable condition of its
House of Lords. But if Ministers had on Wednesday morning national unity? Does it not follow from this that the members
decided to withdraw the bill they would have done so on of the nation have an interest in the way in which it is distributed
grounds which at least half the world would have called insufficient, and enjoyed quite unlike their interest in the distribution and
and which, after the happy compromise which has now been manner of employment of any other species of property ? If laws
arrived at, we can see would have been really inadequate. are to be made for the general good, can it be right that a few
That the fate of the bill ought to depend, not on a mere verbal private persons should have the right of condemning to absolute
declaration in the preamble, but on its essential and specific enact- sterility or devoting to purposes of mere amusement large sections
ments, seems to us unquestionable. We do not mean by this that of the English nation ? Suppose that the whole of London became
the postponement of the appropriation of the surplus is in itself a the property of a single ground landlord, ought he to be allowed,
small matter. On the contrary, for reasons we have before dwelt out of caprice or misanthropy, to let the leases run out and
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 PALL MALL BUDGET. 5
JULY 23, 1869. ]

pull down the whole city ? If not, where are we to draw | order to invest it in land which will only bring him two or three
the line ? Ought a bankrupt duke to be allowed to keep per cent. In order to find any explanation at all we must take
a large section of the north of Nottinghamshire in the condition into account the fact that the populations which show this intense
of a wilderness, from which the public are excluded as if passion for land are the least adventurous, the most ignorant, the
it were the garden of Eden inhabited by gamekeepers, and most stay-at-home people in the world, and that their one notion of
which produces nothing but wild animals ? Are people in a life is to spend their time in laboriously accumulating petty gains
besieged town allowed to employ in the most wasteful manner by unremitting personal industry expended upon the soil on which
stores of provisions which might support a considerable section of they were born and in which they mean to be buried. No doubt
the inhabitants in comfort and prolong the siege perhaps for there is much to be said in favour of this way of life, and
weeks or months ? and is there not a strong analogy between the against the venturesome, happy-go-lucky, rather vagrant temper
limited supply of food which happens to be found at a given time which carries English people of every rank in life to all parts of
in a besieged city and the limited supply of land which exists in the world, and into all sorts of employments that promise to
a nation like our own ? Mr. HOPE ought to know that such provide them either with money or with excitement, but it is
language as his is sure to provoke many people to ask hopeless to try to change the character of a nation all at once.
these questions, which, indeed, are being asked already in We shall never become a nation of small proprietors so long as
various directions, and that it is much easier to ask than we continue to be a nation of large families, the members of
to give an entirely satisfactory answer to them. them . They do,
which become navvies, soldiers, emigrants, workmen in every sort
however, we think, admit at all events of a partial answer, of trade, or day labourers, as the case may be. So long as that
and that answer must begin by recognizing the fact that, state of things remains unaltered, it will not be worth the while of
though Mr. HOPE'S language on the subject was certainly poor men to invest in land for the purposes of cultivating it
ill-judged, it contains a good deal of truth. It certainly is the on a small scale, and to that extent the possession of land
fact that land, like everything else, is and must continue to be will, as Mr. HOPE says, be a luxury. It does not, however, by any
enjoyed as an article of property. It is no less true that, under means follow that the possession of land ought to be a luxury in
almost any conceivable state of things, the possession of land in any other sense than this, or that a legal system which tends to
this country in any considerable quantity will always be peculiarly exaggerate the natural tendency of the land to get into the hands
pleasant ; and, in the last place, the relation of landlord and tenant of rich people is by any means a good one. It appears to us that
is one which must continue to exist indefinitely. It is manifestly the opposite inference is the true one. Inasmuch as causes are at
impossible that every cultivator and every occupier of a house work which, independently of all legislation , tend to make land a
should be a freeholder. Such a state of things does not exist
luxury, the law ought not to promote the process artificially.
in any part of the known world, and it could not exist in Rich people will always be eager enough to buy land, but that is
these islands without a revolution in all our habits of life no reason at all for keeping up a state of the law which tends to
and modes of thought, which there is no reason to expect, make an increasingly small number of people unnaturally rich.
and for which it would be impossible to assign any ade- How is the English nation benefited by laws which tend to call into
quate reason. For these reasons the ownership of land
existence such monstrous aggregations of property as the estates of
will always be in a certain sense, and to a certain extent, a the Marquis of WESTMINSTER or the Duke of BEDFORD ? Why
luxury. It may be a rich and not a poor man's investment. The should we go out of our way to make it practically impossible for
reasons of this are obvious. Out of every £ 100 invested in land any man of moderate means to live in his own freehold house in
certain proportion will be paid for the pleasure of being a landed London ? Why should we favour artificially the conversion of a large
proprietor ; and this is a pleasure which a man who wishes to get proportion of the best land in England into parks and preserves for
the highest interest for his money will not be able to afford. As a game ? We could understand such a policy if there were any sort
rule, it will always be more economical and safer to hire land than of danger that the land in this country would be cut up into little
to buy it. A man with £ 1,000 in his pocket will get a far larger bits. Much, no doubt, might be said against peasant proprietors. To
return out of it if he lays it out upon a farm than if he buys a say the very least it is an open question whether such a distribution
small freehold, and he will, upon the whole, be quite as indepen- of the land would be a good thing for the nation at large, but whether
dent in the one position as in the other. If matters go badly with it would be good or bad, there is not the very faintest reason to hope
him as a farmer, no doubt he becomes bankrupt and is sold up ; but or to fear that it will come about, and all the reasons which
if the small freeholder is unfortunate he has first to mortgage and we have mentioned, with many others, may be adduced to show
eventually to sell, and whilst he is paying interest to his mortgagee that it will not. Why, then, should we stimulate a process which
he is practically in no better position than if he were paying rent goes on quite fast enough of itself? Habit and posthumous vanity
to a landlord. Land, too, is by no means satisfactory as an
will always give us at least as many large estates as can possibly
investment in other respects. It is liable to peculiar burdens be required for any purpose whatever, and hardly any one can fail
and difficulties. Bad harvests, bad tenants, the necessity for laying to see that it is very possible to have too many.
out money from time to time in improvements, and the like, are all
so many contingencies from which a man who lends his money on
mortgage or puts it in the funds is comparatively speaking CONCURRENT ENDOWMENT IN THE HOUSE OF
free ; besides which, independently of the peculiarities of the
COMMONS.
law of this country in relation to landed property, there must
always be in the very nature of things much more chance of litiga- IT has been the fashion of late to say that the opponents of
tion and trouble about the ownership of specific property held by concurrent endowment are needlessly stifling their own convictions
title than can attach to property held by possession. Land has and sacrificing to a fancied necessity the real welfare of Ireland.
boundaries and rights of way. It may contain minerals. There If so, the sacrifice has not been offered up by the Liberal party
are questions as to the rights of incoming and outgoing tenants. only. On the theory that the feeling of the country has undergone
When it is let there has to be a lease, which contains covenants , a radical change, which nothing but Mr. GLADSTONE'S obstinacy
and the landlord, or his agent, has to see that they are prevents him from recognizing, how is Mr. DISRAELI'S conduct to
observed. All these matters involve, or may involve, endless be accounted for ? He is bound by no pledges-at least, if he is,
expense and trouble, and may give rise to numberless questions, to they are not pledges against the scheme ; he is not the leader of
all of which a person whose money is invested in stocks or shares a majority which might be broken into fragments if it had
or on mortgage is altogether a stranger. For all these reasons a at the eleventh hour to accustom itself to a new Shibboleth ; he
person who wants to get the largest and most certain income he has nothing to lose by a parliamentary defeat more or less ; he of
can out of a small capital will, as a rule, prefer, at least in this all men is free to form his own estimate of what is going on in the
country, to leave the land alone and to invest his money in other popular mind, and to shape his prophetic steps with a view to
ways. To this extent, therefore , we are inclined to agree with to-morrow rather than to-day. And yet what is the course which
Mr. HOPE in regarding the possession of land in England as being, Mr. DISRAELI has elected to follow ? To " decline supporting under
and as being likely to continue to be, a luxury for the rich. anycircumstances the policy of what is called concurrent endowment."
It is usual to say, in answer to such considerations as these, that He does not object to it on principle- that is a tribute which Mr.
if they were true they ought to apply to the Continent as well as DISRAELI rarely pays to any proposal - but he will have nothing
to England, and that there is no reason in the nature of things why to say to it. Ordinarily speaking, the Conservative leader is not
French or Belgian peasants should be willing to give fancy prices happy in his diagnosis of the country, but on this occasion he has
for the possession of small pieces of land whilst English peasants shown unwonted acumen . The "sympathetic response " which
shou ld not.
The answer to this is that the difference depends Mr. GLADSTONE extracted from the Opposition last Thursday was
upon the habits of the people, and that the really difficult thing to an undesigned testimony to the attitude of the constituencies upon
explain is not the English but the foreign state of mind upon the this question . The Lancashire Conservatives know full well what
subject. If we assume land to be bought and sold like other would have been their fate " had they travelled through the length
things, if the object of the buyer and seller respectively is to get " and breadth of that county with the banner of concurrent endow-
out of their money on the one hand and out of their land on " ment." They know that the suspicion of having sanctioned
the other the greatest possible amount of satisfaction for them- it was the enemy they
found it hardest to stand against,
selves, it is impossible to explain the reasons which induce that their prospects of success were never so hopeful as
a Frenchman or a Belgian to borrow money at four per cent. in when they could shift that suspicion on to the shoulders of
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 6 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23 , 1869.

their opponents. If an Irish Parliament had to deal with the surplus, it would give
Doctrinaire politicians may lament that the
nation has made up its mind on the subject, they may dwell it to the Roman Catholic Church, and the reason why the
with just contempt on the mean and irrational prejudices which Imperial Parliament will not dispose of it in the same way is
have helped so many to this conclusion ; but if they go further simply that English and Scottish Protestantism insists upon
and deny the fact, we can only refer them for enlightenment to governing Ireland after its own fashion. Of course, if Sir ROUNDELL
those whose business it is to buoy out the shifting currents of PALMER chooses to christen an agreement between Catholics and
public thought. If they can produce an election agent of either Protestants not to use a fund which is under the joint control of
party who will recommend them, in the event of any sudden vacancy, both except for purposes upon which they are unanimous by
to contest either borough or county on the cry of concurrent endow- the name of 66 Protestant ascendency," he is
free to do so.
ment, we will consent to review our ground. Against the All that can be said is that this is not the sense in which the words
statement which has been made that if Mr. GLADSTONE " deter- are generally used, and that when this or that evil is attributed to
" mine to accept Lord STANHOPE'S amendment, the Scotch and Protestant ascendency we mean Protestant ascendency in the
" English Radicals will hold their tongues," we set Mr. BRIGHT'S common acceptation of the term, and not in Sir ROUNDELL
assertion that "the power and influence of the present Prime PALMER'S acceptation of it. In the arbitrary signification which he
" Minister would break and shiver like broken glass if he were to thinks fit to attach to the term there must always be " ascendency 1)'
"
propose to endow the Roman Catholic Church." The feeling, be wherever there is not absolute unanimity. Communities are only
it right or wrong, is far more than an insular or a Protestant pre- enabled to live together in peace because they do not insist upon
judice. It partakes of both elements no doubt, but they in turn employing their common property for objects upon the utility
take force and shape from that great wave of opposition to the of which they are not agreed. On Sir ROUNDELL PALMER'S
State endowment of religion which is passing over the whole theory England is at this moment the victim of Roman Catholic
Continent of Europe. To what extent that wave will be felt in ascendency, because the law forbids Protestant guardians to
this country cannot now be determined, but it is pretty safe apply the contributions of Protestant ratepayers to the
to say that for some time to come its influence will go on conversion of Roman Catholic paupers . Protestant ascen-
increasing. dency set up the Established Church in Ireland, and enacted
It is further the fashion to assume that the opponents of con- the penal laws ; but to apply the same opprobrious title to the
current endowment, whether in a more general form or on the desire to appropriate the ecclesiastical revenue of Ireland to objects
narrow issue raised by the particular proposal lately under approved and shared in by the whole Irish people, which has
discussion, have sought refuge in this plea of necessity from dictated the present bill, is simply an abuse of words.
a conscious inability to answer the arguments of its advocates.
We confess that during the week or two for which Lord
STANHOPE'S amendment has been before the world we have not NEW BRONZE IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
been fortunate enough to make acquaintance with this irresistible THE British Museum has been enriched by the purchase of a bronze,
reasoning . We have, it is true, seen it stated over and over found at Foggia, in Southern Italy, which is as remarkable for its beauty
again that certain advantages would result from the gift of glebe as for its almost perfect preservation and unusual size. Its subject is
houses to the Roman Catholic clergy. It is very possible that, a naked boy at play. His little body all life and excitement, he
if the absence of all counteracting conditions could be secured , lifts up two fingers of his left hand, while the outspread right is hidden.
this glowing picture might be realized . Unfortunately this behind his back. The game he is engaged in is that of Mora (tocca), as
admission does not concede much. It would be strange if a played in Italy to this day, the selfsame game which the Romans called
steady and exclusive contemplation of one side of a question Micatio , and which in medieval Germany was popular under the name of
66
did not enable a clever writer or speaker to make out a Fingerlein snellen." It is played in different ways, the most common being
plausible case. that the two partners suddenly and simultaneously open their clenched fists
But granting that the gift of the glebes
and stretch out a certain number of fingers to be guessed and called out at
would make the Roman Catholic clergy more comfortable, once by the adversary. Cheating was made too easy to be resisted by a
and tend to raise their social position, has any one taken rapidity of motion beyond control ; and therefore, to designate an uncom-
the trouble to calculate the effect a State gift might have upon monly honest man, the Romans used to say that you might play at micatio
their relations with their people, and upon their relations with in the dark with him. It even became a kind of divination game, whereby
their bishops Granting, again , that some provisions, which militate things of greater or smaller import, such as human life or the price of
against the appearance of religious equality, have, from over- cattle in the market, were decided. Thus Octavianus, after the battle of
caution or over-kindness, been introduced into the bill by its authors, Actium, ordered two of his bitterest enemies, father and son, to play
how would this disadvantage be remedied by a compromise at micatio for their lives ; whereupon the father voluntarily offered
his neck to the executioner, and the son killed himself. On the
which, while it gives glebe houses to both Churches, supplements
other hand Apronianus, the Roman town-prefect, issued, in 380 A.D. , the
the gift in the case of one with cathedrals and churches as well as
wise decree that animals should henceforth be sold by the weight and not
with such " facilities of commutation " that the clergy, with ordinary
economy, " may be as well off as before ? " The terms that have been by the lifting up of fingers ; " both reason and experience having shown
that the previous mode of purchase was more satisfactory on the whole."
granted to the disestablished Church must be justified, if they are
Though in this new bronze we have but one figure, there seem to be
justified at all, by considerations with which concurrent endowment
traces of another- the partner in the game-once joined to it. Groups
has nothing to do. The State has dealt generously by the Protestants of antique players are indeed of not very rare occurrence. There is Eros
of Ireland because the position in which they find themselves is and Anteros on a well-known vase picture playing at Mora. There is further
mainly the creation of the State. They are the spoiled and way- that most remarkable Etruscan mirror found at Toscanella - now in the
ward children of England, and, though she cannot allow them to Museo Gregorio at Rome-upon which Apollo (Usil , Sol) aided by Themis
retain that character any longer, she is bound to remember that it (Thesan) plays at Mora with Neptune ; probably for Corinth. Nonnus,
is for her own mistaken ends that she has made and kept them who indeed gives the most graphic description of the game, not only
what they are. makes (in the Dionysiaca) Eros and Hymenæos play at it to decide who
In the House of Commons the cause of concurrent endowment was is to have the first squirt of the Kottabos, but in his periphrasis of the
fortunate enough to gain the incidental advocacy of Sir ROUNDELL Gospel of St. John actually makes the Roman warriors play at it for the
PALMER. Or, more accurately, it was the opponents of concurrent garments of Christ. A mutilated copy of a marble group in the Townley
endowment who came in for the largest share of his criticism . He collection shows two boys quarrelling over their astragali or knucklebones ;
began with what to our minds is nothing better than a the monochrom at Naples represents the family of Niobe engaged in the
same pastime, and a Pompeian mural painting makes the children of
quibble. Mr. GLADSTONE, he says, has always maintained that
Jason play at it, while Medea's sword is already pointed at them.
the pledge in the preamble against giving anything to religious
An unsophisticated beholder might be of opinion that this new bronze boy
purposes applies only to the residue of the surplus after answering was a very fine little bronze boy, whose name might be anything from Alpha
all just and equitable claims. Consequently it does not preclude to Omega. But archæology cannot rest satisfied with so unscientific a
it
compensation to Maynooth, and by a parity of reasoning view, and archæology is probably right enough. The group , if group
it does not preclude a gift of glebe houses to the Roman was, most likely did represent two little deities, Cupid and Ganymede to
Catholics provided their claim to them is just and equitable. The wit. The hair of our little object- most magnificent curls, by the way
answer to this is that the claim of Maynooth arises out of the is arranged in a manner peculiar to Cupid in ancient art, but since he has
disestablishment of the Irish Church. As the bill is framed, no wings things absolutely indispensable to a proper Cupid- he must be
Maynooth is worse off by reason of that disestablishment. Ganymede. Our readers will find a fine description in Apollonius
Its claim is a claim to compensation for something taken Rhodius (Argon. iii. , 112 ) of those two divine boys engaged in gambling,
But the claim of the Roman Catholic clergy to Ganymede being cheated right royally by the wily Eros, who in his turn
away.
glebe houses does not arise out of the bill. They are in no is soundly rated for this misbehaviour by his fond mother while she takes
him away, and the same subject may be recognized on a Greek vase in the
respect the worse for what the bill does, and therefore they can
Temple collection. Ganymede is always beguiling his time with boyish
have no title to compensation under it. Sir ROUNDELL PALMER
sports, one of his favourite occupations being the trundling of a hoop
went on to argue with great ingenuity that to refuse to apply Irish
through the Olympian pleasaunces.
funds to the purposes of the religion professed by the great The new bronze is 2 feet 5 inches high- thus exceeding the tallest
majority of Irishmen is as much a concession to Protestant ascen- figure in the bronze room of the British Museum, and altogether one of the
dency as the appropriation of them to the Irish Church. What, he largest hitherto known, and it has escaped with scarcely a bruise. Its age
asked, " is the real obstacle to the adoption of Lord STANHOPE'S is, of course, matter of conjecture, but many indications point to the
" amendment ? It is Protestant ascendency, and nothing else." Macedonian period. It was originally in the possession of M, Piot in Paris,
[ 642 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 7
JULY 23, 1869. ]

AFFAIRS IN NEW ZEALAND. were under the absolute control of the Queen's representative . During
that period not one acre of native land had been purchased by the colonists
THE Correspondence which has passed this year between Governor without the intervention of the Crown. The Taranaki war and the Waikato
Sir G. F. Bowen and the Colonial Office in reference to the Maori troubles war of 1863 " were in a great measure the result of the policy pursued by
must have prepared the Government for events such as that of which the the Imperial governors of the colony." Desolated households and millions
telegraph brought us news last week. Any one who wishes to understand of debts were the proof that the colonists had stood nobly by the Govern-
thoroughly the views entertained by the colonists, and the feeling of the ment. "At length, weary of a struggle which the divided counsels of
natives, can scarcely have a better guide than is to be found in the return on Imperial governors and Imperial generals had rendered equally costly and
New Zealand affairs just laid before Parliament. It carries the history of the inglorious, the Imperial Government announced its determination, unless
colony back to the early part of 1867 , but the correspondence which certain conditions were accepted, to withdraw from New Zealand, and
immediately relates to the present difficulties is comprised within the leave the colonists to their fate. Recent events have shown that fate to be
last 200 pages of the volume. According to the belief of the a hard one."
settlers, the Imperial Government is responsible for the outbreak of a fresh Mr. Firth went on to complain bitterly of the course taken by the
war with the natives. They complain that England has betrayed them, English press in misrepresenting the feelings and actions of the colonists.
that she first sent 10,000 troops to New Zealand and then withdrew them, Systematic injustice was done to them. " The colonists," he wrote, " are
leaving the natives to suppose that, no matter how many atrocities they reminded that the eyes of the empire are upon them. It would greatly
committed, England would never assist the colonists either to inflict retri- help them, my lord, in the coming struggle if they saw anything in the
bution, or to protect themselves against future attacks. The volume con- later phases of Imperial opinion to remind them that the heart of the
tains, in fact, a long series of complaints and appeals on the part of the empire were with them also." A reign of terror and bloodshed was
settlers, and cold replies on the part of the Home Government. The recent hanging over the colony ; murderous attacks would be repaid by bloody
massacre will be regarded in New Zealand as a verification of the predic- reprisals. " In a word, the policy which the Imperial authorities, supported
tions which were uttered when it was known that England had decided on by the English press, are compelling the colonists to adopt is the terrible
the policy of withdrawing her troops. but safe policy of extermination."
In February of the present year Governor Bowen reported that the Lord Granville's answers to these despatches and letters were con-
natives were watching the progress of events, especially with regard to the veyed in what the colonists would necessarily consider an ungracious
removal of the Queen's troops, " with gloomy irresolution ," and that the form. To Governor Sir G. F. Bowen he wrote, " I think it right to
settlers on their parts were making strenuous efforts to arm themselves inform you that her Majesty's Government have no intention of perma-
against the troubles which they saw impending. He had ascertained that nently retaining any imperial troops in New Zealand, still less of increas-
the Fenians had been busily engaged among the Maories, telling them that ing the force there." He recommended the colonists to introduce among
they were a different people from the English and Scotch, and that they the native contingent a large infusion of European officers. " Tribes
hated the Queen, " as was shown by their shooting last year at Sydney the exclusively led by their chiefs cannot be permanently relied upon."
Queen's son." At the same time the governor had to inform the Colonial Lord Granville added (February 26, 1869), " I have only in con-
Secretary of the murder of a Wesleyan missionary and other Europeans at clusion to express the strong confidence of her Majesty's Government
a place about thirty miles from New Plymouth. in the success which will attend the efforts of the colonists when they
On this occasion, as on many others, Sir G. F. Bowen expressed his apply all their energies, as they now appear to be doing, to the work of
regret at the recall of the Queen's troops. He contended that the settlers self- defence."
could not of themselves be expected to keep the Maories in order. A letter On the 21st of May the Colonial Secretary sent another despatch_to
from the chief, Titokowáru, to the officer commanding the forces last. the governor, in which he said, " It is needless to repeat how much her
December, served to show the inflexible spirit which animated the natives. Majesty's Government sympathize with the settlers in their misfortunes.
"We are Maories," wrote the chief, " with New Zealand for our country. But these considerations, however painful, cannot affect the course which
Bethink you ; there has been fixed between you and us a great gulf, even her Majesty's Government believe it desirable to pursue, in the best
the ocean. Why did you not take thought before you crossed over hither? interests of both the mother country and the colony." In acknowledging
We did not cross from hence over to you. Away with you from our country Mr. Firth's letter (June 18, 1869) , Lord Granville again expressed the regret
to your own country in the midst of the ocean." " Those who know the of the Government at the loss of life and destruction of property which had
Maories best," the Governor sent word, " believe that the letter cited taken place, but, he said, " I should not be doing my duty if I led Mr.
above is a warning that the insurgents will make no more peace with Firth to anticipate that her Majesty's Government would be induced to
the colonists." He afterwards showed that the colonists had not the means resume the responsibility of governing the native race, or furnishing
of self-protection. The great majority of them, he said, were emigrants military protection to the settlers. It would be a great injury to
from the labouring classes of England, never having borne arms until they the colonists to lead them to rely on such protection, or to neglect
were enrolled in the colonial militia. The Maories, on the other hand, such means of pacification and self defence as are within their own
were born soldiers, and some of them were trained to great skill reach."
in bush-fighting. Again, the settlers live chiefly along the seashore :- This is the latest despatch printed in the present volume. But on the
" They occupy, as it were, the circumference of a circle, whereas the 3rd of the present month Lord Granville caused a reply to be written to a
Maories are entrenched in the almost impenetrable mountains and letter from Mr. G. M. Waterhouse, warning the Government against with-
forests of the centre, whence they can send forth forays in every drawing the last British regiment from New Zealand. In this reply it is
direction." If the Imperial troops which held charge of some of the stated that the local government had been prepared for years for
towns, and thus left the colonists free to go out into the field against the the recall of the troops, and that it might have made such proposals
natives, were withdrawn, the position of the colony would become critical. as it considered necessary for the good of the colony. This
This view was very forcibly set forth in a letter written by the Rev. Mr. being the case, her Majesty's Government have felt bound to measure
Whiteley, the Wesleyan missionary who had laboured thirty-five years the real importance of the presence of her Majesty's troops, not by the
among the natives, and who was murdered by them in February. The statements which they receive from private informants in this country,
natives, he declared, were convinced that they might carry on their however worthy of credit, but by the deliberate acts of the Government
warfare against the white man unmolested by England. " As we and Legislature, who alone in this respect can effectually represent the
failed to conquer them when we had 10,000 soldiers and all their colonists. Apart from the merits of the policy thus avowed, which we do
big guns in the land, we have now no chance whatever. " They not here discuss, it must be evident that the messages from the Govern-
saw England bearing the burden of an Abyssinian war for the ment now on their way to New Zealand will not tend to allay the fears
relief of less than a hundred Europeans, while in New Zealand there were of the colonists.
thousands of men, women, and children who could no longer obtain the This Bluc-book on the affairs of New Zealand is sufficient of itself to
protection of their mother country. It was true that the New Zealand convince the English public that it is long since good feeling existed
Parliament requested the withdrawal of the troops ; but why ? Because between the colonists and the home Government. There can be little
the colonists were told that they must bear the expense of the war, and doubt that one reason for the disfavour into which Sir George Grey
they hoped that the natives had been led to see the mistake of their had fallen at home was the strong view he took of the duties of the
course. They thought that the departure of the soldiers would be received Imperial Government towards the colony. He held that it had contracted
as an evidence of friendly feeling. But they could not cultivate their responsibilities from which it could not in honour shrink. He wrote home
farms
continuedand go out to fight the Maories at the same time. Mr. Whiteley on one occasion ( 12th of February, 1867 ) —" Great Britain is in a great
:--
degree responsible for the war which has taken place in this country, and
When I visit the out - settlements of our enterprising English families, it is painful especially for the great expenditure which has been incurred by the colony. "
to think how very easily might all the effects of their industry be destroyed, and them- When it is added that Sir George Grey was much opposed to the withdrawal
selves, husbands, wives, children, all tomahawked and devoured, without any one being of British troops from the colony, it will be evident that he was utterly out
the wiser till all was over.
And these are the men who have to pay the war debt of of harmony with the opinions prevailing in England on the subject, and
three millions ! O Britain ! how canst thou be so forgetful of thy far-off children ? the Government naturally looked for some one who would carry out its
But the Lord reigneth . Let this thought check my complaints, and rebuke my policy more willingly.
despondency.
This, however, was no easy undertaking. It was not from Sir George
'Better than my boding fears Grey alone that the Colonial Secretary had to listen to unpalatable
999
To me Thou oft hast proved. ' suggestions. The advisers of the Crown in New Zealand were more
As we have said, this missionary, whose character stood very high in deeply moved by the ill-usage of the settlers than any officer who could
the colony, was murdered with all his family a few weeks after he had be sent out from England. In a long memorandum sent to the Earl
written this letter.
of Carnarvon in April, 1867 , the Ministers pointed out that the colony was
Another letter which further serves to bring out clearly the colonists' still animated by the most loyal sentiments towards the Queen. It had
view was addressed to the Colonial Secretary by Mr. J. C. Firth, a well- shown its anxiety to " help itself " by organizing and maintaining
known and respected merchant of Auckland. The "policy of abandon- a force of 10,000 men, by expending millions in the suppression
ment " upon which he considered England had entered, was certain to bring of insurrection, and by incurring a great debt, and imposing on
ruin to the colony. It was not the fault of the settlers that Maori wars had itself a heavy burden of taxation. The Imperial Government had
broken out. From the foundation ofthe colony down to 1862 native affairs acknowledged these efforts only by depriving the governor of his con-
[ 643 ]
 8 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23, 1869.

stitutional powers, and continually rebuking his advisers. When a new ANECDOTICAL INDUCTION.
governor was appointed in the place of Sir George Grey, the authorities at
home found that he remonstrated as heartily against the Imperial policy as " SIR ROUNDELL PALMER " (So said Mr. Locke King, in the recent
his predecessor. He reported that the loyal natives, as well as the settlers, debate on his Real Estate Intestacy Bill) " observes that hard cases make
were discouraged by the steady withdrawal of all countenance from them bad laws," but he (Mr. Locke King) said that " bad laws make very hard
on the part of the Crown. One party of chiefs called upon him and cases." There is an amount of truth, no doubt, in each of these
addressed him thus :-" It seems to us, the Queen's Maories, that we shall axioms. But the habit into which speakers so readily fall, and in which
be abandoned to the vengance of the Queen's enemies (i.e. the insur- hearers are so easily disposed to acquiesce, of using individual
gents). O governor ! why is this ? Why do not the Queen's soldiers now, instances as arguments on great questions of social economy, leads
as heretofore, help us to fight for the Queen's authority and her laws ? to a great deal of solemn parliamentary trifling. It is this very
O Father ! our hearts are dark, and our eyes are misty ; we do not habit which makes the discussion of general subjects with ladies
understand the mind of the Queen and of her officers." The white at once so entertaining and so provoking. Few women (in this
inhabitants echoed these words. " Many competent judges believe," wrote their unemancipated condition ) can resist the temptation to settle
Governor Sir G. F. Bowen in December, 1868, " that the entire withdrawal some knotty point by a clenching " fact " derived from their own
of the Queen's troops from New Zealand at the present crisis may lead experience. Utilitarian logic, statistical evidence, scientific demonstration,
probably to a general rising of the disaffected natives throughout this all go for nothing against some incident which has occurred in thelady's
island, and possibly to tragedies as dreadful as those of Delhi or her friend's own experience. Who has not received, with due
and Cawnpore." Three months earlier the same Governor endeavoured deference, the assurance of a lady that she " knows that Pall-mall is in her
to disabuse the minds of the authorities at home of the impression way to the Strand, because Mrs. Someone has told her so," in defiance
that the colonists wished to throw all the burden of defending them- of ocular testimony afforded by the map ? Who has not heard her confront
selves upon the Imperial Government. He showed that the people of the doctrine that " more boys are born on the average than girls " by the
New Zealand had, by their efforts to preserve order, incurred taxation counter statement that she has an acquaintance whose family consists of
amounting to £ 2 55. a head on the entire population, native and European one son and five daughters ? And who has not listened to her decisive
-more than double the taxation of the United Kingdom. The Ministers judgment on the whole question concerning married people's property,
at nearly the same period warned the Government that the withdrawal of the founded on the circumstance that she has been told of a man who made away
troops would encourage the disaffected natives to combine for aggression. with his wife's fortune ? But it must be admitted, in justice to the sex, that
The replies to one and all of these remonstrances amounted to an our legislators (particularly on Wednesdays) seem very much disposed to settle
announcement that the authorities at home saw no reason for altering their the kind of general problems which are ventilated, by preference, on that
plans. day by the same anecdotic style of argument. We need only cite a few
Much valuable information is comprised in this volume with reference instances from the very debate to which we have referred , on the Real Estate
to the condition, character, and prospects of the Maories. A year ago Intestacy Bill. Mr. Locke King " knew a clergyman in Staffordshire "
they were estimated to number about 38,517 souls, all save from 1,500 to who had been converted from an adherent to an opponent of primogeniture
2,000 residing in the Northern Island. Twenty years since the native by an incident which occurred in his own parish. A labouring man had
population was estimated at 100,000. The causes of this great decrease purchased a cottage and half an acre of land ; he died intestate, notwithstand-
are traced, not to their intercourse with Europeans, but, in the words of a ing his pastor's advice to make a will ; so his real estate passed to his eldest
former Prime Minister of the colony, to " their utter disregard of all those son, and his other four children were left destitute. Neither the clergyman
social and sanitary conditions which are essential to the continuing vitality nor the M.P. explains how, in their judgment, five children and a widow
of the human race." Dr. Thompson, for many years resident surgeon in were to have lived on the produce of half an acre of land. To us it might
New Zealand to the 58th Regiment, declares that the great majority of the have appeared that dying intestate was about the wisest thing the poor
settlers have acted towards the Maories " in a spirit of Christianity unknown labourer could do. Mr. Buxton was much moved by a similar occurrence
to the Saxon colonists in Ireland, the Norman invaders of England, and in the family of " one of his own gamekeepers." Mr. O. Morgan, however,
the Spanish conquerors of America." happened to remember a far more telling case " of the cruel working of the
The latest form in which native hostility towards the white man has system of primogeniture. A man having a considerable sum of money
manifested itself is known as " Hauhauism." This new sect was first travelled to a solicitor to have it invested in land. Having completed
started by the Southern natives, and one of its chief doctrines is that its the transaction he was unfortunately killed on the return journey,
leaders are invulnerable. Thus a chief named Titokowaru sent an exultant and the property he had just purchased all went to the eldest son, to the
message to his tribe exactly a year ago, saying, " I have eaten the exclusion of the younger children." Such an event- even in Tipperary-
European trooper Smith as a piece of beef. He was cooked in a one would hope to be too exceptional to serve as the foundation of a large
pot. · I shall not die, I shall not die ! when death itself shall be induction. Mr. Leveson Gower, familiar with the ways of that very
dead, I shall be alive." The founder of Hauhauism was a man called topmost class to which he personally belongs, " had known many persons
Te Ua, who was subject to fits of derangement. When Captain Lloyd fell who had been left with colossal fortunes, while their relatives had been
in a skirmish with the natives his head was cut off, and through it the left in a state of penury," that order of penury, we suppose, which
Hauhan god was believed to make his revelations, and issue his commands. necessitates 66the taking of paltry Government appointments. Never-
After passing through various places, the new creed became, as the Civil theless, he was not in favour of the equal distribution of property
Commissioner of Tauranga informs us, " a mixture of Judaism, Chris- among children," which (if he is rightly reported) seems rather an
tianity, and Maori superstition." Every European who falls into the hands illogical conclusion from his own premisses. Mr. Beresford Hope relied91
66 many cases
of " Hauhaus " is murdered and subjected to the most revolting indignities. much on a letter from a Kentish solicitor describing
The fanatics are all rebels, and use the name of religion only as the where small gavelkind properties in Kent had been broken up into
foundation of a political movement. According to the settlers the inconveniently small pieces by reason of the intestacy of their owners. But
character of the Maories has deteriorated during the last few years. then the Solicitor-General, contra, said that " his experience as a revising
They are, says Mr. Cooper, the resident magistrate of Napier, lazy and barrister was that in Somersetshire and Devonshire wills were made in
untruthful ; " morality, as regards intercourse between the sexes , is almost those cases." It is odd that men of such calibre as these should eke
gone from among them ; and drunkenness has within the last three or out their general reasoning with such very small fragments of personal
four years increased to an extent simply awful to contemplate." The only knowledge, when, in point of fact, we have the statistical information
remedy of a political nature for their condition which we find suggested in necessary to guide our judgment on the subject ready at hand. According
this volume is in the action of the native land courts. The judge of one to Mr. J. H. Palmer, "the probates of wills under which property passed
of these courts at Auckland says that by giving natives individual and by testament amounted to £34,500,000, while the amount of intestacies
exclusive property in the soil , they detach them from tribal interests, represented by letters of administration did not yield £ 3,500,000. It
dispose them to support and strengthen the law from which they have was therefore obvious that the practice was in almost all cases for
derived their rights, and put them in the position of men having much wills to be made, and that the number of intestacies was comparatively
to lose and nothing to gain by war. small." Perhaps the facts scarcely warrant so sweeping an inference,
The despatches and other correspondence forwarded by the Governor as relates to the special case of small landowners. Nevertheless, it is at
of New Zealand to the Colonial Secretary abound with terrible stories of all events worth a great deal more in the way of evidence than the
massacre and bloodshed . The Maories seem to have been the aggressors results of the observation of a Kentish solicitor or a Devonshire revising
in nearly every instance. In one case the house of Captain Wilson was barrister. And it points to the very simple conclusion that the sub-
attacked in the night. He fought bravely for his family, but was compelled stitution of partibility for primogeniture in cases of intestacy of real
to succumb to overwhelming odds. The murderers having despatched him, property would work very little alteration in the first instance at
dashed out the brains of Mrs. Wilson's baby, and placed the mangled all events. Whether a change of habits would gradually follow on
head in her arms. She then received several bayonet thrusts, one the change of law, rendering it customary for a testator to divide
of which caused her to faint . Thinking she was dead, the savages his land between his children, is another matter. Probably this is only
left her, and one of her children who had run away and hidden a single element in a great question. Most of those who watch the signs
himself came to her side. The poor woman managed to trace of the times believe that, in spite of some contradictory appearances,
these words on a card : " Could some kind friend come to our help, for society in this country is progressing pretty rapidly on the road to
God's sake ! I am very much wounded, lying at a little house at our place. democracy. If so, the law of partibility will certainly prevail, and is more
My poor son James is with me. Come quick. We have little or no likely to assume in the end a compulsory shape, as in France, where land
clothing, and are in dreadful suffering." The little boy managed to is scarce, than a permissory one, as in America, where land is abundant
get the card conveyed to other settlers, and a detachment of colonial and of comparatively little value. And it may certainly be argued that to
troops was despatched to the spot. They found Mrs. Wilson in an proceed step by step through such minor amendments of the law as that
outhouse, attired only in a chemise, which was saturated with blood suggested by Mr. Locke King may be the means of avoiding friction and
from six bayonet wounds. She appears afterwards to have recovered. violence in the ultimate revolution.
Incidents such as these have been common in New Zealand during the In one minor point of viewwe are inclined to think the measure might have
last few years, and the settlers, deprived, as they believe, of the goodwill some immediate effect, although the matter is too uncertain for dogmatism.
of their countrymen at home, are discouraged to a degree never known It might somewhat raise the terms on which landowners (small ones espe
in their history before, cially) have to borrow money. Intestacyis not a probable event ; nevertheless
[ 644 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 9
JULY 23, 1869. ]

it is one on the chance of which the lender must calculate, unless in cases of abject fanatic and devotee to the Civiltà Cattolica. But will the bishops
settled estates ; and intestacy, with division, and all the possibilities of then tamely acquiesce in what will be asked of them ? Voices will,
legal complication resulting from it, would certainly impair the value of his it is hoped, be raised in protest in the assembly, and then these
security more than intestacy with primogeniture. We rather believe that voices will be sure to awaken others, for liberty of debate cannot be
this is one reason why the rate of mortgage, in parts of France, is so withheld. No doubt liberty of speech is an indispensable prerogative of
usuriously high as common report makes it. But we see no reason for any council not a sham ; but to those who reckon on the warrant of sacred
regarding this result (if at all likely to happen) as injurious to right to secure them against despotic encroachments by a Holy Father, we
the community. On the contrary, every change which should render would recount a little fact that happened in 1854. There was then also a
the disposal of land by sale easier, and its disposal by way of mortgage question of promulgating a dogma very dear to the heart of its promoters,
more difficult, would apparently be so far beneficial." The more land and the bishops had been worked assiduously as now, until they
becomes an easily marketable commodity, the better for those whose object. were all as soft as butter. There was then also a so-called deliberative
is to render it available for the production of wealth. Partibility (if it assembly professing gravely and conscientiously to discuss pros and cons,
became at all common) would tend to both results ; small properties must the conclusion being all the while foregone. And, moreover, there was
often come into the market, and it would be somewhat more expensive to then in Rome one Abbé Laborde who was innocent enough to believe
incumber them. words were meant to be taken at their sense, and accordingly begged
to be allowed to state, not at all his dissent from, but merely the
grounds on which he desired further argument in behalf of, the proposed
THE ECUMENICAL COUNCIL. dogma. Abbé Laborde received the following reply. He was then and
there taken neck and crop and forcibly expelled from Rome.
MR. STAPLETON, in putting a question to the Under-Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs about the Ecumenical Council, got on the scent
of an interesting subject, but like a bad hound, his running was
the wrong track. The Pope in his capacity of spiritual head of his THE GOVERNMENT AND THEIR CATTLE BILL
Church is a being in no relation, and incapable of coming into any con-
ceivable relation, with our Foreign Office so long as England remains THERE is no doubt great confusion of thought and of principle in the
what she is. In his other capacity as temporal sovereign of a particular minds of many of those who are now striving to get the Cattle Bill through
territory he does necessarily come within the category of political facts, Parliament in something like a working shape. Those who are quite con-
with which, however excessive our Protestantism may be, it is yet versant with one branch of cattle traffic or management are often ignorant
impossible for us not to be brought into contact under given political com- of every other, and propose things consequently incompatible with actual
plications. But it is as preposterous to address to the Foreign Office an conditions. Those who know all about it are not always quite upright in
inquiry for information in regard to proceedings connected with the council their conduct, and purposely darken knowledge for their own ends. Gentle-
convoked by Pius IX. on the ground that, Rome being in foreign parts, men who are acquainted theoretically with the whole system are at sea in
everything Roman must fall within Lord Clarendon's attributes, as it would practice. Some farmer or drover makes a statement as to the habits, tastes,
have been to assume it to be part of the Home Secretary's duties to and customs of cattle, which is found to be perfectly true, and immediately
supervise the proceedings of the Wesleyan Congress. disarranges everything, because the nature and ways of beasts are not
Nevertheless, though no light can be thrown from Downing-street, it easily changed, and there is not time to educate the animals en voyage.
would be well to get it thrown from other quarters on the point somewhat Sometimes orders are issued to the inspectors or the railway people
nebulously raised by Mr. Stapleton, for it is one sufficiently important to be which, as any station master or porter could have told, cannot be exe-
worthy of serious attention, and it is to Mr. Stapleton's credit to have been cuted ; so that in 1866 we find Mr. Seymour Clarke, superintendent
at all awake to it. He has heard it rumoured that the Bavarian Premier, of traffic for the Great Northern , stating, " Some of the orders
Prince Hohenlohe, has taken certain steps towards combined action on have been so framed, not by the Board of Trade, but by the
the part of the German Governments in reference to the council, and is higher authorities, that they have been impossible to carry out. "
anxious to learn what has been done in the matter. Had the honourable Questioned further, he said he was alluding to the Privy Council.
member pursued his inquiries at first hand, he might have satisfied his Now it is not expected of the members of either body that they
curiosity, for in the German press the whole matter has been amply dis- should learn practically the difficulty of loading or unloading cattle
cussed and thoroughly laid bare. The Bavarian Government, though tradi- trucks, or should know precisely what cattle will do or suffer under certain
tionally Catholic, counts no small number of Protestant subjects, and is now given circumstances, but they have exceptional facilities in acquiring
accurate information of all kinds. Then there is another element of
essentially based on mixed principles in its regulation of religious denomi-
nations. At the same time, the connection of Church and State is still so difficulty, and a fertile source of hesitation and compromise, in the great
far maintained that the Catholic Establishment is the one recognized clashing of opposing interests. There are the Jew cattle jobbers and their
as the official representative of religion. But, like all civil powers brethren, the Whitechapel butchers, noisy and compact in their opposition.
in the same condition , the Bavarian Government has also had many For these persons we feel very little sympathy. The latter have invariably
a tussle with the Ultramontane element in its efforts at even- combined to fleece the public whenever they have had an opportunity, and the
handed legislation between denominations. Being thus wedged in between former have within the last five months sent over knowingly some hundreds
of animals diseased either with small-pox or other maladies. Then there
a bigoted Romanist element, strong in traditions, aristocratic connections,
and influential occupation of high seats, and a very important Protestant are the farmers and the various railway companies whose interests merit
population in the northern districts, Prince Hohenlohe, like an intelligent impartial consideration. Within the last half-dozen years the agriculturists
politician, has been alive to the danger that would result if this intolerant have become much more intelligent and reasonable ; in place of asking for
and fanatically reactionary faction were to derive additional authority in protection from competition they ask for protection from contagion, and
the State from any decrees that might be voted by the council. Under their demands in this respect are strictly equitable. As for the railway
these circumstances, he bethought himself of conferring with other interest, the managers and under officers of railways generally display a
German Cabinets on the subject. He has also suggested the expediency most creditable readiness to give information and adopt improvements, but
of taking the opinion of the theological faculties in the Catholic the companies themselves are averse from making any alteration either in
universities of Munich and Wurzburg on the consequences that must lowering their rates, affording new facilities, constructing better carriages,
follow from the relations between Church and State, especially in regard or anything, in fact, which would involve outlay. In this direction they
to the religious education of the people, in the event of the Pope's will never do anything beyond what they are legally compelled to do.
infallibility and the syllabus being dogmatically promulgated . Now this Under these circumstances we must say we have very little faith in
proposed step of an appeal to the conscience and enlightenment of the the efficacy of permissive legislation. If any two or three of the
most eminent Roman Catholic theological faculties on the part of the parties concerned tacitly agree among themselves to disregard the per-
Roman Catholic Premier (himself brother to a cardinal) of an ancient missive law, it will become practically a dead letter, and we cannot help
Roman Catholic State for guidance against the anticipated adoption of a seeing that this will almost always be so with regard to the provisions
particular line of action by the Court of Rome in coalition with an in the present bill for watering and feeding cattle when travelling by
assembly of prelates, this proposed step of which Mr. Stapleton seems quite rail. At present a great many cattle from the north are placed
unconscious, is something of far graver import than any merely diplomatic in the trucks on the Thursday and there remain until Saturday,
communication to Austria such as he asked about. from thirty-six to forty hours, without food or water. They become so
It is difficult to assume that a man of Prince Hohenlohe's anything fevered, terrified, and heated that they lose a stone a day in weight ; they
but hasty temper would have thought of such a step unless he were in are knocked about, bruised, and exposed to snow, rain, cold, or a burning
possession of clear proof that it was seriously intended in Rome to sun, as the case may be ; they are greatly crowded, and this is because the
attempt the enactment of such extreme resolutions. According to the companies charge per truck load instead of per head, consequently the
best information there is every reason to believe that such an intention owner crams the truck as full as possible. To meet this Government
is firmly entertained, and that preparations for its execution are now proposes to appoint, through the Privy Council, certain stations where hay
being made. Some years ago the Episcopate received instructions to and water are to be kept in store by railway companies, the same
hold provincial synods, and to forward to Rome their deliberations. The to be supplied on the written request of the consignor of any
congregation appointed for their revision printed them, and they have been animal carried, or on the request of any person in charge of such
found after passing through this editing to express, all with astounding con- animal, the cost of such food to be charged against the consignor.
currence, a wish for the dogma of papal infallibility. No doubt the greatest The companies are to be liable to penalties if the food is not provided
Secrecy surrounds the proceedings of the select junto entrusted with the and supplied, and the consignor and attendant are liable to the same " if in
task of drawing up the propositions to be submitted to the council, its mem- the case of any animal such a request as aforesaid is not made so that the
bers being under the oath of the Holy Office, so that the penalty of excom- animal remains without a supply of water for thirty consecutive hours." It
munication would attach to the slightest breach of confidence. Still there will be observed that this clause is obscurely worded, water only
is a prevailing opinion that this select body has elaborated certain distinct and not food is mentioned, and it might be construed that the
and important formulas, which it is intended to submit to the bishops penalties only apply in cases where water has been withheld. But
at once, and to get voted by acclamation. Anyhow, one thing is positive-- according to Mr. Seymour Clarke's evidence, " cattle are in most
namely, that the sub-section dealing with politico-religious questions is instances unaccompanied by persons in charge " (there is no prc-
under the presidency of Cardinal Reisach, than whom there is no more vision for this in the bill), " therefore the feeding and watering

[ 645 ]
 10 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23, 1869.

would devolve upon the servants of the several railway companies." The The additional clause to the (Contagious Disease) Cattle Bill by which
cattle will not feed or drink in their trucks, and would have to be unloaded. Mr. Forster proposes to ensure animals imported to British ports proper
This would involve considerable delay, expense, risk of injury, of mixing treatment in transit, and to protect them from unnecessary suffering
or mismatching the cattle, they being known to the railway servant only during the passage and in landing, cannot do harm and may do much
by the number of their trucks. There are now no places along the lines good. With certain exceptions cattle are on the whole better tended,
where this operation of feeding and watering could be performed ; fed, and looked after at sea than on the railway. That this should be
the cattle could not be unloaded in the stations, and on junctions the case is owing to more causes than one. Sometimes, and almost
where there might be side lines for shunting purposes the cattle would, always from Oporto and in the trade generally from Spain and
without an attendant, be in danger of straying on the lines. We cannot Portugal, the owners of the cattle are likewise proprietors of the
say that the bill really provides for these difficulties. The Government boats ; it is their object that the beasts should not suffer deterioration
do not ask for power themselves to order railway companies to feed and or injury, and the supervision of their servants is very assiduous
water cattle, but only that this power may be placed in the hands of any and effectual ; moreover, cattle are paid for per head and not per
poor and uneducated drover who happens to be in charge. Supposing, cargo. And this seems to be everywhere the custom ; the owners conse-
as is commonly the case, there is no attendant. What then ? Are the quently do not try to overload, and the captain has full discretion to refuse
railway servants to load and unload the animals ? And, in this case, if the more when his boat is sufficiently laden. This point deserves consideration,
latter sustain hurt or injury, will not the company be responsible ? If so, as it is a decidedly superior system to that pursued by the railway com-
it is obvious that consignors who send no attendants will be more advan- panies in England. Then the vessels are mostly fitted up specially for
tageously placed than those who do send them. Supposing the consignor traffic with divisions to contain four or six animals, and
this traffic
sends no attendant, but simply a written request that his cattle may be duly space for attendants to feed them. The ventilation is quite good
fed and watered, and the railway servants neglect to do it, the company will enough at sea, but when the vessels get into the rivers, as Thames,
be liable to penalties. But who will know of the offence -who can prove Tyne, and Severn, and are obliged to wait for a certain time of the tide, the
it? Can any inspector, by looking at a beast, tell whether it has current of air ceases, and the cattle suffer greatly. All practical men
been watered on the road or no ? Who is to prosecute ? Not the agree in recommending that wharves or piers should be erected, so that the
company ; not the servants of the company. Not the owner, cattle might be landed irrespective of the tide. Even on deck there is
for he will be ignorant of the omission. Again, if the attendant commonly some kind of shelter, and as a rule they are not overcrowded ;
does not ask for water during a journey of thirty consecutive hours, then, for ifthis is done, especially in the hold, the animals get trampled on and
and then only, is he liable to penalties. But who is to inform against him ? die, and the inconvenience and difficulty of hoisting them on deck to pitch
The company would not prosecute its own customers, and the cattle overboard is very considerable, besides which there is a loss in freight.
cannot speak. In fact, there is no one whose interest it will be to enforce For an animal with a broken leg half freight is paid ; for one diseased, full
the Act. The object, of course, in making it optional is to throw upon freight ; but nothing is paid except for what is delivered.
the owner any loss or injury which may be sustained in the operation of Hull, Harwich, London, Newcastle, Leith, Liverpool, and Granton are
loading, &c. , and the latter will certainly prefer that his cattle should suffer the chief ports for foreign cattle. The Irish are shipped to Glasgow,
thirst than that he should have to pay extra in trouble and money, with Bristol, Liverpool, Morecambe Bay, &c. The time of transit is less
great risk of injury and certainty of delay, when he finds it can be done than that usually taken in a journey by rail. From Rotterdam or
with impunity. As we pointed out before, the two parties will combine, Antwerp to Harwich the voyage is from 9 to 11 hours, doing it comfortably,
and the permissive law will be a dead letter. Again, with regard to the from quay to quay ; Hamburg or Tonning to London, 40 hours ;
delay, if the train is detained for some hours in order that six or eight Rotterdam and Antwerp ditto, 20 ; Boulogne, 9 ; Ostend, 11. As
truckloads of cattle having to travel for thirty hours may be taken out and regards Ireland, Cork to Liverpool, 24 to 28 hours ; Limerick ditto, 48 ;
watered, all the other cattle which may have come shorter distances must Dublin ditto, 12 ; and no food or water is supplied. The cattle
likewise be detained. Then it is urged, and, we think, with truth, that the coming from Oporto, a journey of about four days, seem to arrive in the
cattle will suffer greatly from the impatience and brutality of the servants. best condition of any, and the Irish in the worst ; but the former are shipped
or attendants when they are taken out and driven back to the trucks, at all in large vessels, some of 2,000 tons, and 300 feet in length. Each
times a tedious and difficult operation. This might be an argument for animal is either slung or furnished with shifting boards, and they are
letting things remain as they are, or for finding ways for watering and regularly supplied with compressed food and water. They are almost
feeding in the trucks ; but it does not bear on the clause we are discussing, invariably healthy, but often contract foot-and-mouth disease after standing
except as showing that it is well to make it inoperative, inasmuch as it is in infected lairs in Liverpool. When animals do undergo much suffering, it
on the whole inexpedient rather than otherwise to enforce it at all. is mainly owing to the brutality of the drovers and overcrowding on board.
It was stated before the Committee of 1866 that on the Continent This is particularly the case with Irish cattle, and in respect of over-
the animals are watered while travelling without unloading. If English crowding, disease, and dirt, the cattle shipped from Bremen had a bad
cattle will not eat or drink in their trucks, of course there is an end of pre- eminence. The Irish beasts are accused of many sins ; they are wild,
the matter, only as they are so crowded that no attendant can gain restive, obstinate, and very spiteful, so that to drive or load them takes
admittance to offer water, we do not consider the fact proved. A witness twice as much care and time as it would do for others. Possibly as a
being asked whether water troughs could not be fixed in the trucks, says, punishment, they are turned loose in the hold to fight it out among them-
" It would be useless, as the oscillation of the train would spill the water.' selves (according to report of Committee, vide p. 28 and elsewhere), and
But steamboats rock more than trains do, and both men and animals are are neither fed nor watered whether for long or short journeys. The
supplied with water on board. The "simple pail "-offered, we presume, drovers force them on board by striking them with heavy sticks ; the flesh
by a drover " simple " enough to go into a truck crammed with overheated is in consequence so bruised that the loss is £3 to £4 on each animal, for
irritated oxen-" would , he thinks, be the plan, though he also believes the best customers will not buy the meat.
not one in twenty would drink ;" but another witness, Mr. Mosely, The Scotch cattle arrive from Wigton, Galloway, &c. , and the Orkneys
admitted that " that would greatly depend on how long they had been in fair condition ; the German, Dutch, and Danish cattle are chiefly shipped
thirsty," and we also are of that opinion. from the ports of Tonning, Hamburg, Gestemunde, Rotterdam, Antwerp,
If the clause passes, the companies cannot avoid considerable expense. and Bremen ; and though they are more often diseased than any others
They will have to keep store of food and fresh water, to construct imported, they are pretty well fed and treated. Occasionally there is
buildings to contain it, and to provide suitable places for unloading and overcrowding, especially in the Bremen vessels, which are said to be dirty
feeding. It is for them to consider whether it would not be cheaper, wiser, and ill-ventilated. With regard to Bremen cattle also, and the cruel
and less troublesome to provide at once proper trucks which should give usage they received, there were facts put in evidence some years ago
not only shade and shelter, but a sufficiency of room for the animals to be which are too disgusting and abominable to detail (vide p. 91 of
tied up to troughs fixed all round, in which water and hay might be evidence before Select Committee in 1866). On the whole, the
placed. They should then charge for carriage per head, instead of inspectors would like to have each vessel licensed to carry a
per truck, and obtain powers to add the price of provender to certain number, and that boats where the cattle were overcrowded,
the ticket wherever the latter was issued for a long journey. But starved, or diseased should be turned back, and this would perhaps
will they ever do anything so intelligent and enterprising ? " I should say be the most satisfactory way of dealing with foreigners. The majority
it is possible to give cattle water in the trucks, and I know it has of jobbers and salesmen are naturally of a different opinion. Cattle
not been done because the pressure has not been put upon railway coming by sea have this further advantage over those travelling by rail,
companies to do it," is the testimony of the traffic manager of the that the steamers start at the hour advertised, but the cattle trains
Great Eastern Railway. The conclusions we draw are these. The trucks are often detained many hours, because they have to be delayed or
in use are primitive in construction and unfit for the carriage of live stock. shunted for the passenger traffic, and it would also appear that when
They ought to afford shade, shelter, and be fitted with appliances for the new vessels are built for the purpose they are generally of an improved
supply of water and food. There should be a sufficiency of standing room, kind, whereas the railway trucks are as barbarous in construction as
and the animals should be carried at so much per head instead of per ever.
truck. Finally, the company or owner should be required to certify that It would, then, seem on the whole desirable that with regard to the
the cattle had been attended to, and the expense for food and water should Scotch and Irish traders, over whom we have control, we should license
be paid beforehand whenever a ticket is issued for a journey of thirty each boat to carry a certain number and no more ; that food and water
hours , or, as we should prefer, for twenty hours. Cattle drink more should be given to the cattle, and the inspectors directed to restrain the
frequently than human beings, and to be deprived in hot weather of brutality of the drovers and railway servants. And with respect to the
fluids for twelve hours would be a severe punishment on any man. foreign shippers, over whom we have no control, where in any boat there
To inflict it wilfully and unnecessarily on animals is quite unworthy was overcrowding, or obvious ill-treatment, dirt, &c. , or where a certain
of a people who provide drinking-troughs and homes for homeless proportion of the animals were found to be diseased, the inspectors should
dogs. Besides, as we afterwards eat the cattle, mere self-interest be empowered to send them back whence they came. Ifthis regulation
should dictate greater care of them in transit. We hope the Govern- were strictly and resolutely attended to, it would be an effectual way
ment will be firm enough in this matter to rely upon the humanity and of cutting short the present system pursued by certain Dutch and
good feeling of the country and of the independent members as German jobbers, by which they turn our shores first into a hospital,
against the system of intimidation exercised in the House by the railway secondly into a slaughter field, and lastly into a cemetery for their diseased
interest. meat,
[ 646 ]
 JULY 23, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. II

RAILWAY CASUALTIES IN 1868. 271,390,000 ; the mean annual deaths, 34 % , or one death to about every
8,000,000 passengers ; the mean annual number of injured was 761 , or
THE Complete official tale of casualties to human life and limb on all the one to every 356,000 passengers who started. Train accidents are not
railways of the United Kingdom during the twelve months ended with inclusive of those deaths which happen to passengers from too tardily
December last is 212 killed and 600 injured. But among the killed entering or too hastily leaving a carriage in motion - causes fatal to no less
8 suicides are counted, for which the railways cannot be deemed responsible than twelve persons during the year. This is the recorded number, but
-unless, indeed, the 8 unfortunates were shareholders. Making this in reality it must be very much higher.
deduction we have 204 deaths. This, however, is under the mark, but Train accidents are summarized in the official paper under some twenty
how much under the return of the Board of Trade offers no means different heads, according to the circumstances under which each casualty
of estimating ; it tells us only that the statement of " accidents to happened ; but no discrimination is made between ordinary and extraor-
servants of companies or of contractors cannot be looked upon as dinary trains-yet surely this is a distinction to be kept in view when
complete, as many railway companies (not being required by law) railway chances are to be estimated. Some years ago, Dr. Lardner laid it
do not report to the Board of Trade every accident which may have down as a rule for the guidance of travellers that " special trains, excursion
occurred to this class of persons." Nearly all the recorded injuries and trains, and all other exceptional trains on railways are to be avoided, being
about two-thirds of the recorded deaths fall under, with reference to the more unsafe than the ordinary and regular trains." It is quite within the
sufferers, two broad and opposite categories- (a) accidents from causes power and ought to be within the province of the Board of Trade to let
over which the sufferers had no control ; and (b) accidents from causes the public know whether more recent facts weaken or strengthen the
originating in the misconduct or carelessness of the sufferers. The other warning which Lardner gave fourteen or fifteen years since.
deaths, about one-third of the whole, are classed without specific regard to
these conditions.
Taken synoptically, the results of all the reported casualties may be thus MEN OF THE SECOND EMPIRE.
tabulated :-- THE LAST. THE JOURNALIST.
Reported Accidents on the Railways of Great Britain and Ireland during the AND last though not least amongst the men of the Second Empire comes
Year 1868.
our lively friend the journalist, who turn by turn laughs at them all.
With him there is no respect of persons. The senator, the prelate,
Corresponding Totals the field-marshal, the Imperialist deputy, the Opposition deputy,
No. No. in 1857.
of Killed. of Injured. are all one in his eyes. He looks upon them as figures raised
Killed. Injured. aloft by Providence for him to fire shots at. Friend or foe, reac-
a. Causes beyond the control of the sufferers :— tionary or liberal, it scarcely matters a rush ; they are people
65

Passengers .... 40 519 19 689 in power, that is enough. The mission of a journalist is to shoot,
ཙ་

that of men in office is to be shot at. As to the writers who

ཅི

Servants of companies or of contractors... 19 47 15 62

stand up as a body guard and try to protect the great against the shots of
Total of unavoidable casualties as regards}
sufferers 59 566 34 751 the press, they are not to be counted as journalists. Their sharp-shooting
colleagues repudiate them. A writer who defends the Government- no
b. Causes originating in the misconduct or want matter what the Government is -stands labelled as a " functionary ".
of caution of sufferers :- His friends of the press shrug their
a man whose opinions are bought.
68
258

Passengers 22 17
shoulders at his name, and the public, an intelligent public, do likewise.
∞
%
8

Servants of companies or of contractors ... 64 18 90 28

In talking of a French journalist, therefore, it must always be understood
Total of avoidable casualties as regards 86 that the journalist proper belongs to the Opposition. He may be a Radical
2551

sufferers 24 107 36
if he likes, or he may be a Legitimist, an Orleanist, or a moderate
Republican ; but he must not be a Bonapartist. If he have any lurking
44 × 4

Sufferers by level crossings 14 3 10

Trespassers 41 4 51 sympathies for the Imperial dynasty, he must studiously repress them
Suicides 8 6 until either the Napoleons die out or be dethroned. If he chooses
Miscellaneous.. 3 I I then to advocate their cause, and say that never were sovereigns more
Total not classed with reference to control- } enlightened or more just, he will find six-tenths of the public to agree
67 ΙΟ 68 8 with him.
lable or uncontrollable causes
There are people who are always in office and others always out of it.
Grand total ........... 212 600 209 795 Certain individuals have the buoyancy of cork, and whatever be the changes
of the sea, are sure to keep floating on the surface. One day you see a man
Of the year's aggregate of casualties (deaths and injuries) three-fourths were
holding a post of trust under the Bourbon monarchy. Masses are the order
unavoidable as far as the sufferers themselves were concerned. Only one-
of the day, and he goes to mass. But on the morrow, without previous warning
eighth ( eighty-six deaths and twenty-four injuries ) is ascribed to what -crack -down falls the Bourbon throne ; a torrent sweeps over it, carrying
may be termed causes controllable by the sufferers. More trespassers ,
it will be seen, were killed than passengers classed under 66 causes away altars and nobility, divine right and hereditary peerages. Alas for
our poor friend in the post of trust ! The whole fury of the storm must
beyond the control of the sufferers ; " indeed , fully 20 66
per cent. of the have burst upon his head . And you expect to hear of him next, dating his
deaths arose from trespassing on the permanent way. 'Trespasser run letters from Holyrood or Goritz. But no ; as soon as the wind has been
over and killed " constantly catches the eye as it runs down the list of lulled there he sits as before. Masses have gone out of fashion , and the
accidents. Level crossings, which in the early days of railroads were not
cry now is for tradesmen legislators and an army of Gardes Nationaux. The
sanctioned by Parliament, are very fatal in their consequences, especially to
children. Such records as the following are constantly recurring :- "A change suits him perfectly. Instead of receiving priests he receives retired
cheesemongers who have been elected deputies ; and, instead of dreaming
little girl struck by a train and killed at an occupation level crossing at
Cefn station." " Child three years old run over and killed whilst playing of marrying his daughter to a dashing marquis of the Gardes Royales,
he looks out for a bridegroom amongst the opulent tallow- chandlers who
on the line near Hendrefooyan." " A child run over at an occupation hold commissions in the milice-bourgeoise. All this lasts for a few years
level crossing between Twickenham and Teddington stations." This child more, when there is another crack, another burst of wind, and another
was not killed on the spot-only had one leg cut off. " Boy run over and torrent which sweeps down everything that had been left standing before.
killed at a foot level crossing near Twickenham." "A little girl run over
This time you make up your mind that it is all up, not only with the friend,
and killed at a public carriage road level crossing near Brockenhurst but with the post of trust. You are quite prepared to learn that the two
station ."
have come to grief together, the former defending the latter ; and
The next victim, we suppose, from the wording of the report, will be if you are a man of feeling you heave a sigh. However, you are
classed with the " trespassers . " The accident occurred on the South soon consoled ; for, both after this storm and the one or two others
Eastern line. " Child run over and killed whilst trespassing (playing on that follow it, your friend remains exactly where he stood at first ;
the line) at a level crossing near Cuxton Station." so that you end by adopting the conclusion that Providence has
The extracts just given relate to English or Welsh lines. No similar given him one of those waterproof natures which may defy the malice
casualties to children are reported from Scotland, but from Ireland there is of showers. On the other hand, there are men whom their destiny places
one " a child six years old run over and killed at a private level crossing once and for all in the Opposition . Like people who array themselves in
between Monaghan and Glasslough. " The price in human life, to save secondhand clothes, they always seem to pick up the opinions that others
railway companies the cost of continuing the ordinary highways by means have discarded. Under the Bourbons they are Bonapartists ; under the
of bridges over their lines, was this year fourteen men, women, and children Orleans dynasty, Legitimists ; during the Republic they become Royalists ;
slaughtered on the spot. Of the passengers who lost their lives last year and under the Second Empire, Republicans. Always popular for their
by train accidents," thirty-one perished by the horrible Abergele cata- pluck, they talk naïvely of what they have suffered for the cause of
strophe. Notwithstanding a considerable variation as between 1867 and progress. Every succeeding Government has locked them up a few times,
1868 in the mortality of the three sections into which our synopsis is and after each term of imprisonment they have come out more con
divided, it is curious, on leaving out the suicides, to find how close the vinced than ever that the only form of government compatible with
totals civilization is that which is being proscribed. Charming fellows, gay,
la tter yeapproximate
ar.
- 203 deaths in the earlier and 204 deaths in the
clever, and witty ; they pass half their time in raising their friends
Naturally, the public is most concerned to ascertain the circumstances to power and the other half in pulling them down again. Some-
of train accidents - casualties to the trains when in actual transit. To times it happens that one of them, endowed with a measure of talent
passenger and to goods trains 101 separate accidents are returned for the bordering upon genius, gets caught by the Government, and almost
forced into office. But he soon grows melancholy in his new post. The
year ; 43 were collisions, causing 37 deaths of passengers and more or less
temptation to laugh at his colleagues leaves him no peace. When he
injuring 382 others. Trains getting off the rails killed 2 and injured 27
passengers. What is the chance of death or of injury to passengers from finds himself in a gold-laced coat with a bit of red ribbon on his breast,
train accidents ? The mean annual number of passengers using the rail- he groans like the small boy who wanted to go and make mud pies with
roads of the United Kingdom during the three years ended with 1867 was his playmates, but was prevented because he had got his best clothes on,
[ 647 ]
 12 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23, 1869.

Existence loses its sweets, and he is generally never so happy as It commences with lamentation over the heat of the weather, goes on to
when some lucky blunder he has committed allows him to return to talk of the Franco- Belgian question, and winds up with a regret that straw.
his desk, to his boulevard, and to his beloved opposition. It was berries should cost a penny the pottle more than last year. When Armand
one of these delightful spirits, professing Republican ideas, who, on de Beaupré is at a loss for a subject he tells his readers how he amuses
being told that if a revolution happened there would certainly be a himself of an evening, where he lives, who are his friends, and what sort
republic, answered in alarm-" God forbid ! for I should have to be a of faces his neighbours pull when he inaugurates a convivial dance
Ministerialist." towards the small hours of the night. Sometimes Armand arrives at the
There is an exquisite paper in Paris known as the Feuille de Choux. It office of his paper in a state of excitement verging on fury. He
is more popular than all the others, having a circulation of 50,000 — that is, has been overcharged by a cabman, dunned by his tailor, or misfitted
more than double that of any other fifteen-centime journal. All its con- by his shoemaker. Down he sits with his eye flaming, and writes an article
tributors belong to the order of mortals alluded to above ; they are Oppo- in three columns, which is intended to strike horror into the soul of the
sitionists. Certainly it would be difficult to find a set of more pleasant cabman, the tailor, or the shoemaker. The editor nods approvingly at the
companions, for they have always got something to say and are always article. Perhaps he would rather have had something else, but he knows
laughing. The only thing they would be puzzled to tell one is their opinions. his French public, and is quite aware that an article directed against a
Theyhave wit and imagination enough to set a city floating ; but in the matter bootmaker, and recounting the trials of a journalist, will always please
of settled convictions their whole joint-stock would not fill an egg-cup. Their them better than a paper on the differential calculus or the inter-
editor is one of those amiable geniuses who arise once or so in the course national monetary commission. Perhaps the shoemaker replies, and
denies that the boots were too tight. In this case the editor and
of every generation to sway and amuse society. One day it occurred to
him that the usually accepted method of conducting a newspaper was a proprietor of the Feuille de Choux are all drawn into the quarrel
wrong one. He accordingly started a journal after his own heart, every together. The letter is inserted (for French law obliges an editor
contributor having a right to broach what ideas he pleased, and to sail to insert the " rectification " of any individual alluded to in his columns) ;
under his own colours. Out of the highways and byways of literature he but the bootmaker is denounced in an editorial note to the indignation
got together the best staff of writers that love or money could find. They of the public, and the affair generally ends either in a duel- French boot-
were all of different parties, but that was of no consequence. Each ofthem makers fight duels— or in an action for damages. Tout cela à cause de
was pledged to attack the Government, and whether he did it with blue or red bottes !
ink was a point which the editor thought perfectly immaterial. Of course, It would be too long to enter into a recapitulation of all the subjects
it was to be expected that in a journal constituted under such circum- which the fertile genius of M. Armand de Beaupré develops for the
stances, each writer having a column or two to disport himself in as he instruction of his readers ; but it may be worth while observing that this
listed, the members of the staff would occasionally come to loggerheads merry, amiable, and somewhat insignificant writer forms part of a class who
with each other, and exchange shots between them, instead of combining have gradually weaned away Frenchmen from serious journalism and
together to fire at the Government ; but this again was a trifle. The taught them to look at the press as something founded merely for
editor was aware that the sight of two journalists abusing each the amusement of mankind, and not in any way for their instruction
other from adjoining columns of the same paper would be sure to or their moral improvement. To be sure, M. Armand de Beaupré
entertain the public, and might in times of dulness prove a godsend. calls his profession un sacerdoce; and frequently tells his readers
From a commercial point of view, the more of such episodes there were that he has given up a noble and lucrative career (read £80 per
the better ; the combatants could always be reconciled when things had annum), to devote himself wholly to instructing them. Half his
gone far enough. readers believe him, the other half do not. But this fact remains, that
It was my good fortune to know one of the principal contributors to nine-tenths of those who think him a genius or who hold him simply to be
the Feuille de Choux, a man of note on the boulevards, and one upon whom an agreeable chatty fellow, accept his views upon things as current money,
the Feuille de Choux was dependent for half its success. His name was quote him as an authority, and join with him when he takes to laughing
Armand de Beaupré—that is, his real name was Gipon, but as Gipon is not at either Church or State.
a name which any man who respects himself can sign to an article, he had Both M. Armand de Beaupré and his readers thus jog along life
adopted the name of Beaupré as being more euphonious and better-looking. pleasantly side by side, typifying between them in a tolerably accurate
There is a great deal in a name-much more than Shakspeare thought. manner French society of the present day. The serious men in France
Since the passing of the law of MM. Tinguy and Laboulie, which obliges are more than ever now the exception . Thackeray used to say that French-
French journalists to put a signature to their articles, French editors havemade men were all drunk together ; that it was the air of their country that made
nomenclature a study, and in some instances have soared to fantastic them so. This is going too far ; Frenchmen are not drunk, they are only
heights in the art of amending patronymics. M. Arsène Houssaye, the merry. But they are merry in season and out of it. Grown sceptic as to
editor of the Artiste, is well known for his prowesses in this respect. the possibility of a good Government- thanks to the repeated deceptions—
One day Henri Murger, the novelist, presented himself to ask for they scarcely have any real love for liberty. What they like is to rail, and
employment. " Yes," said M. Houssaye, " I shall be delighted ; but throw stones, like schoolboys. It makes very little difference with
stay a minute, I don't like the name of Murger- let us see if we can't them whether the Government walks fast or slow. They have a
improve it a little. " Then, after reflecting a few moments, " I've got it," syllogism which is the mainspring of all their arguments :-" Govern-
he said, " look here : Mürger, with a tréma over the u, it gives it ments are always stupid. We have a Government. Therefore, our
what we want, a cachet of novelty, something new and half foreign, like Government is stupid." Do not try to reason them off this ground, for
your style." it would be useless. If you did it in a newspaper, you would be designated
Armand de Beaupré was a journalist from the crown of his head to the as a " vendu ; " if you tried it in colloquial intercourse, you might possibly
sole of his foot, and had been so ever since he was twenty. His father had be set down as a mouchard. The Frenchman pure must attack each
thought to make a " functionary " of him, and had put him into a Govern- succeeding dynasty until it falls. People are beginning to say that the
ment office to climb up his way by dint of honourable toil to the post of present dynasty will perhaps escape the fate of its predecessors and by
wise concessions contrive to hold his place. It may be so, but I doubt it.
sub-receiver-general or sub-prefect. It is generally in this way that French
journalists begin. At eighteen young Gipon found himself a Government There are too many Armand de Beauprés and too many Feuilles de Choux.
However, as the old Romans used to say, " Absit omen ! " for if
clerk with £ 80 a year and just enough to do to fill one hour out of the
six which he was supposed to give each day to the State. During the five M. Armand and his friends were ever left to manage matters we should
spare hours he took to writing articles. Eighty pounds a year was not see funny things in their attempts at government.
much, especially for young Gipon , who lived on the scale of five
hundred. And as he saw no prospects of getting any more for some
five years to come when he stood a chance of being promoted to £ 100
per annum-he wrote to try and square his budget a little. Had it not THE COST OF REFINEMENT.
been for this, Gipon would have preferred remaining idle. He had no THERE is no doubt that Mr. Buckle's celebrated apology of wealth removed
particular affection for literature ; in fact, he was rather averse to it than many superstitious notions about the connection of money and morals,
otherwise. His ideal of existence was to get up at eleven and breakfast ; though some are still left which it were worth while to consider. As a rule,
after that to read novels, with his feet on the mantelpiece, till five. At people are readier to associate elevation of character with the support of
five, to go to the café and linger over his absinthe till dinner ; and, after poverty rather than with the acquisition of fortune ; and even the author
dinner, to wind up the evening at the theatre. One day he had an article of "Felix Holt " represents her hero and heroine avoiding wealth as a
accepted. It was an article on the Deluge, considered from a new point of plague.
view, and it so much astonished the editor that he printed it out of curiosity We offer unbounded homage to such princely acts of charity as that of
to see what the public would say. The public were amazed, and wondered . the Columbia Market or the Peabody fund ; at the same time we decry
what it meant ; whereupon the editor sent for Gipon and asked him the spirit of such books as Mr. Smiles's " Self Help," and believe in
whether he was in the habit of looking at everything else from the same integrity twice as easily when riches have not been its reward. The
curious aspect as the Deluge. Gipor answered that to the best of his care-worn look of the money-getting multitude is a common subject
tire of
beliefthe views he took of the Deluge were those which he took ofmost other of lament. The aesthetic and religious teachers never
things in life, and he produced an article on the art of government. The inculcating the doctrine of moderation in so-called worldly things.
goes so far
editor took possession of this document, which was even more astonishing A recent writer on the 66 Pathology of Mind "
than the paper on the Deluge, and from that day young Gipon, with his as to state, dispassionately enough, that the practical gospel of the age
name revised and edited as Armand de Beaupré, took rank in Paris as (6 un testified everywhere by faith and works is money-getting ; and he imputes
original." not only mental and physical degeneracy, but insanity itself, to the habit of
Lucky the Frenchman upon whom his compatriots look as " un mind thereby induced. Without doubt, to quote from the author just
original " " Terque quaterque beatus ! " as Horace said of somebody ; mentioned, the pursuit of money for money's sake is apt to sap the moral
for he may write what he pleases, and the less his readers understand of or altruistic element in a man's nature, and, by making him egoistic, formal,
what he says the higher is his reputation for talent . Armand de Beaupré and unsympathetic, to deteriorate in his person the nature of humanity.
is bound by treaty to produce three chroniques a week for the Feuille de But is there not another side of the question ? May not the want of money
Choux. A chronique is an article which begins any way and ends anyhow. make a man egoistic , formal , and unsympathetic ? Does not poverty harden
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 PALL MALL BUDGET. 13
JULY 23 , 1869. ]

the heart as well as abundance ? It seems to us that a very good sermon wondered that so much is said and done on their behalf? Perhaps the
might be preached on Becky Sharp's maxim, how easy it is to be editor of a fashionable magazine is the only person competent to decide
good on five thousand a year. For the present, we will content upon the quantity and quality of literature sent by lady amateurs into the
ourselves with dwelling upon the single aspect of wealth designated market ; and when condemning the apparently mercenary spirit of his
as refinement and its connection with moral and social well-being. contributors, he will most likely lose sight of the motive. The money thus
Now great riches and great vulgarity are so often allied that many eagerly sought after would minister if not to noble at least to worthy
people, on the strength of it, aver a love of money and a thirst for ends, since any human being is worthily occupied who is bent upon
refinement to be incompatible, without considering the incompatibility of self- development. Now, self-development is a very costly process. It
want and refinement, though numberless instances in point lie at hand. implies, in the first place, leisure ; in the second place, a moderate
Mr. Anthony Trollope's hero, the unhappy Crawley, is but one among the degree of wealth. A man or woman of great natural powers who
legion of martyrs to66 poverty, and their sufferings are difficult to realize by should be deprived of these can cultivate knowledge under difficulties,
the more fortunate. Few of us," said Mr. Bright in one of his best speeches , but they cannot cultivate taste, and what is more important, that
"would deny that if our fathers had been wiser we should have been fine physical health without which energies ever so well directed run
happier ; " and many of us know well enough that if our fathers had been into extremes.
richer our lives had fallen into pleasanter places. It is all very well to talk Regard it from what point we may, the cost of refinement is a subject
of the blessings of a contented spirit, and the peacefulness of a life to be thoughtfully considered on the one hand, the increasing love of
removed from the temptations of luxury. Every good man and good luxury awakens grave doubts in the mind of the moralist ; on the other,
woman realizes the higher and holier instincts with which material intellectual teachers must hail with satisfaction any signs of a wider desire
things have nothing to do ; but these instincts by no means render us for culture and the life without which culture is but a name.
independent of material things. They fill us with a desire for as
much perfection as we can get in life, and here we find that the desire
for improvement is often powerless without command of what are called FRANCE.
material resources . Again, if we set ourselves to make individual existence
(FROM A PARISIAN. )
an expression of harmony and refinement, we are stopped short by July 21.
inadequacy of means to the end. The means are material and the end THERE is something highly ludicrous in the dénouement of our ministerial
intellectual, and we are fain to exchange one for the other, but cannot crisis, and had the interests at stake been less important, one would have
do so without paying the utmost farthing. Compare, for example, the been tempted to indulge in a hearty laugh over the list of the new
relative positions of two persons, equally refined in tastes and habits, one Ministers when it appeared. Indeed, all things considered, why should
of whom is rich and the other poor. The first quite possibly may grow we check our merriment ? It is but a comical scene in a serious drama,
weary of even the best of this world's good things, but the latter has much if you will, but we have paid dear for our places, and may be allowed to
more excuse for crying with Cleopatra- enjoy the passing joke.
And there is nothing left remarkable So this is the result of all the comings and goings from St. Cloud, the
Beneath the visiting moon. consultations, the negotiations, the exaggerated hopes and fears of parties,
the prophecies of exulting or desponding newspapers. The curtain falls
It is not so much what poverty calls upon the refined person to on the first act of what has been termed our "pacific revolution ," and the
renounce as what it calls upon him to endure that makes life a burden. final tableau shows us the resurrection of the Rouher Ministry, minus
A poor poet may feel like a caged singing- bird if compelled to live MM. Rouher, Baroche, Lavalette, and Duruy, and plus MM . Bourbeau,
in a town, but if he has to bear the bad smells of a stuffy lodging Duvergier, Alfred Le Roux, and La Tour d'Auvergne. M. Rouher, if he
and the talk of a noisy landlady, his petty miseries seem worse
is no longer a Minister, has acted the part of a Ministerial Warwick, and
than his great privations. A poor author would fain enlarge his has made the Ministry. His spirit still survives, though his talents
sympathies by universal culture, but is resigned to stay at home. will be absent. Six of the former Ministers retain their portfolios ;
whilst the more fortunate travel, to read at book-stalls instead of sitting and their new colleagues are all taken from the ranks of the Right.
in a well-filled library, to forego in fine a hundred luxuries of the Personal government once more affirms its power, and the only
learned ; but to a vulgarized atmosphere, unwholesome surroundings, difference is that the Government will have, sooner or later, to face an
and the indignities of an empty purse, he never can wholly resign
irritated Chamber without the powerful help of MM. Rouher's and
himself. And to thousands who are neither authors nor artists, but
Baroche's oratory. The Ministry has been changed insomuch as it has
simply men and women of refined mind, the daily bread of life is been decapitated.
embittered by the little leaven of want that leaveneth the whole lump.
The greatest admirers of Napoleon III. will scarcely venture to assert
Penury affects the intellectual as well as the material side of our nature.
that he has managed his difficulties cleverly. He would undoubtedly be in
The pursuit of knowledge under difficulties is all very well, but there is a a far better situation now had he refrained from all action after the elections
royal road to learning in spite of what the old proverb says. Which of two
and allowed the interpellations, alarming as they were, to take their course.
persons would soonest attain a knowledge of chemistry, he who works with
His tergiversations, his contradictory declarations (ending as they have in a
a professor in his laboratory, attends lectures, and can afford the expense
return to the point of departure), have done him irreparable mischief. " In
of apparatus, or he who pores night after night over a manual some twenty
years old ? There are hundreds of useful, nay necessary things, intelligent doubt, abstain," is a superlatively wise French proverb. When one does
not know exactly what to do, the best course, nine times out of ten , is to
people of the middle ranks would be only too thankful to learn * if do nothing.
they could afford it, but ignorance, like disease, is not gratuitously
healed, and the physician's fees are high. The commonest acces- The significance of the new Ministry consists far more in the presence
sories of anything like persistent culture are costly. Take quiet for of such members of the former Cabinet as are retained than in the adjunc-
tion of the new Ministers. MM. Duvergier and Bourbeau, the only new
instance. In large cities quiet is the monopoly of the rich. The cheaply
built houses in narrow little streets are turned into pandemoniums, what men, are political nonentities. Of M. Duvergier it may be sufficient to say
with the piano of one neighbour, the children of another, the cats of all, that he was born in 1792. However youthful and daring English states-
the hand- organs, the hawkers, and the dustmen. And people whose men may be when verging upon eighty, political men with us are not
fit at that age to inaugurate a new policy or to initiate reforms. He
incomes are small must live in such a pandemonium. Again, consider the
is a painstaking and experienced lawyer, and has doubtless been selected
importance of physical well-being to persistent cerebral activity. The
monotonous exercise of walking is the only indulgence of this kind within to aid the Senate in putting into legal shape the reforms consequent on
reach of the majority, since riding, boating, swimming, and sport cost money. the Imperial message of July 12. In 1864 M. Duvergier was a member
Chiefest among the deprivations to which well-bred poverty is subject are of the Commission of arbitration appointed to settle all disputes between
those purely moral and æsthetic ones indirectly and not directly dependent the Egyptian Government and the Suez Canal Company. He is quite
upon money. The constant need of borrowing, the daily contact with devoted.
petty wants and petty discomforts, the necessary submission to low-bred M. Bourbeau is a deputy, and on that account his nomination may to a
people, the renunciation of nice personal habits, the bitterness engendered certain point be taken as a liberal innovation in accordance with the pro-
by an uncongenial mode of life, can but degrade a noble nature, as jected reforms . He belongs to the Right Centre, and in that respect too
inefficiency of culture can but impoverish it. But most lamentable of all he may be said to be a shade more liberal than his colleagues, the new
consequences of ill-distributed wealth is the degradation of the individual in Ministry as a whole representing the Right or old majority. I say " old
his work. What ought to be the expression of all that is highest and best majority," for it has become doubtful what the numerical strength ofthe Right
in a man's mind becomes a commercial speculation or a blind subjection will be when the Chamber meets again. M. Bourbeau, moreover, signed the
to popular taste. Mediocre books and pictures are manufactured to meet interpellation ofthe 116 which brought about the crisis. So far he was entitled
the daily exigencies of life, and success is measured by the amount of to a portfolio, but his personal value is very small indeed. He was a member
money exchanged for them. There is another side to the question. Oddly of the Constituent Assembly of 1848, and somebody has taken the trouble
enough, writers who occupy themselves with the higher education and to verify his votes in that capacity. They are, as a rule, strictly illiberal,
improved social position of women fail to note how the cost of refinement and promise well for his docility as the agent of personal government.
bears upon the whole subject. The age is one of increasing luxury. He was returned to the present Chamber by the Department of the Vienne,
Elegances undreamed of by their grandmothers are matters of course to which gave him 13,000 votes against 5,000 to M. Thiers. His only claim
girls of the middle ranks of society. If brought up in an atmosphere of to the goodwill of the public consists in the circumstance that his
frivolity, their minds will be filled with a passion for dress and accession finally disposes of M. Duruy as Minister of Public Instruc-
expensive amusements ; if, on the other hand, they have received tion . Poor M. Duruy, with, I truly believe, the best intentions in
anything that can be called education, they want the means of the world, has made himself generally unpopular. His hygienic reforms
continuing it, such as travel, books, advanced instruction. All this in schools and colleges were not only well meant, they were indis-
is very well whilst the head of the family lives and prospers ; but putably excellent in themselves ; but his love of novelty and constant
death or misfortune throws numbers of young women on the world, craving interference produced a feeling of insecurity and a want of continuity .
not only bread but gingerbread thickly gilded. Here and there, by virtue incompatible with real improvement. He had, in fact, introduced
of gifts and extraordinary perseverance, one out of hundreds attains a personal government with all its whims and experiments into his
competency, whilst the lot of the less happy is dismal enough. Is it to be important department, and he did not understand that the cduca-

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 14 PALL MALL BUDGET. [ JULY 23, 1869 .

tional system of a great nation should be dealt with cautiously and after
ROYAL ITALIAN OPERA.
mature deliberation, however obviously it may require amendment. His
literary conceit and self-interest, which deluged all the public schools THEopera season is now rapidly drawing to an end ; and it may already be
of France with Duruy's manuals and Duruy's historical and geogra- noted that, apart from some fanciful, practically impossible casts (such as
phical abridgments, cannot be defended either on the score of intentions those of " Don Giovanni " and the " Marriage of Figaro," in which
or results . Mdlle. Nilsson and Mdme. Patti were to have been heard together), the
The new men, you see, are not likely to prove great acquisitions ; nor promises made at the beginning of the season have been, in most instances,
carried out. We are sorry to lose " Otello," which is still owing to the
will M. Alfred Le Roux, or M. de Chasseloup Laubat-who have been
tried-bring much strength to the government. One cannot help subscribers, and which, Signor Tamberlik having arrived, might evidently
have been produced. The united managers have, however, deserved
wondering whether the Emperor, when he cast about for men to replace
well of the public. They have brought out one very important opera-such
Rouher, Baroche, and Lavalette out of his faithful Right, was struck
a work as it is thought sufficient in Paris to produce about once in three
with the barrenness which his system of government has created ? Does
he ever ask himself what is the cause of that strange dearth of men from years; and they have presented to us, among tenors, Mongini and Tamberlik ;
whom to choose ? Even if he extended his range of search, so as to among baritones, Santley and Graziani ; among sopranos, Mdlle. Titiens,
Mdlle. Ilma de Murska, Mdlle. Nilsson, and Mdme. Patti. Carrying the
include the Left Centre, he would find scarcely a name which has a
dual principle to excess, they have even given us two conductors. Fortu
meaning for the general public, scarcely a man who, individually, offers
nately, the orchestra has remained one and the same.
security to France. MM. Buffet, Segris, Talhouet, Latour-du-Moulin, are all In the recent performances of 66 Dinorah 23 a third primo tenore was
well enough in their way, but they represent in the eyes of the country no
heard who appears to have been engaged specially for the part of
particular policy. Even M. Ollivier's personal importance has decreased Corentino, and for that part alone. Signor Gardoni was the original repre-
in exact ratio of his supposed favour with the Sovereign. To find the men sentative of Corentino at the Royal Italian Opera. More than that, he is
whose names mean something independently of their functions, Napoleon
the most efficient representative who has been seen of a character so simple
must turn to that little knot of forty which has been looking on in ominous that, except in the hands of a very skilful artist, it runs the risk of appearing
silence during his recent perplexities. There, in the menacing Left, among insipid. Corentino it is who proclaims the theory of life which, thanks to
the Irreconcilables and the Implacables, are to be found the only repre- the language in which Mr. H. F. Chorley has presented it in his English
sentative men of France, the only men whose name she knows, the only version of " Dinorah," has become celebrated :-
men who in the day of danger will have influence for good or evil. The Left A. was born to live in war and thunder,
has stood aloof during the whole crisis, and has allowed the majority B. is otherwise, and so is C.
and the Third Party to fight it out between themselves. One is reminded
This original formula, which looks like mathematics, but is, in fact, philo-
involuntarily of that mysterious personage in almost all old romances of sophy, has been set by Meyerbeer to a very quaint melody ; and Signor
chivalry, the knight who, in black armour and with his visor down,
Gardoni sings it with just the sort of character that it requires. In the
invariably looks on at the beginning of the tournament, and who as very charming duet with Dinorah, who fascinates him, and the highly
invariably turns out to be the hero of the day, vanquishing the victors
dramatic duet with Hoel, who terrifies him, Signor Gardoni is equally
of the early jousts. When the Left, the " Noir Fainéant " of the
successful ; and the only thing one regrets on hearing this accomplished
political battle, enters the lists, there will be fighting in good earnest. vocalist is that he did not appear earlier in the season in other works.
It has its interpellations all ready, and they will be so worded that
Mr. Santley, the original Hoel of Her Majesty's Theatre, is now the Hoel
there will be no chance of Prince Murat or the Duke de Mouchy signing
of the Royal Italian Opera. Mr. Santley not only sings the music power-
them.
fully and with the most finished expression, he also gives great dramatic
To return to the new Ministry. It has been a great relief to most significance to the part. His delivery of the air in which the superstitious
people that M. Drouyn de Lhuys should not have replaced M. de Lava- treasure-seeker reproaches himself with the death of Dinorah was in all
lette as Minister for Foreign Affairs, as it was at one time expected, for respects admirable.
his nomination would have been thought to indicate war. But then, With Signor Gardoni, Mr. Santley, and Mdme. Patti in the three
again, the Prince de La Tour d'Auvergne represents, it is generally said, a principal parts, " Dinorah " may now be said to have obtained a more perfect
clerical tendency. One thing is certain- the papers which defend the execution than it had ever met with before. But it is Dinorah herselfwhose
temporal power show great satisfaction at his appointment. They music is so especially beautiful, and whose poetical presence sheds light
also consider it a clear gain to have got rid of poor free-thinking over the whole work. Corentino, as an individual, ceases, with all his
Duruy, who, you know, went so far far as
as to confess, in
to confess, in print,
print, his
his
belief in the ancestral monkey. On the other hand, they philosophy, to be amusing after a certain time. Hoel, in spite of his fine
scena, his duet with Corentino, and his thoroughly beautiful " romance,"
mourn the loss of M. Rouher, whose famous jamais was supposed is a gloomy personage, whose gloom makes itself felt when the fairy-like
(on very slender grounds, I think for what is a ministerial Dinorah is not the stage to profit by the contrast it presents to her
jamais ? ) to bind him irrevocably to support the Papacy. All these own bright nature. But Dinorah herself is one of the most charming
inferences have very slight foundations, I think. My firm conviction is creations of modern opera, and there is no part in which the
that Napoleon will never bring the Roman question to a close if he can poetical side of Mdme. Patti's many- sided talent is exhibited to more
help it. It is an invaluable apple of discord ever ready to his hand to advantage than in that of this spiritual fantastic heroine, who reminds
throw into the Liberal ranks, and the advantages his Government has us, in some measure, of George Sand's " Petite Fadette." Mdme.
derived from the religious dissensions which divide its adversaries can Patti's singing of the beautiful " shadow song" is as expressive as it is
hardly be over-estimated. graceful and refined. We never hear and see Mdme. Patti in this scene
The really important point is that the Emperor, at the very time when without asking ourselves whether Meyerbeer's minor work of " Dinorah "
he professed himelf disposed to extend parliamentary privileges, has pointedly is not in many respects superior to his great works -emphatically and
gone against all parliamentary usages. He has called to his councils none correctly so called . Scenes of real life cannot be advantageously treated
of the men who signed the interpellation, with the exception of in music at all ; and historical subjects are perhaps less fitted for musical
M. Bourbeau, and even he did not belong properly to the Third Party. treatment than purely poetical subjects. At all events, if Meyerbeer
He has kept M. de Forcade la Roquette, who is responsible for the wished, in composing " Dinorah," to show that, without appreciable
official candidatures and scandals of the late elections ; he has aid from scene-painter, costumier, or stage manager, he could, on the
kept likewise his Minister of War and his Minister of Marine, simple basis of a very simple legend, containing not more than one
who have advocated and carried out his huge armaments. Finally, after strong dramatic situation, construct a perfect masterpiece, he succeeded
having summoned the Corps Législatif for an extraordinary session in admirably. Either because it is easier to take it in as a whole, or because
admirably.
order that the electoral returns might be verified, he has dismissed it such is absolutely the fact, " Dinorah " seems to us to hang together better,
suddenly, before that special object is accomplished, for no other to possess more unity, than any one of Meyerbeer's five- act operas. It is true
motive than to get rid of its troublesome advice and interference that in England Meyerbeer's five-act operas are never given in their complete
while he settles with the Senate what changes he will make in form. It is also true that so given they could not command from many
the institutions of the country. The members of the Legislative Body, persons the continuous attention which it is impossible to withhold from
you may remember, only learnt the prorogation of the Chamber the lovely musical idyll called " Dinorah. " One thing is quite certain-that
by reading the Imperial decree to that effect in the Official Journal. They in " Dinorah " we are spared the episodical ballets, and the often extra-
have been informed in a still more unceremonious manner that their neous marches and processions which encumber Meyerbeer's five-act operas.
attendance will not be wanted for some time to come. They have been The procession of the pardon, which brings " Dinorah " so picturesquely
merely told that their indemnity for the extraordinary session (2,400 francs) and dramatically to a close, is, of course, an essential part of the piece.
will be paid to them on their demand. A curious form of dismissal. There There are incidental details in " Dinorah " which have nothing to do
was a general impression that the Chamber would reassemble as soon as with the action of the drama, but they are purely musical details ; and in
the new Ministry was formed, and the fifty-five deputies whose returns have furnishing the typical personages of rural life with appropriate songs the
not been examined were especially urgent on the subject. About fifty composer was most happily inspired and produced some of the most
of them belong to the Right-five chamberlains among the rest-and they graceful melodies that ever fell from his pen. Special prominence is of
laid their complaints before the Emperor in person. They were told course assigned to the goatherd as a sort of homage to Dinorah's goat (how
that the Emperor would consult his Ministry, when he had one, and this is exquisitely the actual Dinorah of the Royal Italian Opera sings to her goat
the result. It would not be very surprising if some of these unfortunate its tuneful cradle-song ! ) ; and Mdlle. Schalchi deserved special commenda-
deputies who are left on tenterhooks should be found less loyal when they tion for the manner in which she sang the added " Goatherd's air " written
at last take their seat, nor is it to be expected that the general temper of by Meyerbeer for Mdme. Nantier-Didiée. The minor subordinate parts
the Chamber will be improved by the treatment it has experienced. In were well filled by Mdlle. Bauermeister, Signor Tagliafico, and Signor Marini.
the meantime, the grand Parliamentary reforms promised in the message The orchestra could not play an unimportant part in any dramatic work
of the 12th, the liberal policy which was to afford, according to the signed by Meyerbeer ; and in " Dinorah " it has, to begin with, an overture
limes, such a magnificent opening for " French Whigs," will be inaugu- to execute which may be said to form an integral portion of the opera, and
rated by the Emperor and his Ministerial clerks, with the help of the which is played to perfection by Signor Arditi's band : for his five-act
superannuated inmates of that asylum for disabled politicians which we operas it is well known that Meyerbeer either did not write overtures at
call the Senate.
all or replaced them shortly before the first representations by brief introduc
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 PALL MALL BUDGET.
JULY 23, 1869. ] 15

tions. Neither the choral music nor the concerted music is as important in all have been refused. When the piece begins he has made three offers
"Dinorah " as in Meyerbeer's other works, including " L'Etoile du more, but he is by no means sanguine as to their result. His position is ,
Nord," which, though written, like " Dinorah," for the Opéra Comique, however, changed by the arrival of an embroidered coat, which attracts
has here and there, and notably in the celebrated finale to the second act, the attention of the three young ladies and their guardians. They
all the proportions of a " grand opera. " But the trio which terminates the consult the " Livre des Voyageurs," and they find the name of
first act of " Dinorah " is thoroughly pretty, and a very effective piece of their adorer, Mascaret, followed by the initials " S. P.," which,
suggestive dramatic music. It of course receives full justice at the hands according to their interpretation, can denote nothing but " Sous-préfet."
of the eminent artists on whom the task of executing it falls at the Royal Mascaret is now embarrassed with good fortune, for he does not know how
Italian Opera, he is to settle the claims of the three rival beauties, who vie with each other
Since appearing in " Dinorah," Mdme, Patti has resumed the part of for the honour of his hand. He is, however, thrust back into his pristine
Maria in " La Figlia del Reggimento," a work which must take rank with unpopularity by the discovery that the coat was intended for a cousin, and
" L'Elisir d'Amore " and " Don Pasquale " among Donizetti's happiest that the letters " S. P." stood for " Sans profession." The learned in old
because most spontaneous productions. The piece is one of the numerous English farces may remember a piece in which the ambiguity of the initials
dramatic variations of which Cervantes's " Gipsy of Madrid " has been " M.P. " caused the manager of a playhouse to be mistaken for a member
made the subject, as, for instance, "Preciosa," " La Gitana," the of Parliament.
"Bohemian Girl," " La Reine Topaze." Sergeant Sulpizio, as he The great Cardinal who has figured in so much non-historical history
is called in the Italian version of " La Fille du Régiment," replaces is again on the French stage, a new drama, written by MM. Dornay and
the gipsy chief ; the regiment of soldiers does duty for the tribe of Maurice Coste, and entitled " Richelieu à Fontainbleau," having been
gipsies ; and the heroine, instead of a fondness for gipsy life, has con- brought out at the Ambigu- Comique. The authors, in treating of the con-
tracted ultra-military tastes. The scene in which Maria, unable to conform spiracy of Marshal d'Ornano and Chalais, are as free with the record as
to the Marchioness of Birkenfeld's view of existence, and at the sight of any of their predecessors. A son of the unfortunate Marshal d'Ancre has
soldiers breaks at once into a rataplan, is closely imitated from the scene resolved to avenge the death of his father on the Baron de Vitry,
in " Gitana " where the interesting heroine goes wild at the sight of gipsies. and ten years after that event presents himself to the Cardinal under
The gipsy is infinitely the more probable and lifelike of the two ; but the the name of Lorville, offering to put him in possession of the list
libretto of the " La Figlia " inspired Donizetti all the same with some of conspirators. At the headof this list appear the names of the
charming melodies, and Mdme. Patti makes of Maria one of her most Queen and Gaston of Orleans, followed by those of the Marquis de Vitry,
charming impersonations, du Hallier, Mdme. de Chevreuse, &c. &c.; all of whom were involved more
or less in the destruction of Concini. Richelieu accordingly makes the
pretended Lorville captain of the Queen's guard, and the promoted
THE PARISIAN STAGE. gentleman commences his labours by employing the Chevalier de Landry,
an unscrupulous Gascon , to tear off the epaulettes of De Vitry, in which
MM. E, BRISEBARRE and E. Nus, who as authors of the famed " Léonard ," the names of the persons who have the care of the list are concealed.
on which Mr. Tom Taylor based the still more celebrated " Ticket- of- Leave De Vitry is on the point of marrying Mdlle. du Hallier, his cousin, and the
Man," may be regarded as the founders of the modern criminal drama, first vengeance of Lorville consists in a demand of the young lady's hand
66
have again distinguished themselves in their old line. Botany Bay " is for himself, which is at once granted by order of the King. The list is
the fragrant title of a new play from their pen, recently brought out at the now to be obtained, It has been entrusted to the ferryman of Auqueil,
Théâtre du Châtelet. Possibly they found a stimulus in the renewed success who pursues his calling in the vicinity of a château inhabited by the
of " Léonard," which, originally produced at the now demolished Théatre ambassador of Savoy, who is charged to carry it to Spain. Marcillac,
Historique, where it ran for more than a hundred nights, was revived last one of the conspirators, duly receives it from the ferryman, but he is
winter at the Gaîté. shot by Lorville, who thus acquires the terrible treasure. The son
The personages in " Botany Bay " are English. Love- this, as in the of D'Ancre is, however, attacked by the Marquis de Vitry, and
case of the ventriloquist, is a proper name- was on the point of wedding after a furious combat is wounded, and falls into the water with the list in
his adored Josepha, when his happiness was marred through the vile his pocket. The conspirators now feel themselves safe, but Lorville, who is
machinations of Rob Nick, who had been chastised, but not ameliorated, not dead, sends De Landry to fish up the list, of which he again becomes the
by the hand of justice, and was wickedly bent on the separation of the owner. To make short work with his intended victims, he invites them all
interesting pair. Having rescued a young lady from the Thames, to 66 assist " at his marriage with Mdlle. du Hallier, and assembles them in
Love, through the contrivance of Rob Nick, finds himself accused the hall of his hotel, where, in the presence of his father's portrait, he avows
of stealing a valuable necklace from the person of the rescued his real purpose. However, he has too soon forgotten his wound, which
damsel, and the only reward for his virtuous act is a sentence breaks out afresh, and when the King and Cardinal arrive he is on the point of
of transportation to Botany Bay. He, however, manages to dis- expiring. He wishes to give them the list, but it is snatched from his hand and
tinguish himself on his passage, which is rendered doubly disagreeable burned by Mdme, de Chevreuse, who thus destroys all evidence ofthe con-
by the taunts of Rob Nick, who is transported likewise, for he succeeds in spiracy. Those who have read history know that the participators in the
repressing a dangerous mutiny. When he has reached Sydney he is joined plot of De Chalais were visited with a terrible retribution ; but people who
by the faithful Josepha, who, convinced of his innocence, has come to go to the play have no business to extend their knowledge beyond the
share his lot, but the law forbids him to marry till the term of his punish- fall of the curtain. Is it possible that MM. Dornay and Coste have
ment has expired. From this provision a difficulty arises, inasmuch as glanced at the " Richelieu " of Lord Lytton ?
Josepha, by the conditions under which she was allowed her passage, is
A translation of Schiller's " Don Carlos " by M. Gallet was lately read
bound to take unto herself a husband as speedily as possible, but the to the committee of the Théâtre Français, and " renvoyée à une nouvelle
difficulty is bravely met by one Mr. MacDaniel, who, once a convict, has, lecture." This seems to be the new phrase for "reçue à correction," which
by industry and good conduct, become a millionaire. This good man was always looked upon as a courteous rejection .
constitutes himself the nominal husband of Josepha, his only intent being M. Albert Henri Monnier, known for many years as a dramatic
to restore her, in due time, to her beloved Love. His benevolent design is author, has lately died at the age of fifty-one. He started early in life as a
frustrated by the ever-active Rob Nick, who, transformed into Love's co-operator with the late M. E. Martin , the smaller theatres, which once
adviser, persuades his dupe to escape into the wild country with stood in the Boulevard du Temple, being the scenes of the first attempts of
Josepha, and then carries her off himself, having fled from his prison the young beginners. Though long confining themselves to vaudevilles
with a band of ruffians who own him for their chief. Of course , of the lighter sort, they gradually rose in public esteem, and for twenty
he makes love of the rudest kind to Josepha, and of course she turns a years their united names might be seen on the bills of the Folies-Drama-
deaf ear to his uncouth solicitations ; wherefore, bent on revenge, he places tiques, the Délassements-Comiques, the Variétés, the Vaudeville, the
her on the sea-shore in a position that, as he thinks, will infallibly cause Palais Royal, and the old Cirque. Perhaps their most celebrated pieces
her to perish, through that favourite theatrical expedient, the " turn of were " As-tu tué le Mandarin ? " " Les Noces de Boucher-cœur,'" Chez
the tide." However, the very ship that brought Love to the colony une petite Dame," and " L'Affaire de la Rue de l'Ourcine." However, in
arrives in time to save Josepha. Love is delivered by MacDaniel
course of time, they soared up to the military spectacle, and their " Bataillon
from the convicts of the Rob Nick faction , and, his innocence being
de la Moselle," brought out at the Cirque-Impérial, proved a success. Later
proved, becomes the happy husband of his devoted sweetheart. in life M. Monnier abandoned the lighter drama to co-operate in those
Rob Nick retributive justice is inflicted by the hands of a savage, whose huge " féeries " that have in their day made so much noise in Paris, and
treasure he has purloined. That the audience may not be too heavily
have ruined so many managers. His partners, besides M. E. Martin,
oppressed by the woes of Love and Josepha, they are relieved by the were now MM. Clairville, E. Blum, Guénée, De Jallais, Flan, and
humours of one Miss Punch, who has come to Botany Bay in search of a
Jouhaut, and among the celebrated pieces in which he had a share were
husband. We trust that our readers will recognize the wonted ingenuity
" Rothomago " and " Cendrillon. " He also wrote light sketches in the
of the French in devising appropriate surnames for the inhabitants of Great Journal Amusant, and was one of the dramatic critics in the Revue et
Britain.
Gazelle des Théâtres. He was buried at Fontenay-sans- Bois, in the presence
The present director of the Châtelet is M. Nestor Roqueplan, of literary of a large number of literary and artistic friends.
note, but it is not under his direction that " Botany Bay " is produced. " Patrie ! " removed by M. Raphael Félix from Paris to Brussels, with
The actual managers are a company of artists assembled from different the company and the decorations of the Porte Saint Martin, has been
departments, to whom M. de Roqueplan has let the house for a portion of brought out with immense success at the Théâtre de la Monnaie. The
the summer.
Should their Parisian enterprise prove successful, they intend circumstance that the supposed scene of action is Brussels, and that the
next month to commence a tour through the principal cities of France, and plot refers to the most glorious period of Netherland history, of course
no doubt the new piece will form an important part of their capital. gains the play a special interest in the Belgian capital, and the burgomaster
At the Gymnase there is a new farce by MM . Siraudin and Thierry has been very active in promoting the performance. The French and
called " L'Homme
aux soixante- seize Femmes," in which M. Ravel Flemish public are dissimilar in temperament, and it is reported that at one
represents an unfortunate gentleman who is making strenuous but vain period of the evening M. Sardou thought that his work was somewhat
efforts to enter the matrimonial state. Finding that his friends have coolly received, and asked the burgomaster the cause of the " froideur."
absolutely refused to acknowledge himin his single capacity, he has, in the 'De la froideur, jeune homme ! " exclaimed the magistrate ; " mais c'est le
course of ten years, made no fewer than sixty- three offers of marriage, but nec plus ultra de l'enthousiasme flamand- et vous plaignez."
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 16 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23, 1869.

" ALL FOR MONEY." OFFENBACH.

WITH the dog days come inevitably those revolutions in the dramatic FROM Monteverde to Gluck, and from Gluck to Offenbach, the story of
world which result in the formation of provisional governments and the " Opheus and Eurydice " has always been a favourite one with operatic
trial of a variety of histrionic experiments at the London theatres. composers. Nor has it been despised by burlesque writers. But, often as
Mr. Buckstone and his company, having quitted the Haymarket for the attractive subject had been been seized upon, both for lyrical purposes
a tour in the provinces, Miss Amy Sedgwick has assembled a tolerable and for purposes of buffoonery, it was, we believe, to M. Offenbach and his
troop of players and taken possession of the house. Although it collaborateurs that the idea first occurred of treating it in the burlesque
is not purposed that this interim management shall endure beyond a style and the operatic style at the same time. We will not affirm that
few weeks, it has been thought worth while to produce what is M. Offenbach is the greatest composer in Europe. But we are quite sure
described as " a new and original comedy. " The new play is called that he is the most popular ; and when a composer's works, good or bad, are
" All for Money," and is written by Miss Le Thiére, who a short played in every European capital, and revived and played again, and always
time since was attached as an actress to the Drury Lane company, with success, he becomes a fit subject for criticism, if only in the character
and represented Helen MacGregor in the melodrama of " Rob of a phenomenon . Otherwise it would be droll, it would look like
Roy." irony, to talk of M. Offenbach and his two or three styles. Nevertheless,
The story of " All for Money " deals with the troubles of Mr. and Mrs. M. Offenbach, like most composers and writers, tried his hand in various
Mortimer, a married couple who, though warmly attached to each other, styles before he arrived at that perfection of Offenbachianism which is
live very uncomfortably together. They have been five years united, manifested in " La Grande Duchesse." He began his career as a per-
and yet have failed to discover the depth and extent of their mutual former on the violoncello considered as a violin. That is to say, he fitted
affection. The husband believes he has been married solely for his his instrument with thin strings, and played florid violin music upon it.
money, and endeavours to conceal and forget his consequent chagrin by Then he set a number of La Fontaine's fables to music-a happy idea.
unremitting attention to his duties as a member of Parliament. The At the Théâtre Français, where he was some time conductor of the
wife is jealous of her husband's regard for politics, chafes under his orchestra, he produced several interludes or entr'actes, apropos of nothing
neglect of her, and consoles herself by changing her dress every in particular. One of these instrumental pieces was regarded by a no less
half hour. Mrs. Mortimer's attention to the dictates of fashion, competent critic than the late Adolphe Adam as the work of Meyerbeer—
however extravagant they may be, is, indeed, of the most assiduous kind. or was at least described by him as such. Offenbach has always
But the lady has other occupations. She is subjected to the per- loved to parody Meyerbeer, and in the production in question he
secutions ofone Mr. Lyle, who, prior to her marriage, had been her accepted had probably imitated some phrase, copied some instrumental process
lover, and who now contemplates punishing the lady for her preference of his. Besides, are there not plenty of inferior authors who for a
of Mr. Mortimer by persisting in paying her illicit addresses, and quarter of a page can write as well as Dickens at his weakest, or
doing all he can to destroy her reputation . Further, she is afflicted for half a page better than Bulwer at his worst ? Offenbach was
with a father whose demeanour is gentlemanly, although his moral once mistaken in print for Meyerbeer, and by a man who should
character is detestable ; who embezzles her money and steals her have known better. This naturally did him a great deal of good.
jewels. The lover appears to be only introduced in order that Miss Indeed, it has happened to M. Offenbach more than once, in the
Sedgwick, who personates Mrs. Mortimer, may be permitted one course of a long career, to be taken au serieux. Thus he was engaged
of those outbursts of indignant virtue which, upon the stage, have to write the music of a ballet for the Académie, which was not
always been found efficacious in securing popular applause. Mr. Lyle's admired ; and he has written two works for the Opéra Comique, neither
shameful suit is dismissed , and the comedy is relieved of his presence without of which succeeded ; while one, " Barkouf," containing a part for a dog,
much difficulty. But in the disposal of Captain Fitzhubert, the father of was an ignominious failure.
Mrs. Mortimer, a greater exercise of ingenuity is needed. Fortunately, an It was at the Bouffes Parisiens, some twelve or fifteen years ago, that
elderlyspinster, possessed of large means, one Miss Eglantina White, is found M. Offenbach began producing the series of works which soon made his
willing to accept the felon as her husband. With Miss White's money the name familiar to all who are able and unable to appreciate music throughout
captain is enabled to replace the sums he had appropriated, and to redeem Europe. If few modern composers have been more applauded (counting
the gems he had pawned. It is true that Miss White had done the quantity, not the quality of the hands) than Offenbach, none have been
nothing to deserve the punishment of alliance with so nefarious a more severely criticised, the latter fact being, of course, one of the natural
partner, but, as she was rich, old, plain in person, and almost results of his success. No one would have said much against M. Offen-
indecently anxious to be married, it seemed to be the general bach's music if it had been performed at one little theatre in Paris alone.
feeling that her fate was not deserving of much commiseration , But "Orphée aux Enfers " must have been played in every large city on
and that probabilities existed of her being a sufficient thorn in the side of the Continent, and its prniciple airs must have been executed by ball
the captain for the remainder of his life. Mr. and Mrs. Mortimer become orchestras and military bands in all parts of the civilized globe. It was,
at last convinced of their complete fondness for each other. Confidence is we suppose, through the piece to which it belongs that the music of
66
thoroughly restored between them , and there is an end of the story of ' Orphée aux Enfers " first became popular in Paris ; and music and piece
"All for Money." travelled together over the greater part of Europe, but, somehow, failed to
Miss Le Thiére's comedy is certainly a very crude production, over- visit England in company until the other night.
loaded with pointless dialogue, and with matter aiding in no way the main If we were obliged to classify M. Offenbach's operas according to style,
interest of the fable. Yet it must be said for it that it exhibits considerable we should say that " Orphée " was in his second style after he had aban-
knowledge of what is likely to be effective in representation , and is not doned his early practice of borrowing and burlesquing musical phrases
without promise in regard to the writer's dramatic efforts in the future. from other men's works (as in " Croquefer " for instance), and before he
The situation of a wife divided between duty to her husband had assumed the position of a regular composer, which he may be said to
and desire to screen a guilty father, although by no means new have done, more or less, in " La Grande Duchesse " and " La Périchole."
to the stage, undoubtedly presents a subject well adapted for dramatic The music of " Orphée " is only too well known. Few can be unacquainted
treatment. In dealing with it Miss Le Thiére has hardly given it with the rather original tune to which the ex-King of Boeotia sings his
sufficient prominence, and, indeed, her whole play suffers from the couplets ; and we suppose there is no one who has not heard the
dispersion of its interest and laxity of construction. While here laughing chorus and the galop. Oddly enough, there is no country
and there occur things of a kind commanding the attention of the in Europe where " Orphée " has been played so much as in
audience, the comedy in its entirety excited but a languid degree of Germany. Some years ago it followed us, or we followed it, through
regard. The work grew weaker towards its close, and the story may be Germany a distance of several hundred miles, until at last, at Breslau, we
said to have come to a conclusion some time before the curtain went to see it, and found Orpheus attired in the costume supposed to
fell upon the play. In truth, the dramatist seems at last to be appropriate to a musician of the future whose principles he professes.
have experienced difficulty in finding words for her characters, The performance was immensely amusing, owing to the entire absence of
and by way of tag indulges in a wonderful and wordy panegyric of the amusing element, which the audience nevertheless persisted in fancying
Parliament and constitutional government-the play having but the they could recognize. We have, it must be admitted, seen Offenbachian
remotest connection with such matters. Many of the speeches, too, are performances in England quite as bad as any that Germany can have
grievously afflicted with melodramatic inflation, and suffer from their witnessed, but then nobody laughed- not even the manager of the
unreasonable protraction. These defects, however, may be in part due to theatre. The fact is, an Offenbachian opera or operetta will not
the influence of the players, who are apt to judge of a part's value solely bear translation. " It must be as it is or it is not ; " and in England it is
by its length, and to believe they can only be acting when they are only at the St. James's Theatre that true Offenbach, in all its native purity,
speaking. or impurity, has ever been heard. In regard to " Orphée," we do not
Miss Sedgwick played Mrs. Mortimer with all that exuberance of suppose that work has ever been represented, even in Paris, with such
emphasis and gesture which distinguishes her established histrionic a cast as M. Raphael Felix has secured for it at the St. James's. The
method - such personations border on caricature rather than pertain part of Eurydice was not written for Mdlle. Schneider, nor is it one
to legitimate art. The actress's undeniable force, however, seems of the parts which in Paris she has been in the habit of playing,
to command for her the favour of her audience. But it must Her assumption of the character in England may therefore be regarded
be understood that Miss Sedgwick's acting is not of a kind that as a mark of attention to her English admirers, for which at ther
Afte
should find a place in a comedy pretending to depict the life representation they show their gratitude in the usual manner.
and manners of modern society. Mr. Jordan appeared in the being presented in England in all sorts of distorted shapes, " Orphée
unattractive part of the husband. Mr. Irving, a careful and intelligent aux Enfers " in its original form seems to excite as much interest as could
comedian, gave life and a tinge of humour to the character of the well- be awakened by an absolute novelty. To suit the taste of the London
bred but disreputable Captain Fitzhubert. Miss Stephens, as the elderly public the dance at the end has been much intensified in character.
heiress, Miss White, furnished much amusement to the audience. The actress Byron, in the " English Bards and Scotch Reviewers," speaks of an
has succeeded in securing almost a monopoly of the ludicrous old ladies expurgated edition of Martial in which all the objectionable passages are
who appear so indispensable to the modern drama. The general reception given together in an appendix. Just such an appendix is the final
of the comedy, although certainly favourable, cannot be described as divertissement in " Orphée aux Enfers," which is as coarse and vulgar as
enthusiastic. anything could well be.
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 PALL MALL BUDGET. 17
JULY 23 , 1869. ]

tion will be marvellously easy indeed. But in the meantime it undoubtedly

OCCASIONAL NOTES.
requires the utmost vigilance to prevent the professional cleaner of old
We have reason to believe that the Chancellor of the Exchequer has pictures from " disestablishing " the painting altogether, when he wishes
himself taken the question of army finance in hand. The grand project only to " disendow " it of its dingy varnish.
of placing the whole expenditure of the army in the hands of military
officials who would check their own accounts and be a law unto The Daily Telegraph, in its account of the fifth birthday of the
themselves, free from the impertinent supervision of civilians, may now be Home for Little Boys near Farningham, which was kept on Saturday,
regarded as knocked on the head. Mr. Lowe, we believe, insists that the gives us two anecdotes so deeply interesting as almost to lead to the
authority of the Treasury shall be rigidly upheld . Special arrangements are belief that its Paris correspondent must have taken a trip and been
therefore, we understand, under consideration with a view to the separation present on the occasion. It seems that Lord Cairns, who presided, asked
of the stores and cash departments. The latter will be strengthened and one little boy, " with a bright and hopeful face," if he had ever read
simplified so as to give the Secretary for War effectual aid in revising and " Robinson Crusoe "? " No, sir," said the boy. " I envy you very
reducing the expenditure of the army. much," was his lordship's " rejoinder." The other incident related is, if
possible, more deeply interesting. One of the musicians of the band
The proceedings in our courts of law seem to be taking a lively turn. dropped a florin ; the coin was picked up by a boy and restored to its
owner, " who gave the boy a shilling." So long as England possesses
One wonders what must be Chief Justice Bovill's good-nature, or what must
be the constitution of the Court of Common Pleas, which a few days since such witty peers and such liberal musicians we have very little fears for the
future.
permitted a frantic old gentleman named Brierly to seize upon a brother
barrister, who had got a place which he (Brierly) desired for himself. After
a vast deal of remonstrance on the part of the judge, Mr. Brierly, we The withdrawal of Colonel Haines from the high office of guardian
to the young Maharaja of Mysore is, we learn, due to his disin-
read, was carried out of court, violently kicking and otherwise resisting
the court officials. But the odd thing that strikes one is that the clination to accept the rules which the Indian Government laid
very next day a somewhat similar scene was renewed. The only possible down for his guidance, with the full knowledge and approval of the
conclusion seems to be that, if you want to commit an assault and not be Secretary of State. It was impossible that there should be divided authority
in the Province, and natural that the Chief Commissioner should be declared
punished for it, you must take care to seize your victim in a court of justice
the referee in all cases in which the child's interests were concerned . The
and under the eyes of the judge himself. You will then only be carried
out of the court, kicking at your own discretion all round. The recent subordination which was expected from the guardian was in no way irksome
free fight at Marlborough-street seems to point to a similar conclusion.. nor such as a judicious man would have complained of. But Colonel
Haines had not been long in Mysore before he raised objections to the
native gentleman who was associated with him as Comptroller of the
On the occasion of the debate on the Irish Church Bill in the House Household, and who owed his position entirely to the zeal and tact which
of Lords on Tuesday a painful scene took place in St. Stephen's Hall, he had shown in settling the late chief's affairs. The tone in which he
which few could have witnessed without emotion. From the account in discussed this appointment, as also his subsequent act of nominating an
the Daily News it appears that " prominent among the crowd of meaner old acquaintance to a confidential post about the person of the Maharaja
men stood the Lord Mayor of Dublin, clad in his official robe of scarlet, without consulting the Chief Commissioner, augured badly for mutual con-
and attended by his sword and mace bearer, who were attired after the fidence and co-operation, and called forth the displeasure of the Viceroy
fashion of the similar functionaries who attend the chief magistrate of the and his Council. On hearing the view which had been taken of his
City of London when he appears in state. The Lord Mayor obtained conduct at head-quarters, Colonel Haines at once sent in his resignation.
admission to one of the seats near the bar, but his attendants had to Colonel Malleson, his successor, is a man of considerable literary ability,
remain outside, and with them were left his cocked hat, his chain of office, and well read in the history of native States. His appointment to this
and," if the News is not mistaken, " the scarlet robe itself. " We are not important charge is regarded with satisfaction in India.
informed whether at the close of the debate his lordship recovered his
clothes, but what must "the meaner men " have thought at seeing a Lord
Mayor deprived of all that makes a mayor's life precious, and standing We are very glad to see that one man at least has had the courage to
before them with no other attraction than his native simplicity ? One beard the lion in his den, and openly to attack " the guzzling " system
curious fact must have come to their knowledge, of which we were adopted by the boards of guardians, vestrymen, and Board of Works.
before ignorant, and that is that, even in the dog days, lord mayors beneath The master of the workhouse has lately been suspended by the board of
their gorgeous apparel wear the clothing of ordinary individuals. We see guardians. The Poor Law Board have instituted an inquiry into the cause
only the outer man, far above us in appearance and position ; we do not see of his suspension, which, it appears, is that " he betrayed a spirit of resent-
the inner man who, clothed like ourselves, probably has feelings and ment and opposition to the newly elected guardians." The manner
sympathies in common with us all ; but we tremble to think what would have in which this resentful spirit developed itself is explained by Mr.
Robertson, one of the new guardians. The master's " animus
happened if the Lord Mayor, in deference to the temperature, had thought
was shown by the fact that, in one of his reports, he very
one suit of clothes enough, and arrayed himself as a mayor rather than a man.
much regretted to state that several of the guardians upon visiting
the house had partaken of " tea " without paying for it. He also singled
To the doctrinaires who hold that a nation should be consistent in all out a certain Mr. Watkins as having " eggs and chops " with his tea, and
its proceedings it must be gratifying to observe how faithfully the spirit of maintained that even if the guardians paid the usual charge of one shilling
the Horse Guards and the War Office is reflected by those officials who do per head for tea and bread and butter, the unnatural appetite of Watkins
us the favour to buy expensive pictures for our galleries. The conflict of would cause the estimate to be exceeded. This official might be usefully
"departments " in matters of military promotion and discipline is repro- engaged in keeping an eye on the Metropolitan Board of Works. From
duced in our art " departments " with a persistency that is truly refreshing Mr. Ayrton's speech on Tuesday on the Loans Bill, it seems that the Board of
to everybody concerned, except the taxpaying nation at large. When the Works have reached a stage of indebtedness which renders it impossible
usual National Gallery vote was moved the other night, Mr. Bentinck informed for them to go on borrowing money, though they still contrive to go on
the House that in 1867 two pictures, by a painter of the fifteenth century, feasting at other people's expense. There really ought to be some
were offered to the authorities of the National Gallery, who would have understanding with these people ; they might just as well charge for
nothing to say to them. Afterwards, another authority went to France, their washing as for their food. Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Lowe when they
saw the pictures, and bought them for us at the cost of £600. In June, have luncheon in Downing-street do not charge the expense on civil
1867, a Van Huysum was sold at Christy's Auction-room for 380 guineas ; contingencies.
and in April, 1868, a Cuyp was sold at the same place for 384 guineas.
Afterwards these two pictures were secured for the National Gallery for the Whatever may be the merits or shortcomings of the metropolitan
trifle of 1,800. In other words, we have paid just about 1,000 more police, one thing is certain, and that is that the policeman of the future
for these pictures than we ought to have paid . Quite recently, according will be entirely different from the policeman of the past. The bearded
to Mr. Bentinck, we have been blundering away in the same style in the and helmeted functionary whose fierce aspect is of itself enough to strike
matter of sundry Hogarths, sold only the other day. The National Gallery terror into the heart of the wildest smallest boy that ever chaffed
officials wanted to buy certain of these very interesting works, but a beadle, is entirely different from the constable with the swallow-
were told by the National Portrait Gallery officials that the paintings were tailed coat and beaver hat whom Sir Robert Peel created, and
in their special department, and that they would buy them. But when it whose respected appearance as, in our younger days, he told us to
came to the point of actually making the purchase the Portrait Gallery move on, has hardly yet faded from our memories. We hear that
gentlemen said they had not got money to spend, and so the pictures among other new arrangements connected with the force, efforts are
went into private hands. Doubtless, by this time twelve months we shall being made to provide them with various kinds of amusement at the various
be gratified by learning that they have finally been secured for a grateful police stations and section houses. Billiard tables, single sticks, and boxing
public at a price not exceeding three times the money they would have gloves are to be supplied in the different divisions for the use of the con-
cost a fortnight ago . The great cleaning question was, of course, not stables. The new Chief Commissioner is, we are sure, anxious to do
forgotten by Mr. Bentinck, on which we venture to offer a hint to all whom everything in his power to promote the comfort and efficiency of
it may concern. Before attempting to clean any old picture, would it the force he commands ; but it is a question well worth his con-
not be as well to ascertain as far as possible the nature of the sideration whether it is desirable to collect the men together in
"vehicle " which the painter was in the habit of employing ? The process large numbers under one roof, or, on the other hand, to isolate
of cleaning, being nothing less than the clearing off of the original varnish them from each other as much as possible. Policemen are
now rendered opaque with dirt and age, requires the application of some constantly called upon to give evidence affecting the conduct of each
sort of spirit. But if the original picture, either in its " glazings " or in any other ; living a kind of club life, they naturally have a leaning towards their
previous stage, was painted with the " megilp " or any other variety of the companions, and it is doubtful whether their testimony is now as trustworthy
varnishes now in fashion with artists, it requires the utmost care to prevent as it was before the building of the large stations, which has led to a great
the cleaning material from acting upon the actual picture itself. When number of men being massed together. It should never be forgotten that
posterity takes to cleaning the pictures of to-day, the process of oblitera- a policeman's duty is entirely different from that of a soldier. Soldiers act
[ 653 ]
 18 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23, 1869.

together in bodies, but policemen in nine cases out of ten act as individuals. gains his election, or gains, as in this instance, only a chance of turning
Each constable bears a number, and is responsible for his own deeds. out his opponent on scrutiny. Every motive for extortion and illicit profit
His natural antagonist is a thief and a mob. His chief charges are is, of course, greatly increased, and, as it were, justified. The public seems
those made before a magistrate. Like the flower of the aloe, Bealeses to have no security whatever against such extortion except in the easily
blossom happily on an average about once in a century, and even then the evaded provisions of Acts of Parliament and the firmness of a fluctuating
police as a body cannot protect our park palings or save our windows body of justices at quarter sessions to enforce them.
from the pitiless pebble. We trust, therefore, that although the tendency
has been of late years to form the police into a society, and give them
amusements and pursuits which throw them together, the policemen of the A Scandinavian meeting, attended by upwards of 10,000 Swedes,
future will, at least in the streets, learn to act on their own judgment like Danes, and Norwegians, took place on the 4th inst. in the park of the
intelligent individuals, and, above all, remember that while the ratepayers royal palace of Fridericsborg, about twelve miles north of Copenhagen.
do not object to a little drill, they strongly disapprove their guardians The Scandinavian societies of Denmark and Sweden had sent invitations
co-operating in courts of justice and " swearing like troopers." to all parts of Scandinavia, and the most distant places sent repre-
sentatives to the meeting. A journalist came from Trondheim, at
the extreme north of Norway, a peasant from a village on the
A melancholy little incident is related of the ex- Empress Charlotte. western coast of Jutland, and Sleswick was represented by three
This unfortunate Princess has been staying for some time at Spa. The well-known Danish patriots from Flensburg. A great number of
other day she insisted with such vehemence on playing at roulette that it speeches in Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish were delivered , in which the
was impossible to restrain her. On approaching the table she deliberately necessity of a political union between Sweden and Denmark was dwelt
placed a gold piece on the number 19. The Emperor Maximilian upon as the only means of protecting those countries against the attacks
was shot on June 19. The wheel turned , and, though thirty-seven of their powerful neighbours. It was also urged that the greatest possible
chances were against her, she won. She smiled sadly, took
smiled sadly, money,
took up the money, development should be given to both the military and naval forces of
and quietly left the room. On her way out a poor man passed by. She Scandinavia. A Swede spoke warmly in favour of the people of North
gave him all the money, with the injunction that he was to " pray for Sleswick, and one of the delegates from that country declared that the North
him." It is known that the Empress Charlotte never pronounces the name Sleswickers would " never cease to appeal to the treaty of Prague as the
of Maximilian. guarantee of their rights, and to demand reunion with Denmark, trusting
that they would be supported in this demand by their Scandinavian
An agreement lately concluded between the different States composing brothers. ". The meeting concluded with several toasts in honour of the
the North German Confederation will undoubtedly prove a measure of Crown Prince of Denmark and his betrothed, the Princess of Sweden.
great practical utility and an important step in the direction of German
unity. Hitherto each petty State possessed a separate code of laws, a
The charitable institutions of this country have lately hit upon a most
different mode of procedure, and its courts were entirely independent of
those of its next neighbour. Endless inconvenience was naturally the ingenious mode of obtaining contributions. It is called " presenting
result of this chaotic state of things, and in many cases-for instance, in that purses." The plan is to get one of the numerous members of the Royal
of a bankrupt owning property in several contiguous States-the delay and Family to attend some festival connected with the institution seeking
assistance, and anybody who can scrape together a few pounds and put
expense arising from litigation conducted at once in half a dozen different
courts were so great that lawsuits frequently proved as ruinous and inter- it in a purse has the pleasure of basking for a moment in the smiles
minable as the Chancery suits of former days in England. It is now agreed of Royalty, as they place the collected funds in the hand of the
Prince or Princess, as the case may be. At the recent opening
that a number of distinguished lawyers shall be commissioned to frame at
single code of laws for the whole Confederation, and that the judgment of of the London Orphan Asylum at Watford we read that purses to
any single court shall receive effect without distinction of State nationality the number of 250, containing sums none less than 5, and some as
throughout the length and breadth of the land. much as £ 50, were deposited upon the foundation stone laid by the
Prince and Princess of Wales, who both bowed graciously as each was pre-
sented. As there can be little doubt that the asylum well deserves the
Country squires, architects, and builders will be equally astonished when support extended to it, every one must be glad to hear of the reward
they read a certain paragraph in the report of the recent proceedings of the received in the shape of Royal condescension by the purse presenters, but
Royal Agricultural Society at Manchester. A London association, calling it is impossible not to suspect that if the charity in question stood on its
itself the Central Cottage Improvement Society, has obtained a prize own merits, or even if, instead of a Prince or Princess , Sir John Thwaites
of £ 10 for a design for a pair of labourers' cottages, each containing three or the Lord Mayor had laid the foundation stone, there would not have
bedrooms, the whole cost of the pair to be only £175 . Of course nobody been such an outburst of liberality. No gracious bows from Sir John or
can pronounce an opinion as to the value of the design without seeing it his lordship would suffice to tap the torrent of our munificence.
with all its details. But if these three bedrooms are bigger than cupboards Perhaps a duke or a baronet in some very out-of- the-way place in the
and the sitting-room is not equally lilliputian in size, we venture to say that country might nod us out of a few pounds, but it is reserved for Royalty
the estimate is simply preposterous. The thing is impossible. Either alone to bring out our generosity to the full extent ; and when it is brought
the designs are for mere toy-cottages, or they omit a multitude of extras, out we hardly know how much is in truth due to snobbishness and how
which are absolute essentials, and which would raise the total cost to nearly much to charity. He would be a good arithmetician who could strike the
half as much again. Doubtless you may bring down the cost of cottage- balance, and perhaps it is as well not to audit the account too closely, so
building almost ad libitum, on paper ; but we have never yet seen or heard long as the result is satisfactory to ourselves and all concerned.
of any bona fide estimate of a complete pair of cottages, built of sound
materials, which can be finished for less than something like £230 or £240,
unless under peculiarly favourable conditions which cannot be reckoned The objections to the Scotch law of hypothec relate rather to its indirect
than direct effects. There can be no doub that if it were abolished land-
on. These fanciful designs, moreover, do a vast deal more harm than
good. They disgust landowners who are anxious to improve the condition . lords would find some other means of securing their rents. At present they
of the labourers on their estates, and find themselves the victims of can afford to give long credit, relying on their authority to prevent the sale
of any part of a tenant's crop until he has paid his rent, but if this
plausible schemes. And at the same time they call attention away from
the one great fact in the position of the labouring classes- the fact, namely, guarantee were removed they would simply give less credit. Indeed, it
was stated in yesterday's debate that some of the landlords, anticipating
that it is only by a rise in his wages that the poor man can afford to pay
rent for a decent habitation . the repeal of hypothec, had already inserted a provision in their leases
that in such an event rents should be payable so many months earlier.
Except as a saving of trouble, then, the law is of little advantage to the
Surely there is a vitality about the most antiquated and worthless of
landlord. To a substantial tenant, able to pay his way, it is equally
English institutions which defies all the calculations of political actuaries. immaterial. Nor can it be said that the law makes much difference one
Such a paragraph as the following, from the bankruptcy intelligence of a way or other to the general public, who, having due warning of the
contemporary, speaks for itself :- landlord's preferential claim, know exactly on what terms they are advancing
The bankrupt attributed his difficulties to the inability to meet the heavy expenditure money or goods to farmers. The only person who reaps any imme-
consequent on his contest with Dr. Diplock for the coronership of the Western Division diate benefit from the law is the needy, hard-up agriculturist,
of Middlesex, the validity of the election being still sub judice. It was now stated that who is thereby enabled to put his landlord, as it were, between him-
if the bankrupt succeeded in his suit he would be in a position to satisfy the demands self and the rest of his creditors. According to the report of
of his creditors ; and by the desire of the official assignee the court granted an the Lords' Committee on the subject, just issued, the first payment
adjournment. for rent is usually postponed for fifteen or eighteen months after
When we remember that Sir Edward Coke denounced the practice of a tenant has entered upon a farm and " this affords facilities by which
coroners taking fees more than two centuries ago, and that Blackstone, industrious and intelligent men, shepherds, and agricultural labourers
one century ago, called attention to Coke's dictum to show how often raise themselves from a very humble position to that of
difficult it was to get rid of abuses, such an announcement as prosperous farmers." Mr. Orr Ewing mentioned the case of a
this does arouse revolutionary reflections. A county coroner, as family, paying £14,000 yearly in rent, who had risen in this way,
everybody knows, is elected by the freeholders. In America, where taking their first start on credit. That such instances are not
almost all executive officers are elected, such elections are conducted by uncommon we may believe, but it is impossible not to see
party organizations and under fixed rules, and form part of the habitual that the temptation thus held out to people to go into farming
public business of the country. Among ourselves executive officers in without adequate means is much more likely to do harm than good.
general are appointed in (as we think) a more sensible way. The coroner Moreover, even assuming that it is really beneficial to a particular class,
remains, a great exception, a medieval functionary, chosen with all the it is obviously unjust that the rest of the community should be taxed for
circumstance and all the extravagance of a county polling. And the purpose. If the calculation is correct that by the operation of hypothec
we see the result in this paragraph. The office is worth a contest Scotch farmers acquire the use of £7,500,000 to carry on their
by reason of the fees which belong to it. The candidate dis- business, that is clearly a forced loan for which no justification can
counts his future fees, Lorrows on his chance, spends wildly, and be shown. For ourselves we should say the argument is a gross exaggera-
[ 654 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 19
JULY 23, 1869. ]

tion ; and that the credit is less real than apparent. The tendency of and in such a case as this the health and comfort of teachers and children
the law is to create an undue competition for farms, to render landlords who are in these rooms from five to six hours daily ought, in his opinion,
careless as to the solvency of their tenants, and other creditors , in pro- to be recognized and more properly provided for. All sensible people will
portion, exacting and distrustful, and to tempt needy, incompetent agree with Mr. Bellairs, and we hope those in authority will see to it.
persons into a business for which they have neither ability nor capital.
Under such circumstances we can hardly wonder at the irritation which
is felt on the subject in Scotland , and the consequent success of Mr. The report of the Euvre de l'Exposition et Adoration Nocturne du
Carnegie's bill. Très Saint Sacrement, presented at a meeting held in Paris on May 30,
says " The English Association of the Nocturnal Adoration has its
abode in the Church of the Carmelite Fathers. The number of active
Mr. Pooley, " the well-known Surrey wicket-keeper," has made a
striking contribution to the question of the hour-the due limits of members is sixty-three. Nocturnal adoration takes place on every Wed-
literary freedom. " I was standing," says Mr. Pickering, a reporter of nesday night.
nesday night. In spite of the zeal, however, of our English confrères the
work develops but slowly. It meets with serious obstacles in the
the Sporting Life, " at the bar of the tavern of the Oval, when defendant
(Pooley) came up and asked what I meant by saying that his innings was character, the habits, and the ideas of that people who are so essentially
devoid of that elegance and finish that characterized the batting of lovers of the comfortable, and among whom regard for social distinctions
Summers and Silcock. He threatened to punch my head, if I would only renders the fusion of different classes of society very difficult. An English-
put my hands up, and offered to stake a sovereign if I would fight. He man of high rank needs a virtue almost heroic to enable him to pass a
also used some very disgusting language. He was not the worse for night on a hard floor side by side with a workman or small shopkeeper,
liquor. " Mr. Pooley has thrown himself into the controversy with and these last almost as much to place themselves on a footing of such
undeniable vigour, and, but for the accident of Mr. Pickering's neglecting complete equality with a great lord."
to " put his hands up," with practical effect. We cannot, however, help
thinking that he takes almost too contracted a view of the limits of criticism.
Some remarks have already been made in this country on the impro-
priety of asking the public to repay to the Duke of Edinburgh the value of
The captive balloon at Chelsea seems to be à confirmed victim to the presents which he distributed in his colonial voyages, to the
adverse circumstances. A mishap in autumn caused the undertaking amount of £3,374 145. Similar censure of this strange proceeding
to hibernate profitlessly, and a strong wind in summer drove the captive now comes by the telegraph wires from Victoria. Great blame seems
to Bucks with a corresponding loss in money and confidence. Now to rest in this matter on the Ministers, whether great or small, who
that we have got settled weather this unlucky adventure has been admitted and sanctioned his Royal Highness's claims to reimburse-
assailed at law. Recent explosions have led neighbours to think, in ment. Every private gentleman who travels, and is hospitably
defiance, or rather in ignorance of all dynamical principles and facts, that entertained, gives presents on a scale befitting his position ; and it
there is great danger of an explosion ; and thereon they have served will be for Mr. Ayrton or his superiors to explain why the public
the proprietor with a summons. It might have been thought are to pay for the Duke of Edinburgh's gifts, which do not seem
that people living close to the Imperial Gas Works had comparatively little out of proportion to his princely position and the revenue which, as a
to dread from the presence of a balloon whose contents even if ignited royal prince, he receives from the nation. It will probably also be asked
would only produce an innocuous puff in the absence of any sort of rigid whether his Royal Highness has made over to the nation all presents
resistance. Employers of labour have perhaps a more substantial which he has received, while asking the nation to pay for what he has
grievance in the loss of time and work through people staring idly at the given in return. Our Indian functionaries are all required to surrender
ascending car, but the proprietor of the balloon can hardly be made legally their presents to the Government.
responsible for this.

Among the many blessings which are specially enjoyed by Scotchmen, After all it appears that it is not necessary for Parliament to exert its
it appears that there is one which, for aught we know, may be mysteriously august strength in order to put an end to that compulsory study of "the
connected with the national dress. Besides their marriage laws, their nude " with which the modesty of London is so grievously shocked by
reckless bathers. It is as much an offence for men and boys to
banking system, and their popular education machinery, Scotchmen are
exempted from being flogged with the birch-rod. Who can say how much disport themselves in a paradisaical absence of clothing on a river's brink
the peculiar character of Scotchmen is the result of this happy immunity ? as in the Strand or in Piccadilly. There is nobody at all in fault except the
At any rate, as Lord Airlie informed the Lords, such is the fact. In police and the London magistrates, which, however, is saying a good
the north the schoolmaster's authority is enforced by the " tawse," a deal. One or two cases, however, have just occurred, in which a police-
leather strap, with the end cut like a fringe, which is applied to the palms man of astonishing zeal has pounced upon some unlucky bather,
of refractory youth. That erratic philanthropist, Lord Townshend, has and carried him off to the nearest magistrate. One Henry Pye has thus
been introducing a bill for making it unlawful for anybody but a parent been brought under the gripe of the law at the Westminster police-court,
to box a child's ears, and generally to permit no corporal punishment and has been bound over in his own recognizances to keep his clothes on
of children except that time-honoured flogging which prevails at Eton in public for the next six months. At Clerkenwell, again, a number of
and other institutions. Against the application of the bill to Scotland boys have been brought before Mr. Cooke for " unlawfully bathing " in the
Lord Airlie at once protested, assuring his brother Peers that, inasmuch as Regent's Canal. The lads said it was very hot, and they did not know why
no Scotch boys are ever birched, no species of corporal chastisement would they should be locked up for doing what thousands have done before.
remain by which a schoolmaster, or even an uncle or aunt, could correct a How should they know it, indeed ? They were accordingly punished by
refractory lad. He thought it intolerable that uncles and aunts should not the infliction of a small fine, and were then discharged. Let us hope, with
be allowed to administer a " smack " to the face of naughty boys and such courageous beginnings on the part of the police, that before the
girls who were staying in the house with them. It will doubtless be summer is quite over their energies may lead them into more central and
gratifying to English as well as to Scotch uncles and aunts to learn that polite spots. If one man has been bound over to wear his clothes at Mill-
Lord Airlie's remonstrances were successful, and that Lord Townshend bank, and several boys have been forbidden to cool themselves in the
withdrew his bill. Regent's Canal, who can say that even the Serpentine may not finally
be thought of, and a terrific rush of constables may clear it for at least one
day in the week ?
It is curious to observe, as we shake our heads and talk so wisely
about the necessity of education , how lamentably deficient we are in that
common sense which ought to regulate our dealings with those who, but One more of the picturesque elements of country life is doomed. Hay-
that happily for us they are uneducated themselves, might justly pass severe making is about to go the way of the flail, the thatched cottage roof, and the
criticisms on the ignorance of their mentors. It is, of course, an estab- hedge-row elm . The long- desired apparatus for artificially drying grass
lished rule that the body is of secondary importance to the mind , the only and corn appears to be now at last within the reach of the enlightened
agriculturist . According to Mr. Mechi , who has expounded the process in
exception being our own bodies, which, although we lay down the precept,
are not usually subjected to much mortification. a letter to the Times, and who has himself witnessed it in operation for two
Acting on this principle
we collect numbers of children throughout the country in small, ill-venti- seasons, the new invention leaves nothing to be desired. The
lated rooms , where we allow their vile bodies to deteriorate as their precious grass is carried from the field as fast as it is mown, and sub-
jected to a blast of hot air by the action of a large fan, worked
minds expand. Fustiness is as indispensable in the parish school as in the
either by steam or horse power. The hot air is generated by a coke
parish church, and there can be little doubt that the seeds of disease are too
furnace, and is simply drawn outwards by the revolving fan, instead of
often implanted in children's constitutions by the schoolmaster taking
precedence of the architect. The Rev. H. W. Bellairs calls especial atten- being allowed to pass up the chimney. In about ten minutes the moist
grass is converted into hay of the very best quality, as Mr. Mechi and
tion to this in his report on the Church of England schools in the counties
sundry other farmers testify. The value of the invention--always sup-
of Berks and Oxford for the year 1868. He says :-
posing there are no serious hitches in carrying it out- can scarcely be
The subjects of heating and ventilation do not receive that attention from managers exaggerated. It is not merely that the cost of haymaking will be materially
to which from their importance to teachers and children they are entitled. In some lessened, even in fine weather. The invention makes the farmer
schools, from being straight and malformed, the chimneys smoke. In others, the fire- absolutely independent of the weather, and, taking one year with
places are so small or ill-arranged as to give out very insufficient heat ; the children another, will thus save the country an enormous loss in inferior,
being in one place scorched, in another starved. Here a stove is fed with air from the damaged, and destroyed hay. Its use in securing second crops will
school atmosphere, boiling and baking over and over again the carbonic acid gas that has be even more important than from the ordinary first crop. Farmers
come from the lungs of the teachers and children. In another, the fresh air is admitted
naturally take little pains to produce this second crop,. in the
raw and cold through windows or apertures in the roof or side walls. All very well in extreme uncertainty of the late summer or autumnal weather, when the
summer, but in winter, with the thermometer below zero, utterly useless.
nights are damp and long, and the drying process in the fields is especially
Mr. Bellairs says he has no wish to underrate the difficulties of the hazardous. But here, once more, we are brought face to face with the
question, but what is done in private houses may be done in public rooms, great manure question. Pasture lands may now be safely flooded with a
[ 655 ]
 20 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23 , 1869.

torrent of sewage again and again, to force fresh crops of grass for conver- security that vaccination is not made a vehicle for transmitting disease. It
sion into hay, two, or even three times a year. How urgent, too, is the would be difficult to convince many parents that their children's consti-
need for every device for multiplying our grass crops may be gathered at tutions have not been injured for life by a discovery which ought only to
this moment from the condition of the markets. With an immense crop have conferred unmixed benefits upon mankind.
of grass all over the country, made into splendid hay, the best new hay
is now selling in London at about £6 per ton, and the country prices are
not much lower. Among the noteworthy results of the Boston Peace Jubilee is the
amount of the profits it produced for the enterprising promoters.
Mr. Gilmore, who has the credit of starting the idea, has received a present
The transfer of the diplomatic salaries and pensions from the Consoli-
from the directors of 50,000 dollars, besides a house and "lot " worth
dated Fund to the Civil Service Estimates seems likely soon to realize all
another 25,000 dollars. Mr. Gilmore was ambitious to give expression to
the hopes and apprehensions of different parties ; Liberal members are
beginning to compete for a chance of cutting down the diplomatic expen- "American harmony," and he succeeded, with the aid of cannon, anvils,
diture. Mr. Rylands, member for Warrington, is to draw attention to 66 the and leviathan drums in producing the " biggest noise " ever heard even
in America. We should be sorry to detract from the merit of his
excessive expenditure for diplomatic and consular services," on going into
achievement, but he will probably admit that a fee of about £13,000
Committee of Supply on Class 5 of the estimates, and is to move a reduc- The directors
pays him very well for his services to art.
tion of the votes. Mr. Holms, member for Hackney, has given notice that
could, doubtless, reconcile themselves to the ill-natured remarks
he will, next session , " call the attention of the House to the present
of 66 long-legged critics " when, after paying Mr. Gilmore, they
distribution of her Majesty's diplomatic and consular representatives abroad,
and to the excessive expenditure on those branches of the Civil Service." found themselves with a surplus of over £25,000. This is to be distributed
among the widows and children of deceased soldiers of the New England
In the meantime Mr. Otway's frank condemnation of the Foreign Office
towns and villages. The object is so good that it would be ungenerous to
agency system, and of the unsatisfactory compromise made last year
by Lord Stanley on this subject, gives hope of an improvement in other complain of the means by which it has been accomplished. Perhaps,
however, Mr. Gilmore will try some day to naturalize a respectable opera
respects, and the appointment of Mr. Spring Rice to be Assistant Under-
company in Boston, or to get up concerts of a high class in New York.
Secretary is also thought likely to lead to some improvements in Foreign
Office administration. Even General Grant was nearly stunned at the Peace Jubilee, and the
Bostonian ideas with reference to music cannot be expected to remain for
ever in their present backward state.
It is stated that in consequence of the numerous deaths which have
taken place on the East Indian Railway, the directors have ordered a
supply of coffins to be kept at the various stations on the line. We are THE NEW BAYONET.
unused in this country to much attention being paid to our convenience
and comfort, whether living or dead, by directors and public functionaries ; THE proposed new bayonet of the British infantry is the same as that
but however disagreeably suggestive may be the course pursued on the supplied to the Irish Constabulary. It is a saw-sword bayonet ; that is
East Indian Railway, a few ghastly civilities of a similar nature would to say, it has a sword edge and a saw back, while the point is as
not be amiss in England. Passengers here die in large numbers every effective as that of an ordinary bayonet. It is of the same length as the
year on our railways. It is true they are not killed by sunstroke, they are present weapon, but the Martini-Henry rifle itself is 34 inches shorter
only crushed or roasted owing to the carelessness which characterizes than the Snider-Enfield, and the total length of the arm as a pike is,
our railroad management ; but still there is no reason , we submit, why therefore, reduced by so much. The Committee, in recommending this
directors should continue the inattention which has destroyed our saw-sword bayonet, appear to have had in view the fact that bayonets will
lives to our unoffending remains on occasions when they can be henceforth be less frequently used than in former times as weapons
collected. A few plain coffins kept at any station in the neighbourhood of offence and defence ; they desired , therefore, to substitute an instru
of which a pointsman is kept at work daily for twenty hours out of the ment of more general utility. The efficiency of the weapon as a
twenty-four, and at every station on lines where the block system is not sword, as a saw, and as a bayonet, was carefully tested. With the
carried out, would be a great convenience to the travelling public. sword edge a sheep was cut up into joints ; and with the saw back the
Again, there is no ground for denying the metropolis the luxury of a dead- shinbone of an ox, a Norway spar, 24 inches in diameter, another of 34
cart, which might go its rounds twice a day or more often if necessary, inches, and a 3- inch balk of very tough dry elm were sawn through. The
to pick up the bodies of the victims to that sublime disregard of other weapon, fixed to the rifle, was also thrust through a dead sheep with its wool
people's lives shown by our cab and van drivers. A neat mortuary depôt on and wrapped in a greatcoat ; and the security of the attachment of the
for coffins might be established at one of our worst crossings, say in Regent- weapon to the rifle was tested by twisting it about inside the sheep, and by
circus, Oxford-street, with a chaplain attached for the benefit of those not driving it six inches through a 1-inch door, and allowing it to swing
quite killed on their arrival. There can be little doubt that such an while sticking in the wood. Thus the soldier will have a tool as well as
establishment, properly managed, would, in the course of a twelvemonth, an effective military weapon, and one with which he can clear away wood,
accommodate a larger number of the public than the semaphore in Parlia- cut materials for fascines and gabions ; or he can use it, if he likes, as a
ment-street would save in a similar period ; and besides, the dead-house knife for cutting up his rations.
would be the less horrible object of the two. Among the other recommendations contained in a supplementary
report of the Breech-loading Committee is one to the effect that muzzle
stoppers should be reintroduced in order to preserve the barrels from rain
It is time that the arguments and facts in favour of vaccination should be and dust, and thus to avoid the necessity for too frequent cleaning. In
once more put in a simple form before the public by some authority to the absence of muzzle stoppers, the men have been in the habit of using
whom most people would be inclined to defer. The old prejudices against improvised stoppers of rag or cork, a practice attended with even greater
vaccination are very fast reappearing, nor are they confined to any one danger than the use of recognized muzzle stoppers. The stopper proposed
particular class. It was but a few days ago that a respectable surgeon was is of a construction designed by Major Bolton, and as it serves also as a
fined before a magistrate for refusing to have his own children vaccinated, sight protector, it can scarcely fail to be seen should the soldier inadver-
and he openly avowed that his experience as a medical practitioner had con- tently raise his rifle to fire without removing it. The body of the stopper
vinced him ofthe ill effects and dangers of vaccination . There are thousands will be steeped in an anti-corrosive composition ; and it is to be
of families in which the belief is entertained that vaccination injures a hoped that all necessity for continual cleaning will henceforth be
child's constitution, is ineffectual against an attack of small-pox, and introduces avoided, a practice which really injures arms far more than any
a disease where none existed before. For each of these opinions there are reasonable amount of firing. But as the arms must undergo some
to be found numerous corroborative facts. The careless way in which cleaning, it is proposed to adopt also an ebonite muzzle protector, some-
vaccination is too often conducted, especially upon the children of the what similar in pattern to that used by many of the volunteers, which will
poor, must necessarily render it useless as a prophylactic, but, worse than prevent the contact of the cleaning rod with the rifling. The question
all, it does actually impart disease from an unhealthy child to a healthy one. of powder has been settled by the adoption of some special Waltham
Such cases as these are frequent ; the sufferers talk about them, and the Abbey powder, which is less influenced by damp and less liable to
story withthe moral attached spreads far and wide. If all parochial medical injury by carriage than the present service powder. It shoots rather better
officers, or " cheap " doctors, took the trouble to use pure vaccine, and to than the Curtis and Harvey's powder used during the experiments, and is
ascertain well the state of health of children before vaccinating from one to considerably cheaper. The slings on the new rifle are to be fixed at three
another, there would be less actual basis for the increasing unpopularity places, one at the top band, another in front of the trigger-guard, and a
of Jenner's system than now exists. People who employ first-rate doctors third near the toe of the butt. The two upper attachments will usually
are safe. Their medical friend keeps carefully sealed bottles of the vaccine, be employed, but the sling may for the convenience of the soldier on the
probably obtained from Switzerland, and he takes good care not to borrow march be lengthened and fixed to the third point.
from an unhealthy child. It is not altogether owing to " ignorance or The brilliant performances of the Martini-Henry,rifle at Wimbledon
stupidity " that poor people now try to save their children from what they will, no doubt, increase the weight of the Committee's recommendations,
regard as a hazardous experiment. Again, it is notorious that vaccination. and will give confidence to the authorities in adopting this weapon and its
often fails. In India many natives who are brought into the hospitals various adjuncts. There is one point on which we trust some further
dying of small-pox are found with the scars of vaccination deeply marked action will be taken, and that is in the reduction of the length of the
upon their arms. But when all this is said, the fact remains that since cartridge. This may be effected by employing what is known as the " bottle-
Jenner's discovery small-pox has ceased to be the frightful scourge in nosed" form of cartridge, the body of which is considerably enlarged, the
England which our forefathers found it, and that in nine cases out of chambers ofthe guns being made to correspond. Some experiments which
ten, or more, it does really act as a safeguard against the disease. have been made with this description of cartridge have been very
This view of the question ought to be made familiar to the general public. encouraging ; and there can be no doubt that it is much stronger than the
They have forgotten what small-pox formerly was in England. At the long, thin cartridges which have hitherto been generally used. The base
same time the Government might do great good by taking some steps to is of the service construction, and the body is made, like that of the service
ensure the proper discharge of the important duty undertaken by vaccina- cartridge, of thin coiled brass, either with or without a paper covering. An
tion officers. To pass a law compelling parents to submit their children to internal paper lining will probably be adopted to prevent corrosive action
the operation is well enough so far as it goes, but there ought to be some on the brass.
[ 656 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 21
JULY 23, 1869. ]

arrangements are in operation without being impeded by the opposition of

A RUSSIAN LECTURER IN AMERICA. the clergy. · We do not expect the Court of Rome to acquiesce in
LIKE people on visiting terms who have few interests in common and no them, but only to tolerate them." The replies of Count Trauttmansdorff,
joint business to transact, Russia and America have never quarrelled, have however, show that the Vatican is by no means disposed to accept the
never even had a dispute. But of late years they have not only been good situation, but looks forward to a change of ministry at Vienna to produce
friends, they have become almost intimate. At the very beginning of the a reaction. The last despatch on this subject is dated the 2nd inst.
American civil war, the Emperor of Russia tendered his good offices as a (No. 47 ). In this document Count Beust recapitulates at some length the
mediator ; and it was already significant that the American Government principal incidents in the history of the Concordat, and concludes by the
did not take offence at a proposition which, coming from England or following significant sentences :-
France, would certainly not have been received in good part. Two years The most essential stipulations of the Concordat have become impracticable in
afterwards, when nearly the whole of Western Europe was giving moral Austria ; the privileged position it gave to the clergy can no longer be retained, and can
support to the insurrection in Poland, the Russian Government, never quite only injure it ; in a word, it is a delusion to hope that this state of things is only
sure what the upshot of this moral support might be, determined , as winter transitory, and might be modified by a change of ministry. The Imperial and Royal
approached, not to allow its fleet to be frozen up, and sent a number of Government is far from seeking a conflict with the Church ; on the contrary,
vessels on a cruise, in the course of which they put in at New York, and all its wishes are for an understanding. . The difficulties against which the
were received with great demonstrations of regard. An American frigate Concordat has stumbled are no proof that the Catholic Church cannot have liberty in this
was sent to Cronstadt to pay a return visit ; and the officers of the ship country. But it should be distinctly understood that by this is meant liberty of action,
made a journey to Moscow, where, as at St. Petersburg, they were much and not the maintenance of doctrines incompatible with the development of the State.
feasted and flattered. At one of the Moscow banquets a member of the . If the efforts of the Catholic Church are exerted in the former direction
American Legation addressed the company in Russian ; and a great many the Government will hasten to anticipate its wishes. . . But, as matters
fine things were said on both sides in reference to the coincident emancipa- now stand, the Government is paralyzed in its best intentions, and must remain
tion of serfs in Russia and of slaves in America. Then we heard of Russia the spectator of a conflict which, however it may end, can never have any beneficial
and the United States doing business together, a vast but uninteresting result.
district of Russian America being, for a consideration, ceded by the former A despatch (No. 48) addressed to Count Ingelheim at Munich on the
to the latter. On the occasion of that cession being effected, the Russian 15th of May last states the policy of Austria as regards the Ecumenical
papers published some reflections on the benefit which Russia might derive. Council. Count Beust says that as the principle of " a free Church in a
from an alliance with America when the next complication in Eastern affairs free State " has been adopted by the Austro- Hungarian monarchy, he
should occur ; and we were told, in particular, that America was greatly cannot take " any measures of a preventive kind " in regard to the
interested in the free navigation of the Black Sea. Council, but that should the Council when it meets attempt any inter-
It would seem that an attempt is now really about to be made . to ference with the relations between Church and State, the Austrian
draw the attention of the American Government to the Eastern question, Government will be prepared to consider the proposal of the Bavarian
and that of the American people to Russia and her self-appointed mission Premier to enter upon collective negotiations between the European
in connection with her Slavonian relatives in Austria and Turkey. The Cabinets with the object of defending their State rights against ecclesiastical
new Russian Minister at Washington, Mr. Katakazi, has been employed encroachments.
hitherto in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he made the Eastern. There are also twenty-six despatches on the late dispute between
question his special study. He takes out with him Mr. Kielsieff, Turkey and Greece, and two relative to Roumania. The former contain no
formerly resident for many years in London, who is to lecture at new features of interest. In the despatch to Herr von Zulauf, the new
New York, in the English language, on Russia and the Slavonians. envoy at Bucharest, dated the 5th of February last (No. 35 ) , Count Beust
Mr. Kielsieff was once a prominent member of the Russian revolu- instructs him to watch carefully the armaments in Roumania, and the
tionary party. In those days he occupied a portion of his time intrigues of Rouman agents " which are still pursued in Transylvania
in preparing a Russian version of the Scriptures, and being a man and Hungary. " At the same time, he adds that " nothing is further
of mystical tendencies he has doubtless been able to find an elevated point from the mind of the Austro- Hungarian Government than any plans of
of view from which to reconcile his old revolutionary propagandism with annexation or conquest at the cost of the united Principalities," and that
the new propagandism undertaken by him on behalf of his Government. it " sincerely wishes to entertain a good understanding with the Moldo-
Indeed, he will still be a revolutionist, only his attacks will now be directed Wallachian Government. . . . But if the Principalities should assume an
against the Governments of Austria and Turkey. offensive or menacing attitude towards the suzerain power, we could not
Mr. Kielsieff met with great domestic afflictions just about the time look upon such a proceeding with indifference, still less with sympathy. "
when all Russian and Polish projects based upon the supposed weakness of The despatch concludes by recommending the envoy to cultivate friendly
Russia were collapsing, or had already collapsed. He had been accused of relations with the representatives of England and Prussia, and especially
high treason, and, not appearing to trial, condemned for contumacy ; in spite, of France, " with whom Austria now goes hand in hand in Eastern
or perhaps in consequence, of which he went to St. Petersburg and gave questions. "
himself up to the authorities. The Imperial Government seems to have
thought it a pity to sacrifice an able man of so much enthusiasm and
impulsiveness. The best thing evidently to do was to direct the THE BRITISH PRISONERS IN PARAGUAY.
enthusiasm, to profit by the impulsiveness, and to get Mr. Kielsieff It is some time since we have heard of the British subjects detained in
to perceive that, on some points at least, his views and those Paraguay, and the Foreign Office has as yet published no River Plate corre .
of the Russian Government were identical. This is not the light spondence during this session of Parliament. Meanwhile Mr. Thompson,
in which Mr. Kielsieff's seeming conversion is regarded by his former in his interesting volume on the Paraguayan war, furnishes some
associates. By them it is, of course, attributed to unworthy motives. But painful particulars. We ventured at the time to express doubts of
he certainly could not have imagined, when he surrendered to his sentence, the value of a concession made by President Lopez, and published at
that his Government would have the fine humour, slightly tinged with the beginning of this year by the Foreign Office as a sort of diplomatic
cynicism, to engage the despondent revolutionist as a lecturer in its own victory, whereby a Dr. Fox and some fourteen women and children
interest. Mr. Kielsieff ought to tell this story in his opening lecture ; the were brought away from Paraguay in a British gunboat ; and we threw
Americans would see the fun of it. The Barnum view of the transaction doubt also on the value of the assurances given of the unwillingness of
would be that Mr. Kielsieff meant it all from the beginning. But our all the others to leave Paraguay. Mr. Thompson was at Angostura
opinion is that the Russian Government was the Barnum in the affair, and with Lopez when the gunboat Beacon, Commander Parsons, arrived in
that it is Mr. Kielsieff who has been taken in. November, 1868. He says that Lopez deliberately deceived the British
commander.
On Lopez hearing of the arrival of an English captain he was much vexed, and
THE AUSTRIAN RED-BOOK. almost sent him away without hearing what he had to say. He allowed him, however,
to go up to his head- quarters. • He also invited him to some English plum-
THE Red-book which has just been published at Vienna, though not on
the whole so interesting as its predecessors, affords some valuable indica- pudding which Mrs. Lynch had made, told him that he might talk to all the British
tions of the policy of Austria on the leading European questions. Of subjects, and that none of them wanted to go away. He had, however, bottled
the two principal despatches on German affairs we have already up the few British subjects who were near head- quarters, and only one was allowed to see
given an abstract. him, and then only within earshot of Lopez. Everything was so arranged as to impress
The other documents of the Red-book relate
Captain Parsons that he had been allowed to go wherever he wished, and to see every-
principally to the Concordat, the Ecumenical Council, and the Eastern body he liked. He was allowed to take away Dr. Fox and a dozen Englishwomen
question.
and children. The husband of one of these women was allowed to go on board the
On the question of the Concordat, the Austrian Government expresses Beacon with her and stay till midnight. He was a mechanic who, by the successive deaths
a determination to adhere to the reforms introduced under the new
of the chief men in the arsenal, had become the head of it himself, and was getting a
organization, while doing its utmost " to conciliate those reforms with the large salary. He did not wish to go away, and he told Captain Parsons that none of
rights of the Church and the position of the Sovereign Pontiff. " In a the English wished to leave.
despatch (No. 40) addressed by Count Beust to Count Trauttmansdorff at
Captain Parsons tried to see and speak with Mr. Thompson, but Lopez
Rome, on the 16th of November last, the Chancellor declares " the firm
would not let this come about.
resolution of the Emperor and his Government not to retrace their steps
nor deviate from the course which they have taken after the most mature When Captain Parsons was going on board the Beacon he was so good as to send
deliberation. . . . Whatever may be the desire of the Emperor to protect me word that he should like to see me. I immediately telegraphed for permission to
the interests of the Church, that consideration must remain subordinate to Lopez, who replied, " Send any excuse you like. " So I had to send word that I was
the care of preserving the State. The maintenance of the existing institutions, busy, and could not go. Later in the evening one of the officers ofthe Beacon, who was
with all their consequences, is therefore a duty which admits of no com- waiting with a boat at the battery, sent me his card, and I telegraphed again twice to
Lopez, as the first time I sent no answer. He told me to send word that it was too late.
promise, and which is incompatible with a return to the stipulations of the
Concordat ." It would have been as much as my life was worth to have spoken to any of these gentle-
At the same time, " the Imperial and Royal Government is men without Lopez's leave.
perfectly sincere in its desire to be in harmony with the Church, ifthe
latter will no longer dispute the right of the State to act freely within the Lopez assured Captain Parsons, who believed him, that all the British
sphere of its own attributes. • In other countries similar legislative subjects should be well treated. Mr. Thompson mentions three English-
[ 657 ]
 22 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23 , 1869.

men who have lost their lives amidst the many cruelties lately perpetrated
THE IRISH CONSTABULARY.
by Lopez, one of them being Mr. Stark, a merchant, and another Mr.
Watts, who behaved so well in the battle of Riachuelo. " Between THE number and organization of the Irish constabulary are set out in a
June 19 and December 14, 1868 , 596 in all, and among them 220 recent parliamentary return. All told, from the inspector-general down to
foreigners, were either executed or died in prison." the youngest sub-constable, the force numbers 12,857 men, and since the
Mr. Thompson, who has resided eleven years in Paraguay, and been population of Ireland is now estimated at 5,500,000 souls, this gives a
an officer of the Paraguayan army during this war, thus expresses himself ratio of one constable to every 430 inhabitants or thereabouts. Taking
in his preface about Lopez and the Paraguayans : - the figures discriminatively, the " staff and force in counties, &c. ," is 12,030
66
I consider Lopez to be a monster without a parallel, but I did not discover his strong; to this we must add 449, the " Belfast town force," and 372 reserve
character before the latter end of 1868. All his outrages at the commencement of the force in depôt." A certain number of constables of each grade are
war I only heard by vague rumours. His manner, however, was such as entirely to described as " mounted," but if we are to accept words and figures in
dispel and throw discredit on any whispers which might be uttered against him. their strict significance, a few of the men must, we suppose, when all are in
Latterly, however, I have received overwhelming corroboration. . . . It was the field, ride two aback, because there are but 380 horses for 387 mounted
66 dismounted
not my intention to have written the following account of the war until President constables. The other men are tabulated as "-here a rigid
Lopez should have been deposed by the Allies. They appear, however, to be in adherence to expression cannot be thought of. These excellent public
no way anxious to put an end to the fearful sacrifice of life which has been going on in servants, we hope and believe, have not been unseated, for the good reason
Paraguay for four years and a half. . . . Although I can speak of the despot, that they never had a mount ; it is only the Hibernian way of saying that
who has used them for the purposes of his own selfish ambition, only with the greatest these men are " infantry."
horror and aversion, for the Paraguayans themselves I have the most friendly feelings ; In rank and emoluments the establishment stands thus :-One inspector-
I think I may say that I have done my duty towards them, general at £ 1,500 ; one deputy inspector-general at £1,000 ; three assistant
inspectors-general, the senior £ 600, the juniors £ 500 ; one receiver, £100
This condemnation of Lopez comes, it should be remembered, from one
(in addition to his salary as deputy paymaster-general); one surgeon, £300 ;
who has no sympathy with the Brazilians or with the proceedings of the
allies. one inspector for Belfast town, £450 ; five first-class county inspectors
on good service pay, £350 each ; twenty-seven ordinary first-class
inspectors, £300 each ; eight second-class at £ 270 each. Then
NOTES FROM CALCUTTA. follows what are, as regards pay, practically six classes of sub-inspectors
June 16.
with salaries ranging according to the standing of the recipient from £125
A WEEK ago Calcutta had a narrow escape of another cyclone. Heavy to £230 each. There are in town and country 268 of these sub-inspectors.
rain fell from early morning, and the wind increased so rapidly in force The head constables number at present 347 , with salaries that rise from
that people expected as disastrous effects to life and property as occurred £61 to £80 each. Then come 1,993 constables whose salaries are £49
in 1864 and 1867. Fortunately the gale spent itself by noon, and the loss for the lower rank, and £53 for the higher. These are followed by 512
has been restricted to broken windows, the sinking of some dozens of acting constables at £44. Below the last we find the main body of Ireland's
cargo-boats, the destruction of huts in the native part of the town , which civil army, which comprises 9,692 sub-constables with pay rising from £31
are easily rebuilt, and the interruption of telegraphic communication for a to £43 apiece. All the officers and men, according to their rank and
few hours. The moorings in the river proved equal to the strain actual services, have extra pay or allowances, under the provisions of the
put upon them, and no damage worth speaking of occurred amongst constabulary financial code. The conditions of remuneration laid down
the ships. In the neighbouring districts over which the storm by this document are minute and stringent.
passed, the crops had all been cut and housed, so there will be Within a few pounds the total expense of the constabulary for 1868 was
no repetition of the terrible suffering which the peasantry have £900,000 ; of that sum only £29,359 seems to have been met by local
experienced on former occasions. Business was at a standstill for taxation in the counties, cities, and towns of Ireland , the residue was borne by
half the day, neither man nor beast being able to face the weather. There the public- i.e. paid for out of the Imperial revenue of the United Kingdom.
was this advantage in the storm, that it cooled the air and made life more Something more than 10 per cent. of the total expenditure is disbursed
bearable. Previously the heat had been intense. Numbers of natives in " gratuities, pensions, and superannuations." These in 1868 entailed an
have died of apoplexy, horses have had to be furnished with pith helmets outlay of £98,165 . Much of the admitted superiority of the Irish consta-
to protect their heads from the sun, and in European houses, where every bulary has its root in the judicious and fair distribution of these rewards.
appliance had been brought into use for reducing the temperature, the
thermometer still stood at ninety degrees. Railway travelling by day was
literally attended with serious risk. RAILWAY ACCIDENTS.
Lord Mayo not only looks after the more important business ofthe WE would not advise the public to read the report of the inspecting
Foreign Office, but is also superintending the Department of Fublic Works. officers of the Railway Department of the Board of Trade upon certain
The great undertaking of the future is the railway from Lahore to Peshawur. accidents which have occurred on railways during February, March, April,
The exact course of the line beyond Thelum is still under discussion, but and May (Part II. ) It has just been printed and laid before Parliament,
up to that point it is decided that the rails shall be laid along the Grand but its perusal can only cause unnecessary pain, for, while it shows the
Trunk Road. A permanent way will thus be secured at once, but the fearful risks to which we are all exposed, it also points out that the
existing bridges and culverts will not bear the weight of a locomotive, and directors of railway companies are beyond the reach of any existing
will have to be strengthened or rebuilt. Meanwhile, the first State railway, earthly power, and are apparently quite determined to continue the smash
seven and a half miles in length, has been commenced. It is to connect
and slaughter system in which they have had so much experience.
Khamgaon, the most flourishing cotton mart in the Deccan, with Colonel Yolland, reporting on a collision which took place in May on
Thelum, on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. A rigid observance
the Glasgow and South Western Railway, says :—
of the estimates, which put the total cost, exclusive of establishment, The collision could not have occurred if the line had been worked with the assistance
at £30,000, has been enjoined, and in this its first venture the Indian of the electric telegraph on the absolute block system, by which an interval of space is
Government desires to show that a railway can be made cheaply, quickly, preserved between following trains. The explosion of gunpowder by a collision on the
and efficiently. The old Back Bay rails, which were lying useless at Lancaster and Carlisle Railway on the 26th of February, 1867, killing the engine driver
Bombay, have been pressed into the service, and money is available from and fireman of a train travelling in the opposite direction ; the dreadful calamity at
the surplus revenues of the Berars, which Government has the power by Abergele, on the Chester and Holyhead Railway, by which thirty-three persons lost their
treaty of devoting to any purpose of improvement that it may think fit. lives, and from the effects of which one has subsequently died ; the explosion of
With material and funds at hand it is hoped that the line may be ready naphtha on the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway, by which two guards
for next season's cotton traffic. Receipts to the amount of £8 per mile lost their lives, do not appear to have had the effect of causing railway companies
per week will give a fair return on the capital ; and it depends on the to adopt special regulations for the carriage of such combustible materials. It
success of this experiment whether branches will be made to other towns seems useless for the inspecting officers of the Board of Trade to be
of the assigned district. repeatedly calling attention to the danger which experience has amply proved to exist,
Prema Singh and Mau Singh, the only remaining prisoners concerned in as their representations on this subject might as well never have been made for any effect
the political conspiracy of 1847 against Sir Henry Lawrence, when resident they have apparently produced. The managers of railway companies are perfectly aware
at Lahore, have been set free after a confinement of more than twenty of the unnecessary risks to which the public travelling on railways are continually
years in the fort at Chunar. Their release is due to the recommendation subjected from various causes ; but whether they lack the will, or do not possess the
of the late Viceroy, but the final order could not be given till it was known power, to adopt modes of working which will almost entirely avoid those risks, is only
whether the Maharaja of Cashmere, whose subjects they are, would be known to themselves and to the directors of the various railway companies.
answerable for their good behaviour. A favourable reply has been received, Lieutenant- Colonel Rich, reporting on a collision in a tunnel on the
and they are once more at large. Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, says : —
An exquisite story comes from Mandalay, the capital of the King of This accident proves how completely the rules of railway companies are set at
Burmah. His Majesty, although rejoicing in the high-sounding titles of defiance by their servants, or construed by their servants as mere forms that do not
Sovereign of the Great Umbrella-bearing Chiefs of the Eastern Country, deserve the least attention.
King of the Rising Sun, Lord of the Celestial Elephant, Master of many Lieutenant-Colonel Hutchinson, reporting on a collision on the London
White Elephants, the Great Chief of Righteousness, has a sad fear of and North Western Railway, after giving details, says : -
revolutions. The other day the French general whose services he has Considering the great neglect of duty evinced by the two station masters, particularly
lately secured was drilling a regiment of cavalry outside the walls, by Mr. Leatherbarrow, I was much surprised to learn that the punishment awarded to
and by his orders the men discharged their carbines several times. The each was only a fine of £2.
sound reached the palace, and instantly a panic ensued. Every one rushed
Colonel Yolland, in a further report on another collision on the London
to arms and trembled for his life ; most of all the King, who imagined and North Western Railway, concludes thus :--
that another conspiracy was on foot. The officers of the offending regiment
were thrown into prison, and the magistrates who kept the city gates were I am bound to say that I consider the mode in which the traffic is conducted is very
objectionable and dangerous, but the Board of Trade have no authority to interfere.
tied up and severely beaten because they had not prevented the firing. In
time explanations were made and accepted, and even the general was Is it quite impossible for Parliament before it separates to give some-
induced to withdraw the resignation which he had tendered whilst appear bodythe power to interfere ? We are only pleading for our lives, but they
ances were so much against him, 1 Nik are to some of us almost more important than the Irish Church question.
[ 658 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET.
JULY 23 , 1869. ] 23

FOREIGN AFFAIRS. An article in the Peuple Français is making some noise. Long before
the late concessions, M. Clement Duvernois, the editor of the Emperor's
(FROM OUR PARIS CORRESPONDENCE. ) organ, advised his Majesty to " faire grand," and he now informs us
We have our new Ministry, which has already been weighed in the that the Imperial message is but the preface of the volume which is to be
expected from the hands of the chief of the State. However, from what
balance and found sadly wanting. Here is a Cabinet which retires before
M. Clement Duvernois writes, some of the chapters will not prove
a threatened interpellation on the part of the Left Centre, and which after
a short eclipse reappears with all its original elements, minus the talent acceptable to Paris. The Emperor, says M. Duvernois , cannot fail to
which directed it. Well may the Temps exclaim that this is not a trans- have been struck with the danger of centralization, which for the last
formation but a decapitation ; and the same journal compares the new sixty years has placed all our governments at the mercy of a coup-de-main
in the capital. What is to hinder the Emperor from elaborating a law of
Cabinet to an amusing toy, the parting gift of M. Rouher, who is succeeded The first Napoleon when angry with Paris once
decentralization ?
by his colleagues. The Presse says that the popular voice designed
Messis. Bouffet, Segris, Martel, De Talhouet, &c., as the men to threatened to remove the capital to Lyons, but Lyons is now as red as this
succeed the Rouher administration, but instead of these most of city. After all, the menace thrown out by M. Duvernois is too absurd for
consideration.
the old ministers keep their places, and they are reinforced by M. de
la Tour d'Auvergne, M. Duvergier, and two deputies of the Right, M. Prevost-Paradol, who a few days ago went out of his way to
and what is more the ex- Minister of State appears to have regained all his deny himself and approve the Imperial message of the 12th of June,
influence. now regrets the composition of the new Ministry. He says that
M. Duvergier, who replaces M. Baroche as Keeper of the Seals and to yield upon a question of parliamentary government without having
Minister of Justice and Worship, was for about thirty years one of the been beaten in the Chamber or, to all appearance, at the elections ;
most distinguished advocates at the Paris bar ; in 1855 he was made to anticipate a threatened interpellation by remodelling a Constitu-
tion the discussion of which was illegal, was to make important
Councillor of State ; he is seventy- seven years of age, but his vigorous
concessions to the country, but why the Emperor should stop there and not
intellect is in no way impaired. M. Bourbeau, who relieves M. Duruy as
Minister of Public Instruction, is Maire of Poitiers. In 1848 he give office to those who overthrew the Rouher Administration he cannot
conceive. He denies the truth ofthe statement that the Left Centre would
sat in the Constituent Assembly ; at the last elections he
not command a majority in the Chamber even with the support of the
returned to Parliament, beating M. Thiers by a large majority.
Emperor, and suggests that if any fear is really felt on this head Parliament
M. Alfred Le Roux, the new Minister of Agriculture and Com- should be dissolved and another House elected without official candidates.
merce, was formerly a banker ; he entered the Chamber in 1852 ,
M. Prevost- Paradol is beginning to see the real value of the recent
and has for some time held the post of Vice-President. The Marquis concessions.
de Chasseloup- Laubat, named President of the Council of State, has already
held office under the Second Empire as Minister of Marine and as Governor
(FROM OUR ROMAN CORRESPONDENCE. )
of Algeria ; he is to reside in M. Rouher's old quarters in the Louvre.
There was a Cabinet Council this morning at St. Cloud , at which most of ROME, July 16.
the new ministers were present ; M. Rouher's appointment as President The Pope has been thrown into great affliction by the death of his
of the Senate, and M. de Lavalette's as ambassador to England, were brother, Count Gabriel Mastai, who a few days ago broke his leg, and
signed. by this accident terminated his life, in his eighty- eighth year. Yesterday
The Official Journal has published a decree which will not help. the Holy Father convoked at the Vatican an extraordinary congregation or
to improve the position of the Government, though Cabinet Ministers council of cardinals. The object of this measure, at a time when his
are said to have been as much surprised at its appearance as the public. Holiness is plunged in grief, no one can divine, but it probably has
The decree in question names Marshal Vaillant Minister of the Emperor's reference both to the state of affairs here, and the concessions
household; it was imagined that this dynastic post had been abolished, but made to public opinion by the Emperor Napoleon in France. The Vatican
the Emperor reappoints Marshal Vaillant without consulting his new advisers. feels that the pressure which has overcome so powerful a sovereign must
This decree, says the Avenir National, underlines the actual situa eventually prevail in Rome, and the prospect excites consternation in
tion, and proves that the Government of the 2nd of December cannot priestly circles. The Pope goes about murmuring " Speriamo," but he is
renounce its personal character. very dejected and constantly out of temper. This doubtless arises
The first act of the new Ministry was most decidedly unpopular. On from his everywhere meeting signs of discontent. The illicit
Monday morning at about eleven o'clock the Corps Législatif was crowded speculations of men in power have raised the price of bread, though
with deputies who had assembled to learn the fate of the Chamber; there is abundance of corn, and the Holy Father never appears
it was to be decided at a Cabinet Council at Saint Cloud, to which in public without eliciting cries of " Santo Padre, pane, pane ! "
M. Schneider had been summoned . The greatest excitement prevailed, A few days ago some women followed him with this cry to the convent
and at one time it was proposed to telegraph to the President. Patience, of Santa Ruffina. The Pope sent for the Marquis Cavallette, who
however, was resolved on, and a little after two M. Schneider's carriage promised, if the Government would assist and support his measures, to
drove into the courtyard. The President brought the unwelcome intelli- effect an immediate fall in the price of bread, but Cardinal Antonelli
gence that the Chamber is to remain prorogued until after the Senate has refused this co-operation. Thus thwarted by his Minister, the Pope vents
discussed the constitution . The assembled deputies, Right, Left, and Centre, his irritability on all around. Yesterday he inflicted a penance on the
did not fail to show their discontent. The irritation of the Liberals whole Court by going to the scala santa, or stairs of Pilate, and mounting
has calmed down in consequence of the evident annoyance this measure to the top on his knees. Of course all the high functionaries were
has caused to the extreme Right ; the supposition now is that some obliged to follow, and it was a rare sight to see the throng, old and young
Arcadian intrigue which remains a mystery has been cleverly defeated. and slim and fat, kneeing their way up stair by stair with the Pope at their
The Emperor is said to have been personally unfavourable to the con- head, the dark ages lingering at the end of the nineteenth century.
tinuance of the prorogation , and to have yielded only to the advice of his The prevailing heat has caused a general flight from Rome. Count de
new Cabinet. He has written a letter to Vice- President Du Miral, Trauttmansdorff left for Vienna without awaiting the arrival of Cardinal
expressing regret that a measure distasteful to many deputies of the Rauscher. Mr. Odo Russell has taken refuge at Frascati. Monsignor
Right had become imperative. Issard, Auditor of the Rota, and Father Frappel, Adviser to the Council,
Politics outside Parliament are now the order of the day. At a meeting have started for France. Cardinal Sacconi has gone to Montalto. Cardinals
of the 116, which was held on Tuesday afternoon , that body came to the Grassellini and De Silvestri have set out on a tour. To-day the tempe-
determination to maintain its interpellation in face of the reforms announced rature in the shade is 35° ( French scale), in the sun 42°, and in some of
in the Imperial message, and when the Marquis de Talhouet, who acted as the courts and alleys, where there is no circulation of air, Father Secchi
president, put the following resolution : " The members who signed the states the temperature to be 60°. This has driven away all foreigners
interpellation met next day, and, persisting in their ideas and the principles except the Count and Countess de Girgenti, who remain at the Farnese
set forth in their demand, they adjourned till the opening of the Corps Palace.
Législatif. " This mild but determined manifesto, which sufficiently shows what Notwithstanding the heat, the greatest activity is shown in pushing
the Left Centre thinks of the recent acts of the Emperor, is spoken of by the forward the structures erecting in St. Peter's for the Ecumenical
Council. The architect, Signor Vespignani, is daily in attendance,
Government organs as exceedingly moderate. There was not much discussion
at the meeting, but what took place was serious enough. M. Emile Ollivier, and he is kept at high pressure by the Pope. A circular has
on the ground that they were without authority, proposed that matters been addressed to the bishops, enjoining them to choose coadjutors to
should be allowed to remain as they were until the Chamber met, but this discharge their duties during their presence at the Council. It was to give
suggestion was rigorously and successfully opposed, the Left Centre facilities for such arrangements that the Pope nominated so many bishops
in partibus in the last consistory. The Council will suppress several
desiring to take the important step of at once informing the nation and its
ruler that it considers the reforms offered by the Emperor insufficient. religious orders and useless congregations, and many communities of
women. It will also forbid religieux to accept the functions of parish
M. Rouher's journal seems rather amused at the difficulties of the situation ,
and imagines that things are beginning to simmer over. The Left priests, requiring these last to be secular scholars.
held two meetings on Tuesday, but failed to come to any agreement It is confidently affirmed here that a formal treaty is concluded between
on the terms of the manifesto they desire to issue ; several projects were France, Austria, and Italy, by which France, in case of war, will be
submitted, one by M. Thiers, another by M. Pelletan , and so on, but they supported by Italy with a contingent of 50,000 men, while Italy will also
were all rejected on various grounds. M. Thiers's manifesto was considered occupy the province of Viterbo. On the other hand, it is stated, in official
too weak, and M. Pelletan's sinned in the other direction. The Left circles, that Prussia has promised the Pope 12,000 men, in the event of
his abandonment by France. But, in spite of these statements , the
agreed to hold another meeting this evening, and in case they can come to
authorities seem to be assured of French support, as workmen are now
no understanding the party is to be broken up, and to oppose the
Government as each member deems expedient. The appointment engaged in demolishing the last of the barricades raised against th
of M. Rouher to the presidency of the Senate for this year has appeared Garibaldians.
in due form in the official journal, and thus another anomalous situation Cardinal Mattei, Dean of the Sacred College, is dangerously ill. Last
has been created. M. Rouher was driven from office by the Liberal party, Sunday he made his will, bequeathing his immense fortune to his near
and now he isure
to. preside over the discussion of the reforms which caused relations, the only persons to whom he ever gave anything. He leaves a
his dis com fit million francs in gold, and half a million in notes.
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 24 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23 , 1869.

is a fresh element of doubt-the circumstance, namely, that the date of

MODERN SANSKRIT PHILOLOGY.*
the Jyotish does not guarantee the date of its Veda. To all these difficulties
THESE hymns, unless we much mistake, will be judged as a learned Colebrooke was fully alive, for, speaking of the date got by his own system,
German judged the Soma, or sacred liquor of the Brahmans. " It is, " i.e. the fourteenth century B.C., he adds, with the candour proper to this
says Dr. Haug, " a very nasty drink : I tasted it several times, but greatest of Sanskrit scholars, " This, it must be acknowledged, is vague
it was impossible for me to swallow more than some teaspoonfuls." and conjectural." That these inferences are of the loosest kind may be
For, as Southey has observed, of all religions that of India is the inferred from the different interpretations put on an alleged account by
most monstrous in its fables, the most hideous in its mythological the astronomer Parasara (who cannot be shown to have existed at all) of
persons and ideas. Neither the Semitic nor Turanian spiritual the position of the colures and of the heliacal rising of Canopus. Mr. Davis
fancy has matched the folly and filth of Rama's invasion of the proved that the description of that operation showed Parasara to have been
Dekkan at the head of an army of apes ; of Vishnu's incarnations, as a living in B.C. 1180, or else in B.C. 1391 ; while Mr. Bentley extracted from
fish, a tortoise, a lion, or a boar ; of Krishna's flirtations with the 16,000 the very same passage the date B.C. 576. This is as if a remote posterity
milkmaids in the wilderness ; of the fall of the Linga of Siva from Heaven, should be uncertain whether Sir J. Herschel lived in the reign of Victoria
when Brahma suborned a cow and a tree to swear that he had seen its or the reign of the Conqueror. Another sample of the uncertainty of
utter end. But idiocy and indecency have their degrees. The faith of such data is the case of a statement in the Surya Sidhanta about
the Puranas and the Code of Menu is not the faith of the ancient the vernal equinox, from which dates have been realized ranging
scriptures of India. The Vedas are, it is true, brimfull of gibberish , from 500 to 1000 A. D. This whole astronomical system is, in
pedantry, and pollution ; but they contain traces of a better order of fact, a mere quicksand, which may inspire guesses, but from which
things. If their chronology were a little more certain, we might say that we cannot derive probabilities, let alone proofs. Whoever thinks
they flatly contradict M. Comte's doctrine (already amply disproved in otherwise has the advantage of knowing a great deal better than Delambre
other ways), that human faith begins with many gods and ends with and Laplace. For both those great authorities, after a due consideration
one or none. of Bailly's arguments on the other side, categorically enunciated the
The Sastras of the Hindus are arranged in eighteen books which opinion that the Indian astronomy is not authentic, and that its calcula-
form an encyclopædia of knowledge religious and profane. Of these books tions were made backwards from modern times. Delambre discusses the
eight are Vedas , of which again four are the inner or specific Vedas. arguments of Colebrooke above quoted. He concludes that the ancient
When European scholars say " the Veda," they speak kar' oxir, of the Hindoos had no means of making the exact astronomical measurements
first, or Rig Veda, which is said to be the most ancient. Its greater required for the case contemplated ; saying, moreover, that we cannot reduce
age and authenticity is a hobby with philologers and mythologists of their lunar houses to our zodiac. What has been said may suffice for the
the conjectural-emotional school, who squeeze from parts of the Rig astronomical part of the controversy, if we add that the supposed
Veda evidence in support of those peculiar doctrines of theirs which age of that astronomical x, Parasara, has been tortured into a separate
the other Vedas refute. The Vedas, as a whole, may be described as indication of the date of the compilation of the Vedas. Parasara is
prayers, litanies, invocations, hymns, liturgical rules, religious precepts, called the father of Vyasa, who again is called the compiler of the
moral laws, philosophical reflections, myths, fables, metamorphoses, stories Vedas, and a contemporary of Chrishna and the personages who
monotheistic, idolatrous, magical, and human, cosmologies, lists of gods, figure in the Mahabarata. However, no less an authority than Burnouf
scraps of popular poetry, amorous dialogues, parodies, and last, not least, declares that there is no sign that Vyasa (or "the compiler ") ever
obscene phallic details. Each Veda is traditionally divided into- (1 ) the existed at all, and that to discuss his personality would be like discussing
Mantras, or prayers, which form the so-called Sanhita ; ( 2 ) the Brahmana, the personality of Jupiter or Indra. Under such circumstances it is,
or ritualistic ceremonial part ; (3 ) the Upanishad, or philosophical part. we think, just as safe to believe with the Hindoos that Vyasa and
In regard to their use, we may roughly state that the Rig Veda is the Bible, Parasara existed 3000 B.C., and Rama 1,000,000 years ago, which last
the other Vedas being prayer-books, hymn-books, Talmuds, Targums, in date would enjoy the advantage of suiting recent anthropological
which the religious chapters are diluted , as it were, with the words or opinions speculation . All these arguments have lately been re-edited by Mr.
of the Chaucers, Hookers, Kants, Cuviers, Comtes, Voltaires, Louvets , Swin- Whitney, likewise by no less a Newton than Árchdeacon Pratt, who has
burnes, of ancient Hindustan. The language of these works is so gram- kindly suggested for the Jyotish date the figure of A.D. 1181 ,this being,
matically and lexicologically hard , their style is so obscure and spasmodic, we believe, the second time Laplace has been proved to be a humbug by
the Archdeacon of Calcutta.
that they have from the earliest times puzzled the deepest Pundits,
having, indeed, never been thoroughly understood except by the modern Mr. Max Müller's dates do not agree with any of the above. His
Germans. According to orthodox Hindu doctrine, the three chief Vedas chronology belongs to his system of verbal criticism, which is that called
have existed from eternity. In the Institutes of Menu their essential in Germany " The Higher," with which Englishmen are familiar through
evolution is as follows : -The Divine Being deposited himself in an egg, the remarkable discoveries of Bishop Colenso. That prelate has shown
where he lay 1,555,200,000,000 years, after which he hatched himself in to demonstration how easily, if our Hebrew knowledge be sufficient,
the form of Brahma. His next step was to " milk out " the three chief Vedas, we can detect in a single verse the style of different epochs and even of
Rich, Yajush, and Samad, from fire, air, and the sun. Tradition adds that different authors who, as is the case with Gad and Ezra, can often be
the genesis of these books was now complete, but that they afterwards were accurately specified by name. To do this in the green tree of the Hebrew
carried by a devil to the bottom of the sea, whence they were hauled up by Scriptures is clever enough ; to do it in the dry tree of Vedic literature,
Vishnu, being afterwards, as it seems, rearranged by one Vyasa. This opera- not a single palm- leaf of which can be referred to any human date,
tion occurred some hundreds, or thousands , of years before the birth of or even by the haziest conjecture to any human name, this is a feat
Christ. In the age of Mahomet, however, the Vedas appear as objective indeed. Some feeble sceptics have presumed to remark that Hebrew
realities, although even this knowledge comes from the obscure testimony scholars were disagreed as to the proper tests of age and personality in
of a Chinese pilgrim. The Vedas are written on palm leaves, held together the Hebrew books. Such objections show an utter incapacity to deal with
by strings, no copy being more than 400 or 500 years old. Unlike problems of high scholarship ; but as similar doubts have been raised in
the Pentateuch and the Eddas, they seem to have suffered wholesale regard to Sanskrit philology, we shall take the liberty of giving some
Mr. Max
textual alterations, the Sama Veda, in particular, being said to have apposite statistics, both of a general and a special sort.
existed in a thousand different editions, each of which was adopted by Müller pats those eminent scholars Roth and Boehtlingk on the back ; but
a separate religious school. Nevertheless, it is probable that the Vedas Haug says they are quacks. Goldstücker, who is surely as good as
now known are the Vedas of ancient Hindu belief, any of them, calls the great dictionary of Roth and Boehtlingk " a mere
External proofs telling us nothing of the Vedas except that books of linguistic hospital," and says that the latter gentleman, who " garbles," "is
that name seem to have existed 1,200 years ago, we must look for signs of incapable of understanding even easy rules of Pânini," the Sanskrit Lindley
time or authorship in the texts themselves. Each Veda has its Jyotish, Murray. Kuhn and Goldstücker " heartily enjoyed " Roth's " precious
or handbook explanatory of the calendar, intended to teach the worshipper translation " of a Sanskrit fragment. Kuhn and Weber slanged Goldstücker
the proper times for the discharge of his religious duties. From the in the style familiar to the readers of Ewald, Liebig, and the musician
astronomical notices contained in these treatises, Colebrooke endeavoured Wagner. Weber retracted, but stuck to it that Goldstücker was mad.
to extract evidence of the date of their composition. His argument Goldstücker, who hits to right and left after a fashion which reminds us of
cannot be made clear to readers who do not know that whereas we in Bentley himself, is the Thor of Sanskrit discussions. Armed with
1869 saw the sun at the spring equinox in the sign of the fishes, Hipparchus the iron gloves of profound learning, and the Mjolner hammer of
saw him in the sign of the ram. Sir Isaac Newton had already indulged sarcastic logic, he finally crushes his enemies by calling their
in a highly conjectural calculation of Greek chronology from the supposed systems (in capital letters) " The Saturnalia of Sanskrit Philology. "
positions ofthe colures in the sphere of Chiron and the Argonauts. Now As Mr. Max Müller's literary manners are those of England, nct those of
one Jyotish describes the solstitial points as then in certain Sanskrit con- Germany, he neither inflicts nor receives insults ; but his opponents,
stellations, or signs of the zodiac. A calculation backwards on the German and French, have said pretty plainly what they think of him. All
principle above explained would, said Colebrooke, give the fourteenth these amenities are not calculated to foster a lively faith in the results
century B.C. as the date of the said conjunctions, and consequently as the of Sanskrit scholarship. If Mr. Grote were to call Liddell and Scott's
age in which the Jyotish was composed. We must, however, remember lexicon " a mere linguistic hospital," if Dr. Thirlwall were to call Dr.
that the old Hindu zodiacal signs did not tally with ours, that their names Wordsworth a fool, and say that he and the Master of Trinity had
of
are obscure and hard to reduce to modern astronomical style ; that the "heartily " enjoyed Mr. Shilleto's " precious translation " of a passage
calculations in question are mixed up with the construction of the Clepsydra, Thucydides, why, then, the general public would conclude that something
or water clock, whose theory Colebrooke does not pretend to understand. was rotten in Greek scholarship. One or two other parallel cases will
Colebrooke appears to have regarded his own speculations on this subject usefully illustrate some of the blind spots of Sanskrit controversy. Let us
as mere conjectures, for he says in his essay on the " Atharveda " " A suppose the following theories to have been and to be held as to the growth
hymn seems to refer the solstice to the end of Aslesha, " which " authorizes of the English language down to the time of Tyndall's Bible, A.D. 1526.
the presumption that the whole of that Veda, like the particular hymn, Palgrave holds that Anglo-Saxon was never spoken in England at all ; Turner,
may have been composed when the solstice was reckoned." Here again that Wycliff's English was the daughter direct of Anglo-Saxon, and that the
later tongue of Tyndall came from Anglo- Saxon through some intermediate
" Rig-Veda-Sanhita. " The Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans translated and explained stages nowlost ; Guest, that Wycliff's English was the sister of Anglo-Saxon
by F. Max Müller, M. A. , LL.D. Vol. I. (London : Trübner and Co. 1869. ) and Meso- Gothic ; Mr. Freeman, that Tyndall's English may have
[ 660 ]
 LL ALL BUDGET. 25
JULY 23 , 1869. ]

perhaps been spoken in the time of Alfred, and possibly have philology and mythology, so that his labours have a unity of pur-
grown directly out of the ancient tongue of the " Finally, we will pose wanting in the writings of men who could not appreciate the theo-
suppose a distant posterity to dispute whether the f Shakspeare logical aspects of science. Hence, even in referring a hymn to a storm
had ever been written ; whether Davanzati's the Latin god to its proper date, he considers not only the matter of Vedic criticism
text were the original Tacitus ; whether, in fine, had the art at stake, but also whether the date projected will suit the grand truth
of writing at the time of the publication of Linc Grammar. that our earliest Aryan ancestors possessed that " original dowry of the
Now all these cases can be matched from discussion. human soul," a knowledge of one God, a belief in his government of the
Our first sentence would fit the different s, Lassen, world, and an elementary moral code tallying with the essentials
Prinsep, Burnouf, on the relations of the Prakrit of pure Semitic ethics. Again, our author's Vedic philology leads
tongues. In the latter sentence we may put naires ilson, of him to the unity of the human race. Since the declaration of Sir W.
Lassen, and Burnouf, versus Benfey, Max Müller, andGoldstüc th many Jones, made eighty years ago, that Sanskrit, Greek, Latin , Persian,
others besides. * To all this we may add that even of the olute Celtic, German, must all be descended from a common tongue,
or relative, of the great Hindu epics, the Ramayana and A ta, comparative grammar has achieved marvels of observation , but has not
we are absolutely and hopelessly ignorant, being merely able to yet produced even a single empirical law applicable by the common
that their present is not their original shape ; that we do not ow consent of philologers to all, or even to many, of the languages of
whether parts of the Puranas may not be older than the Vedas ; that mankind. Taking an analogy from astronomy, we can say that we have
scholars cannot even fix the date of Kalidasa, the dramatist, within 500 named planets, mapped out constellations, marked the movements
years ; and that a like room is given for the " Toy-Cart," as if we or poste- of the earth and moon, but that we do not yet know the laws of Kepler
rity were doubtful whether Shakspeare belonged to the reign of Elizabeth or or the final generalizations of Newton. We know, for instance, that
the reign of Victoria ! Such wholesale disagreement of the best autho- Latin was succeeded by Italian, French, Spanish, and so forth, which have
rities on such vital points need be no bar to the enjoyment of the beautiful lost the inflexions, and other complications, of the older tongue. But of
story of Nala and Damayanti. Although there are no human dates or names the nature of this transition we are utterly ignorant, and we cannot get from
in all Sanskrit literature, we may not deny the beauty of the Devanâgâri it a rule absolute within the Indo- European family, still less one applicable
letters, which, as Luther said of the Hebrew letters, seem to be living crea- to the known course of the majority of human tongues. Languages, in fact,
tures with feet and hands. Far from setting a low price on the Sanskrit no less than animals and plants, still resist the neatness of a linear series.
tongue, we think it the noblest of idioms, being of opinion that the Aryan However, when Particulars baffle us, we can always fly, like the schoolmen,
who first neglected Sandhi, or forgot to reduplicate or augment his verbs, to Universals. Instead of higgling about Sanskrit, Pali, and other known
deserves the imprecations of all intellectual beings. Nevertheless, so long tongues, why not resuscitate the unknown mother-speech of the whole Indo-
as the above-named doubts shall prevail, we must resist attempts to European class ? This is what some philosophers are at now, and they will
draw minute conclusions from palm leaves inscribed some centuries ago soon have done extracting a complete " Aryan " patois from the Vedas.
with hymns which, according to Mr. Max Müller, had been handed down After this, we shall only have to operate on the Semitic and Allophyllian
by mere word of mouth for hundreds and hundreds of years before the tongues, together with those not yet classed at all, so as to evolve from these
invention of writing. larger groups, added to the Aryan, the original speech or " Ur-sprache
Mr. Max Müller has proposed an entirely new and àpriori system of Vedic of our first parents. Another essential Vedic point with Mr. Max Müller is
literature. Rejecting the ignorant classification of the Brahmans (see above), his mythological system. Comparative mythology as at present under-
he cuts the whole of the literature of what he considers to be the Vedic age stood is essentially a Vedic study. The beliefs of different nations
into four great series, to each of which he attaches an exact date. Avoiding used to be compared by comparison, as when, for instance, the Icelander,
technical names and details, we may compare this operation with one Finn Magnussen, compared the myths of the Eddas with those of the
which should amalgamate the works of Chaucer, Shakspeare, Hooker, Vedas, Zendavesta, Homer, and so on. Now, comparative mythology is
Bacon, Pope, Sir Walter Scott, Dean Stanley, and Mr. Max Müller, and no longer comparison, but the manufacture from the Vedas of generic
then redistribute their contents in chronological series according to myths so framed as to embrace all the myths of the Indo-European
the laws of internal critical evidence. Mr. Max Müller states that family. Mr. Max Müller deserves neither the excess of honour nor the
it always takes such and such a period to found a religious doctrine ; excess of indignity bestowed on him for his speculations in this kind , for
that hymns, ancient and modern , must take so many years to become his whole plan, as that of M. Bréal, is the work of Kuhn, whose philological
sacred and unintelligible ; that a new theology requires so many years, inventions have set half the scholars in Germany by the ears, causing
and no more or less, for its growth ; that a change of language disputes essentially analogous to those of the Orientalists headed by
takes so many more years ; that to collect hymns and prayers, edit them, Creuzer, and the Grecians headed by Ottfried Müller. His " Herabkunft
and bring them into circulation takes so many more years, and so fort des Feuers und des Göttertrankes " is a production which, if it equal the
Mr. Max Müller's private reasons on this head will be found in his learned extravagances of Porphyry and Jamblichus, must be called a marvel of
" History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature." In other places he gives the learned guesswork. His great discovery, one which is considered to be a
mere chronological results, speaking of them as if they were the best mainstay of Vedic mythic science, is the identification of the god
established facts in nature, like the precession of the equinoxes, the rinder- Hermes with a dog in the Rig Veda, called Sarameya, who, by the unani-
pest, or the Alabama claims. The whole argument is one to which no mous indignation of all Greek scholars, is pronounced to be a mere vulgar
Englishman can do justice, for Englishmen are not furnished , like watch dog. Kuhn and his followers assume, what the Grecians flatly
Germans, with a special intellectual organ for discerning "things deny, that the Greek (and all other) mythical relations are mere corruptions
in themselves." As it stands on intuitional grounds, we abstain from of original Indo-European types which exist in the Vedas. The whole
showing (which would be as easy as unphilosophical) that every point of Greek, Egyptian, and Italian Pantheon is, in fact, being excavated from
it may be controverted by the plainest analogies of literary history. We the Vedas in view of the eventual compilation of a grand Eocene
confine ourselves to the fact that not a single Sanskrit scholar of mark mythology for the entire Aryan race.
admits Mr. Max Müller's system, which has been rejected both in It remains to expound Mr. Max Müller's general line of Vedic translating.
the gross and in detail. As a specimen ( and a very awful specimen On this subject there is an English and a German doctrine. The English
too) of the former, we would refer to Goldstücker's preface to his doctrine, as exemplified in Wilson's " Rig Veda " (completed by Cowell) , is
Pânini. Of the latter, we may name Dr. Haug, who examines Mr. Max that the native commentator Sàyana understood the Vedas better than any
Müller's date of a hymn of the Rig Veda at the Horse Sacrifice, the European can do, and that a European translator of those books ought to
ceremony
66 of which such magnificent use is made by Southey in the try to reproduce the sense ascribed to them by the Brahmans. The doctrine of
Curse of Kehama. " Mr. Max Müller says that this hymn was written in Roth is that European or, at least, German scholars (especially Roth) may
the less ancient period, or between 1000 and 800 B.C. While from the very understand the Vedas much better than the Sanskrit Eustathius did , just as
circumstances on which Mr. Max Müller most relies, Dr. Haug argues that Mommsen understands Livy better than Cicero could, as Mr. Gladstone
it belongs to the earliest Vedic age, or to about B.C. 2000 ! Further, understands Homer better than Thucydides did. This last, some-
whereas Mr. Max Müller calls the " Brahmanas " prose, other scholars what diluted, is Mr. Max Müller's opinion ; so that the representatives
distinctly call them poetry. Then he denies to Pânini a knowledge of the traditional school will easily discover in his translations a crop
of the art of writing : " Before the time of Pânini, nay even when he of apparent blunders. The corrections which they may suggest will
himself wrote (sic) his great work, writing for literary purposes was not, however, tell much against our author's scholarship, which is not.
absolutely unknown," an opinion repudiated by most scholars, because, unsound .
as Mr. Max Müller admits, the word lipikara, a writer, is used by If Mr. Max Müller permit the comparison, we would say that his varied
Pânini himself. talents and labours remind us of Richard's exclamation at Bosworth. If
Such enormous uncertainties and contradictions might deter a there were six Richmonds, so there are several Max Müllers in the
field. " Nil fuit unquam sic impar sibi. " There is the perfervid lecturer
superficial person from trying to define the geographical and historical
horizon, the intimate poetic expansions, the exact theological phases, and essayist who mixes up the nimble ninepence of conjecture with
of early Aryan man. Nevertheless , after the pattern of Vico's deduc- the slow shilling of fact, who, amidst the flowery jungles of metaphor
tions from the Iliad, Burnouf and Lassen have given a picture of and emotion forgets that the mountain tops of science should be like
ancient Indian civilization , almost tracking the pre-Aryan people back the peaks of Kailas and Mount Meru, a region of icy calm . There is
to the table land of Pamir. The same work has been done , but on also the historian of Sanskrit literature, who, ignoring the sentimental
a less imaginative scale , by H. H. Wilson , the whole idyll having and the supernatural, argues, if unsuccessfully, in a scientific temper, and
been reproduced by Mr. Max Müller with a dithyrambic unction to with adequate learning. Then , best of all, there is the industrious translator
which his predecessors can lay no claim , and with an entire freedom from who knows the Vedas as well as any Brahman, who can only be accused
those harrowing doubts and reserves which spoil the speculations of of too keen a wish to give a Semitic reading of the superstitions of ancient
Wilson and Burnouf. Where his predecessors studied and wrote ad Hindustan. We do not, however, desire with him that his translation may
narrandum, for a mer ign
e orant display of facts, Mr. Max Müller be forgotten fifty years hence. We cannot hope that men of intellect will go
studies and writes ad probandum , in view of the final causes of on making fresh versions of a jargon so abject that we should like to
suppose it to have been borrowed by the Aryans from an aboriginal
* As to whether ( 1 ) the dramatic Prakrits were ever spoken ; (2) the alternative Turanian race. Those who cherish such superstitions are, we fear, like
Sanskrit or Pali originals of the Buddhist books ; (3 ) the use of writing in the age of Pilpay's Brahunan, who mistaking a dog for a sheep bought it with some
Panini, B.C. x, or A.D. x. rice and a pot of ghee.
[ 661 ]
 26 PALL MALL
[JULY 23, 1869.

go to bed. A élates in a letter, which Mr. Bowden prints at

LIFE AND LETTERS OF F. W. FABER.*
length, and ts everybody to accept as evidence. It will be
It is a hazardous thing to write the life of any man while many persons gratifying to reader to learn that the recipient of the letter
are still alive who were personally familiar with his career. Especially is was a lady y highest rank, one of that extremely select
this the case when the subject of the biography has been more or less pro- aristocrati om the ministrations of the Brompton Oratorians
minently before the public eye as a vigorous and successful proselytizer
on behalf of a newly adopted creed. Mr. Bowden's life of his friend Retur proceedings at Elton, it would seem that
Dr. Faber is not calculated to escape this criticism, both from the the devil the effect of the noises they made. In a
Anglican and the Roman Catholic point of view. By many of those short tim ed from the pulpit that he was about to join
who were acquainted with Dr. Faber during his residence at Oxford the Ror ur , an with his characteristic love of éclat, stripped off
and as a Protestant clergyman, his peculiarities are well remembered ; and his su s he came down the pulpit stairs and dashed it upon
such readers cannot fail to be amused with the simplicity with which the Within the Roman communion Faber's movements were
biographer has valued his friend at his own estimate. The aversion, too, sti ie same erratic character, his aim being generally to
with which the proceedings and writings of the head of the Brompton on all sorts of people that gift of fascination which he imagined
hf , doubtless in all honesty, to possess. He soon took orders
Oratory were regarded by a large number of his brother priests is notorious
to all Protestants who have concerned themselves with such subjects, as a priest, and finally settled down as the head of the London
Many of the readers of Mr. Bowden's book will, therefore, lay it down branch of the Oratory which had been introduced into England by
with a smile, more than ever disposed to regard the religious biographies Dr. Newman. Mr. Bowden of course says nothing of the alienation which
of all times with incredulity and suspicion. As a life, this thick volume is, before long took place between the Birmingham and London establish-
moreover, very dull, and to a large extent consists of Dr. Faber's letters, ments, but the fact of the alienation is notorious, though Dr, Newman
with extracts from his writings already in print. Anything like a critical came to London to visit his former colleague when upon his deathbed .
estimate of his character was, perhaps, hardly to be expected. But it is The moment, however, that Dr. Faber, with the knot of converts who
matter of surprise that a man of unquestionable abilities, a clever and were associated with him, began their work, he made an impression which
fluent talker, with a nature to which reticence or intellectual modesty were must have satisfied his most daring hopes. His aim was to import
things unknown, should have furnished so little to report in the way of into England the most Italianized Catholicism of the nineteenth century.
personal anecdote or telling sayings. Dr. Faber's Oxford contemporaries Prayers, preachings, hymns, books of devotion, and all the apparatus of the
will marvel, indeed, at the portrait here presented to them. He is repre- effeminate pietism of devout Rome, astonished the sober clergy and laity,
sented as remarkable for the truthfulness of his nature, and as having who were already sadly troubled bythe innovating spirit of Cardinal Wiseman .
possessed the gift of attaching to himself every one with whom he came Faberism soon became the talk of the day, converts multiplied, a few of
much in contact. Mr. Bowden's belief in the humble simplicity of his
the priests came over, and the new hymns, the new saints' lives, and the
character is astonishing. But what would he have thought if he had been new devotions became fashionable not only among dukes and duchesses
told that it was young Faber's practice to write a minute diary of the and the most select aristocracy of Belgravia and Mayfair, but here and
variations in his spiritual feelings, and to show this diary, professedly written there all over the country. Even nuns in their quiet convents felt the
for his own private edification, to his friends and acquaintances ? Dis- shock ; and though the wiser and older clergy more or less boldly
play, in fact, combined with a reckless extravagance of talk, was the chief denounced the novelties as nothing better than a Romanized form of
infirmity that was generally imputed to the ambitious undergraduate. And Methodism, it made good its footing, and has remained a living power in
yet what will not a biographer believe ? Mr. Bowden prints a letter English Catholicism to this day. Of the real hostility which was felt towards
containing the following unconscious exhibition of self-esteem, and seems the new fanaticism Mr. Bowden says nothing ; nor does he tell us that after a
actually to imagine that it is an exhibition of humility :- " God has given while the use of Dr. Faber's devotional books was absolutely forbidden
to me," says young Faber, " peculiar- to my mind a very peculiar-talent, in convents of nuns by more than one Roman Catholic bishop. For by
at first sight alien to my character, of attaching people to myself. I was degrees people began to see that a coarse Mariolatry and a highly excited
first struck by it one day when Y , soon after his conversion, sentimentalism may be carried too far, even on Roman principles ; and
was indulging in expressions of affection for me. He quoted a that
66 when English priests could take to speaking of the Virgin Mary as
speech which P-- had made use of at Harrow :-' I cannot tell why Mamma," the system was becoming not merely idolatrous, but ludi-
it is, but that Faber fascinates everybody ; "" the words in italics being crous. However, the work has been done, and remains ; and whatever
underscored in the original letter. Then the writer goes on to say that the may be thought of its quality, there can be no question as to the
hand of Providence was palpably with him, and that he had organized abilities and energy of its author, and of his power in getting together
"a system of aggressive efforts in favour of religion," and established a a sufficient number of instruments to help him in his innovations.
number of prayer meetings . It is wonderful that a biographer could It is impossible also to suppose that such an effect, pernicious as it
print such a production and imagine that it told in favour of its writer's may be, could have been accomplished by men who were not thoroughly
character. sincere in their own religious convictions.
Mr. Bowden's capacity for belief is, moreover, not confined to the
interpretation of letters. He believes in the most commonplace of ghosts,
or, at any rate, in the most commonplace of devils. After obtaining a
PANAMA, NICARAGUA, AND MOSQUITO.*
fellowship at University College, and taking a minor share in the literary
work of the Tractarian movement, Faber, it appears, settled down upon THIS book consists of two distinct parts. Dr. Seemann describes journeys
a college living-Elton, in Huntingdonshire. He had, in the meantime, to Nicaragua in pursuit of mines ; Captain Pim gives an account of
travelled a good deal abroad and begun the process of Romanizing himself, Mosquito and her rulers. It may be said of both parts that they are more
the results of his travels being the rapturous and sentimental book which desultory and fragmentary than might be wished ; and this remark applies
he published with the queer title, " Sights and Thoughts in Foreign in greater degree to Captain Pim's narrative of affairs in Mosquito-a
Churches and among Foreign Peoples." At Elton, then, he began to put curious and obscure subject, of which a more connected account would
into practice his new views in a manner which considerably astonished have been valuable. Some twenty years ago Lord Palmerston vainly
the rustic mind. He persuaded a good many of the parishioners to endeavoured to expand an ancient, irregular, sentimental connection
come to confession to him, and set up a society of his " most promising between the Mosquito Indians of Central America and England into a Mos-
penitents." The members met at twelve o'clock every night at the quito kingdom under an English protectorate. The attempt was meritorious :
rectory and spent an hour or so in prayer, on great occasions prolonging the case for England was plausible, if not perfect. It was an important
their devotions for three or four hours. On Fridays, and throughout object for English interests to secure a voice and influence in the canal
Lent, they used " the discipline ; " i.e. flogged one another on the bare then projected across the Central American isthmus to connect the
shoulders. " Upon which," says Mr. Bowden, " it would seem that these Atlantic and Pacific Oceans ; and the Atlantic terminus of the designed
vigils excited the anger of the evil spirits, for mysterious noises used to be canal was the port of the San Juan River, claimed both by Nicaragua and for
heard in the house at the time, often apparently just outside the door of the the Mosquito dominion , called San Juan del Norte by the Nicaraguans, and
oratory where the members were assembled. " When the astonished christened Greytown by the English protectors of Mosquito. The Nica-
devotees rushed out with lights, and searched all over the house, nothing raguans were twice forcibly dispossessed and driven away from Greytown
human was, of course, to be seen. Whereupon it was decided that the by an English force. On the second occasion a naval force under Captain
noises were the work of sundry irritated and obstructive devils. But Loch, R.N. , ascended the river, and some lives of English officers were
the devils did not succeed in their devices, and the wise and prudent lost in storming a Nicaraguan fort. This was in 1848. The canal has
rector and his followers went on with their nocturnal devotions and not been made or even begun, but a railroad now traverses the isthmus
scourgings as long as he remained at Elton. Seriously, we can only wonder farther south. North American jealousy thwarted and defeated Lord
what the less fanatical and more learned sections of the English Roman Palmerston at Greytown. Our protectorate of Mosquito, so vigorously
Catholic clergy will say to this monstrous story, now repeated and vouched enforced against the Nicaraguans in 1848, was disowned, not without
for by one of their own body. It should be added, also, while we are on national discredit, in the vital matter of protection against foreign
the subject, that many years afterwards Dr. Faber was again brought into foes, when in 1854, the Crimean war being on our hands, and
personal contact with the supernatural world. In December, 1850, he had Lord Aberdeen Prime Minister, the defenceless Greytown was
a dreadful headache, upon which he applied a bit of the linen of a famous wantonly bombarded and barbarously destroyed by a commander
Italian saint to his forehead. Upon this his headache instantly ceased, of the navy of the United States, acting under superior orders.
and he jumped up and dressed himself, feeling perfectly well. This was on For that destruction of Greytown, with attendant insult to the
a Wednesday. On the following Saturday, having another headache, he English flag, there has been never atonement nor apology. In 1859,
repeated the application, but at first with no effect. However, after some our Government made treaties with the two Spanish-American
prayers, the use of the bit of linen was successful ; but it is necessary to Republics of Nicaragua and Honduras, claimants between them of the
add that in a short time Dr. Faber was as bad as ever and was obliged to Mosquito territory, by which the territorial sovereignty claimed was

* " The Life and Letters of Frederick William Faber, D.D. , Priest of the Oratory * " Dottings on the Roadside in Panama, Nicaragua, and Mosquito. " By Bedford
of St. Fhilip Neri. " By J. E. Bowden, of the same Congregation. (London : Pim, Captain R.N. , and Berthold Seemann, Ph.D. , F.L.S. , F.R.G.S. , &c. &c. Illus
Richardson. 1869. ) trated with Plates and Maps. ( London : Chapman and Hall, 1869. )
[ 662 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET.
JULY 23, 1869.] 27

conceded to them, on conditions of a reservation of a consider-

" NOTES ON YACHTS.”*
able tract on the coast for occupation of the Mosquito Indians, and
of a small payment by each of the States to their " headman," no longer THERE is this great difficulty in writing a book on yachts, that every man
"king. " The stipulated payments appear to have fallen into arrear, or to who has ever cruised in a cutter thinks himself an authority on the points
have been refused. Here we have to regret that Captain Pim has given us of a boat ; indeed, people often speak dogmatically on the subject
only a few accidental glimpses of the present state of Mosquito matters, without any qualification superior to that advanced by the owner of a
where he could have supplied a full and clear narrative. The Captain canal barge in returning thanks for the navy at a public dinner. Mr. Brett
appears to have made his first acquaintance with the Mosquito country, then attempts, in a neat and decisive manner, to reduce the prevalent confusion
a kingdom, in 1859. He went there officially as commander of H.M.S. to something like order. He lays down axioms with curt emphasis, and
Gorgon, found the king living with the British Consul at Blewfields, took supports them, as it seems to us, with sound arguments. It should, how-
the king with him on a cruise, and obtained from his Majesty a concession ever, be always borne in mind that with regard to the sailing powers of
of land for the construction of a railway from a point between Greytown yachts, nothing but actual experiment can be relied on to give assurance of
and Blewfields, then called Monkey Point and now Pim's Bay, to the Lake success. What are supposed to be the most perfect principles of construction
of Nicaragua, with a view to a new route of transit of the isthmus. often result in failure, and it is but small consolation to the owner of a slow
Captain Pim afterwards acquired a concession from the Nicaraguan craft to know that the feebleness of his ship has been brought about by a strict
Government for completion of his scheme of transit. We are adherence to rules supposed to be infallible. Premising so much, we are
sorry to learn from this volume that the Captain's enterprise and still inclined to recommend Mr. Brett as a sound guide. He gives you his
energy have as yet brought him nothing but outlay and disappoint- information for what it is worth, free from obscurities or unnecessary
ment. It is as his friend, the King of Mosquito - no longer, it technical terms. He has a definite method and system which will bear the
appears, in the land of the living- prophesied,when he gave the Captain the closest analysis. This is an unusual thing with writers on yachting, who
concession he asked for. " You will break your heart over it," said the are in the habit of confounding their own theories, before they are done with
king ; " you little know the disappointments in store. But if you really wish them, by offering alternative proposals of an entirely opposite description.
it, draw up the document you think necessary and I will gladly sign it, not Mr. Brett opens by a sort of apology for yachting which reminds us of
only to show my friendship for you personally, but also to prove my anxiety the apology of " Piscator " for fishing in the " Compleat Angler." Riding
not to lose an opportunity of doing anything which may chance to advance alone can be compared to this sport for adventure, but riding is more
the interests of England .' Public griefs and solitude had, it appears, made dangerous. The steeple- chaser runs many a peril, but " no one thinks of
a drunkard of his late Majesty, but he took advice from Captain Pim in good making his will when he is going to compete at Cowes." And yet a
part, and bore himself well, and gained all hearts while on board the good sailing match is a grand piece of excitement. There is this difference
between the recreations. The steeple-chaser is partly dependent on
ship Gorgon.
66 his horse, but " the temper of a yacht is always that of her com-
'My dear king, " said I, " you are aware that the strictest discipline is, or ought
mander."
to be, maintained on board a man-of-war, where it is especially necessary to stop at We cannot altogether subscribe to this statement, which
indeed only belongs to that part of an excellent little book in which
once the smallest tendency on the part of any of the crew to indulge that propensity for
a dash of rhetoric was unavoidable. The uses of a yacht are various.
strong liquors only too generally the fault of sailors. Now, it will be impossible for me
There is no pleasanter means of travelling than that of crossing the
to punish any delinquents under my command for a transgression of this kind, if they
see a guest of mine, especially one in your position, setting the example. I must,seas with one's home about one in the shape of a goodly boat. Another
advantage of a large boat is the means it gives for enter-
therefore, appeal to your good feeling to refrain, while you are with me, from indulging
in more wine than is needful." tainment ; but the pleasures of sailing may be had equally in
craft of moderate dimensions. Mr. Brett is enthusiastic on the score
The king took these blunt remarks in very good part, and replied that he had no
doubt that even the temptation to excess would not occur while he remained on board
of those little vessels that can be taken completely in hand, and
the ship, and that he only drank too much in consequence of the solitary life he led, the
which require far more skill to manage and control than larger
absence of congenial society, and the melancholy foreboding, which he could not shake
ones. To take your yachting thoroughly Mr. Brett recommends not
off, that he was the last chief of a doomed race. I thought it right to acquaint the
only that the boat should belong to you by right of purchase, but that
officers with the tenour of this conversation, and to request that they would aid me in
she should be designed and built by her owner. The latter will then feel
keeping temptation out of the king's reach, and I can only say that during the time he
as proud of her performances as of the triumphs of a famous son. There
remained my guest he faithfully kept his word. Indeed, I found him a most amiable,are many reasons why a yachtsman should attempt to strike out a line of
accomplished, and agreeable companion ; and I am indebted to him for much informa-construction for himself. Builders are often ignorant or empirical,
tion, and very considerable assistance in that project for the development of Mosquito
and are slow to learn from accumulated data. Besides, they work
with which I have identified myself,
altogether from a commercial, and not from a scientific impulse. They
This king, George Augustus Frederick by name, has been gathered to are ordered to make a stylish boat with fine fittings, and having done
his fathers ; his heir is a nephew, William Henry Clarence, son of a sister, that there is an end of their care. The amateur, however, should
Victoria. Nicaragua refuses to recognize this nephew as chief or head- prepare himself duly, and not go fidgeting with the design of a
man of the Mosquito Indians, and, having failed to pay the subsidy builder, suggesting eccentric and viewy alterations, and throwing what may
stipulated by the treaty of 1859, has also been endeavouring to filch from be a fairly consistent scheme out of symmetry and proportion ; he should
the Mosquito Indians their " reservation " land. Captain Pim was called attempt " a craft that should reflect his own individual genius, and respond
in in 1867 to cure, if he could, a rotten state of things in Mosquito. The exactly to his requirements. " And then Mr. Brett proceeds with his
chief of Mosquito has a guardian, by name Martin, who is " Chief notes for the education of an aspirant to such a work of art. Yachts are
Justice of the Mosquito Reservation ," and also, it seems, an auctioneer all either deep or shallow, narrow or broad. Narrow yachts are capable
at Greytown . Mr. Martin offered to transfer the guardianship of of the greatest speed from the fineness of the horizontal lines ; they
the chief to Captain Pim, who declined the charge. Mr. Martin, mean- sail closest to windward ; but they are bad sea boats, without
while, is either unconscious of his own responsibility or unable to fulfil the much buoyancy, and from drawing so much water inconvenient for
duties of guardian. Captain Pim denounced him at a public meeting held cruising into harbours. The broad and shallow class are safer in
in 1867 at Blewfields, the capital of the Mosquito Reservation and the foul weather. They ride lightly over the waves, and from the small draught
residence of the chief, for not having come near his ward for eleven can often make short cuts and escape sand-banks. But they are slow
months. At the same public meeting, Captain Pim was requested
sailers. The lines are necessarily bluff. They grip the sea in careening
to take the Mosquito Reservation and its inhabitants under his pro- with a breeze ; they make lee way in a wind, and in rough weather the
tection ; but for him, said the chairman , " they would have been kept rudder may be lifted occasionally out of the water. They are good sea-
in darkness as before on the question affecting their very existence, or kept boats, bad racing-boats, bad sleeping-boats (the cabins must be low) and are
quiet by Mr. Martin, who was always talking about the Foreign Office, and difficult to steer.
what would be done ; but they had now been waiting for years for something Yachts are rigged either as schooners, yawls, or cutters. The cutter
to be done, and nothing had even been attempted, in spite of Mr. Martin's shows a pre-eminence for speed because, when turning to windward, she
fair promises ." Our Foreign Office should certainly see to the payment receives the wind mostly in one sail, by which means the largest amount of
of the moneys stipulated to be paid by Nicaragua and Honduras in the force is concentrated and economized. "With the wind before the beam
treaties of 1859, and to the faithful observance of all the engagements of the cutter can show her stern to any other craft afloat." The schooner is
those treaties. Captain Pim has endeavoured , since he became Protector handier, can be managed by a smaller crew, and in bad weather the light
of Mosquito, to arrange the differences with Nicaragua ; his plan being, spars stand her in good stead, The yawl is a compromise between the
so far as we can understand, an absorption of the reservation on con- schooner and cutter, " in which neither the glaring defects nor the eminent
dition of a grant of 2,000,000 acres of land for immigration : but he good qualities of either are retained." The faults are to be found in the
has been again baffled by a proposed condition that the whole of this hull ; and we must refer yachtsmen directly to Mr. Brett for a proof of the
immense tract shall be put in cultivation in five years ; " a physical statement that these errors admit of correction, and that, on the whole,
impossibility," says the Captain, " even if every man, woman, and child a proper adaptation of this rig is the most efficient.
in Nicaragua (about 100,000) engaged in the work with Anglo-Saxon Some time ago we expressed an opinion that we had no sincere reason
vigour. " to be proud of our pleasure fleet. Mr. Brett says , " We may more reason-
Dr. Seemann has been more prosperous with mines than Captain ably entertain an opposite
66 feeling." We have yachts with deep hulls and
Bedford Pim up to the present with Mosquito. Panama is but a starting- an acre of canvas, fast, unmanageable, and dangerous ; " cutters of an
point for the Doctor in his Nicaraguan travels, his narrative of which is old fashion, clumsy to guide, straight and quick in stays, but crabs to go ;
interspersed with many valuable scientific remarks. In his part of the schooners low, crank, and lazy ; " floating kitchens and bedrooms," fit
work it is evidently a man of science and learning unbending to supply for fair-weather seamen, who keep them within hail of the clubs and of
some light and amusing reading for the public. Both he and his naval the fashionable regattas. Mr. Brett boldly suggests reforms. He begins
coadjutor can tell a good story amusingly. Captain Pim's accounts of the with the hull. He then deals with the mechanical difficulties to be over-
66
dignity " ball of the Port Royal washerwomen and of his visit to the come, reasoning out his views with a scientific and logical precision.
Mosquito Queen-Dowager and her daughters are very amusing. On the He lays it down that the speed of a yacht depends primarily on the
whole, the two authors have produced a very readable volume with a good shape of her ends, and as there is no rule laid down on this score,
deal of new information on a little-known part of the American continent,
and the volume is furnished with convenient maps and well- executed * "Notes on Yachts. " (First Series. ) By Edwin Brett. With an Illustration drawn
plates. by John Brett and engraved by J. D. Cooper. (London : Sampson Low and Co. 1869. )
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 28 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23, 1869.

the variety of design is almost infinite. The only thing which seems forests the moose and the salmon had some years ago all but disappeared,
to be settled is that the two ends shall not be alike. The reason most and it was found necessary to take strong measures to rescue them from
generally given for this dissimilarity is " that the water does not flow into destruction. But the existing game law in America, though it has not
the vacuum left by the vessel's progress in the same form or with the same been without its good effects, is necessarily less efficient than in England
velocity as it is displaced at the bows." Mr. Scott Russell's wave line for want of persons to set it in motion. The game in that country belongs
principle has not been generally adopted by yacht builders, as the good to the State, and poaching in the English sense of the term, involving
qualities it secures are more adapted for freighted ships than for yachts. trespass, is, of course, unknown. Thus there is no personal injury to avenge
Lord Robert Montagu is another contributor to the literature of this in the prosecution of offenders, whose only offence, indeed, consists in killing
important question. " The basis of Lord Robert Montagu's principle game out of season ; and each man thinks that his neighbour may as well
is that the motion of the water along the ship's side will be in a take the trouble as himself. Captain Hardy is of opinion, however, that
direction at right angles to the timbers. Therefore, to make the vessel's wherever the Anglo-Saxon race establishes itself there game must be kept
hull of a good shape, he proposes that her timbers should be drawn at up. And, indeed, there has been from time immemorial a curious kind of
right angles to fair lines running from end to end of the vessel. For association between the love of field sports and the love of liberty. And
these lines, which he calls driving lines, being at right angles to the few will deny that the legal protection of game, where that involves
timbers, are in the direction that will necessarily be taken by the water." no vexatious class privileges, and where a breach of the law becomes
Mr. Brett believes that theoretically this principle is sound, but the inventor a civil not a criminal offence, is decidedly beneficial. It will be odd,
does not give the practical information without which it is useless. In a though, if we should live to see the day when game laws, banished from
chapter " On some of the principal Elements of good Design " Mr. Brett Great Britain, have finally fixed their abode in the bosom of democracy.
treats of the most average convenient system- that is, the system that will There are some interesting accounts both ofthe beaver and the porcupine
supply some required special condition, and as many others as are compatible in this volume ; and we find that the latter is extensively used as an article
with it. There are so many things demanded of a yacht-speed, safety, of food by the forest hunter. He makes very good soup, and is a sure
resource when venison or grouse fail. The bear too, as is more
and accommodation- that it is easy to understand how complicated
the problem of design becomes. For instance, if symmetry and perfect generally known, affords a very savoury dish, especially the cubs,
balance is demanded, according to Mr. Brett's suggestions for obtaining whose roasted ribs are always a welcome item in the bill of fare.
these desiderata the cabin and deck room must be cramped. We By-the-by, Captain Hardy repeats the old story that a wounded
quite agree, however, that the most absurd expectations are enter- bear will stop as he is crossing a swamp, and pick up moss to plug his
tained of yachts in this particular. " In nine cases out of ten the wounds with. We have heard the same thing reported of a Caffre, who
vessel is sacrificed to her cabins." Mr. Brett's plan would give no more was only killed at last by being " driven on to pebbly ground," where there
than one friend to every ten tons, and this latter he conceives a was no mud for the purpose. And we really do not see why, if it is a
fair and hospitable allowance. On the division of sails and wire recognized remedial measure, the human intelligence should not have
rigging Mr. Brett is exhaustive. He mentions some curious facts on the struck it out as well as the brute.
elasticity of ships in connection with wire versus hemp rigging. The
wire rigging, being inelastic and rigid, does not yield with the spring of the
yacht, and keeps the spars fixed and immovable. This disturbs a balance NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS.
of forces, by which there is a slight, though constant, interruption to the " Four Little Women." By Louisa M. Alcatt. Illustrated by May Alcatt.
way of the vessel. " It was long ago known that any increase of pliability ( Sampson Low and Co.) This little book seems intended to take with young
in the whole structure of a ship was certain to result in increased speed. people in America the place which Miss Edgeworth's tales hold, or used
Our own men-of-war have in some notorious instances, when chased to hold, with young people in England. But the lady who writes them
by a superior force, resorted to the expedient of sawing through is, it must be confessed, an inferior Miss Edgeworth ; and the naughtinesses
the beams of the vessel, and outsailed the enemy in consequence.
and penitences of Meg, Beth, and Jo (one of the girls is called Jo) are not as those
This cutting of the beams not only allowed the sides of the vessel of Rosamond, or Harry and Lucy. Miss Alcatt differs also from Miss Edge-
to spring in and out, but also gave latitude to the masts, from around worth in the age of her young heroines. Meg in this story has attained years
which the deck wedges were also knocked out. " Mr. Brett concludes the of sufficient discretion to indulge in low dresses and incipient flirtation. All
first series of notes with a genial as well as a practical report on very small the young people talk what, written by an Englishman , would have seemed the
yachts. It is on a piece with the rest of this careful and intelligent volume, most burlesque Yankeeism.
for which room may be found in the smallest as well as the largest cabin to
the improvement of those who desire not only to enjoy yachting as a sport, " Seekers after God." By the Rev. F. W. Farrar, M.A. , with frontispiece by
66
Arthur Hughes.] (Macmillan and Co.) For a Sunday Library of House-
but to practise it as a useful art.
hold Reading," the name which Mr. Farrar has chosen for his studies on the
three great stoics of the Roman empire may perhaps seem appropriate. On
FOREST LIFE IN ACADIE. * any grounds of strict historical or logical nomenclature it would be impossible
to call Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius " seekers after God." The
It is a great tribute to the endless variety of nature and the enduring view which the present author, as a fervent and liberal Protestant Christian,
charm which pervades all narratives of wild life that they are sufficient to takes of these exemplars of Pagan wisdom and virtue is of course the view that
redeem the monotony which is the one crying sin of all such works as that
they were as children groping in the dark, and assisted , so far as their gropings
before us. We mean works whose name within the last dozen years has
were successful, by the same indwelling Spirit with has vouchsafed to Christians
become legion works to which perhaps Gordon Cumming gave the chief the absolute revelation of truth. Accordingly the book contains neither
stimulus, but which it would be unjust to the authors to class with that a sufficiently distinct account of the lives and surroundings of the
hero's performances in respect of downright bloodthirstiness. They are
philosophers of whom it treats, nor a coherent statement of the develop-
all, however, works which treat of the slaughter of what is called "big ment or purport of their tenets. What it does contain of value is, in the
game " in one shape or another ; and the reason of the monotony which main, a summary, written in an excited, apostrophic, and vehement style, of
pervades them we take to be that in shooting most of these creatures, the
M. Martha's " Moralistes Romains sous l'Empire." We do not mean that
whole interest, as far as the reader is concerned, centres in the shot, and Mr. Farrar has not studied the men and the times of which he treats ; he is
none, or next to none, in the accessories. And the long hours spent in
evidently completely acquainted with them ; but his method is one that is
watching and waiting for these giants of the wood, though doubtless full
eminently ill-calculated to communicate exact knowledge. He heaps together
enough of excitement for the hunter himself, cannot of course by any possi- all sorts of quotations and illustrations, and collects abundant coincidences
bility be made interesting on paper. In pursuit of the lion and the
tiger, the element of personal danger comes to the aid of the narrator. between the language of the stoics and the language of the Apostles ;
But, though our friend the " bar " occasionally shows his claws in the he is enthusiastic, inconsequent, eloquent, unsatisfactory. He likes to dwell
American forest, he is the only beast of chase which it supplies whom it is on the thought of Paul and Marcus Aurelius greeting one another in
really perilous to attack ; and even here the risk seems very slight. So Heaven ; on the beauty and practical virtue of the lives and characters ofthe
that our descriptions of American sport are apt to be deficient in both of Greek slave and the Roman Emperor. But with his formula of the Heavenly
the qualities which are required to make this kind of literature attractive Spirit ever at hand to explain this beauty and this virtue, he does not careto
to the general reader- danger, namely, on the one hand, or bustle, teach his readers, what it is really important they should know, the other and
variety, and picturesqueness on the other. In Captain Hardy's volume, human derivation of these qualities, their origin in a definite and highly elaborate
however, we have so much that is interesting of a different kind that it is system of thought, evolved more than three centuries before by Zeno and Chry-
not fairly open to the charge here brought against the class, while a keen eye sippus. He does not show that the stoical system, more than any other system
for the beauties of nature, and a good deal of literary power, have enabled of antiquity, was the work of an immense effort of constructive logic. He does
him to present us with what we should pronounce to be an agreeable book, not show that the noble precepts put nobly into practice by Marcus
though we had passed by the death of every moose which it records. Aurelius can be deduced directly from the views of nature and mankind
Captain Hardy's chapters on fishing are, to our minds, much pleasanter adopted by the early stoics. The early stoics were in some sense
reading than his chapters upon shooting, but his descriptions of the mode "seekers after God ; " and they, in some sort, found and grasped the object
of life which is followed by the hunter in these regions are the most of their search. Their god was a pervading power, material and intelli-
appetizing portions of the whole book. They quite revive in one's mind gent at once, disseminated and diffused throughout the universe in fire, in the
the old schoolboy sensations which used to prompt one to play at Robinson From the
human soul, and in all the finer elements of the world about them.
Crusoe, and to build huts under the hedges with grass and boughs. great and fruitful idea of an inevitable and uniform course of nature, or what
" Camping out " is a most delightful chapter of this description, and might the Comtists would call an external order, proceeding in harmony with this
almost be condensed into a sonnet. power, the early stoics deduced an elaborate scheme of conformity to nature,
It is rather curious that just as England seems on the brink of i.e. of duty ; and this scheme, consolidated in the practice and developed by
introducing some great changes into her game laws, the land of liberty is the thoughts of generations, made possible by-and-by the beautiful career of
beginning to adopt them with stringency. In some of the rivers and a Marcus Aurelius. Of all this Mr. Farrar tells us nothing. He prefers to
* Sketches of Sport and Natural History in the Lower Provinces of the Canadian stimulate us with rhetorico sentimental superlatives, and even with common-
Dominion. " By Captain Campbell Hardy, Royal Artillery. (London : Chapman and place declamation. His purpose and temper it is impossible not to admire,
Hall. 1869.) but we cannot bring ourselves to approve his method,
[ 664 ]
 JULY 23 , 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 29

to the " wrangle, jangle, and scramble" which had already begun for the
Parliamentary Review. proceeds of sacrilegious spoliation. Mr. Bright defended the Ministerial plan.
HOUSE OF LORDS. If there were a better, let it be produced. On a division, the Lords' amendment
was negatived by 290 to 218, which being the smallest majority yet seen on the
FRIDAY. - The Bankruptcy and Imprisonment for Debt Bills were sent side of the Government, was greeted with shouts of triumph by the Opposition.
to a Select Committee, notwithstanding the Lord Chancellor's remonstrances. The clause was then restored to its original form , with a few amendments, and
the addition of the proviso .
MONDAY. -Lord Russell, in moving the second reading of the University
Tests Bill, remarked that the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge were founded The proposed compromise of the Commutation Clause (23), which adds 7
for the benefit, not of the Church, but of the nation at large, and it was per cent. to the value of the life interests where four-fifths of a diocese decides on
necessary to make provision for the nation getting the full benefit of them. commutation, was accepted by the Opposition and passed.
Lord Carnarvon moved the previous question , in order to afford time for the In the course of his remarks Mr. Bright had spoken of the certain
consideration of a compromise he had to offer, which was as follows :-to return of a large majority on both sides of the House against concur-
reserve half the fellowships (the number required for the working of a college) rent endowment, if, through any disaster to the bill, there should be
for Churchmen, and throw the rest open to Dissenters. The Bishop of an appeal to the constituencies. Mr. Disraeli, on the question that the
Gloucester was willing to agree to a division of that kind, though not so much bill be returned to the Lords, in expressing his regret at the repudiation of all
as half. Lord Morley, Lord Camperdown, and Lord Lyttelton supported the the amendments of the other House, took especial exception to what he
bill, which, on a division , was indirectly rejected by the " previous question " termed Mr. Bright's most unconstitutional threat of a dissolution. Mr. Glad-
being carried by 91 to 54 votes. stone, explaining that there was no thought of a dissolution , bantered the leader
TUESDAY. -The sitting of the House of Lords, though it eventually became of the Opposition on his evasion of the question of concurrent endowment, and
on the exultation of his party at being in a minority of only seventy-two. Some
extremely animated and exciting, opened quietly enough. Lord Granville, in
his blandest manner, reviewed the amendments and counter-amendments. Of remarks by Mr. Hardy brought up Mr. Bright himself, who indignantly repu-
diated the interpretation put on his words.
sixty-two amendments, thirty-five were adopted by the Commons, eleven
reamended, and only thirteen rejected. Moreover, the effect of the concessions A Committee having been appointed to draw up reasons for differing from
made by the other House was to add £840,000 to the amount originally the Lords' amendments, returned shortly with a series of resolutions. These
assigned to the Church. He moved that the preamble as it now stood in the were read from the chair, formally approved, and at once sent up to the other
House.
returned bill should be agreed to. Lord Cairns spoke scornfully of the so- called
" concessions," which amounted to little more than the acceptance of gram- MONDAY.-In Committee of Supply Mr. W. E. Forster explained the
matical amendments. He was willing to let the Government have their own way circumstances of the education vote, £ 840,711. There was an increase
in regard to the date of disestablishment and Ulster glebes, but the capitaliza- of £49,000 in the vote-£44,000 on the day schools and £5,000 on the
tion of life interests as a Church fund, full compensation to incumbents night schools -of which £ 36,000 was due to an increase in the number
and curates, and the postponement of the surplus were vital points which could of children educated. Grants were made to 10,857 day schools and
not be surrendered. Lord Grey could not help suspecting that the Government 1,941 night schools, affording accommodation for 1,660,000 children. The
cared very little for the bill itself, certainly little in comparison with the oppor- number registered on the books was 1,453,000, but the average attend-
tunity it furnished of giving a triumph to the House of Commons and sub- ance was only 978,000 in the day schools , and 55,000 in the night schools.
jecting the House of Lords to humiliation and degradation in the eyes of the The quality of the education given was illustrated by the fact that 428,000 day
public. Lord Russell protested against the enunciation of abstract dogmas in scholars and 35,000 night scholars had passed without failure in the R's, being
the preamble as imprudent and unnecessary. They must beware against being about 67 per cent. While the increase in the population was about I per cent.
entrapped by any vague words into a general declaration against all religious per annum, there had been an increase of 7 per cent. in the number of
endowments. The Duke of Argyll, starting with a pledge to be perfectly calm, children attending school, 8 per cent. in those presented for examination , and
contrived sensibly to raise the temperature of the debate. The Duke resented 10 % per cent. in those passed without failure. On the other hand, of the
the charges of that " chartered libertine of debate," Lord Grey, whom he accused children of the working classes proper, only one-fourth of those between six and
of violating the decencies of debate. ten years, and one-fifth between ten and twelve, were receiving a real education.
Lord Salisbury, renewing his adhesion to the principle of concurrent The Dublin Freemen Commission Bill was passed through Committee.
endowment, denied that it was involved in the preamble. His objection to the
preamble was that it was false and foolish. False, because every one of the TUESDAY. - The morning sitting was occupied mainly by the second read-
objects to which this surplus was to be devoted, involved the employment of ing of the Metropolitan Board of Works (Loans) Bill, which was referred to
religious persons in the hospitals, asylums, and reformatories which were to be a Select Committee. Progress was made with the Committee on the Metro-
subsidized. Foolish, because the words had no enacting effect and could not politan Poor Act ( 1867) Amendment Bill up to Clause 5.
bind Parliament in the least. It was not the verdict of the nation , it was not even At the evening sitting, Mr. Maguire renewed his protest against the manner
the verdict of the House of Commons, it was the will, the arrogant will, of a single in which the Prison Ministers Act had been carried out in providing religious
man to which they were now called upon to yield. The Lord Chancellor with teaching for the Catholic prisoners in the metropolitan prisons. Mr. W.
much vehemence rebuked the personal attacks upon the sincerity and ulterior Johnston drew attention to the peaceable manner in which the Protestants of
motives of the Ministry. The Duke of Manchester said he had never heard so the North of Ireland have gone through the July celebrations, drawing from
contrary a speech as the Lord Chancellor's. Lord Winchilsea likened the the Irish Secretary a censure on those semi-barbarous and childish
Premier to Jack Cade, hinted at the coming of an Oliver Cromwell, and practices." Later in the night, when Mr. Gladstone returned from a visit to
announced himself ready for the block sooner than surrender. Amid great the Upper House, he was received with loud and prolonged cheering. The
excitement, a division then took place, the result being that 95 votes were given Marriage with a Deceased Wife's Sister Bill was, with considerable difficulty,
for the retention of the words as to religious purposes, and 173 against. got into committee, but the chairman reported progress before any was made.
Lord Granville, accepting the division as covering the whole preamble, WEDNESDAY. - When the House met it was evidently under the influence
moved the adjournment of the debate that the Government might consider their of the events of the previous evening. A restless curiosity pervaded the
position, and the House broke up. assembly. Members gathered into groups to exchange gossip and discuss
THURSDAY. - The Commons' amendments to the Lords' amendments to the the crisis ; all kinds of rumours were afloat, and the wildest speculation
Irish Church Bill were further considered. Lord Granville moved that the was indulged in as to the temper of the Cabinet, which was then sitting.
House do not insist on its amendment in clause 2 and elsewhere of May, 1871 , Petitions against the Lords' amendments were loudly cheered. It was appa-
for January, 1871. Thereupon , Lord Cairns stated that a conference had been held rently with the approbation of a considerable number on the Ministerial
since Tuesday between himself and Lord Granville, and that the result had been benches that Mr. Milbanke asked the Speaker whether, in accordance with the
an understanding that the questions in dispute were by no means incapable rules of the House, any apology or redress could be demanded there from
of solution. He should not insist on the date. The Government consented a peer who in his place in the Upper House used language insolent towards the
that the liability of incumbents for the salaries of curates should be confined to Prime Minister as leader of a great party and insulting to the dignity of
the case where a curate had been employed for five years. As to diocesan the House of Commons. The inquiry was loudly cheered. The Speaker
commutation, the Government had added another 5 per cent. ( 12 per cent. replied that neither as a point of order nor as a point of privilege could such a
in all), and made the acceptance of three-fourths instead of four-fifths question with propriety be addressed to him. The hon. member ought himself
of the clergy of a diocese for a commutation sufficient. The Government to be aware that in this House they had no cognizance of what passed in debate
had also agreed to except from the commutation any residence and in the other House. It was not their business to engage in any such inquiry.
land in an incumbent's own occupation, if the incumbent should so The second reading ofthe Hypothec Bill was carried by 121 votes to 91
desire. Lastly, there was the question of the disposal of the surplus. votes.
The Government, on this point, had consented to amend clause 68, to the effect The Special and Common Juries Bill (based on the report of the Royal
that it should provide for the employment of the surplus for the relief of Commission) was read a second time, with an understanding that it would not
unavoidable calamity, and in such manner as Parliament should hereafter be pressed further this session. Mr. Dixon's Adulteration of Food Bill was
direct. Much as he disliked the whole bill these concessions were preferable to withdrawn. On the adjourned debate on the Married Women's Property
leaving the whole controversy in suspense for months. Bill being resumed, Mr. Raikes moved the rejection of the measure. As a
General approval of the compromise was expressed by the Archbishop of compromise he suggested that where no actual marriage settlement had
Canterbury, Lord Carnarvon, Lord Salisbury, Lord Russell, &c., and in spite of been executed , the law should assume that a common form of settlement
some dissentient voices (chiefly from the episcopal bench) the various proposals had been made, under which the municipal authorities of the locality
were agreed to. should become the trustees of the property of the wife for the benefit of the
children, allowing the wife the benefit of the income derived from it during
HOUSE OF COMMONS. her life. It was essential to the institution of marriage that the identity of
interests between the parties and the control of the husband over the joint pro-
FRIDAY.--The House resumed the consideration of the Lords' amendments
perty should be maintained as far as possible. The husband should be deprived
on the Irish Church Bill. Mr. Gladstone's offer of £ 500,000 as a lump sum for of this control only in cases where he had proved himself unworthy to exercise
all private endowments was accepted, and on a division the words giving the it. If women quitted their present position, becoming the antagonists of men,
Ulster grants to the Church were struck out by 344 to 240. A number of minor and roughing it through life, they would, he feared, meet the fate of the China
amendments having been disposed of, clause 68, dealing with the surplus, was vase which endeavoured to float down the stream with the brazen pot. Upon
reached. Mr. Gladstone explained the proposal of the Government on this this, Mr. Jessel remarked that the women for whose benefit the bill was specially
subject, which was that the appropriation of the surplus should be specifically intended were just those who were compelled to rough it in the world from
determined by Orders in Council, each of which would be submitted to Parliament sheer necessity. The proposal to make the mayor and common councilmen
for approval. He also intimated that as the income of the fund only was to be
tied up the principle might be employed in reproductive works. Mr. Disraeli, trustees for the whole of the married women in their town was too preposterous
for argument. On a division the third reading was carried by 131 to 34 votes.
in a single sentence summed up his objections to dealing with the surplus now,
the views of the Government not being sufficiently matured. Mr. G. Moore com- THURSDAY.- Lord Bury raised a discussion on the New Zealand question.
plained that the Irish members had not been sufficiently consulted. Mr. W. H. Mr. Monsell explained that the withdrawal of the troops had been imperatively
Gregory put in a claim for the railways to a grant. Mr. M'Cullagh Torrens advo- demanded by the colonists, and while it was being carried out the present
cated the application ofthe money for the creation of an agricultural middle class. Colonial Government had neglected to take adequate means for the protection
Mr. Morrison discovered a glorious opportunity of extending national education, of the settlers. It would be a fatal gift to the colonists to return to the old
and also of solving the land problem by the help of this money. The vicious policy. Mr. Adderley also deprecated the smallest step backwards
O'Donoghue, Sir J. Esmonde, Mr. Herbert, and others, urged their colleagues towards the old meddling system, which was at the bottom of all the mis-
fortunes of New Zealand.
to drop minor differences ; and Lord J. Manners, with some glee, drew attention
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 30 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23 , 1869.

avoiding a public reception to the Duke of Edinburgh. The depression in trade

Summary of the Week's News . is stated to be unparalleled, and merchants are strongly recommended not to
FOREIGN NEWS. ship any goods except to order.

The ministerial changes, consequent on the adoption of a so- called con- A Central Press telegram from New York says that information arrived there
stitutional régime, are the topic of the week's news from Paris. The composi- yesterdayafternoon from Japan that a steam-ship, formerlythe Confederate cruiser
tion of the new Government was announced bythe Official Journal on Sunday. Tallahassee, has been wrecked near Yokohama ; twenty-two lives were lost,
Here it is M. Duvergier, Minister of Justice ; Prince de la Tour d'Auvergne, including the captain. Assistance was soon rendered, by which the greater part
Foreign Affairs ; M. de Forcade la Roquette, Interior ; M. Magne, Finance ; ofthe passengers and crew were saved. No vestige of the wreck was afterwards
Marshal Niel, War ; Admiral Rigault de Genouilly, Marine ; M. Bourbeau, seen, the vessel having sunk in forty fathoms of water.
Education ; M. Gressier, Public Works ; M. Alfred Leroux , Agriculture ; The news by the Overland Mail delivered on Saturday is from Bombay to
Marquis de Chasseloup Laubat, President of the Council of State. The Ministry the 22nd, and from Calcutta to the 18th of June. The following are the
of State has been suppressed.
principal items of news furnished by the overland summaries of the Bombay
M. Rouher has been appointed President of the Senate, and MM, Duruy papers : Lady Mayo will, it is said, return to England at the close of the Agra
and Vuitry are created senators. festivities in January next. Lord Napier, Governor of Madras, attended by the
chief and private secretaries and other members of his staff, left Madras
The first meeting of the new Cabinet was held on Monday. The only on the 15th of June on a tour to North Arcot. The Hon . Mr. Justice
resolution come to on that occasion was a negative one-that the Legislative Bayley, who has but just taken his seat on the bench of the Bombay High
Body should not be convoked at present. It has subsequently been resolved Court, is obliged to leave for England by to- day's mail, in consequence of
that the Chambers shall meet on the 26th of October. The new Ministers ill-health. Colonel Malleson, who has been appointed tutor to the young Rajah
have, it is stated, prepared the basis of a Senatus Consultum which they of Mysore, is to be succeeded in the office of Sanitary Commissioner with the
presented to the Emperor on Wednesday. Government of India by Dr. Cunningham, hitherto Secretary to the Sanitary
Commissioner. Captain Thackwell, who was mauled by a tiger while out
The Moniteur of Wednesday evening announced that at a meeting ofthe Left, shooting at Bulrampore, is out of danger and fast recovering. There
held on Tuesday, M. Thiers presented and explained a protest which he had is reason to believe that the Duke of Argyle's despatch on the staff
drawn up against the attitude of the Government towards the Chamber. He,
corps was written on very imperfect information , and that the question
at the same time, developed a political programme, which was rejected by the of the retirement of senior officers will have to be reopened. Cholera has
Democratic Deputies present as being of too monarchical a tendency. M. Jules
Favre spoke in favour of preserving for the present a silent attitude. MM. made its appearance among the Royals at Nusseerabad, though it is hoped,
not in a malignant form. TheArtillery and Native Infantry at the station are
Picard, Keratry, and Tachard advocated a dissolution of the Legislative Body. free from the scourge. It is stated that 300 men of the 10th Foot at Secundera-
This view was, however, opposed by M. Grevy, and no conclusion was arrived bad had seceded from the Church of England , in consequence of the ritualist
at. Another meeting was, however, to be held. practices of the chaplain at Trimulgherry. The men concerned in the " Prema
The Empress Eugénie and the Prince Imperial left St. Cloud on Sunday for conspiracy," shortly before the first Sikh war, and who have been in prison ever
Berck-upon- Sea, to open a new hospital just erected there. This establish- since, have now been released by the Government of India. The re-
ment, founded under the auspices of her Majesty, is in connection with the marriage of a young Hindoo widow has been celebrated in Bombay
hospitals of Paris, and is intended for children-of whom it will accommodate under the auspices of the Widow Re-marriage Association. Nothing
as many as 800 - who need sea-bathing. They returned the same evening. had been heard of the missing steamer Cheduba. A number of bodies,
including those of two women, had been washed ashore on the coast of Chit-
The Spanish news is not of a reassuring character. Carlist movements tagong ; they are supposed to be the bodies of passengers of the Cheduba.
against the Government have been discovered, and there seems to be no doubt Letters of administration to the estate of Major- General Faunce, one of the
that Don Carlos himself has left Paris, and is now in Spain. A good many passengers, have been granted to his son Lieutenant Faunce, in the court of
arrests have been made in the capital, as well as at Valladolid , Barcelona, and the Recorder of Rangoon. The fugitive Afghan Sirdars, Azim Khan and
Cordova. The military offenders arrested will be banished to the Canary
Abdool Rahman Khan, have, it is stated, been hospitably received in Persia,
Islands.
but will be treated simply as refugee princes. They have been told that Persia
A plot has, it is stated , been found out, having for its object the assassination will do nothing towards aiding them in any attempt to re- establish themselves in
of the Regent, General Prim, and Señor Rivero, the President of the Cortes. Afghanistan. Rumours of a Persian advance upon Herat have again been
The telegrams which have been published are exceedingly vague about this emphatically declared groundless.
plot. It is not even stated whether the conspiracy had a Carlist or a Repub-
lican origin. There seems to be now no doubt respecting the murder of Mr. and Mrs.
Powell in Abyssinia. Mr. Walter Powell, M.P. , has just returned from Alex-
The Cortes stands prorogued till October. A permanent parliamentary andria with intelligence which is believed to be substantially authentic that Mr.
commission sits in the meantime, on which, it is stated, all parties are repre- Powell and his party were attacked and massacred by the Tekah tribe, and not
sented. by the Bezan tribe, as first reported. The Bezans afterwards came upon the
The Spanish Regent has issued decrees appointing Señor Rances Minister in murderers, compelled them not only to relinquish the booty, but to deliver up
London, Señor Olozaga Ambassador in Paris, Señor Mazo Minister in Vienna, the bodies ; and conveyed the bodies to the Swedish missionaries, by whom
and Señor Fernandez Rios Minister in Lisbon. The Spanish Legation at Berne they were buried.
is suppressed. A suicide has just been committed under extraordinary circumstances at
There is no news from Italy of importance this week, and not much from St. Petersburg. Colonel Hunnins, an Esthonian by birth, was lately engaged
Germany or Austria. The Budget Committee of the Austrian Delegation have, in discussing with the Czarewitch a financial operation concerning the arma
it is stated, agreed to the proposal increasing the pay of officers of the army up ment of the troops , and the Grand Duke, considering the terms proposed too high,
to the rank of major. Count Beust spoke in favour of the measure, and stated exclaimed, " With Germans one is always sure to be cheated." Onthe Colonel
that certain designs which existed beyond doubt for the purpose of taking civilly requesting his Highness to withdraw so offensive an expression, the latter
advantage of the depression of spirit prevailing in the army would be totally forgot himself so far as to strike the officer in the face. The Colonel immediately
baffled through the above increase of the pay of the officers. applied to the Emperor, who ordered his son to apologize, but this he positively
refused to do. Despairing of obtaining any satisfaction, and smarting under
A Constantinople telegram published on Thursday thus summarizes some an insult he was unable to resent, the unfortunate officer committed suicide by
important statements, supposing them to be well founded, which have appeared blowing out his brains. The Emperor is said to have been most painfully
in the Levant Herald :-The French Minister of Foreign Affairs has forwarded affected by the sad event, and insisted on the Grand Duke attending the funeral.
a protest to the Porte against the abrogation of the capitulations. The two
refugee Pashas from Egypt, Khourchid Pasha and Hassan Pasha, have just The laying of the French Atlantic cable is now completed between Brest
been appointed members of the Grand Council of the Sultan. Fazil Mustapha and the island of St. Pierre, and a message has been sent through the whole
Pasha is expected here to-morrow, having been named a member of the Council of length to the Emperor Napoleon, congratulating his Majesty on the accomplish-
Ministers. Preparations are being made for the reception of the Empress ment of the work. The American Government have given permission for the
Eugénie at the Beglerbeg Palace. It is asserted that negotiations for the issue cable to be landed, subject to conditions, which the company's agent accepted.
of a loan of ten millions sterling are still pending.
M. de Lesseps has given formal notice that the Suez Canal will be opened
From America it is stated that the firmness of the Government has put an throughout to navigation on the 17th of November next.
end to the Cuban filibustering proceedings at New York. A great number
of the filibusters have been captured, but their leader Ryan and some of his
followers are still at large. HOME NEWS .
The American correspondent of the Times reports that a new way to deal The Queen has left Windsor. Her Majesty with the Prince and Princess
with " Ritualism " in the Episcopal Church has been developed in New Christian, the Princesses Louise and Beatrice, and Prince Leopold arrived at
York. A Mr. Charles D. Allen, a Low Churchman, after a vain effort Osborne about mid-day on Tuesday.
to convert his mother, who is a Ritualist, sued out a commission of lunacy, Earl Spencer has received an intimation from her Majesty that she will pay
under which a jury found her unfit to take charge either of her person a visit of some duration to Ireland next year.
or estate. The case was called up this week before Judge Cardoro, on
a motion for a restoration of her rights, and evidence was given by Admiral The Prince and Princess of Wales visited the Queen on Friday, and
remained to luncheon. Prince Arthur arrived at Windsor on Saturday, as did
Farragut and his wife, Rev. Dr. Vinton, and several others, to show that
Mrs. Allen was of entirely sound mind, and possessed of more than ordinary M. , Mdme. , Miss, and Miss Alice Van de Weyer. The Queen, Princess Louise,
good sense. The judge reserved his decision. Prince Arthur, Prince Leopold, and Princess Beatrice attended divine service
on Sunday morning in the private chapel , when the Rev. N. Shuldham, vicar of
The Moscow Gazette says that the Russian and Chinese Commissioners Scawby, preached. Prince Arthur left for Greenwich on Monday, and the Van
appointed to trace the frontier between the two empires have met at the military de Weyer family also quitted the Castle. Prince Arthur presided on Friday at
station of Oakek, in Eastern Siberia. The Russian Government purposes to the opening of the Sailors' Orphan Girls' School and Home at Hampstead.
open a trade with the western provinces of China, and has instructed its consul
at Koudja to draw up a report on the industrial and commercial resources of The Prince and Princess of Wales have been paying a visit to the North of
the district. England this week. The Royal Agricultural Society is holding its country
meeting at Manchester, and the Prince and Princess went down to see the
According to China telegrams received by way of New York (date not show. They arrived at Worsley Hall, the seat of the Earl and Countess of
given) great excitement has been caused at Soochow and other cities on the
Grand Canal at the prospect of a formidable rebellion. A letter has been found Ellesmere, on Monday night, and a distinguished company had been invited by
giving the particulars of a conspiracy to capture Soochow, Huchow, Hanghow, the Earl and Countess to meet their Royal Highnesses. On Tuesday the
Prince and Princess visited the Agricultural Show, and lunched in a splendid
and Shanghai. Another outrage on foreigners is reported to have taken place
marquee erected on the ground. About 600 guests were present. Lord Sefton was
near Hankow. The British consul and his wife were among the party attacked.
The Government had promised to investigate the affair. Meanwhile the English in the chair, and proposed the Prince's health, to which his Royal Highness made
gun-boat Opossum had anchored at Ichang. The state of the crops in China is a suitable reply. The journey to and from the show ground (which is at Old Traf
reported to be " desperate," though slight rains had fallen. ford) was accomplished bywater (the Bridgwater Canal). On Wednesdaythe Prince
and Princess were again in Manchester. A general holiday was kept in the city,
From Yokohama it is stated that the Imperialists have captured Hakodadi. and the reception accorded to their Royal Highnesses was most enthusiastic.
The Mikado was preparing to leave Yeddo for the purpose (so it is said) of The streets were densely thronged, and two or three serious accidents- in one
[ 666 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET.
JULY 23, 1869.] 31

a boy was killed- resulted from the crowding. In the afternoon the Prince and separated himself from his brethren and voted for Ministers. The number
Princess took their departure for Hull. Their Royal Highnesses were enter- of peers who took part in the division was 57 less than when the
tained at Brantinghamthorpe, the seat of Mr. C. Sykes, M.P. On Thursday bill was read a second time by a majority of 33, and 21 less than
the Prince opened the Albert Docks at Hull. The reception was as loyal as the number who voted when the Suspensory Bill was rejected last
that at Manchester. In replying to the address of the Mayor and Corporation, year by 192 to 97. The majority comprised about a dozen peers
the Prince remarked that it afforded peculiar pleasure to the Princess to visit a who are generally classed as Liberals, viz. Earls Grey, Russell, Meath, and
town so closely connected as is Hull with the kingdom of Denmark. Leitrim, Viscount Gough, and Lords Churchill, Congleton, Lyveden , Sinclair,
The Prince of Wales intends to make a rather long stay in Yorkshire early Stanley of Alderley, Stratheden, and Westbury. Ofthe above noblemen, Earls
in December. One object of his Royal Highness is to participate in the sport Grey and Russell, Lords Churchill, Lyveden, Sinclair, Stratheden , and Westbury
supported the bill on its second reading. About forty Conservative peers also
of the York and Ainsty, and other well-known Yorkshire packs. The Prince supported the second reading, but only four of that number now voted against
will take with him his own hunting stud.
their party. They are Earls De La Warr, Denbigh, Jersey, and Lord de Tabley.
The Owl announces that the Prince and Princess of Wales will not be Lord Shaftesbury, who did not vote on the second reading, on this occasion voted
present at Goodwood races this year, as it is their intention very shortly to with Ministers. The Conservative peers who voted for the second reading of the
go to Wildbad for the benefit of the Princess of Wales's health. bill, but now voted against Ministers, are as follows :-Marquises of Salisbury,
The review on Saturday brought the most successful meeting the National Bath, and Winchester, Earls Devon, Carnarvon, Home, Lucan, Morton, Nelson,
Rifle Association has yet had to a close. Before the review began the Princess and Winchilsea and Nottingham, Viscounts Lifford and Sidmouth, and Lords
Christian distributed the prizes. Sergeant Kirk, whose name appears three Abinger, Aveland, Bateman, Bolton, Cloncurry, Conyers, Delamere, Lytton,
times in the selected list, was loudly cheered when he passed the Princess, and Elphinstone, Heytesbury, Templemore, and Thurlow. Earl Cowley, Lord de
so was Sergeant Lowe, the winner of the St. George's Vase and the Martin's Cup. Lisle and Dudley, and Lord Talbot de Malahide, who also supported Ministers
So also were the Harrow Boys when they came up to receive the Ashburton on the second reading, now voted in the majority. The three archbishops and
Shield ; and Ensign Sim, the Cheltenham Schoolboy, who won the Spencer Cup. nine bishops voted with the Conservative party.
Corporal Angus Cameron, the winner of the Queen's Prize, received a round of The Committee on Parliamentary and Municipal Elections have concluded
applause, but he took his £250 and the gold medal apparently as unperturbed their sittings. The Committee will be reappointed, it is expected, next year.
as he was when firing for the prize of prizes. To see the review as large a Hence only a formal report is expected from them this year.
concourse as ever visited Wimbledon on the closing day of the prize meeting
had gathered round the enclosure. The Prince of Wales, in the uniform of a The Select Committee of the House of Commons charged with the con-
colonel of the Rifle Brigade, Prince Arthur, Prince Teck, and the Duke of sideration of the Telegraphs Bill met for the first time on Thursday, the
Cambridge rode on to the ground soon after four o'clock, but the review Marquis of Hartington in the chair. Other members present were :-Mr. Ward
did not begin til nearly five. It was in every respect one of the Hunt, Mr. Baines, Mr. Weguelin , Mr. Laird, and Mr. Smith- Child. Mr.
best planned, most effective, and most instructive of any ever held Denison, Q.C. , appeared in support of the bill ; and Mr. Webster, Q.C. , was
at Wimbledon. The attack began by the 2nd battalion of the Rifle concerned for Mr. Wyld, who claimed reservation of a patent under the bill.
Brigade skirmishing through the wood in the ravine in the rear of the Mr. Denison said there was a petition against the bill on the part of the
cottage, and a prettier sight than this was never seen at a sham fight. The Submarine Telegraph Company, with which he would deal. The bill was
men advanced through the nut trees and ferns on their hands and knees, and passed last year, and its general scope and object was to autho-
their progress could only be observed by the puffs of smoke which constantly rise the purchase of different telegraph lines ; and it also provided
arose from the bright green foliage. When they came more into the open every by clause 7 that at the request of any company the Postmaster- General
bit of cover was taken advantage of, and after they had driven in the skir- might acquire any undertaking upon terms to be settled by arbitration. There
mishers of the opposing force they crept along cat-like till within sight of the was also a petition against the bill from the Globe Company, and another
guns, and then they began popping away at the artillerymen. Being out- from Mr. Wyld, who claimed exclusive rights in certain patents up to 1870,
numbered they scampered back into the fern brake at the sound of the bugle, and general rights up to 1877. Mr. Wyld stated in his petition that he had
and lying down, were out of sight by the time their opponents appeared on the for many years devoted much time and money in the development of magneto-
brow ofthe hill. The artillery was well planted and well served, and the guns telegraphy, and he objected to the monopoly aimed at by the Government, as it
were never left unprotected, as has often been the case at former volunteer would destroy his patent. The learned counsel contended that the Globe
reviews. The cavalry- the 10th Hussars and the 17th Lancers -dashed about Company had as much right to Mr. Wyld's patent as himself, because the
with surprising alacrity, but on one occasion charged along a line of infantry company was got up by him to work his patents. Mr. Wyld complained of the
armed with Sniders, which in real warfare would have caused their complete monopoly, and counsel observed that it was only with reference to the monopoly
destruction before they had reached the square of volunteers at which they claimed that the bill was before the Committee at all. Mr. Scudamore,
were charging. There was not much to be seen of the regular infantry after Assistant- Secretary of the General Post Office, was examined, and said at
they opened fire, for the crackle of their rifles was so continuous, and there was first it was not intended by Government to have a monopoly of the telegraph
no breeze to blow away the smoke, that the " thin red line " was completely system, but with the change of Government came the change of intentions.
hidden, and by the time the smoke had lifted a little the66 battalion had taken The monopoly would not affect Mr. Wyld's patent.
up another position . After the review came the usual march past " before At a meeting of the Representative Reform Association, Mr. Thomas Hare,
the Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Wales, Prince Arthur, Prince Christian, the president, presented a report setting forth the result of his efforts to lay
and Prince Teck. There were about 8,000 volunteers and 3,000 regular troops evidence before the Elections Committee on the subject of personal represent-
at the review. ation. Letters were read from the Chairman of the Committee (the Marquis of
The principal events of Friday were thus decided : -The Duke of Cam- Hartington) stating that the Committee did not consider themselves competent
bridge's Prize for rifles which had already won a prize at 200 and 500 yards for to entertain inquiries which assumed such a change in the constituencies as
rapid firing, seven shots at 800 yards ; Corporal Fraser, Queen's Edinburgh Mr. Hare's scheme would create. Evidence which had been offered by
Rifles (Henry rifle) , 23 points ; two others made a like score, but Fraser won Mr. Howell, of the Reform League, on the impossibility of labour being repre-
the tie. This is the third year in succession in which the Henry has sented in the House of Commons under the present system of representation
taken the first prize in this competition. In the Martini Breechloading had also been declined by the Committee.
Prize for the greatest number of points in three minutes at 200 and 500 yards The National Society for Women's Suffrage held a meeting on Saturday
with the Martini- Henry rifle, Private Hay, I ondon Scottish, stands first with at the Architectural Society's rooms in Conduit- street. There was a nume-
127 at 200 and 119 at 500 yards. In the evening Prince and Princess
rous attendance of members of Parliament. The company included Mr.
Christian and suite were at the 200 yards range and desired to see the Mill, Lord Houghton , Mr. Stansfeld, M.P. , Sir C. W. Dilke, M.P. , Mr.
principal breechloaders fired . All the gunmakers' tents were closed for
M'Laren , M.P. , Mr. P. A. Taylor, M.P. , Professor Fawcett, M.P., Rev.
the night, but Captain Hill, R.M. , with the Martini- Henry, Fraser with Charles and Mrs. Kingsley, Mr. John Morley, Professor Masson, Mr. Boyd
the Henry, and Edwards with the Westley-Richards Henry, were soon Kinnear, Mr. Thomas Hare, Sir W. Lawson , M.P. , Mr. Price, M.P.,
at the firing point. Mr. Henry explained the peculiarities of his rifle.
Sir D. Wedderburn , M.P., Mr. Winterbotham, M.P. , the Hon. Auberon
to the Prince and Princess, and Captain Hill manipulated the Martini- Henry, Herbert, M. Arles- Dufour, M. Louis Blanc, Herr Karl Blind, &c. Mrs. Peter
The Prince was also shown a new rifle introduced by Mr. Crane, called
Taylor, wife of the member for Leicester, was chairwoman, and Miss Caroline
the Lambain, which could not be entered for competition as it was over-weight. Biggs, the secretary, read the society's report, which stated that during the
The result of the firing in presence of the Prince and Princess was :- present year 220 petitions had been presented to Parliament on this subject, con-
Martini-Henry, 37 hits 60 points ; the Henry, 39 hits 64 points ; and the Westley- taining 41,000 signatures, and that 18,500 pamphlets had been distributed, written
Richards- Henry, 43 hits 91 points. The principal Carton Prize winners are by Mr. Mill, Miss Cobbe, Mdme. Bodichon, Professor Newman , and others.
Earl Spencer, Earl Denbigh, Lord Dufferin, F. H. Gould, Colonel J. Stewart Mr. Mill in his speech acknowledged that he had not been prepared for the
Oxley, Captain Ruthven, Lieutenant A. Duncan, Lieutenant Rae, Lieutenant amount of sympathy and support the cause of the ladies had received, and he
G. Hall, J. H. Robinson, and G. Miller. The Henry- Peek Prize, shot for by encouraged them to hope for greater success in time to come. He moved a
winners of Enfield prizes during the meeting, was won by Drum- Major Hutchin- resolution declaring it to be the society's opinion that it is in the highest degree
son, 1st Gloucester ; and the Dudley, a similar prize for small-bores, was awarded impolitic and unjust to make sex the ground of exclusion from political rights.
to Sergeant Clews, who made 45 out of a possible 48 at 800 and 1,000 yards. Mr. Charles Kingsley seconded this resolution , and it was agreed to after Mr.
A prize given by Lady Elcho, and called the Cottage Prize, was shot for by Fawcett had spoken in its favour. Mrs. Fawcett was the next speaker. She
officers of the staff, and won by Captain Phipps, 29th Regiment, 10 shots at moved a resolution pledging the society to use all lawful means to effect their
200, 30 points ; Captain Barnes, School of Musketry, was second with a like object, and particularly to bring in a bill as soon as possible next session. Mrs.
number of points. In the evening the camp was very much crowded, and in Fawcett expressed her opinion that the present Government were favourable to
every mess tent an entertainment of some kind was going on. The Belgians the ladies. Lord Houghton seconded this resolution. Mr. John Morley sup-
were invited to a dinner under the auspices of the Anglo- Belgian Committee, ported it, and it was agreed to. Other speakers were Mr. Taylor, M.P. , Sir
and had their prizes presented to them, which had been subscribed for by the C. W. Dilke, M.P. , Professor Masson , and Mr. Stansfeld, M.P.
1st Surrey Rifles, who gave £25, and the committee £25 , to be shot for by the
Belgians only. Mr. Goldwin Smith thinks the time has come for England to make a move
The weather during the past week has been extremely hot. On Sunday in the Alabama question. The extreme positions of Mr. Sumner's speech have
been repudiated by public opinion in America ; the intention of coercing us by
morning at eight o'clock the thermometer stood at 75 degrees, which was as the threat of war has been disclaimed ; and the attitude assumed towards
high as any temperature registered last year. On Monday it was considerably
England by General Grant's Government is amicable and courteous. If, then,
colder, and on Tuesday morning the thermometer stood at 57, or 18 degrees the British Government now saw fit, without further discussion, to take
lower than it had been forty-eight hours before. On Wednesday the weather a frank and generous step in advance, the motive of the act could
was again warmer, and on Thursday it was once more intensely hot. No
fallen
rain has . not (Mr. Smith thinks) be misunderstood, nor could the honour of
England suffer any disparagement. I am aware (he adds) that the case of the
It is stated that the affairs of the Duke of Newcastle are likely to be Alabama is a case for arbitration, and that an arbitrator representing the
arranged. The pending question of bankruptcy stands over till August, and general rights and interests of nations would be slow to hold a neutral Power
some issues as to the title to the property of the Duke among his creditors responsible in damages for a mere failure to prevent a violation of its territory,
remain in abeyance .
there being no evidence of complicity or connivance. But if policy suggests,
The Bishop of Oxford was the only one of the bishops who voted with the there is nothing to forbid a relinquishment of our strict legal rights, though
Government in the division on Tuesday night on the proposal to leave the future no policy can warrant an abandonment of honour. And the voice of
application of the Irish Church revenues an open question. This is the second true honour tells us that the Alabama ought not to have escaped. A spon-
time during the Irish Church discussions in which the right rev, prelate has taneous offer of compensation for the mischief done by the Alabama made at
[ 667 ]
 PALL MALL ET
32 BUDG . [JULY 23, 1869.

this moment would, as I believe, satisfy the great majority of the American the case, in any way an exaggeration of the reality, and a sad scene of
people, and close morally, as well as legally, a controversy which is full of evil- lamentation was witnessed. Some of those concerned waited in terrible
not sentimental only, but commercial--at present, and which is fraught with suspense at home for the list of the victims, while hundreds crowded the pit
danger for the future. brow. Shortly after the explosion medical gentlemen were summoned with
all haste from St. Helens. Before their arrival some of the colliers who had
A military murder is reported from Aldershot. Corporal James Brett, of the suffered from the after-damp had been got to the surface. They received
2nd battalion 7th Royal Fusiliers, who are quartered in the front lines of the immediate attention, and several of them soon recovered so far as to be
South Camp, was shot dead by a private soldier of the regiment, named William
Dixon. The deceased and the murderer lived in the same hut, and it appears able, with a little assistance, to go home. Of course, to extricate the living,
or those supposed to be living, was the object that engrossed all attention,
that the company to which both belong were engaged on Tuesday afternoon in and it was pursued as rapidly as possible. As soon as information of
emptying and refilling their beds at the Barrack stores. Corporal Brett, who the disaster was conveyed to the colliery office, Mr. Chadwick, the
was in charge of the men in the room , ordered Dixon to fill some extra beds, or
mining engineer, hastened to the pit and organized an exploring party,
spare ones, to which Dixon objected, stating that he had done more than his
share of the work. Corporal Brett on this left the room with the intention, whom he accompanied down the shaft and to the locality of the explosion,
it is supposed, of reporting Dixon's conduct to a superior non-commissioned about 100 yards from the pit's eye. All precautions were taken for the safety
officer. During his absence Dixon was seen to have laid hold of a of the volunteers. From the pit's eye to the scene of the accident there were
breech-loader, and a man in the room said to him, " What are you traces of the explosion , the force of which knocked down men working 100
about ?" to which Dixon replied, " Mind your own business, or you will get yards off. The total number of killed, according to the latest accounts, is nearly
it." Immediately after Corporal Brett was seen entering the hut, and was sixty.
told by one of the men to go back. However, he appears not to have heard, or Among other accidents which have been reported are the following :--A
else not to have heeded what was said to him, for he at once came into the party of six mechanics were taking a row at Worcester, when the boat upset,
room, and on his doing so Dixon raised his rifle, which he had loaded with ball and two of them, George Dones and John Perren, were drowned, as was
cartridge, and shot Brett dead. The bullet entered the right side of the head William Dones, father of the former, who swam off from the bank to the assist-
near the temple and passed out at the opposite side, shattering the poor man's ance of his son, and who leaves a widow and seven surviving children. - On
head in a most frightful manner. Death, of course, was instantaneous. The Saturday a building in course of erection in Duke-street, Brighton, fell
bullet, after going through Brett's head, passed out of the window close to some without warning. Of the sixteen men employed, five were injured, but none
married women living in the next hut, who narrowly escaped being shot. Dixon of them very seriously. --At Colchester, two young men were swimming a dog
was at once made prisoner, and walked to the guard-room in the coolest in Bourne Ponds, when it becaine entangled in the weeds. The owner, George
manner. Corporal Brett was highly respected in the regiment ; Dixon is a man Turrell, plunged into the water, but soon called out for help, and while his
of bad character, and has been several times tried by a court-martial . On companion ran for assistance, was drowned. - A stonemason of Wakefield, Luke
leaving the hut in which he had committed the murder, Dixon is reported to Bodley by name, died of sunstroke on Saturday, while travelling in a train
have said, when he found that Corporal Brett was dead, that " he was quite from Pontefract to his home. - During the athletic games at Coupar
Angus, N.B. , a stand full of spectators fell down. Several persons
satisfied now ; he did not care." At the coroner's inquest on Wednesday a
verdict of wilful murder was returned against Dixon. were injured, and one, George Winter, a tailor, was killed. About
five o'clock on Sunday a jeweller named Griffiths, aged thirty-five
Mr. Warburton, the High Sheriff of Queen's County, was fired at on Monday years, left his residence at Llandudno with a friend for a walk round the
morning while driving to Maryborough to swear in the grand jury. The assassin Ormshead. When about two miles round, Mr. Griffiths dropped his walking-
was concealed in a wood, behind a wall seven feet high, and fired in an oblique stick down the bank, and while descending in search of it he lost his hold and
direction ten yards distance into Mr. Warburton's face. The shot destroyed began rolling down. His companion went to his aid, and found him clinging to
his left eye, and wounded the side of his head. The gun was raised too high, a piece of rock that overhangs a precipice. He gave Mr. Griffiths his handker-
and the greater part of the charge riddled Mr. Warburton's hat. Two men chief as a support until aid could be received, but the poor man could not retain
have been arrested in connection with the outrage, which is believed to have his hold many moments, and, letting go, he was dashed to death on the rocks
an agrarian origin. Mr. Warburton is recovering. nearly sixty feet below.
Captain Lambert, who was shot under the circumstances already reported
is not yet recovered. The Harvard College crew, who are going to row in the international
boat race, and who arrived in Liverpool on Monday from the United States,
A woman named Moor, who had occasion to go with a Scotch police- officer reached Putney on Wednesday evening, and have temporarily taken up
to take charge of a pauper family which had to be removed to Sligo, has had a their abode at the Star and Garter Hotel, until they can suit themselves with
narrow escape of losing her life. She accompanied the officer and another man a furnished house in the village or its immediate neighbourhood. They have
on Monday, the 12th, to visit Sligo Lake, and as the party were returning they brought with them two or three friends and a couple of attendants, together
were set upon by a party of Irishmen armed with stones, and the woman was with two four-oared racing boats. The men express themselves much gratified
very severely hurt. On the matter being brought under the notice of the police with the cordial reception they met with in Putney last night, and with the
it was pointed out that the woman wore a yellow flower in her bonnet, and this, trouble taken by the various members of the London Rowing Club to make them
on the Twelfth, was interpreted by the Roman Catholics of the neighbourhood as a feel comfortable and at home. They have declined the challenge of the London
proof of Orange sympathies. The police told their Scottish colleague that such Rowing Club to row a four-oared race, and, as it is almost certain that
things were common enough in Ireland, and they had no hope of bringing the Cambridge will not compete with them, they will simply test their prowess
guilty parties to justice. They further advised him to get back to Scotland as against a picked four of the Oxford University Boat Club. The race will in all
soon as he could , for if the fact that he had given information of the outrage likelihood be rowed towards the end of August, the time agreed upon for the
came to be known he would probably be made to suffer for it. He took the hint, match being from the 15th to the 31st.
and left as soon as possible.
The Dialectical Society have held their last meeting for the present
Two serious railway collisions took place in the north of England on season. It took place on Tuesday evening, and some remarkable state-
Saturday. At the Lostock Hall junction of the Lancashire and Yorkshire and ments about the spirits were made. Mr. T. Percival stated that for many
East Lancashire Railways, an express train and an excursion train arrived at years before Spiritualism in its present phase had been talked about he was
the station almost at the same time. The signal-man saw that the latter was subject to supernatural influences ; once when he was anxious to decide whether he
approaching a goods train which was standing on the line, but confused by the should enter as a student at Cambridge, Oxford, or Dublin, he had a vision. He
simultaneous arrival of the two trains, he was unable to stop the advance ofthe saw a collegiate room. In it were himself and a person peculiarly robed.
train, which dashed into the goods train and smashed five of the trucks. Several Certain incidents took place, and the vision vanished. He decided on going to
of the passengers in the excursion train were severely cut and bruised, but no Oxford, when he was puzzled as to the Thirty-nine Articles. A friend with
one was very seriously injured. The other collision had a fatal result. An whom he conversed invited him to his chambers. He went, and found he was
excursion train from Crewe to Liverpool ran violently into a coal train in the room he had seen in his vision, his friend dressed in the same manner,
which was being shunted near the Winsford station, and a girl about seven and all the incidents occurred as foreseen. Miss Anne Blackwell, of Paris,
years of age was killed, and several other persons injured. said she had seen at her own home interesting phenomena, which amply
Among other railway accidents of the week is one at Spon-lane, near proved that they were produced by unseen intelligent powers ; that
Birmingham. A woman named Neal, of Aylestone, near Leicester, jumped doubtless there were diabolic spirits, as well as the opposite, who produced the
out of a train before it stopped and was killed . phenomena ; but that as far as her experience went, she was opposed to treating
them as " accursed ; " that by kindness of feeling and advice tendered to those
The goods warehouse at the Windsor terminus of the Great Western Railway who behaved themselves wildly she had results such as elicited from them
was entirely destroyed by fire on Sunday afternoon, as well as six or seven trucks expressions of thankfulness. Mr. Hain Friswell declared that he had
filled with coals and goods which stood in two sidings close to the warehouse. witnessed on one occasion that which appeared to be diabolic possession of
The passenger station and the Queen's private waiting-room were at one time several persons in a room , and that he by adjuration caused the whole pheno-
in danger, but the efforts made to save them by the firemen and a strong mena to cease. Mr. Bergheim stated that he was accustomed to the phenomena
detachment of military from the barracks were successful. The fire is attri- arising in mesmerism and biology, and that persons unacquainted with them
buted to the heat of the sun, a supposition which is thought to be confirmed by should not imperiously denounce spiritualistic phenomena as diabolic till
the fact that fires did occur at several farms near Windsor on Sunday, which of
they had made themselves practically acquainted with the unseen powers
there seems little doubt were so caused. their natural life ; that he had seen spiritual phenomena, and that he in one
instance had seen a shoeblack close to his office " possessed ; " that he put the
Mdlle. Schneider met with an accident, which might have proved very serious, crowd back quietly, took the boy's hand, and firmly requested (mentally) that
at St. James's Theatre on Wednesday night. At the fall of the curtain in the last
the spirit should leave him. At once it did so, and the boy was at once
scene of " Orphée aux Enfers " her dress was ignited by the flame used in restored to his right mind. A lady who is called the Countess of Pomare pro-
producing the effect of lightning, and in a moment was in a blaze. Great alarm tested that it was not fair and not consonant with the character of the Deity
and excitement prevailed, and two or three gentlemen jumped from the private that all spiritual beings not Trinitarians should be considered diabolical.
boxes on the stage and from the stalls, but the actors who surrounded Mdlle.
Schneider quickly put out the flames. This was not done, however, until almost A meeting on the subject of emigration was held on Wednesday at Limehouse,
the whole of her dress had been destroyed. Mdlle. Schneider escaped without at which Mr. Ayrton, M.P. , was in the chair. Mr. Ayrton said there were grave
the smallest personal injury. objections to Government aid to emigrants beyond what was now provided.
At the same time he admitted that the East- end of London was in a peculiar case,
The collision which happened at New-cross a week or two since between a all the poverty of the metropolis having been driven into a corner there. Mr.
Crystal Palace train and a goods train has led to one death, though no one Samuda, M.P. , who was also present, agreed with his colleague on the subject
died immediately. Mr. Charles Bradley, a retired publican, who lived at South
Hornsey, has succumbed to the injuries he received. He died on the 18th of Government help, but the feeling of the meeting was against the opinions of
their representatives, and a resolution was carried which declared that parlia-
from lock-jaw. Dr. Lankester opened an inquest on Wednesday, which was
mentary action is necessary.
adjourned.
Another dreadful colliery explosion has occurred in Lancashire. It took Prince de la Tour d'Auvergne left the French Embassy, Albert-gate, on
Sunday morning, to assume the duties of Minister of Foreign Affairs in
place on Wednesday, about eleven o'clock, in the Queen pit, of the Haydock
(near St. Helens) collieries of Messrs. R. Evans and Co. The news of France. The Marquis de Lavalette has been appointed French Minister at
London.
the calamity spread rapidly, and as the men who worked in the pit
represented almost all the villages in the district, the most painful The St. Pancras guardians have suspended the master of the workhouse , Mr.
alarm was quickly aroused. The first reports were not, as is frequently George Blake, alleging that he had identified himself with the charges against
[ 668 ]
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PALL MALL BUDGET. 33

JULY 23, 1869. ]

Dr. Harley, a medical officer, which had led to the coroner's inquest on Mary assistance in his power, his punishment would be very slight, if
Allen, and had " betrayed a spirit of resentment and opposition to the newly any. They said their object was to reach the writer of the libel, whom
elected guardians." On Tuesday Mr. Montagu Bere, Q.C. , held a special they believed to be Mr. Grenville- Murray. Lord Carington's name was not
inquiry, by order of the Poor Law Board, into the circumstances of the case. mentioned. At that time the article about Lord Carington had not been
Mr. Robertson, one of the new guardians, said that his colleagues and himself published in the paper. He gave up the proofs and copy, and they were taken
were of opinion that the master had sided with the party in opposition to away in a cab. He did not see the papers again until yesterday, when he saw
them . Whenever they had occasion to visit the house they were " dogged " them at Mr. Newman's offices. He went there because Mr. Newman wished to
by the master, and when they objected to it he replied that he fix more clearly the time at which Mr. Grenville- Murray began to correct proofs.
was not aware they were allowed to go alone. His animus was He found that it was at No. 13, April 15. He corrected all the subsequent
shown by the fact that in one of his reports he said he very much regretted numbers up to 20. He saw Reginald Murray in the first week in April (he had
to state that several of the guardians upon visiting the house had had been away a week or two). He seemed to manage the paper, but Mr. Wyndham
tea without paying for it, the usual charge being is. per head. The fact Murray corrected the proofs. He introduced Hughes to Mr. Grenville- Murray,
was that a cup oftea and a few slices of bread and butter had been supplied by as publisher. At first Hughes thanked him, but afterwards he did not. He
order upon the visit of Mr. Markham, the Poor Law Inspector. When called last saw Mr. Grenville-Murray on the 10th or 11th of June, but it was not
upon for an estimate of the cost of the tea, the master said it was difficult to about the Queen's Messenger. It was about the offices in Tavistock- street,
form a correct estimate, but Is. did not always cover the cost, as Mr. Watkins which had been taken in his name. He never heard Mr. Grenville- Murray
well knew when he had 66 eggs and chops " with his tea. The fact that Mr. talk about dropping the paper, but he always understood that it was only to run
Watkins's name was thus singled out showed the animus. After evidence had during the parliamentary session.
been given in support of the guardians' allegations, Mr. Hammond addressed Mr. Hughes, in his evidence, said that at the beginning of the present year
the Commissioner on behalf of Mr. Blake. He admitted that Mr. Blake had he was introduced to Mr. Grenville-Murray and Mr. Reginald Murray by Mr.
made some of his reports in a curt style, but that was accounted for by the Ranken. Their conversation was about the publication of a newspaper to be
fact that he had been brought up in the army, and was a strict disciplinarian. called the Queen's Messenger. Both gentlemen took part in the discussion, but
It was quite clear, however, that there was a party clique amongst the guardians, nothing transpired to show what was the relationship between them.
who, without any evidence whatever, and without any notice, came down to the He understood at the time that they were distantly related. Mr. Grenville took
board with a resolution concocted amongst themselves, the object of which was the most active part in the arrangements. Afterwards he wrote a letter to Mr.
to send the master to the right about for their own purposes. According to the Grenville-Murray stating his terms, which were 15 per cent. commission up to
regulations under which the master served it was his duty to report anything 1,000, 12½ per cent. up to 2,000, 10 per cent. above 2,000, and 25 per cent. on
which was going on wrong in the house, and because he had faithfully done so all advertisements. He was to push the sale of the paper, to hunt up
it was sought to mix him up with the guardians' squabbles. The Commissioner advertisements, and other matters. The terms were accepted. After one or two
informed the guardians that the result would be communicated to them through numbers he had a communication from Somerset House, and he had a conversa-
the Poor Law Board. The inquiry lasted more than six hours. tion with Mr. Grenville- Murray, who asked him if it was necessary to register.
Witness said it was, and then Mr. Grenville said it must be registered in the
The bill to amend the law relating to the office of clerk of assize and offices name of Mr. Reginald Murray, as he did not wish to be seen in the matter.
united thereto enacts that a person shall not be appointed to be clerk of Mr. Reginald Murray did not come after April. In February, Mr. Grenville-
assize unless he has during a period of not less than three years been either Murray stated to witness, in the presence of Mr. Reginald Murray, that he
(1) a barrister-at-law in actual practice, or ( 2) a special pleader or conveyancer (Mr. Grenville-Murray) was the editor of the paper.
in actual practice, or (3) an attorney of one of the superior courts of law at Cross- examined by Mr. Gill : He had not been to Somerset House about
Westminster in actual practice, or (4) a subordinate officer of a clerk of assize on the paper prior to that date. The conversation took place at 291 , Strand,
circuit; and the appointment ofany person to be clerk of assize who is not quali- which was then the publishing office of the paper, about eight o'clock in the
fied as provided by this section shall be void, and another duly qualified person evening. Mr. Reginald Murray was present when it took place, when Mr.
may be appointed in his place as if he were naturally dead. Whenever any Grenville-Murray said he was the editor. He could not say what induced
vacancy takes place in the office of clerk of assize the Commissioners of her Mr. Grenville to say he was the editor of the paper, but he thought it was in
Majesty's Treasury may revise the salary attached to such office and fix reference to a conversation about an article headed " Lord Barabbas." Witness had
another salary, having regard to the nature of the duties and responsibility of spoken of it and said it was very strong, on which Mr. Grenville- Murray said he
such office. A clerk of assize who is paid by salary shall not take any fee wasthe editor of the paper and was responsible. Mr. Grenville- Murray did all
for his own use ; and if he is authorized by any Act passed or hereafter to be editorial work and wrote the articles. He wrote the article headed " Lord
passed to take any fee, he is to account for and pay over such fee as may be Barabbas." He produced a letter commencing " The Editor of the Queen's
directed by the Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury. Every person Messenger," &c., which was in the same handwriting as the guarantee which Mr.
appointed after the passing of this Act to be clerk of assize shall hold his office Grenville- Murray gave him, but he did not see either of them actually written.
subject to such provisions and regulations as may thereafter be enacted by Par- He communicated with Reginald Murray from time to time, beginning, he
liament, and shall not be entitled to any compensation. should think, about the early part of February. He always looked upon
The Norwich Election Commission is expected to commence its sittings on Reginald Murray as the manager and sub-editor of the paper--never as the
editor. He did not know of any other sub- editor than Reginald
the 18th of August. Some difficulty is anticipated in obtaining evidence.
Murray. (Several letters were put in beginning "the editor of the
Queen's Messenger," with a view to show that Mr. Reginald Murray wrote as
THE CASE OF MR. GRENVILLE-MURRAY, "the editor.") All letters addressed to the editor were sent up to Mr.
The case of Mr. Grenville- Murray and Lord Carington has been very Grenville-Murray in the Albany. He did not wait for Mr. Reginald Murray to
prominently before the public this week. On Saturday Mr. Murray was come down to open them.
charged at Marlborough- street with committing perjury in the evidence The case was further adjourned till Saturday.
which he gave before Mr. D'Eyncourt when he prosecuted Lord Carington The grand jury at the Middlesex sessions have found a true bill against
for assaulting him and for inciting him to a breach of the peace. The Lord Carington for assault, but not on the charge of inciting Mr. Murray to
principal witness was Mr. Nokes, the chief clerk of the court. The fight a duel. The trial
was fixed to take place on Friday.
point sought to be established by the prosecution was that Mr. Grenville-
Murray on that occasion had disclaimed responsibility for the conduct of
the Queen's Messenger, while in point of fact he was responsible THE CHURCH AND THE UNIVERSITIES.
for it. To establish the latter fact, the prosecution called Mr. Peter
Ranken, printer, Drury House, Drury-court, who said Mr. Murray first The appointment of Dr. Vaughan to the Mastership of the Temple has
called on him in December, 1868, about an estimate for a paper. He had been gazetted.
several interviews with Mr. Grenville-Murray, in company with his son, The vacant vicarage of Doncaster has been conferred by the Archbishop of
Reginald Murray. In the middle of January terms were come to for bringing York on the Rev. A. W. Thorold, M.A. , minister of Curzon Chapel, late of
out the Queen's Messenger. The editorial department was to be in the St. Giles's-in-the-Fields.
hands of Mr. Reginald Murray. Mr. Ranken was to be paid weekly. Sunday, the 1st of August, has been fixed for the consecration ofthe Rev.
The paper was published by Mr. Hughes, at first in the Strand, and afterwards Ashton Oxenden, D.D. , Rector of Pluckley, who has been elected Bishop of
in Tavistock- street. The first paper was published on the 21st of January. Montreal and Metropolitan of Canada in the room of the Right Rev. Dr.
Mr. Ranken afterwards received an indemnity by post against any action Fulford , deceased . The ceremony will in all probability, take place in Canter-
for libel that might be brought. The proofs of the articles were sent to Mr. bury Cathedral, of which the bishop elect is an honorary canon.
Reginald Murray, at D 2, Albany, and Mr. Reginald attended to correct proofs
at the office up to April, after which Mr. Murray corrected proofs, and one The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, on the appeal in the suit of
or two numbers were corrected by Mr. Wyndham Murray. He received two the Bishop of Capetown v. the Bishop of Natal, have decided that the Bishop
cheques -one for £50 and the other for £45 -from Mr. Grenville- Murray, of Natal has a right to the cathedral at Pietermaritzburg, which Bishop Gray
through his (witness's ) son. The money was for printing the Queen's Messenger. contended was vested in himself. Their lordships ordered that Dr. Colenso
After a prosecution was commenced the witness went with Mr. Hughes to some should have free and uninterrupted access to and use of the cathedral, with all
solicitors in the King's Bench-walk, and in consequence of what passed he went rights and privileges in respect of it that ought to be enjoyed by him as Bishop
the next morning to the Albany, and saw a lady who was general manager after of Natal, and that Dr. Gray should not in any way obstruct him in his exercise
Mr. Reginald Murray had left England. He also saw Mr. Grenville- Murray, of these rights. No costs of the appeal were allowed, but the appellant was
and asked him for some protection , as some of the articles were likely to ordered to pay those in the court below.
become the foundation of prosecutions. Mr. Murray said he could give him no The Weekly Register learns from an authentic source that seven or eight
protection. Subsequently he gave up the papers in his possession to Messrs. Anglican clergymen have determined to proceed to Rome in December next,
Newman and Rokeby, and also agreed to give up the premises to Mr. Hathaway, for the purpose of attending the General Council, and obtaining from the
Mr. Murray's solicitor, provided the rent was paid. The cross-examination of assembled bishops an authoritative opinion respecting the validity or otherwise
Lord Carington's witnesses, and the examination of witnesses for the defence, of their orders. Every endeavour will also be made to form a union between
was postponed to Thursday, to which day the case was adjourned. a large number of Anglicans and the Catholic Church.
On the second day of the hearing, Mr. Ranken in the course of his cross-
examination said he went to Messrs. Newman and Rowcliffe, and told them The advowson and next presentation to the rectory of Onibury, near
that as Mr. Grenville- Murray would not give him any protection he was Ludlow, is to be sold by auction on Tuesday, the 3rd of August. It is stated
prepared to assist them. They asked him to give proofs and copy of past that " the United Pack and the Ludlow Hounds hunt in the neighbourhood .”
numbers of the Queen's Messenger. He should have considered himself The living is worth £ 530 a year. The present rector is sixty-four years of age,
bound to give up the copy to Mr. Reginald Murray if he had applied and the patron is the Earl of Craven.
for it. As he did not ask for it he had no hesitation in giving it to The Guardian states that Dr. Selwyn, Bishop of Lichfield, who has cut so
Mr. Newman. He took an undertaking from Mr. Newman that he would
hold the documents until he was compelled by process of law to deliver many Gordian knots by the " solvitur ambulando " process, has given over
them to some other persons . He understood Mr. Newman to refer to the Derbyshire to the care of Bishop Hobhouse, late of Nelson, New Zealand,
action which was then pending. Mr. Newman and Mr. Rowcliffe came to making that prelate virtually " Bishop of Derbyshire," and thus solving to a
great extent the increase of the episcopate difficulty.
his office for the papers, but he could not say on what day it was ; he thought
it was after the 10th of June. It was between the 10th and the 17th of June. The same paper says that ever since the late Privy Council judgment the
No terms were arranged for giving up the papers. The solicitors did Bishop of Oxford has encouraged, by both example and precept, the centre
not say positively that he should not be prosecuted. They told him of table, back towards people, position of the celebrant during the whole Holy
that most likely he would be put to the bar, but that, having given all the Communion service, except, of course, administration to communicants ; and
[ 669 ]
 34 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23, 1869.

that his lordship meets the " before the people " requirement by holding cup and General of the Army, in succession to Mr. Vernon Lushington, Q.C. , now
paten slightly sideways, so that the act of consecration may be seen. Secretary of the Admiralty.
Bishop Jenner, it is said , is about to return to England from Otago. It has The 27th ( Inniskilling ) Regiment had new colours presented to them on
been decided that a missionary bishopric shall be established for Zululand. Monday by the Countess of Enniskillen at Chatham. On Wednesday night
The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel will assist the scheme, and the the officers ofthe regiment gave a ball at Willis's Rooms, in honour of the event.
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge have agreed that a grant be made The company were brought from Chatham and conveyed back again by special
to be paid to trustees when the whole of the capital projected-£5,000 - has train on the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway.
been raised. The bishopric will owe its foundation to the exertions of Miss The Royal Commissioners on military education paid an official visit to the
Mackenzie, a sister of the late African missionary, Bishop Mackenzie. The School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness on Wednesday. They were received by Colonel
new bishop will be placed under the Metropolitical superintendence of the Elwyn , the commandant, and Colonel S. Gordon, C.B., chiefinstructor, who con-
Bishop of Capetown, and will be one of his suffragans. ducted them round the lecture and school rooms used bythe classes,the exercising
The Staffordshire Advertiser states that on a recent occasion the Rev. A. S. sheds, and the practice ground, where parties of officers and non- commissioned
Prior, B.D., Vicar of St. George's, Wolverhampton, assisted by his curates, cele- officers under the " Long Course " of instruction were seen employed, each
brated the Holy Communion in unintoxicating wine at St. George's School-church. individual becoming trained by actual manual practice to superintend the
"All Christians," it is added, " are received at the table without inquiring as to troublesome mechanical operations of mounting and dismounting the heaviest
the sect to which they may attach themselves, and it is understood that the pieces of ordnance. In the afternoon the visitors witnessed practice from the
service is a concession to teetotal principles." Indian muzzle-loading field guns , carried on in presence of Major- General
Gambier, Colonel Middleton, and Colonel Reilly, C. B. , members of the War
Dr. Cowie, the recently consecrated Bishop of Auckland , New Zealand, was Office Committee appointed to select and prove the new weapons. This was
married on Tuesday last to the daughter of Mr. William Webber, of Spring- followed by shooting from smooth-bore guns at distant fixed targets, from the
grove, Hounslow, and granddaughter of the late Sir Thomas Preston, Bart., of Armstrong 40-pounders at the moving target, and from the 7-inch gun on the
Beeston Hall, Norfolk. Moncrieff carriage. The last operation witnessed was the firing, performed with
Dr. George Waddington , Dean of Durham , died on Tuesday morning, remarkable accuracy, at a mile range, of a few rounds from the new 25 - ton or
aged seventy-six. The deceased graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He " Monarch " gun, now under proof. This tremendous weapon is considerably
was Medallist in 1811 , University Scholar and Chancellor's Medallist for Eng- heavier than the original 12-inch rifled gun, which it supersedes, and which was
lish verse in 1813 , B.A. and Senior Chancellor's Medallist in 1815. He proved to be somewhat too light for its charge in last year's experiments.
succeeded Dr. Jenkinson in the Deanery of Durham in 1840. On
The Indian papers report that Major Reeve, of the 73rd Foot, has been
the death of Archdeacon Thorp the Dean succeeded him as Warden of Dur- killed in Ceylon by a fall from the verandah of his house. The death is also
ham University. He was a brother of the late Right Hon. Henry Waddington, announced of Lieutenant McNally, unattached Bengal List.
and, like him, was educated at the Charterhouse.
The death is also announced of the Rev. P. Thornton, Rector of Brockall LAW AND POLICE.
for sixty-three years, Honorary Canon of Peterborough, and the oldest clergy-
man in that diocese. He took his degree as Eighth Senior Optime in 1804. The Judicial Committee of Privy Council on the appeal case from New
South Wales, which raised the question whether the verdict of a jury in a
The Queen has been pleased to nominate the Right Hon. Edward Pleydell murder case was vitiated by the jury having had access to newspapers containing
Bouverie to be one of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for England. reports of the trial, have decided that the verdict was not vitiated, the evidence
The following is the list of those who took honours at the late matriculation being insufficient. Moreover (among other points) a man could not be twice
examination for the University of London, the names being arranged in the put in peril of his life.
order of proficiency : - At the Worcester assizes, before Mr. Baron Pigott, a woman named
(1) Horace Lamb, Trinity College, Cambridge ; (2 ) John Henry Poynting, Owens College ; (3) Julian Fanny Frances Maud Oliver was convicted of the wilful murder of her
John Leverson, University College Schools ; (4) Joseph Solomon, Bristol Grammar School ; ( 5 ) George
Samuel Brockington , private study : ( ) Richard Booth, Proprietary School, Birkenhead ; (7) Edward husband, Joseph Oliver, at Dudley. The prisoner is a milliner, and in the
Mann Langley, Bedford Commercial School ; *James Fewings, Queen Elizabeth's Hospital ; *James course of her business cleaned bonnets, for which purpose she used poisonous
Whitbread Lee Glaisher, Trinity College, Cambridge : Richard Stride Ager, Bedford Commercial
School ; *Abraham de Mattos Mocatta, University College and private tuition ; Alexander Hamilton drugs. The death of the husband was attributed to arsenical poisoning, and the
Patterson, Liverpool Institute and Queen's College ; Henry Taylor Bovey, Clevedon College, motives by which it was presumed the prisoner was actuated in committing the
Northampton ; Philip Herbert Carpenter, University College and School : Julius Maurice Rudolf, alleged crime were said to be twofold. First, that she had contracted an
University College School : David Jones, University College School : John Thomas Sale. Regent's
Park College : George Henry Batterbury, King's College School ; Ebenezer Thomas Fyffe, King's improper intimacy with a man named Brice ; and, secondly, that her husband
College School ; Richard Charles Shockley, private study ; Francis Edward Carter, Royal Medical had money in a building fund, and that she, without his knowledge, had
College, Epsom ; John Neville Keynes, Amersham Hall School ; James Hunter Knox, Liverpool Institute
and Queen's College ; Louis Charles Casartelli, St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw; George Pearse, been drawing it out, and had exhausted the fund. The purchase of arsenic by
Clifton College : Richard Jones, St. Asaph Grammar School Edward Harris, Grove House, the prisoner in April last was proved , and also that at the time she gave a false
Tottenham ; Hyman Nathaniel Benjamin, University College School and private tuition ; Charles name and address. Dr. Hill, who made a post-mortem examination of the
Farquhar Findlay, Woodhouse-grove School, and Frederick William Payne, private study, equal ;
John Barclay Clibborn Goodbody, Grove House, Tottenham ; Thomas George Lawrence, Sydney body, discovered arsenic in a small quantity, and came to the conclusion that
College, Bath ; Alfred Harre, private study ; James Cobban, New College : John Geoffrey Langley, the deceased had died from arsenical poisoning. The jury returned a verdict
University College School ; James Paull Fiddian, Woodhouse- grove, School; Henry Worsley, St.
Cuthbert's College, Ushaw ; John Stephenson Jellie, Queen's College, Belfast ; Edward Spence of guilty, and sentence of death was passed.
Symes, University College School; William Douglis Edwards, King's College : Moses Moses,
Jews' Free School : Francis Daniel Radford, Amersham Hall School ; Robert William Perks, The Rev. J. C. Edwards, of Ingoldmells , in Lincolnshire, a clergyman
King's College ; Heury Ramié Beeton, University College : Philip Stokes, St. Cuthbert's whose name has been only too frequently before the public, appeared in the
College, Ushaw ; Vincent John Naish, Stonyhurst College ; William Foot Husband, private study,
and William Ridhard Matthews, St. Mark's College, equal ; Ebenezer Reeves Palmer, University Divorce Court on Wednesday as respondent in a suit promoted by his wife onthe
College ; Charles Swinfen Eady, private study ; Joseph Small Cooper, Birmingham Proprietary ground of his adultery and desertion. The jury found the petitioner's case
School; Thomas Ward Chambers, City of London School ; Sidney Alexander Cheale, King's College proved, and the court pronounced a decree nisi, with costs.
School, and William Partington Manu, private study, equal ; Henry Elthington Price, Regent's Park
College.
(1) Exhibition of 30 per annum for two years. (2) Exhibition of £20 per annum for two years. The divorce case of Mordaunt v. Mordaunt and Cole and Johnston (com-
(3) Exhibition of £15 per annum for two years. (4 ) Prize of 10. monly called the Warwickshire scandal case) will come on for hearing next
(5) Disqualified by age for second prize. (6) Prize of £ 5. (7) Prize of £5.
* Obtained the number of marks qualifying for a prize. Tuesday.
The suit of Vivian v. Vivian and Waterford (which is a suit by the husband,
THE ARMY AND NAVY. Captain Vivian, for a divorce, on the ground of his wife's adultery with the
Marquis of Waterford) will be tried during the first week of August.
Captain A. H. Hoskins has been offered the command of her Majesty's ship
Warrior, vice Boys, who has been nominated to the Excellent and the Royal Two or three rather remarkable cases have come before the Bankruptcy
Naval College at Portsmouth. Courts this week. Henry Prosser, wine merchant, of Millbrook, near South-
Vice-Admiral Sir Henry Kellett, K.C.B. , has received a notification from the ampton, was in prison for a debt of £ 127 128. 5d., the costs of a divorce suit,
Admiralty that, owing to circumstances connected with the state of preparation in which his wife had obtained a decree nisi against him. His total liabilities
were about £ 500, and he had no assets. His release from prison was ordered,
in which his intended flagship has been found, he will after all be obliged to
proceed to China by the 15th of August, via the Red Sea, and should he not be but the proceedings, with that exception, were confined to formalities.
well enough by that time another officer will be selected to succeed Admiral the On Thursday there was a first sitting before Mr. Registrar Brougham, under
Hon. Sir Henry Keppel, K. C.B. the failure of Nathaniel W. Knee, who had carried on business as a wholesale
The Army and Navy Gazette understands that the Government of the tea dealer in Mark-lane and Water- lane. The bankrupt's defalcations are to
Dominion have requested the Secretary of State for the Colonies to apply to the extent of several thousand pounds, and a grand pianoforte, which cost sixty
guineas, is at present the only available asset. In a letter written by the bank-
H.R.H. the Field Marshal Commanding-in-Chief for permission that his rupt at the time of his departure, he states that he is on his way to
Excellency Major- General Sir Hastings Doyle shall be allowed to remain at
Halifax after his promotion, and until the expiration of his second term of America, but it is believed that he has absconded to Spain. A reward has
service. been offered for his apprehension , but he is still at large. The bankrupt
enjoyed a high reputation as a religious man, and up to the time of his
The East Indiaman Clyde, 1,200 tons, left the Thames on Saturday for departure he was supposed to be in prosperous circumstances. A lady
Calcutta with the first reinforcements despatched to India this season , the named Newman, the widow of his former partner, is reported to be the
number of troops of all ranks on board being 337, belonging to the Royal principal sufferer. In the absence of the bankrupt the proofs now tendered
Artillery, 26th, 55th , 58th, and 107th Regiments. were admitted, subject to investigation , and assignees were chosen.
The Lords of the Admiralty have, at the recommendation of the Director- At the Birmingham Bankruptcy Court on Wednesday, Mr. Edwards Wood,
General of the Naval Medical Department, resolved that in future the entries solicitor, Birmingham and Tamworth, who figured conspicuously at the
of assistant-surgeons into the Royal Navy shall only be decided by competitive Abergele inquest, came up for his last examination and discharge. In the
examination, in a manner similar to that which exists at Chelsea in connection course of the case a number of charges of the most singular character
with the sister service. The Hon. Captain Foley is not to be removed from the Mr. Stubbs,
were made by the representatives of various creditors.
Cambridge, but Captain Boys is to be transferred from the Warrior to the barrister, said that a large number of the creditors were clients of
Excellent, and to the Royal Naval College. Mr. Wood, who claimed for money entrusted to him, or obtained by him in
The committee appointed to decide on the equipment of field batteries probate of wills, actions, &c. As much as £3,000 was owing by Mr. Wood in
that way. One of the cases was that of a widow Mrs. Page - whose
for India has made a preliminary report. It is well satisfied with the
experimental 12-pounder bronze muzzle- loading gun. The committee at husband's will Mr. Wood made, he being also an attesting witness. Mr.
Dartmoor has condemned the 9- pounder Armstrong Horse Artillery gun, Edwards Wood had obtained £ 100 of the money on mortgage. The widow could
and has recommended that the Royal Horse Artillery should have the same not obtain probate of the will because Mr. Wood refused to make the necessary
gun as the field battery. affidavit. Mr. Argyle, solicitor, Tamworth, stated another hard case. Mr.
Wood was entrusted with making the will of Mr. Pipe, a town councillor
The present staff of female nurses at Netley Hospital will leave that estab- of Tamworth. Without (as Mr. Argyle alleged) obtaining the assent of
lishment in October, and their places are to be filled by trained sisters from the testator, Mr. Wood inserted his name as an executor, the widow being
St. Thomas's Hospital.
executrix. When Mr. Pipe died Mr. Wood obtained £37 125. from the widow,
The Times confirms the announcement made some time since that for the purpose, as he said, of paying the probate fees and having the will
Mr. Gladstone has appointed Mr. J. C. O'Dowd to be Deputy Judge- Advocate- administered. Mr. Wood took no further steps in the matter, and to this day
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 JULY 23, 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET.
35

Mrs. Pipe could not get her money. The case was adjourned for two months. The evidence showed that she had been attached to a young man, who had
It is stated that Mr. Edward Wood was bankrupt five years ago, with forsaken her (it was stated that though he had been summoned to the inquest
liabilities amounting to £100,000. he could not be found ) , and in a fit of passion jumped into the river. The jury
A woman named Woodford has been sent for trial by the magistrate at the found her temporarily insane.
Thames police court for an atrocious outrage on her husband. In consequence On Monday a disgraceful riot took place at the terminus of the
of a quarrel she attacked him with her hands, and inflicted upon him injuries new Lakeside Railway, Windermere. The Wesleyans of Barrow had got up
not to be described.
a cheap trip to the lake, and this was taken advantage of by a large number
A woman (an old and respectable woman she is called) named Elizabeth of navvies and roughs, who, after becoming intoxicated, began to wrangle
Lynch has been brought before the Liverpool magistrates, charged with throwing about their individual prowess, and ultimately to fight. About a hundred of
boiling water upon the infant child of a man named Thomas Hallam. On them took forcible possession of a field set apart for the Wesleyan scholars, and,
Friday several children decorated themselves with orange lilies and ribbons, not content with using their fists, they tore up nearly the whole of the fences,
and were playing near the prisoner's house in Queen Ann-street. Mrs. and struck at all who came in their way. The scene that ensued was appalling ;
Lynch, who is a Roman Catholic, seems to have been annoyed at this display blood flowed copiously from the heads and faces of men, women, and children,
of orange colour, for she deliberately threw a quantity of boiling water upon the many being carried to the hotel seriously injured, and the screams were fearful.
children, amongst whom was a daughter of Hallam's, who was nursing the Policemen were sent for from Backbarrow, and telegraphed for to Ulverston ,
infant. The latter was very severely scalded, and also one of the other but before their arrival partial quietness had been restored, some of the most
children. active in promoting the riot lying about the field covered with blood stains, and
The South Eastern Railway Company prosecuted another of their passengers apparently " dead drunk."
on Wednesday at the Mansion House. Mr. Peter McNair, a third- class season- Some of the Indian papers have been gravely discussing a proposal made
ticket holder, was charged with riding in a second-class carriage without paying by a Mr. Cameron, of Calcutta, who believes in the existence of tailed men and
the difference. He had been observed to do this, the company's officers said, women somewhere in Borneo, and suggests that the Government, the Bengal
frequently. Mr. McNair did not deny the charge, but made some excuses, not, Asiatic Society, and the Indian Museum authorities should aid in getting up
however, alleging that there was any deficiency of third- class carriages. He a scientific expedition to go in search of them. The Indian Daily News has
denied that he had any wish to defraud the company, and said he had now, to intimated its readiness to receive subscriptions to assist in carrying out the
avoid further trouble, taken out a second-class periodical ticket. The company proposed object.
asked that a heavy penalty might be imposed. The Lord Mayor inflicted a fine A special train was on Saturday, the 17th, run by the North-Western Railway
of 20s. and 3s. costs, with the alternative of a week in prison. The money Company from Llandulas to Manchester, with 800 passengers who had received
was paid. free tickets from the company for having rendered timely aid by carrying
In a case before Mr. Vaughan at Bow-street in which Messrs. W. H. Smith water to extinguish the flames, and by affording what relief was in their
and Son prosecuted one of their men for stealing books belonging to power to the unfortunate sufferers by the accident at Abergele last August.
his employers, the magistrate spoke in severe terms of the conduct of The company offered to defray any losses to employers or workmen for loss of
booksellers in purchasing books uncut at a low price, which they must have time or otherwise ; but, as this was in every case declined, the company adopted
reason to suspect had been stolen. It had been shown that seven this mode of showing their gratitude.
books, valued at 16s., had been found at the shop of Mr. Glaisher,
The annual encampment of the Berkshire Volunteers will be held this year
bookseller, of Bloomsbury-street, who had bought them for about 8s. 6d., near Nuneham Park, and the several corps will muster on Monday, the 26th
while two worth 45. had been found at the shop of Mr. Pettit, of New
inst. The prizes will be distributed on Friday, the 30th, by the Princess
Oxford-street, who had bought them of the prisoner and paid him 45. Christian. The Hon. Artillery Company from London , the 1st battalion of the
for them and two more. The prisoner had sold at different times fifteen or
Bucks Volunteers, and the 1st Oxfordshire Rifles will join the encampment.
eighteen books to Mr. Glaisher, and about twelve to Mr. Pettit. He stated to
the latter that he was a travelling jeweller, and had taken the books in exchange. It is stated that the damages in the action by Mr. Murphy against the Mayor
The man who stole the books, and who is named Butler, was committed for of Birmingham are laid at £ 1,000. The prosecution is understood to be
trial. supported by several prominent members of the Protestant party in the House
of Commons.
A man named William Fyfield, known as a violent character, was committed
on Wednesday by the Kingston-on- Thames borough magistrates to take his A druggist at Sheffield has been found guilty by a coroner's jury of the
trial at the summer assizes at Croydon for feloniously cutting and wounding his manslaughter of a child. The mother of the child was in the habit of giving
wife. The prisoner had quarrelled with his wife, and then made two attempts it half a teaspoonful of " Godfrey's cordial " every day, not because the
to cut her throat with a table knife, actually going to sharpen the blade after child was unwell, but to " nourish its stomach. " The cordial was obtained from
the first assault. At the second attempt the woman thought her husband was a druggist named Jenkinson, who made it himself of opium, water, treacle,
going to express his sorrow for what he had done, and so allowed him to spirits of wine, and oil of sassafras, and who had sold, according to his
approach her. own account, hundreds of thousands of pennyworths of it. A day or
two ago a girl was sent for some of the cordial, and Mr. Jenkinson
At the Southwark police-court a salesman named George Rowland Hill, gave her laudanum by mistake. The mother administered the customary
carrying on an extensive business in the Borough, has been fined £20 for having half- spoonful, and the child died. The jury accompanied their verdict against
sold several baskets of fruit in a rotten condition.
Jenkinson with a strong recommendation to mercy, on the ground that the act
was one of misadventure, and the coroner stated that bail would be taken for
MISCELLANEOUS NEWS. his appearance at the assizes.
Mrs. Gladstone has consented to distribute the prizes to the successful The Courrier de la Boucherie of Paris contains an article upon the
students of the Royal Academy of Music, but the day on which the ceremony rising prices of butchers' meat all over Europe which has attracted
will take place has not been officially announced. serious notice in France. All the French markets have been gradually
rising for the past six years, so much so that the advance constitutes a
Mr. Rawlinson will resume his inquiry into the state of the Thames
at Barking next Monday at No. 6 Committee-room in the House of Com- considerable surcharge upon the consumption ofthe country. Choice parts are
mons. double the price they were ; and inferior joints are fully one-third higher. It
was thought that the opening of the new markets at La Villette, Poissy, and
The Westminster Gazette is informed that the Marquis of Bute has promised Sceaux two years ago, would have lowered prices in Paris, but the result has
the munificent sum of £2,000 to a Catholic Literary Society which is about to been quite the opposite, and the advanced prices of Paris have been met by
be formed. corresponding movements at the provincial markets, for instance, at Aix,
There were not enough of the law lords present on Monday to make a House, Bordeaux, Caen, Chartres, Dijon, Lisieux, Nimes, Rouen, Toulouse, and Lyons.
and the Bishop of Lichfield had to sit all day listening to a dry question of In some places meat is even dearer than in Paris. It is the same in England,
Scotch law. notwithstanding great supplies of cattle from Holland, Belgium, and Germany.
In Holland and Belgium fat cattle have not been so dear for two years
It is stated that the Habitual Criminals Bill, which originated in the Lords as they are now. In Germany beef and mutton have not advanced so much as
some months ago, is to be withdrawn, the Home Secretary declining to undertake in France and England, because the consumption of pork is greater : but in
the responsibility of attempting to pass such a measure at the present advanced Prussia there has been a distinct advance in all descriptions of meat, and in
period ofthe session.
Italy the rise is still making progress.
The hot weather does not appear to have brought us any locusts yet, but a
There was a good deal of talk some few years ago about an American
gentleman at Ashford, in Kent, writes to saythat he has caught another southern
visitor, the fire-fly ( Lampyres Italica), in his garden. Fireflies have also been colony which was founded at Jaffa, and which from some cause or other proved
seen at Caterham in Surrey. a failure. The Jewish Record states that a German colony is about to settle
on the same spot. It numbers thirty-three souls. They have obtained possession
The new Thames subway from Tower-hill to Bermondsey, which was com- of the necessary buildings for manufacturing purposes. They intend at a future
menced on the 16th of February of the present year, is expected to be open for time to extend their operations to Haifa, at the foot of Mount Carmel, where
public traffic in about three months' time.
they will engage in agriculture.
Mr. Bruce has ordered the release of two men named Hinchcliffe and
Armstrong who were sentenced to four months' imprisonment at the spring ART, LITERATURE, AND THE THEATRE.
assizes at Sheffield for intimidating non-union operatives, by following them in
The death is announced at Berlin of Concertmeister Leopold Ganz.
crowds, crying " Baa, baa,” and “ Black sheep." No violence was used. The
men had been three months in prison. Sixty-one new newspapers were started in the United States during the
month of May this year.
Ayoung man and woman were married on Saturday, the 17th , at Kennington ,
and afterwards the bridal party hired a boat at Vauxhall Bridge with the inten- Hans Breitmann is visiting Paris, and a poem descriptive of his observations
tion of going to Putney, and thence to Wimbledon to see the volunteer review. in that capital may be expected .
At Battersea Bridge the boat was upset, and one of the party was drowned. An American journal states that Garibaldi has written a novel, and that the
A strange case of suicide was investigated by Dr. Lankester on Wednesday MS. is now in the printer's hands.
at No. 18, Mildmay- park, Stoke Newington. Mrs. Jane Elizabeth Archbold, We are told that London is shortly to have the pleasure of listening to a
aged thirty- six, the wife of a City merchant, allowed no person to sleep in the Chinese comic singer named Chee Mah.
same room with her, and was generally eccentric in her habits. On Sunday
morning last she was found between the two mattresses of her bed, her head Joseph Ascher, well known in London some few years ago for his pianoforte
rolled in flannel petticoats and a pocket-handkerchief stuffed into her mouth. pieces, which, however, had little to recommend them, died lately at the age of
Her head was entirely covered with the mattresses. Dr. Black, who had thirty-nine. His mind had long been gone.
attended deceased for three or four years, was immediately called in, the Lord Vernon has presented to the Manchester Free Library a copy of the
head and chest of deceased having been then uncovered . She was pulse- "Inferno " of Dante, literally paraphrased, with documents and album, privately
less, and died in about two hours. The jury found a verdict of " Suicide while printed in three volumes folio by his late father.
in an unsound state of mind ."
The Bengal Government has made a grant of £ 100 to Mr. Bloehman for
An inquest was concluded on Wednesday by Mr. Carter on the body of a girl preparing a Catalogue Raisonné of the Arabic and Persian MSS . bought at
of sixteen named Ricketts, who had been found in the Thames at Rotherhithe, Delhi by Major Nassau Lees for the Calcutta Madrissa.
[ 671 ]
 36 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23 , 1869.

M. Albert-Henri Monnier, well known as a writer of vaudevilles, extrava-

ganzas, and the like, has died in Paris, in his fifty-second year. Most of his Friday Morning.
works were written in conjunction with the late Edward Martin , or with MM. Postscript.
Clairville, Blum and De Jallais.
The books of the Board of Directors of the Boston Peace Jubilee show FRANCE.
that the total receipts for the five days of the Jubilee amounted to 413,000 dollars. The Moniteur of last evening says that the meeting held on Wednesday by
The sum total of the expenses was 312,300 dollars. The profits therefore the Left party led to no result, but revealed, on the contrary, germs of division,
amounted to 100,700 dollars. antagonism, and rivalry between the deputies who incline to parliamentary
On Friday the bronze statue of Mr. Peabody, the work of Mr. Story, the government and those who desire a democracy.
United States sculptor, was placed on its pedestal, opposite the Royal Exchange.
The unveiling will take place on Friday next by the Prince of Wales, who will SPAIN.
afterwards dine with the Lord Mayor. The Spanish telegrams say that the arrival of Don Carlos at the frontier is
It is stated that the system of the claque has become as completely esta- officially confirmed. It is added that agitation prevails among the inhabitants
blished in New York as in Paris, and is a subject of constant complaint. The of the mountains of Catalonia, and that several battalions of Chasseurs have
more intelligent portion of the audience of the theatres are, as in Paris, com- been sent thither to preserve order. Fresh arrests have been made in Madrid
pelled to abstain from all demonstrations of approval or censure. on charges of complicity with the Carlist conspiracy. There are several priests
Mr. Theed has finished the heroic- size marble statue of Lord Derby for the among those taken into custody.
town of Liverpool, which is about to be placed in the Town-hall. He is repre- BELGIUM.
sented in the robes of the Garter, standing with the head uncovered, and
speaking to an audience. The Elizabethan costume has been chosen by the Mr. Sanford, the retiring American Minister at Brussels, had a private
sculptor. audience of the King on Wednesday, when he presented letters of recall from
his Government. His successor, Mr. Russell Jones, also had an audience of
The Musical Standard says that the new Prussian national hymn, by Sir his Majesty, and handed in his credentials as American Minister.
Michael Costa, is to be performed in public in the autumn.- - Auber's new
opera is to be called " Rêve d'Amour.". -Miss Laura Harris has entered into INDIA.
an engagement with the manager, Merelli, to sing at the Imperial Opera at It is believed at Bombay, according to a telegram which is dated the 20th
Moscow for two years. Miss Minnie Hauck will also appear there. inst., that the Kirghese tribes south and south-west of Orenburg have risen
en masse against the Russians. Turkestan is believed to be in a disturbed
The zoologists, botanists, and geologists of Edinburgh and vicinity have condition.
organized a Naturalists' Club, one of their objects being the collection of
materials for a Fauna of the Valley of the Forth. The club, which is limited to THE FENIANS IN THE UNITED STATES.
a small number, have already received many accessions to its members, and An American telegram states that Warren and other leaders of the Fenian
elected Mr. Robert Brown, President ; Dr. Black, Vice- President ; and Dr. party waited upon several Cabinet Ministers the day before yesterday and
Thomas Edmonston , hon. Secretary and Treasurer. urged immediate action to secure the release of Halpine and other Fenian and
A new weekly paper is announced under the title of The Period. The Irish-American prisoners in Great Britain. It is reported that Mr. Boutwell
prospectus promises that it shall be a Pungent, Pictorial Publication, that it and Mr. Robeson promised acquiescence, while Mr. Hoar declined, and strongly
will Polish Popular Politicians Politely ;-Pommel Pretentious Parliamentary denounced Fenianism, declaring that the Fenian raiders against Canada were
Partisans ; Punish Pestilent Persons Preaching Pattern Progress Principles ;- principally composed of thieves and desperadoes.
Proscribe Preposterous Prerogatives and Prevalent Prejudices ;-Pillory Puffed-
up Pretenders ; -Properly Protect Painstaking Persevering People ;- Pepper THE ABYSSINIAN MURDERS.
Pecuniary Peculators and Petifogging Practitioners ; — Pooh-pooh Pompous,
The Times of this morning says that the packet Nyanza, which reached
Presuming, Purse- proud Parvenus ;--Paralyze Pestilent Poltroons, Peevish
Prudes, Presumptuous Puppies, Peccant Prodigals, Prosy Praters, Precocious. Malta on the 13th inst . , will bring to England the effects of the late Mr. Powell,
Prattlers, Prurient Profligates, Pampered Parasites, Petty Perturbators and in charge of his gamekeeper, Macdonald, the only European survivor of his
party. The sad intelligence of Mr. Powell's death is fully confirmed. He was
Parsimonious Parochials ;-Put down Paltry Prolix Publications ;-Promptly
speared on his bed as he was lying awake at early morning. His wife, who was
Praise Pithy Productions ;-Pertinaciously Promulgate Practical Precepts ;-
Punctually Patronize Playhouses, Pitilessly Pulling Pointless Performances and standing a short distance off, was speared also, and managed to stagger
Pilfering Playwrights to Pieces ; -Pertinently Propound Perplexing Faradoxes ; to the body of her husband, when she fell. The murderers then speared Mr.
Powell's little son, and finished the butchery with stones. Mr. Powell shot two
-Publish Peculiarly Piquant Pictures, Portraying Princely Palaces, Picturesque
Pageants, Powerful Potentates, and Popular Pets ;-Print Periodically in its fellows before he died, and, if revenge is any satisfaction, the wretches who
Perspicuous Pages Pleasing Prose, Priceless Poems, Playful Puns, Popular committed the brutal murder will have a heavy account to settle with the
Parodies, and Political Pasquinades- Products of Pen and Pencil. Abyssinian chief they are under and the surrounding tribes, who have vowed to
exterminate all those who had part in the crime.

COMMERCE AND FINANCE . THE ACCIDENT TO MDLLE. SCHNEIDER.

Consols, at the end of last week, stood at 93 for money and 93 % for the Mddle. Schneider has written the following letter to the Times in acknow-
account. Thursday night's closing prices were 93 % to 93 % for money, and ledgment of the congratulations she has received on her recent narrow escape :-
934 to 93 % for the 5th of August. New and Reduced Three per Cents. closed " Voulez-vous me permettre d'avoir recours à la publicité de votre journal pour
at 93 to 93 % ; Exchequer Bills, 3s. to 7s. prem. for March, and 6s. to 11s. prem . remercier le public de Londres ? Les marques de sympathie qu'il a daigné me
for June. United States 5-20's left off at 82 15-16 to 83 1-16. Foreign Govern- prodiguer à l'occasion de l'accident dont j'ai failli être victime, m'ont bien
ment Stocks were firmer during the day, but ultimately relapsed on lower prices vivement touché, et je croirais manquer à tous mes devoirs d'artiste si je ne lui
from Paris. Egyptian Securities, however, closed at an improvement of in adressais, par l'entremise de la presse, toujours si bienveillante pour moi,
the Seven per Cents. of 1863, and the Government Railway Debentures. The l'expression de ma sincère et profonde reconnaissance."
Nine per Cents. of 1867 were also ½ higher. Turkish Six per Cents. of 1862
rose , but the Six per Cent. Bonds of 1865 closed lower. Portuguese Three
per Cents. and Russian Five per Cents. of 1862 advanced 4 ; Italian Five per At the meeting of the Conservative Club yesterday, to consider the
Cents. are fractionally better ; and New Spanish Three per Cents. finally connection of Mr. Grenville- Murray with certain affairs which have been
closed % lower than the previous evening. publicly discussed , it was resolved that he should cease to be a member of the
There was no change made in the Bank of England rate of discount on institution ; the figures being 190 to 10.
Thursday, but the general impression is that a further reduction cannot long be At the meeting of the Reform Club yesterday (which was a very large one)
delayed. a resolution was unanimously carried to the effect that the meeting, having
The following dividends have been announced or declared : -Manchester, heard with great regret of the resignations of Mr. Bright and Mr. Forster of
Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway Company, 2 per cent.; English, Scottish, their membership of the club in consequence of the non-election by the com-
and Australian Chartered Bank, 7 per cent.; Provincial Banking Corporation mittee of a foreign gentleman whom they had nominated, rejoiced to learn that
those resignations had since been withdrawn, and referred to the consideration
( Limited), 7½ per cent.; Midland Banking Company ( Limited), 6 per cent. ;
of the committee, as capable of amendment, the rule under which foreigners
Merchant Shipping Company ( Limited), 5 per cent.; Land Securities Company are now elected.
(Limited), 4 per cent.; London and Westminster Bank, 6 per cent., with bonus
of 5 per cent. upon the paid-up capital of £ 2,000,000 ; the Imperial Bank, 5 per Yesterday her Royal Highness the Princess Mary Adelaide of Teck
cent.; the City Bank, 7 per cent.; the Fore-street Warehouse Company, 10 formally opened the new wing for paying patients which has been added
per cent. to the Hospital for Diseases of Women in Soho- square. It is just
It is announced that Mr. Pender having accepted the chairmanship of the two years ago since the committee of the hospital issued their appeal
new company for laying the Submarine Telegraph Cable between Falmouth for assistance to enable them to add a wing which should be specially set
and Malta, with a view to complete the system of submarine telegraphy to apart for the reception of gentlewomen , who, in return for medical attendance
India, has retired from the directorship of the Telegraph Construction and and careful nursing, would pay a weekly sum as a contribution to the funds of
Maintenance Company, who are to be the contractors for making and laying the hospital. This plan of a paying wing as an adjunct to a public hospital,
the line. although new in England, has been tried with great success in many of the
capitals of Europe.
The American Bureau of Agriculture reports that the grain crops throughout
the United States are greatly above the average. In point of attendance the Royal Agricultural Society's Show has been
successful up to the present time beyond any precedent. On Tuesday, when
The committee of the Stock Exchange have appointed Friday, the 23rd the Prince and Princess of Wales were present, 20,000 persons entered, of whom
of July, a special settling day in the Five per Cent. Preference Stock, 25 per upwards of 14,000 paid 55. entrance fee, and 10,000 went to see the leaping of
cent. paid , of the Great Western of Canada Railway Company, to be marked. The hunters, at an extra fee of 15. On Wednesday, when the Royal visitors were
committee have also ordered the Mauritius Government £ 100,000 Loan, also present, 40,547 persons entered, paying 2s. 6d. each, exclusive of 2,347
January, 1869, and the shares of the Brazilian Street Railway Company season ticket holders ; and on this day again upwards of 10,000 paid the extra
(Limited) to be officially quoted, the latter in the twice a week list only. fee to witness the leaping. Thursday was the first shilling day, and the numbers
The cheques paid through the Bankers' Clearing House for the week ending who entered were very great. The actual figures are not yet published.
Wednesday last amount to £81,197,000. The following dividends are announced this morning : Union Bank of
On the retirement on Thursday of Mr. Charles Freshfield from the post of Manchester, 8 per cent., and bonus of 8s. per share ; National Bank, 5 per
one of the solicitors to the Bank of England, his nephews, Messrs. William cent.; New Zealand Trust and Loan Company, 55. per share, or 10 per cent.
and Edwin Freshfield, were associated with Mr. Henry Freshfield in the
solicitorship to that establishment. At the same time the Court of Directors
caused to be conveyed to Mr. Charles Freshfield their high sense of the ADVERTISEMENTS.
services he had rendered during the many years of his official connection with LUDIBRIA LUNE. Α New Work by FOR INDIGESTION . -MORSON'S PEPSINE
them . WILLIAM JOHN COURTHOPE. - London : SMITH, WINE, Powder, Lozenges, and Globules adopted by
ELDER and Co. the Profession .- Southampton-row, London.
[ 672 ]
 JULY 23 , 1869.] PALL MALL BUDGET.
37

CLERICAL APPOINTMENTS. DEPARTURES.

The Governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital have presented the Rev. Thomas Stedman From Liverpool. -July 15 : Minnesota and City of Brooklyn, both for New York ; Prussian, for
Polehampton, M.A. , of Pembroke College, Oxford, incumbent of Ellel, to the vicarage of St. Quebec ; Minnehaha, for Bahia : Ripple, for Lagos ; Goldfinder, for Calcutta ; Great Victoria, for
Bartholomew-the- Less, Smithfield, vacant by the preferment ofthe Rev. Walter Mitchell, M.A. , to the Melbourne ; Tycho Brahe, for China.July 16: Lyking, for Rio Janeiro ; Pericles, for Calcutta ;
vicarage of Purton, near Chippenham. The Rev. Rupert Morris, M.A. , assistant master of Rossall Surprise, for Boston : Jessie, for St. John's, N. B.; Ann: Brooks, for St. John's, Newfoundland ; Nancy,
School, has been appointed principal of the South Wales Training College, Carmarthen. The Rev. for Rio Grande ; Portena, for Buenos Ayres ; Jessamine, for Aden ; Winnington , for San Francisco ;
William Bowlan, M.A. , has been appointed chaplain of the Newcastle borough gaol, vacant by the Tamar Queen, for Labrador ; Lizzie Morrow, for St. John's, N.B.- July 17 : Saladin, for Pernambuco :
resignation of the Rev. Robert Shepherd, jun. , who has been appointed to the incumbency of the newly Mary Pollock, for Quebec ; Helen Burns, for Rangoon : Luise and Mermaid, for Montevideo ; Ailsa,
formed parish ofSt. Philip's, Newcastle. for Quebec ; China, for New York ; City of Cork, for Halifax -July 18 : Granton, for New Orleans :
Olinda, for the Brazils ; Alphonse, for Africa. - July 20 : Cuban, for St. Thomas ; Ben Nevis, for
Quebec. July 21. Erin and Nevada, for New York; Queen of England, for Quebec.
THE GAZETTE. From Gravesend.-July 15 : Lammermuir, for Shanghai.-- July 16 : Claudiere and Britomart,
both for Montreal ; Cornwall, for Jamaica ; Reigate, for Melbourne ; Audtrela and Haarfager, both for
CIVIL. Quebec ; Antonio Farrare, for Buenos Ayres ; Emerald, for Barbadoes. - July 17 : Clyde, for
FOREIGN OFFICE, July 6. -The Queen has been graciously pleased to appoint John Frederic Lowder, Calcutta - July 18 Exonian, for Rangoon Speedwell, for Jamaica ; Chalmers, for Madras ; Bellona,
Esq., now her Majesty's Vice-Consul at Hiogo and at Osaka, to be her Majesty's Consul at Neegata. for New York. July 21 : Newcastle, for Calcutta ; John Duthie, for Sydney ; Princess Somawatz, for
The Queen has also been graciously pleased to appoint Adolphus Arthur Annesley, Esq., to be her Bombay ; Alexander Duthie, for Melbourne ; Star of Greece, for Calcutta.
Majesty's Vice-Consul at Hiogo and at Osaka. From Bristol. - July 17 : Magic, for Newfouudland.--July 19 : Lord Duncan, for Africa.
FOREIGN OFFICE, July 19 -The Queen has been pleased to approve of M. de Pina de St. Didier as VESSELS SPOKEN WITH.
Consul at Gibraltar, of M. Laurent Cochelet as Consul at Glasgow, and of M. François Charles
Cavel as Consul at Leeds, for his Majesty the Emperor of the French. The Queen has also been St. Lawrence, from Quebec for London, July 8, 49 N. , 18 W.; Marlborough, from Calcutta for
pleased to approve of Mr. Freeman H. Morse as Consul- General in London, and of Mr. James Grey London, June 28, 33 N., 45 W.; Bell, from London for Bombay, 25 days out, 10 N., 23 W.; Providential,
Jewell as Consul at Singapore, for the United States of America. The Queen has also from Rio Janeiro for Falmouth, June 14, 48 N. , 6 W.; St. Lawrence, from Quebec for London , July 13 :
been pleased to approve of Mr. Maximilian Krieger as Consul at Cardiff ; of Mr. Otto Trech- Inga, from Londen for Quebec, June 25, 49 N., 8 W.; Antrim, from Shanghai for London, June 9,
mann as Consul at Hartlepool, of Mr. Heinrich Bolkow as Consul at Middlesborough, of 6 N., 25 W.; Wild Duck, from Wellington for London, June 4, 2ɔ S., 30 W.
Mr. Thomas Were Fox as Consul at Plymouth, of Mr. Martin Wiener as Consul at Sunderland, of
Mr. Gustav Schmalz as Consul at Newcastle, of Mr. George Fawcus as Consul at Shields, of Mr.
Franci Keller as Vice-Consul at Southampton, of Mr. Samuel Metcalfe Latham as Vice - Consul at
Dover, of Mr. W. Marshall as Vice-Consul at Great Grimsby, of Mr. R. Miller as Vice-Consul at LIST OF PASSENGERS .
Bristol, ofMr. W. Roberts as Vice- Consul at Weymouth, ofMr. Th . Roberts as Vice-Consul at Milford,
ofMr. Philipp de St. Croix as Vice-Consul at Jersey, ofMr. Richard Kingston as Vice-Consul at Dart-
mouth, ofMr. Bernhard Gustav Hermann as Vice- Consul at Swansea, of Mr. John Brown as Vice- Consul The following person› have engaged passages by the Peninsular and Oriental Company's
for Shoreham and Brighton, of Mr. A. F. Blanck as Vice-Consul at Gloucester, of Mr. W. D. steamers during July, August, September, and October :—
Mathews as Vice- Consul for Penzance, Mountsbay, and St. Ives, of Mr. Oliver John Williams as
Vice-Consul at Harwich, of Mr. H. Blyth Hammond as Vice-Consul at Ramsgate, of Mr. Ed. July 24.
Liebert as Vice- Consul for Manchester, Leeds, and Bradford, of Mr. J. Weir as Vice- Consul at
Arbroath, and of Mr. R. W. Stonehouse as Vice- Consul for Newport and Chepstow, for the North SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY-Mr. W. Hamilton, SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA Mrs. E. M
German Confederation. The Queen has also been pleased to approve of Mr. Edward Herzberg Hart- Mr. F. R. Grenfell, Mr. and Mrs. Barnett, Mr. McKenzie, Mr Aldis.
mont as Consul-General in London for the Dominican Republic. S. Alexander. MARSEILLES TO BATAVIA- Mr. and Mrs. Pieter-
WHITEHALL, July 16. -The Queen has been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Mrs. S. Nordmann and maat.
Seal, granting unto Charles John Vaughan, D.D. , the office or place of Master of the Temple, in infant, Miss E. Nordmann, Mr. J. Nugent. SUEZ TO HONG KONG - Mr. and Mrs. Badé, Mr.
the room of Thomas Robinson, D.D. , resigned. SURZ TO BOMBAY- Major Baillie and Miss Baillie. F. Dreyer.
ITEHALL, July 20.--The Queen has beenpleased to nominate the Right Hon. E. P. Bouverie to be one MARSEILLES TO CEYLON- Mr. W. J. Carver. SOUTHAMPTON TO GIBRALTAR-Master C. E.
ofthe Ecclesiastical Commissioners for England. MARSEILLES TO GALLE- Mr. W. J. Carver. Maberley, Lieutenant and Mrs. B. Pownal',
SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Lieutenant Talbot. Mr. and Mrs. Madden, Mr. A. White (and back).
DOWNING-STREET, July 14. -The Queen has been pleased to appoint Edward Beckett, George William MARSEILLES TO MADRAS - Mr. S. J. Arathoon. MARSEILLES TO PENANG Mr. Brown.
Bennett, and William Kelso Martin, Esqrs , to be members of the Executive Council of the Island SOUTHAMPTON TO MALTA- Ensign Johnson.
ofAntigua.
Downing StreeT, July 19. -The Queen has been pleased to appoint J. Meagher, Esq., to be July 31.
Superintendent of Public Works for the Island of Trinidad.
MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Licut. - General Hon. Sir | SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY Mr. A. J. Coleman.
NAVAL. A. Spencer, Captain Stephenson, Captain Liddell. SOUTHAMPTON TO GIBRALTAR- Mr. R. C. Otway
ADMIRALTY, July 17. -Captains David Miller to the Sirius, commissioned ; and Morgan Singer, to the
Excellent (additional), for temporary service. August 7.
ADMIRALTY, July 17.- Rear-Admiral G. G. Wellesley to be Vice-Admiral in her Majesty's fleet from the SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA - Dr. Barker, R, A. , | MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA- Mr. Stuart Hogg.
date when he enters the limits of and whilst employed as Commander-in-Chief of her Majesty's ships Mr. L. Kemp. SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY Mrs. M. Gilbert.
and vessels on the North American and West Indian station. SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS Major and Mrs MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Major W. L. Briggs,
WHITEHALL, July 17. -The Queen has been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Parratt, Captain D. Monro, Mr. H. Allfrey, Mr. SOUTHAMPTON TO SYDNEY-Mr. T. F. Dodd.
Seal granting unto Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby, G. C. B. , the office or place of Vice- Admiral of the L. Allan, Mr. G. E. Darrock.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Lieutenant ofthe Admiralty thereof, in the room
of Admiral Sir George Rose Sartorius, K. C. B. , promoted to be Admiral ofthe Fleet. The Queen has August 14.
also been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the Great Seal granting unto Admiral
Sir Provo William Parry Wallis, K.C.B. , the office or place of Rear-Admiral ofthe United Kingdom SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY Mr. F. H. Plumtre, | SUEZ TO BOMBAY -Mr. W. B. Jones.
ofGreat Britain and Ireland, and of the Admiralty thereof, in the room of the said Admiral Sir Ensign C. Tuck.
Fairfax Moresby.
August 21.
MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Mr. W. T. Tucker, SUEZ TO HONG KONG Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Smith
NAVAL APPOINTMENTS . Captain and Mrs. H. V. Mathias, Captain and MARSEILLES TO SHANGHAI - M. J. J. Tucker, Mr.
Mrs. Pulleine, Major Miles. Duglas Jones.
Vice- Admiral Sir Henry Kellett, K. C.B. , to be commander-in-chief of her Majesty's ships and SUEZ TO BOMBAY- Mr. C. M. Cursetjee. SOUTHAMPTON TO CEYLON- Mr. W. Raikes.
vessels on the China station, vice the Hon. Sir H. Keppel, promoted to be an admiral. Lieutenant Reynell MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA- Mr. W. F. Campbell. MARSEILLES TO MADRAS- Captain and Mrs. G.
T. Fortescue to the Duke of Wellington, for service in the Revenge. Midshipmen- Duncan M. Ross, MARSEILLES TO SINGAPORE - Mr. E. J. Tolson. Briggs.
James B. Hay, George H. C. Stapleton, William J. Ottery, Ernest C. Hobkirk, and Walter Drake, tothe SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Lieut. -Colonel and
Duke of Wellington, additional for service in the Revenge. Mrs. W. D. Bishop, Mrs. M. Ross.
August 28.
INDIAN PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT. SOUTHAMPTON ΤΟ BOMBAY Major Pearse, MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY Mr. John Weinholt.
Capt. Holt. SUBZ TO BOMBAY-- Mr. Sturtz.
OfficeThe:--
following is a list of the successful candidates at the examination reccutly held at the India
F. L. Brown, King's College. Londen, 712 marks (the maximum number of marks was 1,000) ; September 4
Heath, King's College, London. 735 : R. B. Buckley, place of education not stated, 731 : SOUTHAMPTON ΤΟ BOMBAY -Captain C. R. Loch, Miss Drummond, Mrs. Hardy, Miss M.
P. D. Alexander, Dollar Institution, 722 ; D. M'Mordie, Queen's College, Belfast, 718 ; Matthews. Weston, Mrs. A. Lockhart.
A. B. Phelan, Trinity College, Dublin, 703 ; W. Atkins, Trinity College, Dublin, and J. H. Thornhill, MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY-- Captain C. D. Broad- SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG - Mrs. Hockin.
Queen's College, Cork, each 689 ; C. J. Warren, place of education not stated, 677 ; W. G. Bligh, ditto, bent, J. A. Temple. Mr. Sydney Barlow, Jun. SOUTHAMPTON TO SYDNEY- Mr. J. Lindsay.
674 : W. H. Wells, Eton College, 669 ; J. O. Lawder, place of education not stated, 665 : C. J. Lock- SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Mrs. Busted and SOUTHAMPTON TO MELBOURNE - Mr. W. Handis-
wood, ditto. 664 ; C. Thompson, ditto, 659 ; W. B. Christie, Dollar Institution, 651 ; J. M. Campion, two children. side.
Doveton College, Calcutta, 646 : A. Morton, place of education not stated, 640 J. F. Birkenshaw, MARSEILLES ΤΟ MADRAS- Miss Alice Peachy, MARSEILLES TO MELBOURNE- Mr. E. C. Moore.
ditto, 639 ; W. Good, Queen's College, Cork, 638 ; T. J. P. Jeffery, place ofeducation not stated, 616. Mr. G. Simmons, Lieutenant and Mrs. Malcolm MARSEILLES TO SHANGHAI- Mr. Russell
Examiners- Rev. A. Wrigley, M.A.; Lieutenant Westmorland, R. E. , and Mr. G. P. White, C.E. Rogers, Captain and Mrs. Vanderzee. SUBZ TO MADRAS- Mr. and Mrs. G. K. Chan-
SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA Mrs. Bell, Mr. berlain.
O'Connor, Miss E. Reynolds, Mrs. Tween, Mrs.
GENTLEMEN . PLAYERS OF THE SOUTII. September 11.
This match, after lasting three days, had to be abandoned on Saturday last, when little more than half SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY- Mr. T. Willaume Fletcher, Mr. R. W. Barlow, Major-General and
played out. In the two completed innings, 1,028 runs had been made-a performance altogether without and a lady, Mrs. B. F. Hallahan, Mr. G. C. Mrs. Tapp, Mr. A. M. Russell,
parallel in the annals of cricket. The following was the score :- Parker. SUEZ TO BOMBAY-Mr. W. T. Blandford.
PLAYERS. MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY Mr. W. H. Savill, MARSEIlles to ADEN- Mr. G. C. Parker.
Jupp, c and b V. E. Walker Major Chapman, Mr. S. Bird, Captain and Mrs. |
76 T. A. Mantle, s Richardson, b I. Walker 2
Pooley, c Richardson, b W. Grace 78 Willsher, not cut on 57
Silcock, c Fryer, b W. Grace 11 Bennett,'s Richards b I. Walker 3 September 18.
James Lillywhite, lb w, b G. F. Grace.. 27 Southerton, c W. Grace, b I. Walker 5 SOUTHAMPTON TO GIBRALTAR - Mr. C. McAlpine. wood, Assist. - Surgeon and Mrs. Wright, Mrs.
Humphrey, c W. Grace, b I. Walker 40 Byes, 3 ; 1- b, 9 ; w, 2 14 MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY Mrs. Nicolls and infant, Simpson and two children, Mr. W. J. Jeffrey,
Griffith, c V. Walker, b G. Grace 7 Mrs. Ross Lowis, Miss Young, Capt. G. Murray, Mr. S. Lobb, Mrs. Champion, Mr. F. Rose,
Charlwood, b G. F. Grace.. .. .. 155 475 Mr. H. D'Oyley, Mr. Doering. Miss G. Macgregor, Capt. H. W. and Mrs.
SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS Col. F. H. and Mrs. Hume, Mr. Lloyd Jones.
In the
Total , 1c8. second innings of the Players, Jupp scored (not out) 43 ; Pooley, 50 ; Silcock (not out), 12. Scott, Miss Scott, two Misses MacDonell, MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA - Mr. Boileau, Mr.
GENTLEMEN. Lieut. and Mrs. Sharpe. Anderson, Mrs. Vernon Jenkins and infant, Mr.
W. G. Grace, Esq. , c and b Mantle 180 H. A. Richardson, Esq., c and b Bennett MARSEILLES TO MADRAS- Mr. and Mrs. Brown, S. P. Griffiths, Mrs. De Vic Carey, Capt. E. G.
Miss McCleverty, Miss Cherry. Wells.
B. B. Cooper, Esq., c and b Mantle .. 101 G. F. Grace, Esq. , c Pooley, b Silcock.. SOUTHAMPTON TO CALCUTTA- Mrs. Roberts and SOUTHAMPTON TO CEYLON- Mr. M. Finch.
B. Pauncefot e, Esq , b Jas. Lillywhit e 31 V. E. Walker, Esq., not out 21 two daughters. Mrs. Moore, Mr. J. W. Monk- SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG -Mr. J. V. Shaw.
I. D. Walker, Esq., c Willsher, b Bennett go F. Baker, Esq., c Pooley, b Southerton 18 man, Mrs. E. Dandridge, Mr. and Mrs. Hey-
W. Yardley, Esq., 1 b w, b Southerton .. 25 Byes, 16 ; 1 b, 12 ; w, I .. 29
F. E. R. Fryer, Esq., c Mantle, b Bennett 49
C. J. Thornton, Esq., b Bennett.. 2 553 September 25.
SOUTHAMPTON TO ALEXANDRIA- Mrs. Chitty and and infant, Mr. and Mrs. H. S. Tayler, Mr. G.
two children. Lifnn, Mr. A. Agelasto, Mr. P. C. Ralli, Lieut.
SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE . SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY- Mrs. A. Robinson and Mrs. Bennett, Mr. E. Wienhclt, Mr. and
and two children, Mr. P. M. Dalzell, Mr. A. Mrs. E. H. Percival, Mr. Payen and friend,
ARRIVALS . Dalzell, Miss Dalzell, Mr. and Mrs. Higgins, Lieut. Col. Rose Campbell, Mr. Steinthal, Mr.
Miss Betts, Major and Mrs. Staples. H. B. Goad.
At Liverpool --July 14 : Magnet, from Quebec City of Antwerp, from New York : Frederick and MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Major F. S. Taylor, SUEZ TO BOMBAY- Major Stafford, Mr. Fuchs.
N. Churchill, both from St. John's, N. B.: St. Devenick, from Babia : Atalanta, from Newfoundland ; Mrs. Channer, Mr. E. Cresswell, Mrs. Capper
Northumberland, from Dunkirk; Loretto, from Baltimore. July 15 : Cremona, from Galveston;
City of Montreal and Melrose, both from St. John's, N.B. Rialto and George Ann, both from October 2.
Matanzas: Judith, from Havannah; Manoah, from Quebec ; Florence Louisa, from Valparaiso ; Severn,
from San Francisco ; Excelsior, from New Orleans ; Alfredo, from Havana. July 15 : Braunston, from MARSEILLES TO CALCUTTA- Mr. and Mrs. A. Willes, Mr. Robertson, Mr. T. McMicking, Mr
Bombay; Rajah Gopaul, from Quebec : Russia, from New York.--July 17 : Lois, from Matanzas ; Apcar, Mr. A. A. Apcar, Mr. Fairley and friend, J. H. Livermore, Mrs. Dalzell, Mr. and Mrs. A.
Helvetia, from New York. July 18: Diadem, from Prince Edward's Island : Colorado, from New Mrs. A. Mackenzie, Mr. and Mrs. G. Barlow, Lawrie, Mrs. G. Snead, Mr. G. Yates, Miss E.
York
Santar-
derJuly 20: Californian, from Bombay.July 21 : Antigua, from Antigua ; Bilbao, from Miss M. Gordon, Miss Taylor, Mr. J. E. Todd, Kelsale, Mrs. G. Scott, Miss
. Dr. and Mrs. Constant, Mrs. Maxwell, Miss Paterson.Major J. B. Cox,
At Gravesend. July 15 : Harriet Dobbin, from Jamaica ; John Kerdall, from Wilmington ; City of Showers, Mr. J. McLaren, Rev. D. George, D.D., SOUTHAMPTON TO MADRAS- Mrs. Eddis, Major
Quebec, from Quebec : Winterthur, from Brisbane: Daniel Webster, from New York : Rosa, from Mr. and Mrs. Fowle, Miss Fowle. Evans, Mr. and Mrs. Tomlin, Lieut. Wrattislaw,
Wilmington ; Lusitana, from Lagos.July 16: Lepanto, from Philadelphia ; Thomas Blythe, from MARSEILLES TO BOMBAY- Mr. and Mrs C. Aitchi- Miss Addis.
Adelaide ; Tartar, from Demerara ; Harrowby, from Hobart Town ; Atalanta, from New York : Mont- son, Mrs. Stewart, Mr. and Mrs. Garbett, Lieut. SOUTHAMPTON TO MELBOURNE-Mr. C. Watson
rose,from St. Vincent ; Halvard, from Quebec : Constance , from Barbadoes ; Port Royal, from Jamaica; Hill, Mr. J. McKnight, Mr. H. J. Sparkes, Mr. and daughter.
Marshal Pelissier, from Mauritius ; Alfred Vittery, from Trinidad. July 17 ; Reform, Laurdal, Ami- J. R. Wright, Mr. J. Barnes. SOUTHAMPTON TO BOMBAY- Lieut. -Col. and Mrs.
citia, Henriette, Emerald, Mercur, Haabet, Insulaud, Norden, Nordcap, and Concordia, all from MARSEILLES TO CEYLON - Mr. and Mrs. Thomas, Crofton, Miss Luke, Mr. E. Cowe,
Quebec St. Petersburg, from New York ; Mystic, from Rio Janeiro; Bavaria , from New York ; Adria, Miss Cresswell, Mr. J. Gassett, Mr. Stanley SOUTHAMPTON TO CEYLON -Mr. E. Buchanan.
from Montreal ; Natalian, from the Cape : Rivulet, from Lagos ; Eva, from New York. -July 18 : Daniel, Miss Sconce. SVEZ TO CALOLITA- Mr. G. Rizo, Mr. Stamati
Delta,Jamaica.--July
from New York ;1 Constance, fromAntigua
Barbadoes : Josephine, from Quebec. July 19 : Carlotta, MARSEILLES TO SYDNEY- Mr. G. Parsons. Psicha, Mr. L. Schilizzi, Mr. F. Walton, Mr.
from Orange, from . MARSEILLES TO MADRAS- Mr. D. Rasbotham , Convela, Mr. E. Marrogordati.
At Bristol.--July 15 : Laughing Water, from Africa ; Czartowitz, from Demerara ; Hero, from Bahia Mr. H. Rossall, Mr. J. A. Baldwin. SOUTHAMPTON TO HONG KONG- Mrs. E. Arthur.
July 16 : Oriental , from Quebec; Amerika, from Havanna. July 17 : Valk, from Buenos Ayres : SOUTHAMPTON 10 Calcutta- Mr. J. Guise, Mrs. MARSEILLES ΤΟ MELBOURNE -Mr. and Mrs.
A. Norris, from St. John's, N. B.- July 19 : Dauntless, from Newfoundland. and Miss Christopher, Miss Thompson, Missi McGregor.
[ 673 ]
 38 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 23 , 1869.

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. MARRIAGES. DEATHS.

BIRTHS. ALDERSON WELLS - At Alexandria, Mr. G. B. Alderson, of Alex- ABREY, Mrs. C. , at Chalvedon Hall, Pitsea, July 12.
SONS. andria, to Ellen O. , daughter of Mr. R. Wells, formerly of London, BAINBRIDGE, Amy, wife of Capt. , 21st Fusileers, off Calcutta, May 16,
July 8. BAKER, Arthur B. , infant son of Rev. C., Vicar of Teynham, Kent,
BAYLEY, Mrs. S. C., at Patna, June 6. ANDERSON - CUTHBERT-At Knightsbridge, Mr. H. P. Anderson, to July 16.
BEATSON, wife of Mr. W. B. , M.D. , Civil Surg. , at Nagpore, June 21. Fanny I. , daughter of Mr. W. Cuthbert, of Beaufront Castle,
Northumberland BOOTH, Margaret, relict of the late Rev. L. C. , at Chichester-place,
BRAY, wife of Lieut.- Col. G. , 96th Regt., at St. Aubyn's-place, , July 15. Brighton, aged 61, July 13.
Brighton, July 16. BARTHOLOMEW-GRIFFITHS -At Harberton, South Devon, Rev. C. BOVILL, Hugh G., infant son of Mr. W. J., July 17.
BRUCE, Mrs. J. , at Astwick Manor, Herts, July 20. Bartholomew, Rector of Glympton, Oxon, to Fanny V. , daughter BOWERS, Agnes, wife of Mr. H., H.M. Inspector of Schools, East
CAMA, Mrs. D. D., at Holland-villas-road, Kensington, July 14. of Mr. R. Griffiths, of Harberton, July 20. Indies, at Buxton, July 14.
CAMERON, wife of Mr. J. D., Lieut. Royal Art. , at Henhurst, Wood- BASKERVILLE- HENRY- At Ledbury, Mr. J. Baskerville, late Major Boys, Sophia M., widow of the late Capt. W. J. E , 6th Regt. Light
church, July 15. 14th Hussars, to Caroline, daughter of Mr. W. C. Henry, of Cavalry, at Kidderpore, near Calcutta, aged 57, June 7.
CARDEW, wife of Capt. H. , Royal Art. , at Upper Brunswick-place, Haffield, Herefordshire, July 15. BRIDGES, Mary A. , daughter of Rev. A. H. , Rector of Beddington,
July 18 (prematurely, child survived only a few hours). BEDINGFIELD - CRAY- At Trowbridge, Mr. W. K. Bedingfield, B. A. , Surrey, aged 18, July 16.
CAZALET, Mrs. W. C., at Bearehurst, near Dorking, July 16. Trinity College, Dublin, to Helen, daughter of Mr. G. Cray, BROUGH, Mrs. J. , at Southampton-row, Russell-square, July 11.
CLASS, Mrs. G. , at South Penge Park, July 16. Trowbridge, July 15. BRUCE, Capt. A. N., Bombay Staff Corps, and Political Agent, Har-
COATSWORTH, Mrs. J. , at Layhams, West Wickham, July 17. BENNETT ROSHER - At Rosherville, Lieut. W. Bennett, 19th Regt. , rowtee, at Deolee, Rajpootana, aged 30, June 8.
Chow, Mrs. F. G. , at Somerville Court, near Hythe, July 19. to Belinda, daughter of Mr. W. Rosher, of Northfleet, July 15. BULLER, Mary, relict of the late Mr. J. , Clerk of the Privy Council,
CUTCLIFFE, Mrs. C. H. D. , at Lee, near Ilfracombe, July 17. BORRADAILE - BORRADAILE - At Cheltenham, Mr. J. H. Borradaile at Wimborne, aged 91, July 14.
DICKSON, wife of Dr. F. K., The Square, Buxton, at Albany-street, to Emmeline, daughter of Mr. G. Borradaile, July 15. BURNELL, Susannah, relict of the late Mr. G. , at Kensington-gar-
Edinburgh, July 12. BOTCHERLEY ROBINSON-At Bath, Mr. R. M. B. Botcherley, M.A. , den-terrace, aged 93, July 13,
DONNE, wife of Rev. C. E. , at the Vicarage, Faversham, July 11. to Catharine F. , daughter of the late Mr. D. L. Robinson, of Fre- BURROW, Mr. T., of Severn Stoke, at Great Malvern, aged 78, July .
ELLIOTT, wife of Mr. J. G. , M.S.S. , at H. M. Gun Wharf, Portsmouth, dericton, N.B., July 13. CHICHESTER, Mr. A., J. P. and D.L. for Somerset, and J.P. for Devon,
July 19. BOURN BARNARD- At Canonbury, the Rev. H. H. Bourn, ofIpswich, at Stokelake, Chudleigh, aged 85, July 16.
ELWELL, wife of Rev. A. O. , Rector of Foxcote, near Bath, at Long to Catharine Mary, daughter of the late Mr. C. V. Barnard, July 15. COLDWELL, Mary, widow ofthe Rev. Prebendary, Rector of Stafford,
Ashton, July 18, CAMERON-THOMPSON- At Warwick-square, Mr. R. A. Cameron to at Ludlow, July 14.
FITZE, Mrs. W. H., at Old Garden Reach road, Calcutta, June 14. Charlotte, daughter ofthe Rev. H. Thompson, July 20. COLE, Mrs. G. , late of Sunbury and Regent's Park, at Islington,
FITZGERALD, Mrs. F. C. , at Eastbourne, July 17. CARGILL ROGERS- At Leeds, Rev. E. Cargill, B.A. , of the Holy July 14.
GALBRAITH, Mrs. W. R., at St. John's-wood-park, July 19. Trinity Church, Halifax, to Helen M., daughter of Mr. H. Rogers, CoWAN, Mr. A. , of Edinburgh, at Cloichfoldich, Perthshire, July 15.
GILL, wife of Rev. W. , at the Rectory, Hertingfordbury, July 14. July 14. CRIPPS, Emma, daughter of the late Mr. J. , at Maida-hill, July 13.
GOLDING, Mrs. J., at Fyzabad, June 2. CASA LANZA- GREAVES- At Goritz, Ferdinand G., Baron Bianchi , DALTON, Henry, son of the late Mr. J., Surgeon, of Mecklenburg-
GORDON, wife of Dr. L., R N. , at Southesk House, Southsea, July 15. Duke of Casa Lanza, to Blanche M., daughter of the late Mr. G. F. square, London, at Manchester, July 14.
HANBURY, Mrs. G. , at Blythewood, Maidenhead, July 21. Greaves, formerly Captain 6eth Rifles, July 10, DAVIDSON, Mr. W. S. , at Lowndes- square, aged 83 , July 15.
HICKLING, wife of Rev. E. L., at Southwold, July 16. CLARK- BROWN -At Brighton, Rev. F. S. Clark, M.B., of Exeter DAVIES, Mr. H. G., late of H. M. 96th Regt., in the U.S. of America ,
INGILBY, Mrs. H. D. , at Albyn-place, Edinburgh, July 12. College, Oxford, Curate of S. Michael's, Lewes, to Catherine E., aged 25, July 3.
JOLLIFF, Mrs. C. J., at Eastney Farm, Portsea, Hants, July 10. daughter ofthe late Mr. J. C. Brown, B.C.S. , July 14. DAVIS, Anne, widow of the late Mr. A., at Woburn place, Russell-
JONES, wife of Lieut. F. W. B. , R.N., H.M.S. Excellent, at Dun- COLLINS- CAVE - At St. Malo, Mr. T. McC. Collins, of Cork, to Caro- square, aged 50, July 16.
chutha, Argyleshire, July 13. line M., widow of Mr. T. S. Cave, of Rossbrin Manor, co. Cork, DE TERRANEAU, Henry C. B. , son of the late Chevalier C., at
KEMP, wife of Rev. H., Rector of Kyre Wyard, Worcestershire, July 3 Clarence-crescent, Windsor, aged 54. July 15.
July 20. COWIE COURT- At Allahabad, Henry G., son of the late Mr. H. FARRELL, Lieut. -Gen. F. T. , H.M.'s Bombay Army, at Hyde Lodge,
KIRTON, wife of Rev. C. , B.A. , at St. Andrew's Vicarage, Bethnal Cowie, of Calcutta, to Sophia J. C. , daughter of Mr. M. H. Court, Winchester, aged 69, July 17.
Green, July 20. B.C.S., May 18. FAULKNER, George E. , son of the late Mr. A., in Paris, aged 22,
LASCELLES, wife of Mr. F. C. , Third Secretary to H.M.'s Embassy COWIE-WEBBER At Spring-grove, Heston, Right Rev. W. G. Cowie, July 14.
at Berlin, at Potsdam, July 19. D.D. , rector of Stafford, Bishop of Auckland, to Eliza J. , daughter FAULKNER, Mary A. , widow of the late Rev. W. E. L.. Incumbent
LIDDERDALE, Mrs. C S. , at Abbey-road West, St. John's-wood, July 9. of Mr. W. Webber, of Spring-grove, July 20. of St. James's, Clerkenwell, at Hackney, aged 76, July 18.
MABERLY, wife of Col. E. , RI. Art. , at Gibraltar, July 8. FITZMAURICE - BOYRENSON-At Paddington, Mr. J. G. FitzMaurice, Fox, Jane L., widow of Mr. J. S. , late of H. M. Royal Hospital,
MACKY, Mrs. W. , at Fairymount, co. Londonderry, July 13. of the InnerTemple, Barrister, to Florence A. M., daughter of the Haslar, at Stonehouse, Devon, aged 84, July 16.
MADDEN, wife of Surgeon-Major C. D. , 4th (King's Own) Royal Regt. , late Mr. T. A. Boyrenson, July 15. FRANCK, Mr. L., of Chalcot-crescent, Regent's Park, July 17,
at Kew, July 12. GLADSTONE--KING -- At Annaghmore, Edinburgh, Mr. J. H. Glad- FREEMAN, Mr. C. , at St. James's-place, aged 56, July 16.
MEARS, wife of wifeCapt. A. , Madras S. C., at Madras, June 15. stone, Ph. D. , F.R.S. , of Derby,
Pembridge-square, London, to Margaret, FREEMAN, Mr. S. , R.A. M. , of Buckingham-vale, Clifton, at Taunton,
MIRRIELEES, of Capt. J. , late of China, at Brooklyn. N.Y., July 5 GOULD - TYRER--At
daughter West
of the Rev. D. King, LL.D. 16. 95th Regt., to
, JulyGould,
Captain GATES,
aged Charles 15.C., son of Mr. C. , of Plumstead-common, aged 21,
33, JulyH.
MITFORD, Mrs. W., at Cleveland-terrace, Hyde Park, July 17.
MOFFITT, wife of Mr. A. , Staff Assistant Surgeon, at Woolston, near Louisa, daughter of Mr. W. K. Tyrer, Liverpool, July 15. July 12.
Southampton, July 13. HANBURY- TOTTENHAM - At St. George's, Hanover-square, Lieut. C. GODFREY, Mrs. J., of Liverpool, at St. John's-wood, aged 67, July 13.
MUSSENDEN, the wife of Major, 8th Hussars, at Edinburgh, July 19. Hanbury, 5th Lancers, to Ida C. C., daughter of Mr. A. L. GOODWIN, Mr. W. J., M. R.C.S. , at Hampton Court, aged 70, July 17.
NOEL, Hon. Mrs. R. , July 12. Tottenham, of Glenade , Leitrim , July 15. GORDON, Lucy, wife of Sir A. D. , at Cairo, aged 48, July 13.
PALK, Hon. Mrs., at Grosvenor-gardens, July 13. HAYDEN LOCKE-In London, Mr. W. Hayden, Jun., of Kilkenny, Gossɛ, Mrs. W. C , at Karrato, Guichen Bay, South Australia, aged
PARKER, wife of Sir W., Bart., at Melford Hall, Suffolk, July 18. to Maud, daughter ofthe late Mr. T. Lecke, J.P. , of Castleview 22, May 11.
PEARS , wife of Major H. , 25th Regt. (the King's Own Borderers), at House, co. Limerick, July 17. GOULDSMITH, Mr. S. , at Pont-street, Belgrave-square, aged 55, July 14.
Aldershot, July 19. HICKSON--ROSE-At Boonara, Queensland, Mr. R. A. Hickson, late GRAHAM, Mary A. , widow of the late Col. C., C. B. , Bengal Artillery,
POSTLETHWAITE, Mrs. G. , at Waterloo, near Liverpool, July 12. R. I. Fusiliers, to Mary J. , daughter of the late Capt. G. B. Rose, at Suffolk-square, Cheltenham, aged 70, July 17.
POWELL, wife of Capt. F. G , at Duchess-street, Portland-place, 69th Regt., April 13. HAIGH, the Rev. B. B., LLD. , M. R.A.S. , of Bramham College, near
July 13. HOLLANDS CLIFFORD At Southwark, Frederick T. , son of the late Tadcaster, at Holmfirth, aged 65, July 12.
RAMSAY, Mrs. H. F. , at Hankow, June 29. Mr. D. F. Hollands, of Bermondsey, to Emily, daughter of Mr. HALL, Hannah, widow of the late Mr. J. , at Upper Norwood, aged
SHAW, wife of Mr. J., F.R.C.S. , late Principal Inspector- General W. Clifford, ofTrafalgar-read, Old Kent-road, July 15. 69, July 15.
of H. M.'s Madras Army, at Bedford, July 17. HUME -LOGAN-At St. Leonard's-on- Sea, Capt. W. W. Hume, Bengal HASTINGS, Mr. J. S., at Longham Hall, Norfolk, aged 78, July 9.
SHEPHERD, wife of Rev. W. M. , at Newton-Arlosh Rectory, Cumber- Staff Corps, to Florence E. C. , daughter of Major- General A. S. HEARD, Anna, widow ofthe late Mr. C., at Bridgwater, aged 84, July10.
land, July 17 (stillborn). Logan, Madras Army, July 13. HEWSON, Commander F., R. N., at Albert-st. , Regent's Park, aged 39,
SKIPWITH, wife of Commander S. S. , at Montrose, July 15. HUMPHREYS - HAWDON -At Christ Church, Canterbury, N.Z., E. W. July 14.
SMALL, wife of Surgeon D. H. , Retired List of H. M.'s Indian Army, Humphreys, of Rock and Pillar Station, Otago, to Alice, daughter HICKMAN, Mrs. E , at Southfield House, Henley-on-Thames, aged 76,
at Colville-square, Bayswater, July 18. ofthe Hon. Joseph Hawdon, of Hagley Park, Canterbury, M. L.C. , July 12.
SOAMES, wife of Mr. H. , Royal Art., at Guernsey, July 10 (stillborn). April 21. HILL, Julia, relict of the late Capt. H., 57th Regt. , at Hampton-hill,
TAYLOR, Mrs. V. T. , at Hooghly, Bengal, June 15. KENNEDY DICK -- At Paignton, Mr. A. H. Kennedy to Agnes G. C., Swanmore, aged 57,of July 18. Capt. , H.E.I.C.S. , at Kingswear,
TRENCH , wife of Capt. the Hon . W. Le P. , R.E. , at Hyde -park-gar- daughter of Captain Dick, R. N. , of Paignton, July 15. HINE, Jane, widow the late
dens, July 10. WOODS -At Chelsea, William H. , son of the late Mr. F. V. Lee, Devonshire, July 17.
VALE, Mrs. W. C , at Plas yn Yale, Denbighshire, July 14. Barrister-at-Law, to Eliza L. , daughter of Mr. G. Woods, HOLFORD, Mr. J. , of Royal-crescent, Notting-hill, aged 74, July 14.
VENNING, wife of Rev. E. J. , Curate of St. Clement's, Notting-hill, July 13. HUGHES, Mr. T , at Croydon, aged 83, July 17.
July 17. LEFEBVREDESLIGNIERES -At Paris, Mr. J. Lefebvre to Louise, HUMPHREYS, Mrs. J. , at Sussex- place, Regent's Park, July 15,
VINCENT, wife of Col. H. T. , at Hampton-hill House, Bath, July 11. daughter of Mdme. E. de St. A. Deslignieres, Rue de Chateau- HUTCHINSON, Mr. W. B. , at Onslow-gardens, aged 60, July 17.
WELLS, Hon. Mrs. G., at Chester-square, July 19. briand, June 28, JOHNSON, Rev. P. , at Wembworthy Rectory, Devin, aged 82, July 16,
WILLIS, wife of Rev. F. W. , at Wendover, Buckinghamshire, July 13. MARTIN KNIFE - At Egg Buckland, Devon, Richard B. , son of JOHNSTON, Mr. W., Receiver of St. Thomas's Hospital, at Camber-
WOOD, Hon Mrs. G. , at Holybourne, Hants, July 19. Admiral Sir W. F. Martin, Bart ., K. C.B. , to Catherine , daughter well-grove, aged 60, July 14.
WORGER, wife of Mr. T. H., Surgeon, at Chiswell-street, July 19 of the late Captain Knipe, formerly 5th Dragoon Guards, July 20. JONES, Mr. W. D. , F. C.P. , J. P. and D.L. for the counties of Pembroke
(twins). MAUDSLAY LUCAS - At Christ Church, Lancaster-gate, Athol , son of and Cardigan, at Lancych, Pembrokeshire, aged 77, July 17.
DAUGHTERS. the late Mr. J. Maudslay, of Hyde Park-sq. , to Kate G. , daughter JORDAN, Mr. J. , at Leamington-road - villas, Westbourne Park, aged
ADLEY, wife of Mr. W. H. , Surgeon Bengal Army, at Haverfordwest, of Mr.-T.
MEDLEY C. Lucas,
BIRRELL Kensington
- AtofLiverpool Palace-
, Rev. gardens,M.A.
W. Medley, July, 14.
Professor 64, July 15.
July 17. KING, Alfred, son of the late Mr. A. , C. F., of Liverpool, at Parra-
ADYE, wife of Colonel J. , C. B. , R.A. , at Woolwich, July zo. of Moral Philosophy and Classics at Rawdon College, Yorkshire, matta, New South Wales, aged 36, April 26.
Boys, wife of Mr. H., B.A. , F.R.A.S. , at Grand- parade, Brighton, to Harriet ; and the Rev. E. Medley, B. A. , Minister of John-street LETHBRIDGE, Emily L., daughter of the late Colonel C. , at Heightley,
July 17. Chapel, Bedford-row, London, to Emily G. , daughters of the Rev. Torquay, aged 19, July 15.
BRANDON, Mrs. F. M., at Rio de Janeiro, June 15. C. M. Birrell, of Liverpool, July 14. LLOYD, Edward H. , son of Mr. D. , at Hinton, Berks, aged 14, July3.
BUCHAN, wife of Capt. H. P. , V.E., at Wellington Villa, Portswood, METCALFE - KENSINGTON -At Littleham-cum-Exmouth, Rev. W. H. MACKINNON, Reginald D. A. , son of Mr. J. P. , at Ryde, July 13.
July 16. Metcalfe, M A., to Mary, daughter of the late Mr. J. F. Kensing- MAGENDIE, Emma S. , widow of the late Rev. H. L., Vicar of Great
BUTT, wife of Mr. T. H., late Captain 75th Regt. , at La Vallette, ton, formerly of Charlton, Kent, July 14. Dunmow, at Spaynes Hall, Great Yeldam, July 19.
Gorey, Jersey, July 14. MICHELL HARVEY- At Brixton, Abel R. D. , son of Rev. H MASCALL, Margaret A. C. , wife of Lieut. F. , R E., at Mean Meer,
CADELL, wife of Major R. , Bengal S. C. , at Futtygurh, July 12. Chicheley Michell, M.A., late of Lymington, Hants, to Martha T. , Punjab, May 18 ; and on June 12, Francis, their only child.
COLLS, Mrs. L. , at Latymer Lodge, Hammersmith, July 17. daughter of Mr. C. Harvey, of Brixton, July 16. MESSENGER, Rev. J. B., at Werrington Vicarage, near Launceston,
DAMMIAN, wife of Mons. A. , at Lausanne, July 19. MOULES-CROZIER- At Camberwell, Lieut. H. S. Moules, Bengal July 12.
DEBENHAM, Mrs. F. G. , at Cheshunt Park, Herts, July 14. Army, to Marion, daughter of the late Mr. W. Crozier, of Syden- MIDDLETON, Frank B. , son of Captain F. B. , Madras Staff Corps, at
ELLIS, wife of Captain W. B. E. , R. A. , at Southend Villa, Chelten- ham, July 17. Jubbulpore, Central India, June 14.
ham , July 19. PANTON - DOCWRA- At St. Pancras, Henry J. , son of Mr. J. Panton, MILSOM, Helene O. , daughter of Mr. E. , of Lyons, at Allevard-les-
EYTON, Mrs T. S. , at Walford Hall, Salop, July 16. ofWareham, to Elizabeth, daughter of Mr. T. Docwra, of Swanage Bains, aged 20, July 9.
FEARON, Mrs. F., at St. George's-road, South Belgravia, July 17. and London , July 13. PATRICKSON, Mr. W., at Eastcot, aged 71, July 13,
GEILS, Mrs. T. , at Croom's-hill, Greenwich, July 18. PARKIN- BOOTY-At Middleham, Rev. Dynely Deane, son of Rev. PEEL, Agnes, widow of the late Capt. , 53rd Regiment, at Bengco,
GILLMORE, wife of Rev. H., at Bourton House, Shrivenham, July 16. C. Parkin, vicar of Lenha , to Harriet M. J., daughter of Rev. Hertford, aged 31. July 11.
HANBURY, Mrs. C., at The Avenue, Tooting, July 14. M. G. Booty, rector of Middleham, July 14. PEPPIN, Maria L. H. , daughter of the late Rev. S. H., at Harpford,
HELME, wife of Mr. B. , late Capt. 89th P.V. Regt. , at Clarges-street, PATON - INGRAM -At Blackheath, James, son of the late Mr. H. near Ottery St. Mary, July 11.
July 16. Paton, Portobello, to Frances E., daughter of Mr. W. Ingram, PEREGRINE, Eliza, widow of Mr. J. P. , M.D. , at St. Saviour's,
HILLIARD, wife of Rev. J. S. , Ch. Ch. , Ealing, July 11. Manor Park, Lee, Kent, July 14. Jersey, aged 79, July 16.
HORNE, wife of Rev. R K. D., at the Manse, Corstorphine, July 17. PERKINS SURRIDGE - At Durham, the Rev. T. Perkins, M.A. , PERKINS, Harriet A.. daughter of the late Rev. H. , M.A. , at Thriplow,
JACKSON, wife of Rev. G. , M.A. , of the Royal Naval Hospital, Mathematical Master of Durham School, to Fanny Ellen, daughter Cambridgeshire, July 18.
Haslar, July 15 (stillborn). of the late Rev. J. E. Surridge, M.A. , R. N., rector of Greystead, POWELL, Mr. W. , at St. Leonard's- on- Sea, aged 37, July 15.
LA TOUCHE, wife of Captain W. P. , Bombay S. C., at Surat, June zo. July 14. POWELL, Julia, widow of Colonel T. , at Assington Vicarage, Sudbury,
LINDSAY, wife of Mr. J. M., M.D. , at Hanwell, July 14. PIERS - SAUNDERS -At Aigburth, Sir E. F. Piers, Bart , to Rose, aged 77, July 10.
LISTER, wife of Rev. J. M., late Bengal C.S. , at Scarborough, July 16. daughter of Mr. C. Saunders, of Fulwood Park, near Liverpool, RANGER, Mr. H. W. , at Bouverie Lodge, Folkestone, aged 63,
LISTERKAYE, wife of Capt. A. , late RA , at Toft, Dunchurch, July 18. July 20. July 20.
LLOYD, wife ofCapt. I. H. , Royal Art. , at Anglesey-crescent, Gosport, PORTEOUS WAY - At Foxley, Wiltshire, Mr. H. W. Porteous, Insp REEVE, Major F. , 73rd Regiment, at Trincomalee, Ceylon, June 4
July 19. Gen. of Hospitals, Madras Army, (Retired), to Henrietta C. RHODES, Mr. W. , of Bramhope Hall, Yorkshire, J. P. , and D.-L. for
MARSHALL, Mrs. F. , at St. Petersburg, July 19. daughter ofthe late Rev. G. Way, of Tours, July 15. the West Riding, at Cheltenham, aged 77, July 15.
MCKELLAR, wife of Mr. E., Surg. Bengal Army, at Berkeley-gardens, RAYMOND- CURTIS - At Woolwich, Mr. A. Raymond, P. and O. S. N. ROBINSON, Mr. J. , at Albert-square, Clapham-road, aged 64, July 18.
Kensington, July 15, Co. , to Emily A. , daughter of Mr. T. C. Curtis, of Cricket Hill, RockE, Mr. J. J. , at Chalice-hill, Glastonbury, aged 49, July 16.
MORRIS, wife of Rev. J. L., at Fillongley Vicarage, Warwickshire, Hants. ROST, Isabella, infant daughter of Dr. R., at Albemarle - street,July 19.
July 19. REID LOWDER At Ryde, Mr. L. H. Reid to Juliette M., daughter SCHEIDEL, Alfred E. , infant son of Mr. A., at Northampton Park,
NEWMAN, Mrs. T. H. , at Upper Belgrave-street, July 20. of Mr. C. D'O. J. Lowder, M.D. , of Ryde, July 14. July 21.
NORMAN, wife of Dr. , at Harrogate, July 14. RIPPIN BUTTERFIELD - At Hastings, George T. , son of Mr. W. SEWELL, Margaret, widow of the late Lieut. F. T. D., R.N., at
OLIVER, Mrs. R. , of Lockside, Roxburghshire, July 15. Rippin, of Oxford-street, to Isabella C. , daughter of Mr. J. Butter- Bracknell, Berks, aged 65, July 16.
PENRHYN, wife of Rev. O , at The Vicarage, Kirkby Lonsdale, July 17. field, of Hastings, July 13. SIMMONS, Mr. G. Le B. , Royal Engineers, at sea, aged 27, June 20.
PHILLIPS, Mrs. J. P. L. , of Dale Castle, Pembrokeshire, July 19. ROSE PEARSON At Darlington, Mr. H. Rose, of Sutton, to Mary SHOPPEE, William, son of Mr. J. , at Uxbridge, aged 39. July 15.
PVM, wife of Mr. S. , Royal Art. , at St. Martin's, Guerasey, July 12. W. W. , daughter of Rev. J. G. Pearson, Vicar of Darlington, SMITH, Mrs. J. , of Acton, and South Audley-street, aged 70, July 16.
July 14 . SPRNCE, Mr. J. S. , of the Commercial Bank of Scotland, at Kirkwall,
RAM, Mrs. S. A. , at Oakley-square, July 18 (twins). Orkney, July 14.
ROSING, Mrs. F. , at Sydenham- rise, Forest-hill, July 18. STEVENS - POWER- At Minchinhampton, George G. , son of the late SPURGEON, Mr. A. C., J.P., at Gressenhall, Norfolk, aged 63. July 13-
SARGENT, Mrs. W. , at Isell Hall, Cumberland, July 12. Mr. W. Stevens, of Tutshill Lodge, to Eliza M. , 'daughter of the
SCHOELL, wife of Rev. C. , at the Savoy, Strand, July 18. late Mr. J. J. Power, M. D. , of Maidstone, July 14. STEPHENSON, Mr. J. , M.R.C.S., L.S.A., at Mile-end- road, aged 42,
SEAVILL, wife of Rev. T. , at Shore Villa, Swanage, Dorset, July 16. STIRLING STIRLING - At Jordan-hill, Renfrewshire, Major W. Stir- July 14.
SMITH, wife of Captain P. , Royal Engineers, at Weymouth, July 16. ling, R. Art. , to Anna C. , daughter of the late Mr. W. Stirling, THOMPSON, Ellen M. , daughter of the late Dr. H. U. , of Dover, at
STANTON, wife of Captain, R. E. , at Sang Hall, York, July 17. July 14. Tunbridge Wells, July 18.
STEVENSON, Mrs. N., at Wimpole- street, Cavendish-square, July 18 WEST - BOLTON -- Atdaughter
Kilmuckridge, Mr. Bolton,
W. H. West, Kilmuckr
of Dublinidge,
and THURLURN, Hugh W., son of Captain, J.P., R.N. , at Greenhithe,
(twins). Ferns, to Jane, of Mr. W. J.P. , years, July 15.
STEWART, wife ofCapt. J. , at Newcastle Emlyn, Cardiganshire, July 17. July 15. aged 2, Rev. F. E. , at Mont Orgueil , Jersey, aged 61 , July Pri
SWAN, Mrs. J. G. , at Moseley Hall, near Birmingham , July 16. WILDERS ROLLISSON- At Upper Tooting, John L. , son of the late WARREN, Amelia, daughter of the late Rev. D. , at Ascot Priory,
TAYLOR, wife of Capt. R. K. , 85th Light Inf. , at Dalhousie, Punjab, Mr. J. Wilders, of Casterton Magna, Rutlandshire, to Frances M., aged 70, July 13
June 29. daughter of Mr. W. Rollisson, of Upper Tooting, July 13 WATKIN, Harold M., son of Alderman, at Holly Bank, Sale, Cheshire,
THYNNE, Mrs. E. L. , at Berrylands, Surbiton, July 18, WILLIAMS- REEVES -At Bayswater, Rev. J. Williams, M.A. , Vicar aged 9, July 15.
TRACY, Mrs. D. J. E. , at The Elms, Thornton-heath, Surrey, July 17. of Camberwell, to Augusta E., daughter of Mr. J. F. Reeves, of WILSON, 'Mr. H. , of Crofton, Yorkshire, fate of the 13th Light
TROLLOPE, Mrs. C. B., at Phillimore-gardens, Kensington, July 17. Bayswater, July 19. Dragoons, aged 63, July 15.
TWEDDLL, wife of Rev. T., M.A. , at Fring Vicarage, Norfolk, July 17. WILSONHOOTER-At Aberdeen, Mr. W. Wilson , Madras C.S. , to WD13, Mr. D., Deputy Secretary and Treasurer of the Baul, of
ULLATHORNE, Mrs. A.. at Petersham-terrace, Queen's-gate, July 14 Alice C., daughter of the late Mr. G. S. Hooper, Madras C.S. , Bengal, at Calcutta, June 3.
VEASEY, wife of Rev. F. , at Great Brickhill, Bucks, July 13. July 8. WRIGHT, MY. A.J., at Bournemouth , aged so, July 9.
WEBSTER,
July a wife of Rey, W. , Chaplain, at 8. Jean de Luz, France, WORCESTER CARTNER - At Wandsworth, Mr. J. R. Worcester to WRIGHT , Mrs. M. T. , at Hamilton - terrace, St. John's wood , aged li
Eliza , relict of My, T. Cartner, of Calcutta, July 16 July 18,
[ 674 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 3
JULY 30, 1869. ]

have been, they would soon have seen the truth, had it not been
artfully hidden under some vital principle of the age. And the
THE PALL MALL BUDGET. great and long-continued success of NAPOLEON is to be attributed
far more to his personification of democracy dressed in purple, than
either to his genius or the absence of talent and skill in his
FRIDAY, JULY 30, 1869.
adversaries.
The subsequent progress of this principle it is which regu-
lates political events in France for the most part. Bequeathed
THE PLAY OF CHANCE IN FRANCE. by the revolution, established by NAPOLEON, and constantly
strengthened by the natural course of things during our century,
WHEN we speak of the prospects of Sovereigns and governmental this principle produced within fifty years more changes of govern-
systems in our own day, a sound common logic, associated with mental systems in France than other nations have seen during
a good knowledge of facts, suffices to lead us to conclusions more the whole of their existence. We disapprove it as a bad thing for
or less correct . But when we speak of the prospects of a people France herself, we dislike it as a very troublesome thing for
we should be far more circumspect ; for, among other things, there Europe, but we very seldom take the pains to look for explanations
is a very arbitrary element constantly working in the course of of the fact. Should we attempt the search, and make it in a
human affairs which must never be left out of consideration. It somewhat abstract, independent way, we should find that
may suit historians to find in their researches an explanation for all the political changes in France since 1814 were a natural
every event they have to deal with, and to describe these events result of the circumstance that that country arrived at the
as existing in such necessary connection that the credulous development of democracy before it arrived at political liberty ;
reader thinks the laws of history act constantly without and that the safe course for nations seems to be the reverse
aberration, and that all of them are perfectly well known one i.e. that a free people democratizes itself, not that a
to modern writers. But no reasonable contemporary has the democratic one secures its freedom . If France had been happy
necessity or the right to follow the historian's example, enough to meet, during the nine capital changes it has undergone
especially when he has to deal with France. The alternate since 1814, a single ruler able to understand the fact and
plaudits and cursings to which that nation has exposed herself for willing to remedy the evil, in the first place by pointing
nearly a century have led in other countries to wholesale verdicts it out, and in the second by a frank grant of the whole stock of
which have neither the merit of truth nor of political utility. liberal institutions which the age has worked out, that man would
They have no utility, for they can neither improve nor help a have been blessed during his life, and at his death would probably
people. They have not the merit of truth, for to say of a people have been canonized. None of them, however, were able to do so.
that it is not fit for liberty, as some do, or to say that it is They came accompanied by the ghost of divine right which long
essentially revolutionary and never contented by anything, as before had perished on the scaffold, or with old arbitrary tendencies
others do, is to say nothing whatever ; and to say nothing is not buttoned up in a plain bourgeois overcoat, and therefore destitute
to say the truth. Moreover, hardly any country in Europe has even of the attractions of external splendour. Another came with
the right to pronounce upon the capabilities of the French people bills drawn upon the old Bank of Glory which had long ago
as citizens taken as a whole ; for if there is one nation which can stopped payment, without any means of his own to pay
.
boast of greater political liberty, there is certainly not one that those bills, and with a name which could do much only in
has arrived at a greater independence of individual life . And case it were thoroughly uncompromised. Even the best inten-
as, taking all in all, it does not matter much what kind of tioned men of those who came to power- private men who had
trammels stop the natural development of a man-whether they be no other right to it than the choice of Paris won by a reputation
political, religious, or social- it would be hardly true to say of a for high integrity and wisdom- did not assume authority without
contemporary Frenchman that he is, generally speaking, in a worse selfish views, though of a better kind. Each of them wanted to
position than a contemporary citizen of any other country. If we put in practice some cherished theory which he had partly invented
find, as we do sometimes, that the licence of French life is himself, partly borrowed from his friends-theories which might
too great, it is obvious that there can be no want of individual have seemed good to a small knot of studious men in a garret,
independence ; and as the chief aim of political liberty is to grant but of which the mass of the people needed no more than a very
independence to the individual, we are bound to say that a brief experience. The enthusiastical theorists could not hold the
people which has arrived at individual freedom without enjoying power they had gained for more than a few weeks.
political freedom must be a very skilful people. When we see Under such frequent changes of governmental principles, as
further that though constantly checked in its pursuits in science, well as of governmental forms, no citizen can achieve a satisfactory
literature, and other departments of life the development of political education. He is kept in a constant whirl of ideas and
which implies a considerable share of liberty, it has been always sensations, which leave him no time for deep and quiet con-
advancing so as to be constantly imitated by other nations, we are sideration. Constantly engaged in getting rid of what he does not
obliged to add that it must be a very clever people too. And want, of what has proved unsatisfactory, he has no sufficient time
seeing that a skilful and clever people is in constant trouble about to consider and decide upon what he does want. Meanwhile, prac-
its governmental affairs, we are naturally led to the question- tical and private life imperatively requires its share of attention,
What is the reason of such a state of things ? and the man finishes by resigning all care for politics, asking only
However some future philosophical historian may reply to this one thing : " Don't tell me some old story which I know, and for
question, we at present can only say that the answer must be sought the telling of which I have already paid." And as there is
in those seemingly irregular combinations of events which constitute hardly a single story which he has not heard, to satisfy him .
what is called the play of chance. Although circumstances have becomes a difficult thing . Possible variations can be found only
shaped the French revolution differently from all the other religious in the form of the telling ; and by-and-by the form becomes the
and political revolutions of Europe, it is reasonable to believe that capital consideration . Everything begins to be judged, not
if that revolution had been stopped by any other man than the according to its real value, but according to some accidental
first NAPOLEON, France would have gone forward quietly deve- impressions it has made. The last prorogation of the Corps Légis-
loping a spirit of government in accordance with the real wants latif would not have provoked so much discontent if it had not
of the country. The man, however, who killed the Revolution been communicated to the deputies out of M. SCHNEIDER'S
seemed too great to himself as well as to his people to admit carriage window. Nobody seems inclined to dwell upon the
of
any control. His military genius was so indispensable in the question whether the prorogation is constitutional, necessary, or
great struggle of the democratic and aristocratic principles, that practically advisable, but every one talks about the way in which
to buy the services of this genius at the price of present liberty the measure was announced ; every one speaks of the impossibility
seemed to be not only a highly advantageous bargain but a of such a thing in England : quite forgetting that it is impossible
thoroughly patriotic deed. And it would have been so, perhaps, in this country not because an English Minister would be unable
if NAPOLEON had been the only son of LETIZIA RAMOLINO, and if to speak from a carriage window, but because members of Parlia-
she had been able to develop in her children the consciousness that ment would not run to the window of his carriage.
there is greater merit in serving an idea than in serving a person All this is quite natural : and though NAPOLEON III. had the
or a name. He was not, however, the only son, and the notions. best intentions in the world he would neither be trusted by the
he possessed were just the reverse of those which were wanted . French people nor could he content them. To go wrong would be
To glorify the name of Bonaparte became the chief business a trifling matter if it were sufficient not to persist in error to be
of France ; his numerous brothers and sisters wanted thrones ; discharged of all the consequences of the past. NAPOLEON will
and the struggle of a democratic republic against the prin- have to answer now not only for his own misdoings, and for all
ciples of an aristocratical and monarchical world was changed the consequences of the system he reintroduced and has main-
into the fight of an upstart family with all that history had worked tained, but for a variety of faults committed by others when he was
out, and men had learned almost to worship, under the names of living at Ham, in New York, or King- street, St. James's-square.
legitimacy and divine right. Such a contest would not have been Things which in other countries might have passed unnoticed,
of long duration if the marvellous abilities of its leader had not even such things perhaps as might have made a favourable
been supported by some sophistical formula powerful enough to impression at another time, will be scrutinized now with all
command the mind of a whole nation. Blind as the people may the absence of moderation to which a passionate people must
[ 679 ]
 4 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 30, 1869.

be inclined when circumstances have made the mass of it the stronger power does not absorb or destroy the weaker,
it
democratic without making it free-when the course of its the weaker will, at all events, exist only by the permis-
cultivation has developed its wit at the expense of its thought- sion and during the pleasure of the stronger. When this
fulness . The present state of things would not be so melan- question was raised between the King and the priests in England
choly if there were any reasonable hope that in overthrowing the in the sixteenth century every one now knows that the result was a
personal government of NAPOLEON the French would find amongst complete victory on the part of the King. The fact, however, was
themselves the necessary material for building up something not universally recognized, nor indeed was its nature fully under-
of their own. But, unhappily, the prospect of this is very small ; stood ; and for nearly three hundred years a variety of writers of
and the immediate future will be mainly governed by the same play more or less eminence, some of them of the very highest eminence,
of chance which seems to have regulated all the affairs of France racked their ingenuity to construct what Mr. CARLYLE would
for the last eighty years. To-morrow, perhaps, some second-rate perhaps describe as a theory of irregular verbs, of which
barbouilleur will hit upon a happy word --a lucky idea- and he will the result was to be the establishment of the proposi-
immediately become an important person. Frenchmen have already tion that the Church of England, as by law established,
hundreds of names to push forward, yet the last election returned represented and embodied the very highest results of theology and
only a few members in the Left Centre, and a very few in the Left political philosophy. No doubt some of these famous theories,
who can be considered as presenting the elements required for and in particular those of HOOKER and JEREMY TAYLOR, did
the formation of a new Government of substantial character. And recognize very plainly the fact that the Church was neither more
the age of the greatest part of these deputies is already very nor less than what we should now call a department of the civil
advanced, while the rest of the Chamber is composed of humble Government, a public establishment intended to teach morals and
servants of Imperialism, or of contemporary celebrities perfectly religion just like schools or other charitable foundations. This
fit to make up the " faits divers " in a Radical newspaper, or even doctrine, which is perfectly intelligible and straightforward,
to deliver witty speeches, but certainly not fit for serious employ- which no doubt was the true theory of the Reformation, and
ment in a civilized State. Just now this last named section of the which ought to have led those who professed it straight to
Chamber seems inclined to devote its attention chiefly to personal general toleration (and it had a considerable influence in
quarrels between its members ; and though the spectacle is cer- that direction), was preached in a timid, hesitating way, and was
tainly not a pleasing or a hopeful one, it may be just as well for connected with a set of lingering superstitions about the super-
France that it begins early. But bad as the position must be, there natural powers of the clergy and the miraculous effects of the
must be a way out of it. On a future occasion we may venture sacraments which are fundamentally inconsistent with it, and which
to speculate as to the least disadvantageous direction of escape. threw a haze over the whole doctrine. Other theories, hardly less
famous in their day, were ingenious, learned, popular-in a word,
everything but true, or even credible. Many writers laboured
by all sorts of ecclesiastical precedents to prove that the
DISESTABLISHMENT AS A PRECEDENT.
Church of Rome was guilty of schism, and that the Church
It is impossible to consider the measure which, after so many of England had the true unmixed apostolical succession, and all
struggles, has at last become law without asking what will be its the prerogatives, principles, and practices of the primitive
remoter and less obvious consequences. It has notoriously been Church. Wonderful theories were put forward as to the rights of
opposed to a great extent, if we are not to say principally, synods and convocations, of which the arguments advanced in
upon the ground that the precedent which it creates will be behalf of the Bishop of CAPETOWN against the Bishop of NATAL
dangerous to the Church of England- that the hold of the trunk were a sort of pale reflection ; and it is curious to remember that
upon the ground will be weakened by the fall of a branch, however within the last thirty years Dr. NEWMAN was earnestly engaged,
rotten. It is worth while to consider what amount of probability as he tells us in his " Apologia," in chasing these phantoms. Others
there is in this conclusion . As far as immediate results go, we approached the question from the political side, and invented
think the common answer to the objection is perfectly just. remarkable though perfectly arbitrary theories, of which, perhaps,
The Church of England rests upon its own foundation , and has its Mr. GLADSTONE'S early performance was the last, as to the
own claims upon the public. It is in many respects, and with large duties of the abstract State to the abstract Church, the
classes, exceedingly popular. It oppresses no one. There are State conscience and other imaginary things. The most
hardly any crying abuses in it. No religious institution has so striking of these theories was contained in WARBURTON's famous
many and such different kinds of friends and connections. Men of treatise on the " Alliance between Church and State," which
the world have a kind word for it. It looks toward every deserves the study of the curious as being, perhaps, the most
different creed, and satisfies to a certain extent religious perfect specimen ever produced of the strange scholastic forms into
tempers of the most various and even of opposite kinds. which LOCKE's doctrine of abstract ideas may be twisted. The
For social purposes hardly any institution could work more method by which WARBURTON arrives at his theory is that of
smoothly, and it is quite sufficiently picturesque for almost all stripping the Church of England of all its peculiarities, and calling
aesthetic purposes. This being so, it seems to us highly impro- the residuum the abstract idea of a Church, just as CRAMBE, the
bable that the disestablishment and disendowment of a body pupil of MARTINUS SCRIBLERUS, got the abstract idea of a Lord
which was substantially independent, though legally a part of it, Mayor by divesting the concrete Lord Mayor of his gold chain,
should do it much harm. Its attractions are just what they were ; his gown, his turtle, his office, his body, soul, and spirit.
the objections to it are just what they were ; and the temper with MARTINUS told CRAMBE that he was " a lying rascal " for pre-
which the public at large regard it need not of necessity undergo tending that after this process anything was left, but it would
any special change. There is indeed one sentiment on the subject neither be civil nor even true to apply such language to
which would undoubtedly have received a considerable shock from the WARBURTON. His theory, however, is as mere a dream as was
disestablishment of the Irish Church if it had still existed . ever woven out of a number of words altogether divorced
We are thinking of the sort of theories which Dr. ARNOLD, from fact.
Mr. GLADSTONE, and a variety of other writers from HOOKER It may be hoped that we have at last been led by the course of
downwards, have tried to frame as to the true nature of the Church events to see how hollow and useless all this theorizing is, and to
of England ; but any one who is at all acquainted with the course understand what in real truth are the possible relations of Church
of speculation upon these subjects ought to know that such theories and State, veil them as you will . We have had them all exemplified
have had their day, and have been decisively refuted by the only more or less completely in the history of the last three centuries.
test which can refute such theories, the general course of It is possible, in the first place, for laymen in their various public
events. It is interesting to look back as as shortly as may
shortly as may capacities to recognize some particular sort of clergymen as the
be upon those famous controversies which are rapidly ceasing to be living oracles of GOD upon all theological and moral subjects,
interesting, or even intelligible, to this generation. Down to the and to govern themselves accordingly. This, till the Refor
date of the Reformation, the relation of Church and State all mation, was the established official theory all over Europe.
over Europe had a considerable analogy to that of the Federal It has now been almost universally rejected, though its
Government and the State Legislatures in the United States rejection has taken various forms and been put upon different
before the civil war. The question between them was in substance grounds. It is possible, in the second place, that the national
the same. It was, Who, in case of dispute, is to rule ? Which is Legislature should assume the place of a religious teacher, and
supreme, the king or the priest ? Congress or the States ? No should in that character have a clergy of its own, teaching such
one who looks at the matter with any intelligence can fail to see doctrines as it approves. Such an establishment may or may not
that these were the true questions, and that it is a mistake be fortified by persecution or by test laws. If they are removed,
to suppose that the question was or could be a question as to the the establishment will practically differ very little from any other
limits of the provinces of their respective powers. This, indeed, charitable or scientific institution, and when it is reduced to that
is a general truth in all disputes which relate to government in any position its utility will be a question of taste, circumstance,
shape. In the long run the strongest will bear rule, and questions and feeling. This is the actual position of things in
will arise which will make it necessary to decide by actual experi- England and Ireland ; and the Legislature has, in fact, just
ment who is the strongest. The notion of a division of powers decided that a set of institutions which are popular and
or provinces, or of a balance of authorities, however plausible, may be useful in England are injurious in Ireland. Thirdly,
will always be found, in the long run, to be chimerical. If it is possible that the lay world may declare itself incom-
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 JULY 30, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 5

petent to legislate upon any subject which involves moral or and a little pressure from head-quarters, occasional admonition
religious considerations except at the bidding of and in har- from the station masters, who should keep a sharp look- out,
mony with a number of voluntary religious associations, between might induce porters and ticket collectors to speak as civilly
which it does not in any instance venture to decide, but which it to third as to first class travellers. If any one is simple
regards as collectively representing some sort of divine revelation. enough to suppose that the railway servants do so now, let him
This is the state of things which all sacerdotalists wish for try the experiment.
here and in America, and the Roman Catholics more than all Hot-water tins can be filled and supplied at a trifling expense,
the rest, as a step towards the old supremacy of the but in freezing weather second and third class passengers are never
Church over the State. And this view it appears to us permitted the comfort of them, even though they would pay for it.
eminently desirable to confront and withstand in favour of the What is the object of this senseless treatment of the poorer class
fourth and last view of the subject, which is that, without interfering of travellers, unless it be either to make the journey unpleasant
with religious establishments or foundations, unless they become and dangerous- for poor men and women are sometimes ill as
injurious, the lay world should legislate upon the principle that well as rich ones or to deter them from travelling at all ?
theological questions are in themselves doubtful and interminable, Even if the result is to force them into more costly carriages,
as appears from the disputes of theological partisans ; and that, that is simply to transform a profitable customer into one
leaving them to themselves, it is desirable for purposes of legislation that is less profitable. It seems reasonable to expect that
to deal only with the generally accepted principles of morals, not an orderly person paying his due fare would receive uniform
excluding such an amount of theology as is usually regarded as good treatment ; yet it is no secret that when some time ago
essential to provide a sanction for them. The importance of the certain metropolitan lines raised their fares enormously, so that
Irish Church question as a precedent appears to us to lie in many of those who habitually travelled first class protected their
the fact that it has brought these principles into considerable pockets by going into second and third class carriages, the com-
prominence. panies' servants were permitted , or permitted themselves, to annoy
such people. It is as if a grocer were to be insolent to a rich
householder because he chose to buy brown sugar instead of white.
THE GRIEVANCES OF RAILWAY TRAVELLERS.
Of course, such a man has an easy remedy, but it is not so easy to
A SHORT time ago a letter was published descriptive of the treat- change your line of railway as to change your grocer. What you
ment received by third-class passengers on the Underground do is to travel as little as possible. Again, there is often a great
Railway. In one carriage, all the seats being occupied, the crush at the windows where tickets are sold ; and there the
passengers naturally objected to receive more. This objection crowds stand while the clerks sit gossiping or mending their
resulted in a scuffle, the servants of the company victoriously pens. The tickets have to be issued, and it would cost nothing,
thrusting in three additional persons ; who, of course, were obliged not even additional trouble, to give them out three minutes
to remain standing, to their own discomfort and the great incon- earlier on a pressing occasion ; though, to be sure, it might,
venience of their fellow-travellers. On the Continent railway by giving the ticket buyers more time, prevent a certain
servants never dare to misconduct themselves in this manner, and number of them accepting short change, or leaving their change
the rights of the third-class passengers are as much respected altogether. But the spirit of the authorities is infused into the
as those of the first-class. In England only wealthy people who underlings ; they are not taught to be civil to customers, and as a
travel first- class are protected against overcrowding ; and even this consequence sometimes behave in a manner which would cause
is granted only by favour of the companies, upon whom there is them to be dismissed from any other service. The same hostile
no legal obligation in this matter at all. Unfortunately, this is but and unwise policy has been pursued with regard to the carriage
one out of the many defective and indefensible features of railway of small parcels. Various carriers found it paid them to enclose a
management ; and thus the impression daily strengthens in the number of small parcels in one large package, send it by rail, and
public mind that companies are in general perverse, niggardly in themselves undertake the distribution. Now, if the carriers found
their accommodation, illiberal and extortionate where it is possible this to be a profitable business one would say that to the railway
to be so, and much too careless of life. And this is the real reason company ready with staff and appliances it would have been much
of the heavy damages we sometimes see awarded to sufferers- more so. Three courses in consequence lay open to any company
damages apparently out of proportion to the injury received : to take they might have further encouraged the carriage of large
the jury desires not only to compensate the victim, but to parcels, exacting always, of course, a fair rate of profit, or they
punish the company for systematically wronging and maltreating might have lowered the charge for small parcels, which was demon-
the public. strably too high, since carriers could underbid the railway. The
The spirit of trade is commonly supposed to generate a grasping North British Company had a very judicious and convenient
temper, and small shopkeepers are often tyrants in their way ; but arrangement to this end. They sold batches of package labels price
such people are obliged to keep these tendencies in hand by the fourpence each, which carried a parcel under four pounds in weight
strongest of all motives, namely, that of self- interest. To be civil from one station to any other station on their line. Either of these
and obliging, prompt, honest, if not liberal, and attentive to all courses would have been expedient and absolutely inexpensive.
demands is to attract customers and to increase profits ; to be rude, But the company did neither of these things. What they did was
dictatorial, unaccommodating, and overreaching is to repel them ; to instigate prosecutions against the carriers in question , and lawsuits
and tradesmen remember this and act accordingly. But when are expensive matters ; but then they were paid for out of the
bankers, merchants, retired officers, and members of Parliament shareholders' money. Meanwhile, the Post Office stepped in and
play at being railway directors, the worst failings of petty shop- quietly but most effectually took the traffic in small parcels,
keepers are developed in them, quite unbalanced by the wholesome books, samples, and the like out of the hands of the companies
restraint of self-interest. As directors they receive their salaries for ever. The railways have lost a legitimate source of gain
whether the public are vexed or pleased, and whether travelling is which, if it had been liberally managed, would have been theirs
agreeable or disagreeable to those who travel on the line which at this moment.
these gentlemen are paid to superintend. If directors could accept How long has it been universally felt that there ought to be
and comprehend the significance of certain facts and figures, they an established communication between each carriage and the
would possibly issue a few simple regulations of a very inexpensive guard ? That it is practicable we are all well aware, but we
sort, the effect of which would be in a short time to increase the should be glad to know how many lines have adopted it, and how
habit of railway travelling and add immensely to their own profits. many trains are fitted with such apparatus in comparison with
The first principle they should try to understand is that passengers those that run without it. As Mr. SHERIDAN reminds us in a
are not their enemies, to be treated rudely and defiantly, to be letter to the Times on Thursday, there is an express legislative
watched and suspected, but customers to be allured, whose con- enactment on the subject making this means of communica-
venience should be studied, and whose reasonable requirements tion compulsory. For years there were entreaties, and demands,
should all be provided for. At present it often appears as if railway and outcries for the accommodation ; and yet, if our senses and
companies were parties who, being obliged to carry persons against Mr. SHERIDAN'S testimony are to be relied on, it is not conceded
their will and to no profit, were determined to do it in a fashion even upon the order of the Legislature. Then as to smoking
which should make travelling as unattractive and vexatious as carriages : it would have cost very little to have indulged smokers
possible. This principle mastered, they should bear in mind that in their amusement, and would have been an unquestionable
as trains run at a certain cost per mile, not varying greatly whether advantage to those who dislike tobacco ; but the directors preserved
they are filled or half empty, their first object should be not so the immobility of the Great Llama of Thibet on this point, and such
much to multiply the number of trains as to fill those which do run. guards as were not sufficiently tipped had leave to procure, if they
They should likewise remember that the third- class passenger traffic could, the conviction ofthe offenders. One fine morning the Legisla-
is on almost all the lines more profitable than any other kind- ture found itself obliged to settle this prodigiously important question,
more people are carried in a carriage which costs less to build and so very appropriate to a National Assembly. But the companies,
fit up .
As a rule these passengers are not exigent in their habits, though they have obeyed, have done so in as bare and niggardly a
and, moreover, carry little or no heavy luggage. It is evident, manner as possible. When we put our head into the dusty-
therefore, that as customers they are worth having, and should be cushioned, ill-ventilated carriage, and notice the condition of the
encouraged. Those regulations the establishment of which is most matting, we feel that even Dean CLOSE would be satisfied with the
imperative are at the same time inexpensive. Civility costs nothing, nature of the accommodation granted to the votaries of the tobacco
[ 681 ]
 6 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 30, 1869.

fiend. A favourite trick is to make the label of the smoking " cates of the self-reliant policy live chiefly in the South Island,
compartments as small and insignificant as possible, and to " where life and property are safe, while its opponents live chiefly
place it where it is least likely to meet the eye. A happy 'in the North Island, where danger is imminent and constant."
mixture of smokers and haters of smoking assemble in these The programme of that policy is laid down by Mr. FITZGERALD,
compartments, and the vindictiveness of the officials is satisfied of Canterbury, in a most magnanimous letter " to the Independent
by the conflicts thus provoked . newspaper " (December 16, 1868, p . 331 ) , the sentiments of which
A still more important matter is the neglect of the block remind one of nothing so much as the attitude assumed by the
system, which, if universally adopted, would render collisions all Roman senators after the battle of Cannæ, with this difference
but impossible ; and thus not only would many a life be saved, but only, that Rome was in some danger at the time, whereas Canter-
also much of the shareholders' profits now distributed annually in bury is in none. He "opposes the aid of Imperial troops," for
compensation money. On how many lines does this system many weighty and excellent considerations, in most of which we
obtain ? Colonel YOLLAND, in one of his last reports, makes entirely agree. But we are afraid that the sufferings of the
these remarks :-" The managers of railway companies are per- wretched survivors of the massacre at Poverty Bay, then recent
" fectly aware of the unnecessary risks to which the public travelling could hardly have been soothed by such declamations as the
" on railways are continually subjected from various causes ; but following from a safe distance :—
" whether they lack the will, or do not possess the power, to adopt Danger in itself does not deter either emigrants or capital. The Indian wars
" modes of working which will almost entirely avoid those risks, is never stopped the colonization of Ainerica ; and the disturbances and occasional
only known to themselves and to the directors of the various rail- massacres on the frontier of the Western States at the present day have no
" way companies." Lieutenant- Colonel RICH, reporting on another appreciable effect in stopping the vast wave of population which is flowing over
case, says : " This accident proves how completely the rules of the Western prairies. On the contrary, there is a wonderful fascination, a
railway companies are set at defiance by their servants, or magnetic power, in danger capable of being overcome, which have an attractive
" construed by their servants as mere forms that do not deserve the rather than a repelling influence. . . . In the desperate struggle for life of
" least attention." It would be easy to add to these authoritative the North American settlements in their earlier years, we seem to read the
condemnations of their justice we are assured by our daily programme of the gigantic throes of the nineteenth century. When the
experience. infant Hercules strangled the serpents, he foreshadowed the adult labours of
the demigod .

NEW ZEALAND AND THE COLONIAL OFFICE. We must, however, add that the more than Spartan self-denial
of the writer stops short at a certain point. He repudiates the
THE " Return of Correspondence relative to New Zealand," wish for " more men from England " as sternly as King HARRY
"Part 1, War," comprises generally a record of affairs during at Agincourt. But a supply of money from England is another
1867 and 1868, and the disastrous first quarter of the present year. matter. That gentle application would find its way, not to
The subjects of the correspondence are principally two, and require Auckland and Wellington only, but distributively over the colony
separate dealing -the relations between the mother country and in general. " The way England can help us is by money and
New Zealand arising out of the protracted Maori disturbances ; arms." Sir WILLIAM MOLESWORTH, he reminds his readers, got
and the history of those disturbances, with their influence on the £40,000 a year from Parliament for the Cape Colony, " to be spent
general prospects of the colony. in defence of its frontier." That was an example worthy of sug-
To the latter of these we may revert on a future occasion . As gestion and imitation .
to the first, it will be remembered that before the date at which Meanwhile the Home Government, with a steadiness of pur-
this return commences the Colonial Office had declined all further pose, at all events, rarely to be found in our colonial administra-
interference in native affairs. These had been left to the uncon- tion, adhered throughout these two years to its resolution that the
trolled management of the local administration, of which, throughout troops must be withdrawn. The 18th Regiment was the last left in
these papers, Mr. RICHMOND is the embodiment. Then arose the New Zealand at the close of this correspondence, and that only
question on what terms, if any, should Imperial troops be retained under distinct notification of speedy removal. On this point the
in the islands. Certain conditions- substantially a payment of Duke of BUCKINGHAM, and his successor Lord GRANVILLE, have
£40 per head-were proposed by Lord CARNARVON. It is
held throughout the same language. Lord CARNARVON'S terms
unnecessary to repeat them in detail here, because they were had been rejected. Government was therefore clear of all obliga
unequivocally refused . " Ministers," says Mr. STAFFORD, April 17, tions to the colony, and those terms would not be offered again.
1867, " take this opportunity of reiterating the statement " made Overcome at last by stress of circumstances, Mr. STAFFORD writes
in former memorandum, " to the effect that they absolutely (March 11 , 1869) , through the Governor, to ask for information on
" decline to accede to the terms sought to be imposed on the the following points :-
" colony for the retention of one regiment. They accept the 1. Will one regiment be allowed to remain, if the Legislature bind itself to
" removal of the troops and its consequences," and complain only accept the conditions specified in Lord Carnarvon's despatch, No. 49, of
of want of courtesy. Again, in August, 1868, Mr. STAFFORD December 1 , 1866 --namely, that a grant of £50,000 per annum for native
repeated that " since October, 1865 , he had declined to advise purposes be continued ?
" that Imperial troops should be employed in the field, or to 2. If not, then what payment per head for each officer and man would be
" accede to any formal conditions on which the single regiment required ; and would more than one regiment be left if paid for by the colony?
" now in New Zealand should be retained." It is essential to bear
3. If troops are retained, could they, when directed by the Governor, be
thus much in mind, because almost ever since this somewhat employed in active service in the field to suppress insurrection ?
adventurous declaration Mr. STAFFORD has been exceedingly 4. If not allowed to be employed in the field, would they be allowed to
anxious to retain the regiment, and to get rid as far as possible of occupy in sufficient numbers positions to act as supports to colonial outposts,
the effects of his own avowals. He tries to make out that the though not required to take part in active operations, and would the Governor
colony " has fulfilled, and is virtually fulfilling," Lord CARNARVON'S be empowered to determine at what posts they should be stationed ?
conditions, while the Imperial Government has " receded from 5. If full discretion is not allowed to the Governor, might troops be stationed
them." All this logic may fairly be left out of consideration. at such of the following posts as he might indicate- namely, Auckland, New
The plain state of the case is that the terms offered by the Plymouth, Wanganui, Wellington, Napier, Tauranga, Ngaruawahia, Taupo,
mother country were rejected by the colony. It is fortunate Patea ; and what would be the minimum strength of a detachment stationed at any
that it was so. For whether or not British troops should have of the four last-named places ?
been maintained in New Zealand (a question of no common diffi- These questions embrace both the cardinal points involved-
culty), one thing at least is certain : they should not have been shall the colony pay for the troops ? and, if so, shall the colony
left there without the most distinct stipulation that they were not (that is, Mr. STAFFORD) command the troops ? Lord GRANVILLE'S
to act as hired auxiliaries, subject to the direction of the New answer the cause, as we know, of bitter complaint on the part of
Zealand Ministers ; but that so long as they remained the the colonial party in England- is sharp and decisive. The troops
"" (as Mr. STAFFORD seems to
conduct of war and negotiation was to be exclusively left to must leave. " No conditions
the Home Government. No such stipulation was attempted. suppose) " exist ; the only conditions proposed by this Government
If the colony had accepted Lord CARNARVON'S offer, Mr. " having been rejected by the colonists, and none others having
RICHMOND Would have had the control of Maori affairs, the " been offered on the one side or the other." It is difficult to see,
British officer in command would have been under double and in substance, what other answer could have been given . Instead
irreconcilable responsibility to Mr. RICHMOND and to the mili- of himself proposing conditions, Mr. STAFFORD asks questions.
tary authorities at home. Hopeless inaction or inglorious Of course, whatever answer might have been given to these
disaster would doubtless have been the result ; and therefore, questions, Mr. STAFFORD would have remained unpledged ;
we repeat, it is most fortunate for all parties that this offer was negotiations must have been continued ; and thus the object would
refused, however the authors of the refusal may seek to repudiate have been effected : the regiment would have remained in the
it now. island, paid by Britain and under the command of Mr. STAFFORD,
The truth is that when this refusal was made the " self-reliant " while the terms on which it was so to remain were under perpetual
party, who held that New Zealand could " do for itself," were discussion between Downing-street and the colony.
either uppermost in the Colonial Legislature, or, at all events, too By this time the 18th Regiment is, we may presume, on its
strong for those who were " responsible " to that Legislature to way to England ; but we are not certain of the fact, The Colonial
control . As Governor BOWEN shrewdly remarks :-" The adyo Government and their friends at home believe that its departure
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 PALL MALL BUDGET. ང་
JULY 30, 1869. ]

"the Constitution in the Northern Island that the Home Govern-

will inspirit the rebellious Maories, and discourage all efforts at
defence. It is only too natural an expectation, and may be " ment will not resume the responsibility of controlling the native
" affairs of New Zealand." That the Home Government cannot
verified by events. But it must be remembered, on the other
move in the matter without a 66 harmonious call " from the New
hand, that the presence of 10,000 British troops in the Northern
Island not only failed to keep these daring savages in order, but Zealanders - a call accompanied , not with a set of fishing questions
served, in the opinion of many, no other purpose than to prevent about conditions, but with a distinct statement of the sacrifices
the colonists themselves from engaging seriously in that bush- which the colony is willing to make and the co-operation it is
fighting warfare by which alone final success could be attained. willing to afford in return for the boon (for such it would be) of
temporary Crown government, most reluctantly assumed -is
However this may be, no one can contemplate without very temporary
serious misgivings the present aspect of affairs. It is difficult certain. And the crisis may pass over without the necessity of
even to judge of them with coolness while the blood of such self-denial being recognized by the colonists. But if other-
so many of our inoffensive people-women and young children wise, we are satisfied that no professions of immutability on the
with the rest- slaughtered in two sickening massacres, still calls, part of the Colonial Office will prevent the matter from being
not for revenge, but for protection of the survivors. The numerical reconsidered and decisive action adopted.
estimate commonly current of the superiority of the whites to the
natives is deceitful. More than half the whites live hundreds
of miles from the scene of action , and the attempt to bring them REGISTRATION OF VOTERS.
THE
to take earnest part in the defence of the remainder is, we fear,
hopeless. "With the utmost efforts that can be used " (says Governor CONSIDERING how large a percentage of the adult male population
BOWEN, December 7, 1868) " my responsible advisers appear to of England and Wales has now a right to vote at parliamentary
" be unable to raise in New Zealand a permanent force of above elections, it is singular that there should be so much indifference to the
" 1,000 really effective men, in addition to the militia and volun- conditions under which this right is exercised. What classes of persons
"teers, who are practically available only for the defence of their should be placed on the register was for many years the chief subject of
""
respective districts." The Maories capable of bearing arms political discussion in this country ; but of those who took part in the
are estimated ( perhaps too highly) at twelve or fifteen thousand. controversy there are comparatively few perhaps who have any
Of these, many are, no doubt, peacefully inclined. Some clear idea as to the process which the persons who ought to be on
are fighting on our side ; our actual opponents are few the register have to undergo in order to get there. The Select
and desperate, nor do we see in these papers any reason Committee of the House of Commons which has just reported on
to doubt the accuracy of the anticipation which we have the registration of voters in boroughs brings a heavy indictment
formed of an eventual and complete success.
long formed But against the existing system. The main work of preparing
in the meantime, and for years to come, the prospect is the lists of voters falls upon the overseers of each parish within the
cloudy. Is there no arrangement possible by which the Home borough ; and as the work is extremely laborious, while the over-
Government may interfere with solid advantage, and without seers are unpaid and change office periodically, they have no
the vacillating policy and the " dual government " which have inducement to learn their business and no chance of becoming
hitherto always accompanied such interference ? We cannot expert in it by sheer practice. The consequence is that the over-
abandon the hope that there is one such opening. The policy seers' lists are extremely defective, and this, again, gives rise to
which ought to have been adopted years ago was that of placing a needlessly cumbersome system of claims and objections. " By
the Northern Island under a distinct and more stringent Govern- " the operation of the registration system as it works at present, a
ment. The opportunity was lost ; but it is surely not irrecoverable. "large percentage of persons entitled to vote can only obtain the
What is wanted is a dictatorship for that island, or three-fourths of " franchise by a troublesome and costly course of proceedings,
it ; a Government in which civil and military authority shall " instituted either by themselves or by others on their behalf." In
be for the time amalgamated ; a suspension, for the time, of the case of working men-the class which it was the declared
those admirable things in their way, parliamentary rule and object of the last Reform Act to enfranchise- the evil of this is
""
"responsible advisers.' Provided that one autocratic intel- especially evident. They cannot bear the burden of sustaining
ligence guides the rifles for which, on this condition, we would their claims or rebutting objections, because to do this implies loss
help to pay, we should care but little whether it were that of time, and therefore loss of wages. For this reason the work
of Mr. STAFFORD or Sir GEORGE BOWEN ; but a real soldier- has to be left to rival associations- an expedient of which the Com-
governor, such as our Indian training supplies, would serve mittee say significantly that "it is notoriously difficult to discriminate
our purpose better than either. But is the colony itself prepared " between money legitimately employed in registration, and money
<<
for such a change as this ? There are indications scattered through- which, under the name of registration, is practically employed
out these papers which seem to show that such an opinion is form- " to corrupt a constituency." Besides this objections are often
ing outside the circle controlled by Mr. STAFFORD, the leader of served by thousands upon supposed opponents on the chance that
the Ministry, and Mr. Fox, the leader of the Opposition, and Mr. they will not be at the trouble of attending before the revising
FITZHERBERT, the champion of " self-reliant policy." Sir DAVID barrister, and will consequently be struck off the register by default.
MONRO, Speaker of the House of Representatives, in a very able Again, good claims are constantly omitted from the overseers' list
letter (November 21 , 1868), addressed to the Nelson Examiner, from pure carelessness, and this can only be remedied at the cost
concludes, after long argument, " that the Crown should be asked of much time and trouble to the voter whose name has been
to send out a Commission," and to " clothe that Commission with
" the most ample powers. I should like to see it authorized to The obvious remedy for these evils is the appointment of a
66 suspend the Constitution for a time in the North Island, and to single and competent registration authority in each borough, but,
assume the position and the vigour of a dictator. It is no time, inasmuch as the Committee think it important to utilize existing
" when armed bands of murderers are marching through a country, machinery rather than to create new, they propose to entrust the
" and the flames of blazing homesteads are reddening the skies, for preparation of the primary lists to the " clerks to the assessment
" a discordant Parliament to be wrangling, and coming to no authority," including under this term the clerks to the assessment
" result." These sentiments, Governor BOWEN assures us (p. 324), committee of poor-law unions, and, in places where such unions
are shared by a large proportion of the British population. Mr. have not been established, the clerks to the vestry or the over-
FITZGERALD himself, while using the argument for the very seers. This change would give a single authority in 135
opposite purpose-namely, that of persuading the colony to ask no parliamentary boroughs, two authorities in 25, and more
English aid at all -adds his testimony as to the helpless deadlock than two in 39. Thus absolute unity will be secured in a
which attends on the " dual system "-- that of troops officered from majority of cases, and the increasing tendency to group parishes
home, but directed by the Governor's Ministers. into unions for poor-law purposes will probably add to this majority
No State can be governed successfully by two independent authorities. as time goes on.
British troops are, and must always remain, under the direct control of the The next point to be considered is the manner in which
War Office. In colony they constitute an imperium in imperio, which we the lists are prepared. At present the overseers' list is published
should naturally expect to be destructive of all unity and energy in the conduct on the 1st of August, and it professes to contain the names
of public affairs. The officers and men look for reward or punishment, not to of all persons qualified to vote on the 31st of July-the
the country in which and under which they are temporarily serving, but to a day before publication. Clearly this allows no time to
Government on the other side of the world , which is only partially acquainted ascertain who are thus qualified, and the Committee accord-
with facts, and only indirectly interested in results, in the colony. The conflict ingly propose that the date of publication should be thrown
which we should naturally anticipate between the civil and military authorities back to the 30th of June, and the date of qualification to the
has frequently occurred. In this colony an unseemly antagonism between the civil 31st of May. This would allow one month to the registrar
and military representatives of the Crown is still in the memory of all, together and his staffto " institute a thorough investigation of the occupiers,
with the public scandal and disaster which it occasioned. It is as true in Govern-
ment as in social life, that “ a house divided against itself cannot stand," " inhabitants, householders, and lodgers in the borough at that
" date." The list thus carefully constructed should be a street list,
The answer of Lord GRANVILLE to these suggestions is, however, and not, as at present, an alphabetical list, and it should be posted
curt and decisive, and in accordance with the deliberate policy of in each street, or, when this is impracticable, at the nearest police-
the Colonial Office, " I wish you to make it clearly understood to station or post-office. During the month ofJuly thislist will be open to
" those inhabitants of New Zealand who desire the suspension of the inspection of the public ; persons whose names have been omitted
[ 683 ]
 8 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 30, 1869.

will send in their claims to the registrar on forms to be obtained at his of policy, and the views taken upon it by the different parties by
office ; and notices of objection, stating the ground on which the which it is discussed , eager and keen as they undoubtedly are,
objection is taken, must be delivered to the registrar, and sent by represent the feelings of persons zealous for the establishment of
him to the voter objected to . As soon as possible after the 31st of their own systems, and not those of men who suffer impatiently
July a second street list will be published containing the under what is or what is regarded by them as oppression.
claims of persons omitted from the first list, and the grounds of The Education question will present itself under a strange
objection alleged against any person included in it. During the variety of forms, but each of them will be found to depend at last
remainder of the month of August the registrar and his upon the same principles, though no doubt they may appeal to a
staff will investigate these claims and objections to the best different set of sympathies . No doubt the largest question will
of their ability. On the 31st of August a revised list of objections arise upon the education of the poor in England. It is difficult to
and claims will be published , with an entry opposite to each say anything upon this subject which has not been repeated over
showing whether the vote has been allowed or disallowed . The regis and over again on all sorts of occasions and in every variety ofform.
trar will also enter on the same list the names of any persons whom It can hardly, however, be observed too often that the peculiarity of
he thinks it right himself on further inquiry to omit or insert the English system is that it is inefficient, unpopular with those
in variance from the original lists. During the next fort- whom it principally affects-the parents of the children to be
night notices may be given by persons who intend to persist educated - popular upon the whole with the clergy and the
in objections or claims which have been disallowed,disallowed , or
or to squires, and exceedingly expensive, all because when the rest of the
oppose claims or resist objections which have been allowed, and country showed great indifference upon the subject the clergy and
on the 20th of September the final list of disputed cases various clerically minded people, inadequately assisted by the
reserved for the revising barrister will be published, and squires, made great efforts to establish schools, and got into their
personal notices will be served on the persons whose votes are own hands such schools as were established , and the manage-
to be disputed . No one whose name does not appear in this final ment of the subsidy paid to them by the Government. That
list will be called upon to attend the revising court. which ought to have been made a lay matter of business-
Under this amended system the Committee hope that the that which the parents, if they had been sufficiently alive
difficulties which have made the lodger franchise little more than to the importance of the matter, would have insisted on
a dead letter will be done away with. The absence of the clue to paying for and managing themselves- has been turned into a
the existence of the lodger which is afforded in the case of house- semi-charitable, semi-religious undertaking, the incidental effect
holders by the rate book makes it necessary that lodgers not already of which is to keep up and extend clerical influences, and so
on the register should send written notice of their claim to to protect that order of things of which, speaking generally, the
the registrar before the 31st of May, but with this exception clergy are the partisans. On the other hand, though the people at
they will be put to no more trouble than householders. Their large do not care for the system, and probably do not much
names will appear in the first list, and the procedure in respect like it, they do not dislike it sufficiently to be anxious to pay
of claims or objections will be in all respects the same as that for one which would be under their own management. If the
we have described. One thing, however, the Committee " cannot parson and the squire (the parson much more than the squire) are
avoid pointing out." If the registrar is to determine satisfactorily willing to take all the trouble, and raise most of the money which
what names to place on his list, or to suffer to remain there, with is required for popular education, the people at large will not take
the qualification of " lodger " affixed to them, it is essential that it out of their hands. They will be only too well pleased with an
there should be some further statutory definition what lodger is to arrangement which suits them so well in pocket, and for which they
be taken to mean. have no keen positive dislike, to interfere in the matter. The result
is that the persons principally interested in the maintenance of the
existing state of things in England are the rich and the clerical
POPULAR EDUCATION.
managers, especially the latter, and that the people at large are
THE struggle about the Irish Church has thrown into the back- lukewarm and indifferent about it.
ground during the present session many measures which, when In Ireland, on the other hand, the clergy are precisely the
they have to be seriously discussed, will disclose far more charac- people who are dissatisfied with the existing state of things. If
teristic differences between the various parties which divide the we take the tests of attendance and of interest, the people at large
nation than any which relate to the maintenance of the Irish appear to be well satisfied, except in so far as the priests stir them
Church. The questions connected with education will, unless we are up against it, with the existing state of things. The contention of
much mistaken, be amongst the most important of these. A debate the Irish clergy, however, is that by a sort of divine right they are
took place in each House of Parliament on Monday week which entitled to the control of the education of the people, whoever pays
gave earnest of this. The Lords rejected the University Tests Bill, for it, and that the proper arrangement would be that the
and the Commons had their usual conversation about the general Government should pay and that they should manage. The
subject of popular education in connection with the annual vote for English Roman Catholics support their Irish brethren, and
that purpose. The course taken by the Lords was no doubt a wish to keep up the existing system in England upon the
matter of some real importance. We can hardly say as much for principle that it is the only one under which exclusively Roman
the conversation in the Commons, which threw very little light Catholic schools would get any share of public money at all . We
upon a very well-worn question. The two debates, however, when believe, however, that the Roman Catholics are the only class of
taken together, are characteristic, and suggest questions which Dissenters who take any special interest in the maintenance of the
will be raised with great earnestness in future sessions between existing system in England, or would object to seeing it replaced
parties which have pulled together in the attack upon the Irish by a national one. It is possible that the Wesleyans would be of
Church. The success of the attack upon the Irish Church the same opinion, and there is a considerable, though a diminishing,
has been due to the combination of several parties which it is body of Protestant Dissenters who are opposed, on principle, to all
by no means easy to unite, and which, after their casual union for State aid to education, on the express ground that it is or ought to
this peculiar and limited purpose, will not, in all probability, be be a religious process, and that the State should let religion alone.
better disposed to unite with each other for the future than they If we pass from primary to university education , there is pro-
were before. The great majority of the Irish, the Roman Catholics bably less difference of opinion between different members of the
of the United Kingdom, most of the Dissenters, and almost all same party. Almost all Liberals, of whatever shade, wish to see
Liberals, political and religious, united against the Irish Church, religious tests at the English universities abolished . Hardly any
and it was by their union that its destruction was carried. This considerable body of Dissenters have a sufficient dislike to secular
result was, moreover, due in a very great degree to the general education to wish to see the existing tests maintained on the
feeling that justice required it, which acted on a very large part ofthe ground on which, if we are not mistaken, they were defended
population quite independently of the various political and religious by Dr. PUSEY not very long ago—the ground that any religious
considerations which weighed so heavily with others. Whenever tests are better than none, and that in the present state
the education question assumes the prominence which will unques- of things it would be practically impossible if the existing tests
tionably be allotted to it at no very distant date, an entirely were abolished to get any others. The fact is that in
different set of feelings will be brought into play, and will give rise the case of universities there is a grievance which is felt as
A little bit of
to new party combinations. In the first place, the Irish in parti- such by a certain section of the community.
cular and the Roman Catholics in general, are likely to take a social importance is attached to the possession of a university
totally different view of the subject from the Protestant Dissenters. degree, and people do not like to be kept out of it, or to be
The general body of the Liberals cannot be regarded as being allowed to get it on sufferance, and more or less as a favour,
even proximately united upon the subject, for some of those who because they are not members of the Church of England. This
hold the main articles of the Liberal creed are opposed to, feeling will, we think, be strong enough to abolish university tests.
whilst others favour, compulsory education. Moreover, it cannot Whether the general liberalism of the country will succeed in
be asserted that any plain and broad principle of justice is at stake establishing a national system of popular education in the teeth of
in the matter, so that any of the views which are taken in con- the opposition of the English clergy and squires and of the Irish
nection with it can be said to involve either the maintenance or priests, and in spite of the indifference of the English common
the suppression of anything which any particular party or section people to the whole subject, is a very different question. We
can regard as a grievance. The question is emphatically a question hope they will, but it will be by no means an easy matter.
[ 684 ]
 JULY 30, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 9

of Works is the secretary and specially paid officer ; and then to the
FORTIFICATIONS.
Defence Committee at the Horse Guards before they are approved of
In a former article we drew attention to the report ofthe Committee which (2,555 ), but it apears that for a fort proposed by the Royal Commission on
was appointed by Sir John Pakington last year to report on the condition, Defences, a military road has been substituted without the omission having
construction, and cost of the fortifications constructed under the Defence been brought before the Fortification and Defence Committees (2,579).
Loan. We have now before us the minutes of evidence taken by the Thus even the professional tribunals which have been erected as safeguards
Committee, and a report to the Secretary of State from Colonel Jervois, do not appear to be always consulted.
consequent upon a decision arrived at upon the report of the committee, The financial arrangements, moreover, appear to be peculiar. In reply
to the following effect :- to question 2,718 Colonel Jervois says that the experiment upon a
1. That the loan shall now be finally closed, and that any further expenditure on section of Plymouth Breakwater Fort was charged to the Spithead Forts,
account of fortifications which may hereafter be proposed should be submitted to because otherwise the item of the estimate shown in the Parliamentary
Parliament in the usual manner in the estimates. 2. That the total amount to be raised schedule would have been exceeded. That is to say, the expendi-
by loan shall not exceed that of the total estimate in the schedule of the Act of 1867. ture has been recorded in an inaccurate form to conceal from
3. That any works which have been provided for in previous Acts, but which have not Parliament the excess over the estimate. It is shown in question
yet been commenced, shall, so far as the loan is concerned, be abandoned . 4. That the 2,771 that after the magazines and many of the forts had been
work already executed shall be utilized and the principal forts completed as economically constructed, alterations causing a very large additional expenditure
as is consistent with leaving them in a sufficient state of defence. were proposed, and that the new system was adopted without any estimate
Proceeding on these principles, and taking as a basis the estimate in of the probable expenditure ; and from question 2,585 it seems that in
the report of the Committee, dated April 28, 1869, of which Admiral the some cases such modifications in the works are paid for out of the annual
Hon. Sir F. Grey was president, viz. £ 7,951,437 , the following are the estimate submitted to Parliament, and sometimes out of the Defence Loan.
deductions which are made, viz. : — If these things are so, how is the public ever to ascertain the true cost of
Ist. On account of works not yet commenced, £ 117,721 . 2nd. On account of the these works ? On a former occasion we dwelt with satisfaction upon the
adoption of the Moncrieffmode of mounting guns, £260,565. 3rd. On account of several creditable manner in which the Royal Engineers had executed the works,
items which it is proposed to defer for consideration in the annual estimates of future and we find from the evidence that in the cases when the work had been
years, £184,316. Thus leaving, with certain additions, viz. £ 1,000 for correcting the done without contract, but by direct labour under the engineer officers,
estimate for Sconeston, and an additional margin of £75,000 for contingent expenses, good work and a considerable saving had been the result.
£7,460,000 as the total sum to be provided by loan. We have before us a parliamentary paper of 1862 , containing a report of
We showed in our former article that, if the estimated cost of the. a Committee upon the employment on works of officers of Royal Engineers,
central arsenal, the Chatham eastern defences, and the Maker Barrack, and upon the government of the corps of Royal Engineers. We believe
works which have been abandoned are excluded, the estimate which began we are correct in saying that the officers of the corps receive the best
in 1860 at £5,510,000 had risen in 1869 to all but £ 8,000,000. We professional education in the world, and that Committee reported that all
that was wanted to make them thoroughly efficient, as engineers and archi-
pointed out that the Committee was not an independent one, and that they
had omitted to reply to one question put to them, " Whether the forts had tects, was to give the officers a " distinct responsibility in respect of all
been well and skilfully constructed, with reference to the cost incurred : ' work upon which they might be employed," and to hold them .
further, that the desire to obtain efficiency had led to a continual alteration entirely responsible for the accuracy of their designs, drawings,
of design, and that we had no security under the present arrangements that specifications, and estimates. We find, however, from the evidence now
even the sum now proposed will cover our liabilities. We regret that this before us, that in the case of these fortification works, the commanding
question of the reductions which could be made on the cost of the works Royal Engineer has been treated more like a clerk of works than an
was not referred to officers of the Royal Engineers, who have not been engineer ; for instance, we learn from question 729 that the first information
mixed up hitherto with the designs, and who are independent of the that the commanding Royal Engineer received from the War Office of a
authorities in Pall-mall under whom the estimates have grown from year design being under consideration for remodelling certain forts, was a notice
to year. The minutes of evidence show conclusively that this enormous on the 13th of November that a contract had been accepted on the 4th of
expenditure has been practically uncontrolled hitherto, and that Parliament November. Thus all the details of the works must have been prepared
has not been furnished with accurate estimates of the costs. without even consultation with the local officer. We invite attention to the
We learn from the evidence (question 3,191 ) that torpedoes are to be following questions and answers : —
made use of as subsidiary to the sea and river defences ; but no estimate Question 730- Had you seen the plan at that time ? No. I therefore requested to
of the cost is given. Now it is shown in Colonel Jervois's evidence that in be informed what works were to be executed and to be furnished with the plans. 731-
1864, when the use of iron shields was contemplated, the " total estimate " Is that contract being carried out exactly in accordance with it, or have there been any
of the fortifications was stated in the schedule attached to the Act of variations in that contract ? There have been variations made. The commanding
Parliament for raising additional money to be £ 6,250,000 (exclusive of engineer must make variations when he finds that things not arranged for are necessary,
the abandoned works), but that it was known to the authorities that the and other things are not necessary which have been arranged for.
sum would not cover the cost of the shields, and yet no allusion was made Thus the result of not holding the local officer responsible for the
to the liability, although openings twelve feet wide by eight high were to design led to variations in the work after the contract had been made.
be left in the works for the reception of the shields. Colonel Jervois says Every one who has had anything to do with building knows how such
(2,543), " It was thought desirable to postpone the provision for those alterations add to the expense.
shields until such time as we were in a position to say what the cost would The same officer in charge of the works being questioned as to an
be." Thus an important liability was knowingly concealed from Parliament. estimate for excesses upon this particular contract replied as follows : -
The evidence opens out other noteworthy considerations. The Royal
744 -Have you examined that estimate ? No, I have never seen it. 745-Then
Commission on Defences proposed that the works should be completed in
four years ; they are now in their tenth year of progress, and they are only you cannot say whether that estimate is adequate for the work ? No. 746 --You do not
two- thirds completed . The Government has not, therefore, felt that present that as your estimate ; you are not responsible for it ? No. 747-You have
anxiety for rapid completion which was felt in 1860. The intro- not seen the plan on which the estimate is framed ? No, not at all.
duction of heavier guns, of better means of resisting shot, of torpedoes, We find further on, at question 823 , that the opinion of the commanding
naturally suggest to the non- professional mind the possibility of Royal Engineer in local charge relative to the amount due to a contractor
economizing the means for effecting the object ; that is to say, the for work done under his superintendence was disregarded, and that the
Royal Commission on Defences in 1860 recommended a certain strength contractor was paid by the War Office a larger sum than the commanding
of resistance for the fortifications, and intended that it should be Royal Engineer reported to be due. We cannot believe that this system of
obtained by means of stone parapets and 68-pounder guns (ques. 2,251 ). carrying out Government works can be sound. Officers cannot be expected
If impenetrable iron parapets and 600 -pounder guns are substituted the to take any interest in the progress of works under such conditions of ser-
same degree of resistance could be got with smaller parapets and fewer vice ; and it is clear that there can be no responsibility. The commanding
guns. Again, Colonel Jervois says, " The additional power that torpedoes engineer cannot be held responsible for works which he did not design and
afford for the defence of channels admits of a reduction in the number of specify. The director of works in the War Office can disclaim responsi-
guns " for the defence of the channels ( see 3,192 ) . bility for works whose execution he does not directly superintend. But
But although there appears to be no hurry for the completion when, as in the present case, the professional officer who should examine
of the fortifications, the public has not obtained, so far as the and criticise the designs of all works on behalf of the Secretary of State
evidence shows, any advantage by a reconsideration in an economical is himself the designer of the works, there can be no effectual
sense of the means of defence in consequence of these improvements ; check. The financial results of the system are indeed apparent, for
on the contrary, the estimates are increased by nearly one half, and we the estimates annually submitted to Parliament tell a similar story.
must content ourselves with the assumed increased efficiency. Colonel The fortifications of Quebec, originally estimated ' to cost £200,000, are
Jervois says (2,545), " The strength of the mass ofthe works in question now increased to £245,000, and the estimate for the fortifications of
is really far beyond what the Royal Commission contemplated. " This is Bermuda is raised from £260,000 in last year's estimate to £ 375,000 in
a serious matter as affecting the control of public money. Parliament the present year. We have already said that the estimate for the fortification
agrees to spend a certain sum to produce a defined result. The expendi- loan, at first £ 5,510,000, has now risen to £8,000,000 ; but has been
ture is entrusted to professional men, whose only care is to produce temporarily squeezed down to £ 7,460,000, and we believe that we are
monuments to their own fame ; they of course proceed to supplement the within bounds in asserting that whilst nearly £ 5,500,000 , a sum equivalent
perfection of to-day by what is deemed more perfect to-morrow ; not to to the total original estimate, has been spent upon the works, the Thames
substitute the better for the good, but to add it on. The progress and London , and even the dockyards, are not much less open to attack
of the Fortification Loan well exemplifies the financial results of from a hostile fleet to-day than they were in 1860, and that in the places
leaving it entirely to professional men to regulate what should be spent. where the fortifications are most advanced towards completion there are
The evidence, moreover, reveals somewhat of laxity in the manner in which very few heavy rifled guns mounted on the sea fronts.
even the professional authorities have been treated. The works were We believe we are correct in adding that the appointment which Sir
originally proposed by the Royal Commission on Defences. They are John Burgoyne held so long as head of the corps of Royal Engineers, has
designed under the Deputy-director of Works, and submitted to the Forti- been vacant for some months, and that this distinguished corps has no
fication Committee, of which, as we before observed, the Deputy- director professional head.
[ 685 ]
 JO PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 30, 1869.

THE PARAPHERNALIA OF TRAVEL. to the multitude of counsellors who advertise in the guide books. He
buys all those things that " no traveller should be without," and a goed
TRAVEL, Says Bacon, is in the younger sort a part of education, in the many more that, as it occurs to hini, may possibly be wanted. He acts as
elder a sort of experience ; and with regard to its paraphernalia there can if England was the only manufacturing country in the world, and never
be no doubt whatever he is right. As for the equipments for a journey it reflects that it might be better to risk paying a little more for an inferior
is absolutely impossible to lay down any general rule, and each man and article abroad, if you found you ought to have it, than to drag it about
woman must puzzle one out for individual use. So much depends on with you on the chance of using it. He swelters with his bundle
your tastes and your habits, on the conditions of mind and body that of railway rugs through the glowing plains of Central Europe, on
consign you to particular countries and modes of travelling them. Some the possibility of his making a descent on Lombardy and feeling chilly for
people make themselves miserable by blindly following the precepts of half an hour or so in a nocturnal transit of the Alps. Not having a single
experienced friends with whom they may have nothing in common, but most acquaintance in any foreign country, he carefully packs up an evening suit
go wrong by forgetting that no man can expect to make himself perfectly in the view of invitations. Waterproofs against rain and overcoats against
happy and comfortable. They either desiderate an absolute independence dust are as much essentials as his museum of umbrellas, sticks, and canes
of will and movement, in which they travel, like a knight-errant of old for various eventualities. He hears there is excellent fishing in the
or a modern hadji to the Irdan, with but the meanest selection of neces- Tyrol, so, although no fisherman himself, he thinks he may find occasion
saries ; or else they encumber themselves with as many packages as a New to become one, and takes a rod accordingly. He may, perchance, turn up
York fashionable bent on scattering her husband's dollars. Each plan has in Switzerland during the Tir National, so he carries a rifle, and there is
its charms, which, however, with most men bear no sort of proportion to the nothing, as every one knows, like English ammunition. Telescopes and
counterbalancing inconveniences. Your best chance of enjoying yourself binocular glasses are things of course. Health is at the bottom of all
lies in the golden mean, and that, as we said, every man must find out for pleasure, and that necessitates a medicine-chest. He feels he ought not
himself. altogether to neglect the mind whilst invigorating the body, so he carries a
Many people starting on their travels think it necessary to make a yet few well-chosen volumes to suit his route. " The Revolt of the Nether-
longer journey back towards our most primitive forms of civilization. lands," " The Rise ofthe Dutch Republic," and " The Thirty Years' War; "
They avail themselves of their tour coming off in the summer solstice to Victor Hugo, Hood, Dumas, Lord Lytton , and all the lighter
dispense with all they can, and approach their toilette requirements as authorities on the Rhine ; Kügler's handbooks of painting, Ruskin's
nearly as possible to the simplicity of the savage. A hardy pedestrian works on art. As he thinks of getting up his German, he brings
bound for a couple of months of Switzerland or the Tyrol sets out with an from England some poetical volumes of Goethe and Schiller-German
eminently portable knapsack : possibly he has a wife, and then their prices being almost prohibitory- and by the advice of a cultivated friend,
wardrobes are wedded in one moderately sized bag. At first they have the adds Heine's " Reisebilder" and some of Harkländer's volumes. As it would
best of it, and in a general inspection of baggage can crow over their be physically impossible to get through one half his library during his
migratory congeners- vacuus viator cantabit coram the custom-house tour, it is clear minutes may be precious, so on the chance of late travelling
officers. While Jones sits envious on his portmanteau and other he takes a reading-lamp and candles. There is a handsome volume
" plunder," like Robinson Crusoe or a pioneer of civilization shot out on for the diary he never keeps, a variety of stationery for the letters he seldom
the banks of the Missouri, Brown has submitted his solitary packet to the writes, and a patent ink bottle that is always flying open in transit ; which
supercilious chalk of the official, has vanished through an opposite signifies the less that he has laid in a large stock of benzine collas for
door, had his claret and cutlet in the refreshment room, and coolly taking stains out of his clothes. He has an infinity of block drawing
secured the best corner, well out of the sun, in the railway carriage. books, colours, pencils, &c. , and , if he is an artist, these are amongthe few
Meanwhile Jones, if he has no servant and the custom-house people are in things he is wise in buying at home unless his route lie through Paris.
a hurry, has got overheated in person and temper while dragging at There are a number of other things we have omitted from the little cata-
straps and breaking his nails over buckles. He has insulted the logue we have dashed off, and no doubt so has he ; for it is a singular
examining official by ill- considered language and a recalcitrant thing that wants multiply fast as you attempt to anticipate them.
manner, or excited distrust by neglecting to declare his ample provi- It is like trying to fence out troubles from this mortal life, or fighting off
sion of tobacco. The result is that, having had to turn out everything a swarm of angry bees. The more you bestir yourself the worse it is for
down to his boots, to open dressing, writing, drawing, cigar boxes, &c. , he you. The nearer a valuable collection approaches completeness, the more
finds himself with a heap of unassimilated and indigestible materials you feel the blanks in it ; and a man who has once given himself up to that
brimming over from his portmanteaux which no energy of unskilled labour sort of thing keeps steadily making additions to his admirable museum of
can replace in them. Jones, there can be no doubt, has had a bad time of travelling paraphernalia.
it, and there is some excuse for the superiority with which the rational Jones condemns himself to a sustained and oppressive sense of
Brown-" an old hand at this sort of thing, sir "-regards him, as, fevered, responsibility too wearing for mortal man. The load of things he carries
flurried, furious, and fasting, he precipitates himself and his armfuls of with him would weigh down the most buoyant spirits in the world in spite
packages into the carriage at the eleventh hour. But , come to his hotel and the of the most exhilarating air and scenes. We own, however, we rather lean
end of his journey, Jones has in his turn the best of it. Both he and Brown to his conceptions of comfort under certain difficult conditions : these
drive to the Grand Hotel, for Brown has a republican self-respect, telling him are, that you are keeping within hearing of the whistle of the steam
that, apparel himself as he may, he is as good a man as any one else, engine, or at least in the meshes of a network of railways ;
and, for the matter of that, a great deal better-which may be very true ; that money is small object to you, and that you are happy in a
but the weak point in Brown's system is his forgetting that the world goes. shrewd and trustworthy servant with hands and a head. Then you
very much by appearances. Jones descends to the salle-à-manger in may leave him in charge of the heavy baggage and suffer by him
smiles-a frock coat, a white waistcoat, and thin boots, and is at once vicariously. You convert yourself into a flying column, cut yourself down
mobbed by a troop of obsequious waiters. Brown stumps in frowning occasionally to the self- contained condition of Brown, and travel upon points.
defiance to the neglect experience has led him to expect, the only alteration The modified privation which is excellent for every one makes you appre-
in his toilette since he emerged grimy from the train being a change of ciate the luxury to which it is the object of all wise men to bring the
collar. Unless he be a man of a profound and peculiar philosophy, the supper keenest amount of appreciation. Then, after all, although Jones's library
he has been looking forward to is marred to him by the sentiment of being may be voluminous or ill-chosen, he errs on the right side. To a rational
scouted as a Pariah, and only tolerated for the incident of his purse. At being it ought to be nearly as painful to dispense with mental as with bodily
home, with the conscious advantages of clothing, he is a good deal of a supplies. If you know anything at all, the best of guide-books only give
lady's man ; but now the pretty girl in delicate muslin opposite looks at him you the little information that is so trying, the morsel of provender that
much as she might at an earwig, while she positively receives with compla- aggravates the craving for more. After the years that have elapsed since its
cency the ill-disguised admiration that beast Jones bestows on her during the composition, and with all its faults of taste, Ford's Spain may still be taken
intervals of his repast. Next day, too, sauntering on the shady side of the as the model multum in parvo, a tolerably satisfying olla podrida of all
Boulevards, or strolling by the lake in the Bois, the more friends he may manner of facts. It is a fortunate thing too, as Spain is a country where
chance to meet the more does Brown's promenade become a martyrdom. books are hard to come by, and luggage difficult to transport. But the
For you may know him to be a capital fellow, largely gifted with qualities more suggestive Ford is the more discontented he makes you as you read
that do honour to his head and heart, but he is a trying man to meet when him, and find out how very much you ought to know that you may even
thus attired for the travel-path. Time and storms have done pretty nearly feebly appreciate scenes and their associations. In travelling, too, you
their worst on the hat whose flaccid brims have fluttered among snows, have so much time thrown forcibly on your hands, when the mind in its
and rocks, and glaciers ; the veteran shooting-coat has an oilskin patch let utter vacuity would greedily fasten upon anything.
into the shoulder to indicate the versatility of his tastes, which are Blinding rain and howling wind confines you to your mountain hostelry,
confirmed, moreover, by the too visible traces of the blood of You have learned every line ofyour Baedeker or Murray ; you have exhausted
beasts and birds ; while his clumped boot-soles are thick enough to the old Bradshaw, the few stray pages of " The Cornhill," and the visitors'
add an inch to his stalwart stature. Even if Brown is philosopher autograph book, that constitute the literary resources of the place. What
enough to have no feelings of his own, and to be indifferent to a chance for disposing of some stiff work that you ought to read and
other people's, still we should fancy that must be a rare creature indeed that never will ! What a luxury to find in your hands the dullest volume
can appreciate the variety of nature, of the changing effects of loch, from the last bookstall you turned up your nose in ! Nor is it much less
mountain, and forest, cloud, sunshine, and storm, and yet dwell con- refreshing to rest your eyes on print when passing in the glare of
tentedly cribbed up in a monotony of material, cut, and colour. For summer through French vines, Lombard poplars, or Bavarian wheat and
ourselves, after a brief brush in the mountains, we have come to loathe hops all grown to a pattern. Then you have better right to be fastidious,
the familiar suit as a peripatetic prison, and, escaping out of it into the because your route lies among bookshops and bookstalls such as they are,
afternoon bath, have felt like the convict ordered for change of scene and what a luxury you find then in a pleasant, readable volume ! It makes
into the yard. On next meeting our portmanteau, with what pleasure the difference between pleasure and pain. On the whole then, and so far
have we burst our prison easements to revel in the freedom of change as advice may be of any use in the matter, we should say of the parapher
and choice. nalia of travel- Look after your books for yourself,you are sure not to
We speak hesitatingly, but we believe, speaking broadly, we would find what you want when you want it. No great matter if you leave most
rather be Brown, who reduces his paraphernalia to a minimum, than Jones, other things to take care of themselves, you can generally supply them as
who flies to the other extreme. Jones is one ofthe men who goes for hints you go along.
[ 686 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. II
JULY 30, 1869. ]

THE POLICE AND THE PUBLIC THE NITRO-GLYCERINE BILL.

MR. BRUCE, last Friday evening, informed Mr. Locke that he had given his SIR JOHN HAY has with commendable promptitude brought in a bill to
careful consideration to the case of the police constables who recently prohibit for a limited period the importation, and to restrict and regulate
preferred a groundless charge against three young men at Marlborough the carriage, of nitro-glycerine, and this bill has already passed a second
street, which charge was dismissed by the magistrate, after a searching reading. The necessity for some legislative interference has been repeatedly
investigation, the result of Mr. Bruce's deliberations being that the insisted upon, and the late explosion in Wales gave point and weight
constables are retained in the force, and no steps are taken for the future to the arguments on the subject. The intention of Sir John
protection of the public. Hay's bill, which is to take effect from the 1st of October
next, and to continue in force for the period of one year, is
The Secretary of State's answer will also receive the careful considera-
tion of many people, and the more it is considered, we are afraid, the worse absolutely to prohibit the importation of nitro-glycerine, or of any other
it will look ; for, besides showing that the authorities will not investigate substance having nitro-glycerine in any form as one of its component parts
any charges against the police, it is entirely at variance with the real or ingredients. This will be an important step gained, for the greater part
facts of the case. of the nitro-glycerine used in this country has been imported generally
from Hamburg, and the operations of unshipping and transporting the oil
Mr. Bruce said that the magistrate dismissed the charge believing the
to its destination are attended, as we know but too well from the Colon
" statements " of the parties rather than the sworn evidence of the police ; and Welsh explosions, with awful risk. This provision will necessarily
the fact being that numerous independent witnesses appeared on behalf of drive those who may wish to continue to employ nitro-glycerine or dynamite
the prisoners and gave their testimony on oath. The constables engaged
for blasting purposes to manufacture the material for themselves ; and in
in the affair were, Mr. Bruce added, men of excellent character, specially
order that this may be done with due regard to the public safety the con-
selected for the purpose of keeping order in the Haymarket ; the real truth veyance and storage of the substance must be brought within certain
being that Sergeant Coucher, one of the constables implicated, is the restrictions. In Sir John Hay's original bill it was provided that the manu-
identical officer whose name is disagreeably familiar to the public in connec-
facture should be carried out within one mile of the place where the
tion with the cases of Baron Pigott's nephew and the unfortunate Peter nitro-glycerine was to be used, and it was made unlawful to convey the
Macdonald, the Treasury messenger, who was arrested when engaged in substance a greater distance than one mile, whether by land or water. We
the performance of his duties on a groundless charge, and has since are sorry to see that the bill has undergone alteration in this respect. In
died.
place of the very reasonable restriction as to distance (which rested upon
The rule established by the Home Office is, we are told, that in all an intelligible principle), it is now proposed to enact that no person may
charges against members of the police force where the evidence is con- carry nitro-glycerine without a licence ; but with such a licence nitro-
flicting and supported on either side by witnesses who are not in the force, glycerine may apparently continue to be carried from one end of the
the cases shall be left for the decision of the magistrates. The case which United Kingdom to the other. We fear that this arrangement will fail to
formed the subject of Mr. Locke's inquiry does not come under this give reasonable security against accidents ; it will certainly do so unless the
category, for the police called no witnesses who were not in the force ; and terms of the licence, and of the regulations under which the licencee acts,
if such evidence is to be procured why was it not mentioned ? Mr. are made much more stringent, and unless their observance is much more
Bruce also appears to forget that the case has been already thoroughly strictly enforced, than is the case with gunpowder. The appoint-
sifted by one of the most experienced magistrates on the bench, ment of a Government inspector to carry out the provisions of this
and, notwithstanding his decision that the testimony of the con- and other Acts dealing with explosives, a man who would carefully and
stables was not to be relied on, they are not only retained in the with a competent knowledge of the subject look into all licences
force, but are publicly complimented by the Home Secretary of before they were granted, and satisfy himself in each case that
State. Mr. Bruce, it seems, requires a second decision before he the privilege might be safely accorded, would afford a guarantee
will move in the matter. He will not himself institute this further as to the practical sufficiency of this provision which will otherwise be
inquiry, the expense and annoyance of which is to fall upon the injured wanting when the bill is taken in Committee. We trust, therefore, that the
parties, who must either summons the police for an assault or proceed licensing clauses will receive serious attention, and that Mr. Bruce will
against them by way of indictment. This tells us, at all events, what we explain under what regulations and restrictions, and upon whose responsi-
are to expect. The authorities will not investigate any case of complaint bility, licences will be granted. The original bill was defective in one
against the police, and require such cases to be twice tried by the important particular : it placed no restrictions upon the storage of nitro-
magistrates, the aggrieved person having to provide his own counsel, while glycerine, and there was nothing to prohibit the accumulation of any
the ratepayers supply Mr. Poland or some other learned counsel for quantity of the material at or near mines and quarries which might
the use of the police. With every respect for the Home Secretary, we be in the immediate vicinity of towns, high roads, &c. , and would
humbly submit that he has no right to subject the public, who have almost certainly be situated in populous neighbourhoods. In the amended
not the rates and the police solicitors at their back, to such an unequal bill, the storage of the material is brought within the licensing clause ; and
contest. the manufacture, storage, and possession of nitro-glycerine, except under
It will be well for Mr. Bruce to reconsider carefully the case, for the licence and under certain regulations which are not specified, will be
painful part of the affair is the growing antagonism between the public unlawful. But here, again, as in the case of the transport of the material,
and the police. This antagonism is both unnecessary and unnatural ; everything turns upon the system of licensing, and the breadth and
people have no sympathy with the ruffians who ill-treat the police, and at stringency of the regulations. Upon these heads the bill affords no infor-
the same time they have no sympathy with the black sheep who disgrace mation ; and we are destitute of any assurance that it will meet the
the force and ill-treat the public. All they want is fair play. The police end which its promoters have in view. It is, however, quite clear that
have, as we are constantly told, “ arduous duties to perform," but the duties the original design of Sir John Hay's bill has been largely departed from.
of most ofus are arduous, yet they are not accepted as excusing us from The essential principle of that bill was to render it a matter of necessity
the consequences of any errors we may commit in their performance. The for those who desire to use nitro-glycerine, or any preparation of the same,
work of the police is not so arduous as that of many others of her to prepare it as they want it at or near the place where it is to be used ;
Majesty's subjects who do not possess any of the advantages in the way and all that was needed to give completeness to the bill was the intro-
of clothing, lodging, and pension enjoyed by the police force. duction of certain provisions limiting the quantity of nitro-glycerine to be
It is, therefore, not too much to ask that if complaints are made stored at any one time in any one place, and requiring the observance
against these servants of the public they should at least be investi- of certain precautions on the part of the storekeepers. The amended bill
gated ; and it is monstrous that such investigation should be denied even proceeds upon the totally different and far less satisfactory principle of
when the decision of a magistrate has condemned the conduct of the allowing the manufacture of nitro-glycerine to be carried out without refer-
police after a most searching inquiry, which of itself ought to be con- ence to its ultimate destination and use ; and the safety of the public is made
sidered sufficient in the absence of further facts affecting the justice of to depend upon the compliance of individual manufacturers with the terms
such decision. of a licence to be granted we know not how, and with certain regulations
to be framed we know not by whom, and liable to be varied and revoked
Mr. Bruce's answer of Friday night is as unfair to the police as it is to
from time to time, as expressly provided in the bill, by the Home Secretary.
the public, for, notwithstanding that it appears to give colour to the pre-
An opportunity will present itself in Committee for considering which of
vailing idea that the members of that force are anxious to avoid inquiry
these two principles may be most profitably accepted ; and we trust that
into their conduct, we are confident there are many able and intelligent
that upon which the amended bill is based will not be adopted without
constables who are quite as much interested as the outside world in the some satisfactory assurance that the licensing system, and the regulations
purification of their ranks, and who feel that a high tone can only be
by which the efficacy of the measure must be estimated will be strict
encouraged and kept alive in the police service by their dealings with the
enough to really fulfil the object of the bill. It is also worth while to
public being conducted with perfect openness and even-handed justice.
inquire the meaning and intention of the clause which provides that no one
Injustice to the public leads to injustice to the police, and for this reason
may sell any nitro-glycerine for any purpose, " except to workmen in his
the case at Marlborough-street and the Home Secretary's observations
employ." Why to workmen in his employ ? Why should his workmen
upon it have left an unpleasant and unsatisfactory impression on the desire to purchase it ? If for use in his own works, surely the master
minds of all concerned. Two guarantees, it seems to us, are required as
rather than the servants might be assumed to be the proper person to bear
a check upon false testimony, either through malice or carelessness, by
the expense ; and , if intended for use outside his own works, then this
the police. First that they should be subjected to more rigid and
clause clearly opens an easy way to the general sale of the substance, and
systematic cross-examination by the magistrates, on behalf of the public,
by departing still further from the principle of Sir John Hay's well- conceived
and that corroborative independent evidence should if possible be re-
bill goes far to give us an abortive measure.
quired ; and second, that in any case when the statements of the police
are discredited by a magistrate, the constables in question should, as Mr. Bruce stated on Monday night that some further amendments were
a matter of course, be put on their trial for perjury at the instance under consideration. Perhaps what we have written may suggest the
of the Chief Commissioner. The principle of the naval rule , that when direction which those amendments should take. Unless this matter be
a ship is lost or injured, no matter by what cause, the officer in com- sharply looked to we shall be not much better off with a Nitro- glycerine
mand should be called upon to defend himself before a court-martial , Bill than without it ; and this, we perceive , is a sort of danger very common
is
servsound,
ice. and capable of extension to other branches of the public nowadays whenever the convenience of manufacturers, companies, and so
forth, conflicts with considerations of general interest and the public good.
[ 687 ]
 12 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 30, 1869.

INDIAN AFFAIRS. THE TRUTH ABOUT IRELAND.

We have received the following from our Indian correspondent, dated AN article with this title has just appeared in the new number of the
June 24 :- Quarterly Review, enunciating some rather strong, and we dare say pretty
" Those who had the best means of testing the rumour, which was popular sound, doctrine on Irish affairs, and our mode of dealing with them. With
for a few days, that Herat had fallen, consistently expressed their disbelief the general views of our contemporary, however, we have at present
of the story, and more authentic information proves that their judgment nothing to do. But a note in the article referred to calls attention to the
was right. The tale ran that Shah Newaz Khan, who has as great a fact that, not only is " the truth about Ireland " not thoroughly known, but
reputation for intriguing with the Persians as his father, Sooltan Jan, that, even in official documents, it does not seem to be very fully or fairly
was outside the city with a large body of cavalry, waiting his opportunity, stated. Indeed, it would almost appear, in at least one important instance,
and that Ibrahim Khan, the governor, and son of Shere Ali, was obliging to be utterly misstated or disguised. We have looked into the allegations
enough to give him a chance by going off on a hunting expedition. As soon of the Quarterly Review with some care, and the circumstances of the case
as he was well beyond the walls Shah Newaz Khan and his men rushed are these.
in and carried the fortress by a coup de main. There was an air of impro- A return was obtained by Sir Thomas Bateson, and printed by the
bability about the whole affair, for deficient as Ibrahim Khan is in the art House of Commons in June last (Parliamentary Paper, No. 266), giving
of war, it was hardly possible that he should abandon his charge with the the number of agrarian murders which had been committed in Ireland in
knowledge that his rival was only watching his departure in order to seize 1867 and 1868, and up to May 10, 1869, and the number of instances in
the place ; and if Shah Newaz Khan was in the neighbourhood with two which the perpetrators had been made amenable to justice. The total of
thousand horsemen it was even less possible that Ibrahim should not have the return for the two years and a half was given as eight murders, in six of
been aware of the circumstance. So far from Shah Newaz Khan having a which the authors had been made amenable. This account contrasted so
considerable following, he has been reduced by misfortune to sue for strangely with an imperfect list which we published in an article last
reconciliation, and the Ameer is said to be inclined to forgive him and to May, showing within the same period thirteen murders and no detections,
find him a home at Cabul. that we made further investigation into the cause of the discrepancy, and
" Ishak Khan, another troublesome adversary of Shere Ali, is now in the result we now lay before our readers. It is in brief this : We include
Bokhara, and has been courteously received by the Ameer of that country, the cases (comparatively few) where the victims have been only severely
who, without the means of paying his own tribute, can scarcely do more wounded and have survived, for of course, as far as the danger of citizens
than show him hospitality. The last straw has been laid on Syud Musafir's and the state of crime is concerned, the circumstances of a little
back, by the demand that he should surrender his son and daughter as better or worse aim on the part of the assassin, or a little more
hostages to the Russians, and overtures for stirring up a rebellion against or less skill on the part of the surgeon, are wholly irrelevant. Between
the invaders are said to have come from Khokand and Shulu-i- Sabz. So April, 1868, and July, 1869, there have been fourteen murders, nearly all
there is a chance, though not a likelihood , of a Mussulman confederacy at complete, and in only one case as yet have the murderers been detected.
the eleventh hour ; and were the outbreak of the Kirghiz on the northern This is a very different account from the eight murders and six detections
side of the Steppes to assume large proportions the Russians might have to given in the published return. Our facts are taken from the official
postpone their work of civilization in the region of the Jaxartes. constabulary reports. The truth appears to be --though it is scarcely
"Meanwhile the Ameer of Afghanistan is interesting himselfwith internal credible that in preparing the parliamentary return the compilers
reforms, and Indian politicians are curious to see whether he will be strong actually stated, as cases in which the murderers had been " made
enough to carry them out. In proposing to substitute cash allowances for amenable to justice," all in which any one had been arrested on
rent-free tenures, to discontinue the system of farming the revenues of suspicion but discharged for want of evidence. The details are as
provinces to their governors, to enforce sanatory measures in the large follows :
towns, and to abolish the practice of allowing every man to wear arms, he 1868. April 15. - Westmeath. Mr. Featherstonehaugh, J.P. and D.L. , killed.
runs counter to the prejudices of the people, and therefore is likely to meet Three men arrested, but discharged.
with opposition. Much will depend on the temper which he shows in such July 5. -Queen's. Philip Tierney, killed. The supposed murderer arrested and
a case. His idea is to have all revenue paid into a central treasury, to discharged, but subsequently fled to America.
maintain a standing army of some 26,000 men, subservient to himself August 14. -Tipperary. Mr. Scully, wounded : Samuel Morrow and Darby Gorman,
alone, and to distribute them amongst the various garrisons by a regular killed. Fifteen arrested, but no evidence procurable to warrant their detention.
system of relief. Unless he can make retrenchments, he has at present Dec. 31. -Tipperary. Mr. Baker, J. P. , killed. No clue to the assassin.
only about £ 200,000 a year available for keeping up this force. 1869.—Mr. Anketell, station-master at Mullingar, killed. No one yet detected or
"There was a plentiful crop of cotton in the Berars last season. punished.
Some of the stock still remains on hand, and owing to the monsoon will not Jan. 27. -Tipperary. Edmond Tracey, farmer, killed. One man in custody on
now be delivered in Bombay till November. Prices have been high, but suspicion.
keen competition has ruined the dealers, who have been bidding against March 31. -Tipperary. Richard Topham, farmer, killed. Two men arrested and
one another in the hope that the men of small substance would succumb, discharged.
and that those who had the longest purses would be eventually in a position April 24. Tipperary. -Mr. Bradshaw, J.P. , killed. Verdict, " Persons unknown. "
to dictate their own terms. No such luck has come to any of them, and One man taken into custody on suspicion.
the peasants alone have been the gainers. The first sod of the railway to April 28. Westmeath. --Captain Tarleton, killed. Several persons arrested and
Khamgaon has been turned, and a hope has been expressed that discharged.
June 12. Leitrim. -Patrick Flynn, farmer, beaten to death. Three murderers
Oomrawuttee, another great mart for the staple, may shortly be benefited
by a similar branch. punished by imprisonment, and one by penal servitude.
" The Financial Office has lately published returns of the customs duty July 11. Galway.- Captain Lambert, severely wounded. Supposed assassin [in
custody.
collected upon articles of import and export of British India for the year
July 19. Queen's.-Mr. Warburton, J. P. , D.L. , and High Sheriff, severely wounded.
which ended on the 31st of March last. Imports have realized for the
Assassins "unknown. "
State £ 1,819,565, and of this sum piece goods have contributed £ 530,017 ,
other cotton manufactures £318,874, beer £ 9,611 , spirits £ 164,525, and In all, eleven killed, three severely wounded, and only two or three of
wine £ 61,673. The duty on exports amounted to £ 516,274. Of this the cases, at the outside, not agrarian in character ; and all in sixteen
£ 34,764 was for indigo and £364,081 for grain. months. In one case only have the murderers been brought to punish-
" There is a useful measure, which the British Government adopted at ment, and in one more a conviction is hoped for. No life has been
an early date from native States, of making advances to landholders from forfeited for so many lives taken.
the Treasury for the improvement of the soil by the construction of wells, The two gravest features of this matter are-first, the almost absolute
reservoirs, embankments, tanks, and, in times of distress, for the purchase impunity with which crimes of this sort are committed in Ireland ; and,
of seed-grain. This system of relief, saving the people as it does from secondly, the strange indifference with which this impunity appears to be
extortionate money-lenders, has always been acceptable, specially after regarded by the authorities in Ireland and by the Government here. Both
famine, when every expedient is necessary to enable the impoverished rural seem to acquiesce in it as a normal and incurable state ofthings. It surrounds
communities to recover themselves. Its advantages were at once recognized both the life and the feelings of land occupiers and landowners in
in 1837-8 by Lord (then Mr. ) Lawrence, when drought had laid his district Ireland with utter insecurity, but does not disturb the serene sleep
low, and by many of his brother civilians in other parts of the famine- of either the Lord Lieutenant or the Home Secretary. Not only
stricken country. But of late district offices have been lax in its applica- are these outrages growing more frequent, but the perpetrators are
tion, until of a sudden Mr. Morris, the Chief Commissioner of the Central more and more able to escape detection. Three causes contribute
Provinces, has surprised us by intimating that in May last he lent £ 7,833 to this dangerous and demoralizing impunity. They are no longer, as
for this purpose. The present Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West formerly, committed by order of Ribbon conspirators, but each aggrieved
Provinces, Sir William Muir, is known to be favourable to the scheme, and or angry man murders on his own responsibility, and has no accomplices to
as an example has now been set it is to be hoped that it may be largely betray him. In the next place, the tenants generally, even where they do
followed. not actively sympathize with the murderer, believe that the murders do good ;
"Rain has fallen partially, but the monsoon cannot be said to have come that they influence the English mind and keep improving landlords
in its full force yet. Till the ground has been well saturated anxiety must "in order," and that the more numerous and undetectable they are,
prevail, for if a second season of drought takes place there will be famine, the more likely they are to drive Mr. Gladstone into a large and
in the widest sense of the word, throughout the Doab, Rajpootana, and liberal land measure . Lastly, the sort of tacit apology or gentle dis-
Central India. Hitherto there has been great distress, though no general approval these outrages meet with among politicians of advanced
absence of food. In Bundelcund the lower classes have lived for some opinions here reacts strongly to prevent their condemnation over there.
weeks on the fruits of jungle trees, but this source of supply is failing, and Crime never punished and only faintly blamed will seldom be much
they are turning to their richer neighbours for support. The Maharaja of recoiled from.
Rewah is spending money bravely, as much as £ 350 a month on food, The matter is more serious than our Government, busy with their
and £ 1,500 a month on works on relief. His liberality has had a good legislative and party struggles, have yet realized. Whatever happens, and
effect on others, and those who have the power to help are doing their best whatever measures are necessary, this impunity must be put an end to.
to mitigate suffering." We have just spent nine millionsand destroyed thousands of lives in Abyssinia
[ 688 ]
 PALL MALL BUDGET. 13
JULY 30, 1869. ]

to rescue a few captives, in order that the prestige of the English name yet has never had a competitor, in support of his view. But the parallel
and English power should not be impaired, though no English blood had is extremely imperfect. The main condition of a money-order system
been shed. Yet we allow a man a month to be assassinated in Ireland is an absolute guarantee that the money paid in at one office will be
(with a purpose), and the whole dignity and authority of law at home paid out at another, and no private company could give this to
(surely as important as prestige abroad) to be set at nought and brought the same extent as a Government department. But the mere transmission
into contempt, and remain all the while as impassive and as helpless as if of telegraphs from one town to another might be done quite as well
these things were uncomfortable and unavoidable gusts of wind and by a private company as by the Post Office. What the Post
nothing more. Office can do better than any other organization is to extend and
(Mr. Anketell's murder, we may observe, though not agrarian in origin, maintain a telegraph system over the whole kingdom ; and in consideration
was distinctly agrarian in character. He was slain because he had evicted of the great benefit it will thus confer on the public, it has a fair claim to
a man from his employment-just as Mr. Baker was slain because he was protection against competitors who would share its profits without sharing
about to evict a man from his farm. ) its responsibility. As to the particular proposal which was before the
The number of agrarian outrages reported has risen from 87 in 1866 to House of Commons even Mr. Scudamore is on the side of mono-
123 in 1867 and 160 in 1868. poly. If it is a good thing that the Post Office should be protected
against competition, there is nothing to be gained by insisting that this
protection shall endure only for a limited time, and be renewable at
THE GOVERNMENT AND THE TELEGRAPH the discretion of Parliament. For all practical purposes the continuance
of any legal privilege must be dependent on the will of Parliament
COMPANIES.
for the time being. The only case in which there is any advantage in
MR. FOWLER was able on Monday night to produce a very formidable array limitations of this kind is when the Government does not wish to ask,
of figures in opposition to so much of the Telegraphs Bill as relates to the or is unable to obtain, the full powers it requires. Under these circum-
price paid by the Government to the telegraph companies ; and from Mr. stances it may be well that Parliament should be compelled to entertain
Lowe's desire to " wash his hands " of all responsibility for the transaction , the subject again, when it may be disposed to make its conces-
it may be inferred that there is at least one member of the Government sions more complete. We should be glad, for example, if most of
who thinks the bargain a bad one. It is by no means pleasant to find that the the Permissive Acts in which the statute book is so rich were
shareholders of a company think their property worth four times as much to come to an end at a fixed time, as there would be so much the more
after they have contracted to sell it as it was worth while in their own hands. chance of their provisions being made peremptory. In the present case,
When a £25 share sells for £ 16 in July, 1867, and for £70 in July, 1869 , the only result of limiting the privileges of the Post Office to a period of
there is certainly ground for suspecting that any dealings with the company seven years would be to necessitate an unprofitable discussion, and waste
in the interval have been decidedly to the company's advantage. It must the time of Parliament, when the seven years are ended.
be borne in mind, however, that in buying the telegraphs the Government The determination to begin with a shilling rate seems to be reason-
are buying property which has immense capacities of growth. The able enough. Mr. Scudamore has very little doubt that the Post
business of the established companies has largely increased from Office " could afford, if that were the only question, to commence
year to year, and to take it out of their hands now is to deprive with a sixpenny rate," and if this calculation proves correct, he is
the proprietors of the prospects which have had a large, perhaps no doubt right in expecting that the charge will be lowered to sixpence in
two or three years. But a sixpenny rate " would bring an enormous
the largest, share in inducing them to invest money in the con-
cern. If a man is content with a moderate interest for his capital for increase in the number of messages," and the Post Office authorities
are unwilling to bring this additional work upon themselves until
five years in the hope of a very great return later, it is not fair, in forcing
him to sell at the end of three years, to take only his present profits into they know accurately what number of messages they can carry with their
account. The companies did not come to the Government as suppliants present staff. Their operations are sure to be criticised at starting with
asking to be relieved of liabilities they were unable to bear. They were some severity, and if they were to rush into a very large amount of new
made to part with a business which had had its share of success, and which business before they had tested their powers in respect to it, they would be
promised, with careful management, to have a larger share by-and-by. simply courting discredit. The interests of that small section of the
With this element of uncertainty in the calculation it would have been public which habitually sends sixpenny messages is not to be weighed
impossible to effect a compulsory sale on any terms that were not against the immense general gain which will result from there being no
extremely liberal. It is something in favour of the view that they higher charge than a shilling.
are not too liberal- (which view, however, we do not venture to justify) --
if the profits have so increased since the bargain was made as to reduce
the twenty years' purchase fixed by arbitration to less than seventeen PREACHING IN THE ROMAN AND ENGLISH
years' purchase. If, therefore, the business of the existing companies CHURCHES.
had gone on rising in this proportion, the present price might in another
year or two have represented only the twelve and a half years' purchase THE preacher is a man of many kinds. He is the promising graduate who ,
which Mr. Fowler contends the Government ought to have paid. with the graceful assurance peculiar to youth, explains to you in half an
Lord Hartington's proposal to omit the words restricting the monopoly hour the origin of evil. He is the ardent polemic, bold in the absence of
of the Post Office to seven years adds considerably to the complete- opposition, who refutes the shallow infidel, and slays many a man of straw.
ness of the bill. That in this case competition is not necessary for He is the large and wheezy ecclesiastic who whines, gazes, and bursts into
the public interest we have no doubt Mr. Walter laid great stress tears as he beholds in his discourse the " rose fade upon the cheek of
upon Mr. Scudamore's evidence before the Select Committee last year, beauty," or conducts the incorrigible sinner gently but firmly to his ever-
but he omitted to take any notice of the qualifications which Mr. lasting doom. He is the gentleman from Oxford in green stole, with his
Scudamore introduced into his statements in his evidence before the hair parted in the middle and a slight but mortified stoop, who asks
Select Committee this year. No doubt Mr. Scudamore expresses you to believe in himself and be saved. He is the fervid Evangelical
entire confidence in the power of the Post Office to defy competition. with a fatal flow of language, who having failed to satisfy the fastidious
The existence of such a feeling on the part of the officials upon requirements of the Cambridge examiners, considers human learning sinful,
whom the work will devolve is almost an indispensable condition and devotes himself to the solution of texts without any superflous study.
of granting them a monopoly. If there were not ample evidence He is the inaudible reader of moral essays, the inarticulate bellower of
that the work will be thoroughly well done by the Post Office, the Govern- spontaneous rhapsodies ; he is the man who preaches a fair sermon in
ment would not be justified in forbidding other people to do the same manuscript from one text, or who, most unfairly armed with a Bible, turns
work, and when such evidence is forthcoming the Post Office officials must out a dozen texts and preaches a dozen little sermons one after the other
be unduly distrustful of themselves if they did not feel that they can secure as he goes along. Sometimes, too, he is the grave and elegant scholar,
a practical monopoly of the telegraphs whether they have a legal monopoly whose dull delivery leaves you dead to the merits of an essay full of lucid
or not. It may be argued , indeed, that if it is for the public interest that the thought and condensed reasoning ; and rarely he is the born orator, who,
Post Office should possess the exclusive privilege of sending telegraphs , it perhaps, has nothing to say, and says it admirably ; or who, having good
would not have been deprived of it even if the limitation to seven years had matter, has no time to prepare it, and is called a fine but very unequal
been left standing ; but it does not follow that the grant of a legal monopoly preacher. We seldom find a man of real eloquence who thinks it worth
may not be needed to protect the Post Office, and consequently the public, while to study for the pulpit ; or a man of great learning who thinks
against occasional loss. Mr. Scudamore admits that there may be many it worth while to preach. If we turn to France the difference strikes us at
instances in which a private company could afford to carry messages at a once. We find, it is true, less interest in religion , and much less freedom
lower rate than that charged by the Government , for the simple reason of speech, but Paris can always boast of some preacher who is known
that the Government has to calculate for the whole kingdom, whereas throughout the Catholic world ; and is sure, moreover, to have
these companies would only have to calculate for a very small area com- been heard by thousands of Englishmen and Americans. Not that the
prising within itself an exceptional proportion of business . It is conceiv- " conferences " at Notre Dame are to be upheld as models for all sermons,
able, for example , that it might pay to carry messages between Manchester but it cannot be doubted that such discourses greatly tend to preserve the
and Liverpool at a sixpenny, or even a threepenny rate. If there were Church's intellectual dignity and to promote efficient preaching. Some years
no monopoly the Post Office, which proposes to charge a uniform rate of ago, the Archbishop of Paris, alarmed at the contempt into which the
one shilling over the whole country, might be practically driven out of the Catholic faith had fallen amongst the educated classes, summoned Lacor-
market by a private company transmitting messages between these two towns daire to the pulpit of Notre Dame. Ravignon , Felix, and Hyacinthe are
only. In this way one great source of profit would be lost, and one of amongst his illustrious successors. Crowds of men have been in the habit
the main supports perhaps of the calculations on which a uniform of attending these conferences, but then the preachers were all remarkable.
shilling rate is based would be withdrawn . The result would be that Some of them were ardent politicians as well as divines. Their experience
the rate would have to be raised, and that the whole population would of life had been wide and varied, and what is more to the point, allof them
suffer in order to save the pockets of the inhabitants of two or three possessed great oratorical gifts, and had employed all the resources of study,
towns. Mr. Scudamore was inclined , we think, last year to underrate time, and opportunity in bringing them to perfection. The Church
the extent to which this competition might be carried on, and he quoted had singled them out and set them aside ; she had charged
the case of the Money-order Office, which enjoys no legal monopoly, and herself with their training, and offered them every advantage and facility.
[ 689 ]
 14 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 30, 1869.

At stated times they might retire to lonely monasteries, surrounded only drals to raise the standard of preaching ; but how few of the eminent men
by a few poor cottages, and there submitting themselves to the austere rules who speak from them have any pretensions to be called preachers ! The
ofmonastic life, revive something of the fervour and the complete garb ofthe very fact that reading is the rule before the university casts a slur upon
old monastic orders. Once or twice a year they were summoned to Paris, pulpit eloquence. The special services in St. Paul's and Westminster Abbey
where they were called upon to deliver from the cathedral pulpit those offer a golden opportunity for reform. But how are they at present con-
conferences which it had taken them so many months of labour and ducted ? The sermon is not even isolated, but is the usual appendage to
meditation to prepare. One of these, lately delivered by Père Hyacinthe, prayers, and the preachers, even when they are good speakers, which is not
is now lying before us. Its very title seems to separate it from our general always the case, preach as they would to any ordinary parish congregation.
conception of a sermon- " Of Civil Society in its Relations to Domestic Now, for ordinary purposes the ordinary sermon has its advantages. The
Society." preacher is expected to be homely and practical. Of course all sermons ought
It will be easily inferred that this kind of preaching is not to be practical, but surely the special sermons at our cathedrals might be
merely emotional or moral, but has some pretensions to be called that, and something more. The matter might be better suited to the
philosophical. The necessity of establishing certain premisses in occasion, and the occasion to the matter, and the preacher to both. The
each course puts the orator into direct and satisfactory relations with his attention of the congregation should not be previously exhausted by a long
audience. Thus one great evil of our sermons is avoided - we never quite service, but, as in Notre Dame, the congregation should come fresh to the
know what the preacher starts from. He has a large number of question- sermon. The sermon should be one of a well-prepared course ; and if
able and unquestionable doctrines, and he mixes them all up together, and properly thought out and preached by a really eloquent man, might surely
flounders about in them for half an hour. This is called a sermon on a last more than half an hour without fatiguing the assembly. At West-
text. But the philosophical form of the conference forbids this. From the minster and St. Paul's at least some means might be taken to secure the
beginning the premisses are stated. What is assumed and what is not best known preachers. And if this were done their sermons would do
assumed is equally clear ; and although you may not agree with a single much towards removing the slur now cast upon the English pulpit, by
sentiment you can listen with interest, because you understand where the supplying models of eloquence which would raise the level of preaching
preacher starts from and you are able to follow him to the close. throughout the country.
The Church of England produces no Lacordaires, Ravignons, Felixes,
and Hyacinthes, and the reason is plain. If we look at the lives and
training of her clergy, the wonder is, not that we have no great national FIELD GUNS AND BREECH-LOADING AMMUNITION
preachers within her pale, but that we have any good preachers at all.
FOR INDIA.
From the early dawn of parsonic life, in humble celibacy, to its close
in the centre of a numerous family and an overpopulated district, preaching THE Indian Field Artillery Committee have furnished a preliminary report,
is neglected, snubbed, or buried beneath the cares of much serving. What in which they recommend the adoption of a 9-pounder bronze rifled gun for
training or encouragement do the clergy receive to become good preachers ? general field service. We gave some particulars a short time ago of the
What does the university do for them ? Nothing at all. The young man is four guns under the trial ; the one now selected weighs 8 cwt. 14 lb.,
never called upon to open his mouth before it. What does the bishop do ? and has a preponderance of 9 lb. Its total length is 72.1 inches ; the
He hears him blunder through a few hastily written sentences, or whizz for length of bore, 63.5 inches ; length of rifling, 59.8 inches. The calibre is
a few moments in agony round his text, like a cockchafer on a pin, and 3 inches ; and the gun has three grooves, of the " Woolwich "
then dismisses him with an adinonition to write grammar and to speak form, 0.8 inch wide, and with a twist of 1 in 90. The projectiles are fitted
distinctly. What does his parish do for him ? It teaches him something with zinc studs, similar to those supplied for the 7 - pounder Abys
of human nature to be sure, it improves his arithmetic at the penny bank, sinian equipment. The charge is 1 lb. 5 oz. Wrought-iron carriages
and cultivates his sympathies in the direction of the soup kitchen and the are to be supplied with these guns ; and it is, we understand, proposed to
clothing club. On Sunday if he preaches a bad sermon it sleeps ; if a good proceed forthwith with the manufacture of a complete equipment for six
one, it is still impassive. It not only does nothing for his preaching, but it batteries, with the exception of so much ofthe woodwork as can be profit-
expects him to do that and everything besides. ably and expeditiously made in India. Probably about January or February
In the Catholic system, the almoner is not expected to confess, the nextthe guns, carriages, and ammunition will be ready to be despatched to
confessor does not necessarily preach, nor the preacher say mass. Each their destination.
has what is termed his vocation, and finds his niche for study, experiment, The question of projectiles will not, we suppose, be definitively deter
and perfection in an admirably organized ecclesiastical system. But with mined until the report of the Dartmoor Committee is rendered, and this
us, it seems the labourers are too few for there to be anything like a can hardly be for a few weeks. Then some decision will be come to as to
division of labour. At all events, we certainly do not single out fit men the proportion of segment shell, if any, to be retained ; and whether it is
and cultivate them for the pulpit. The excellent visitor is set to preach , worth while to supply common shell of this calibre for field service. But
and the good preacher to visit, and no special training is provided for either. there is one question which scarcely need await the report on the Dartmoor
We have seen that it is next to impossible for the active curate to give much trials the question, namely, of supplying some field pieces of greater
attention to preaching ; but when he becomes a vicar or a rector, his time and calibre for field use, to throw shells of larger powder capacity, and, if
powers are still more absorbed. He is, then, the head of and responsible required at high angles, to " lob " into field works. In this direction our
for various institutions, which, as curate, he only shared in administering. home as well as Indian artillery needs reform, as the Dartmoor experi
His income is limited , but not his family. Constant pressure from without ments showed very plainly, and as we have more than once pointed
interferes with his mental culture ; and, being obliged to make up his mind out. Until the Armstrong system was introduced, howitzers always
by next Sunday, he prefers going over the beaten track instead of venturing accompanied batteries in the field, and the sooner we return to this
into " fresh fields and pastures new." If he ever arrives at the dignity of a class of ordnance the better. At home we have, it is true, the
dean or prebendary, by that time his mental habits are probably confirmed. 20-pounder breech-loading batteries, which may perhaps be regarded
He may, indeed, become a bookworm, or continue to be a good practical as in some sort the equivalents of the old 24- pounder howitzers,
man of business ; but it is too late to commence the discipline which in although they are really very far from fulfilling the objects for which
carlier years might have produced a preacher. howitzers are needed. But in India no provision appears to have been
But all clergymen are not oppressed with parochial cares. Why do we made, or to be making, for the supply of powerful rifled shell guns, for
not find our preachers amongst the fellows of colleges and the incumbents field service, of any description ; and the determination of a pattern weapon
of chapels with no parochial cures attached to them ? Again, for obvious of this sort does not appear to have been included in the instructions of
reasons, the fellowship is in itself a profession, and whilst offering great the present Committee. And yet there is really no difficulty in the matter.
facilities for study and tuition it offers none at all for preaching. Nay, the It has been pointed out that the existing Indian 10 cwt. 9-pounder smooth-
hum of the lecture hall and the shout of the boat race effectually break up bore bronze gun, if bored out to 4.25 inches and rifled, would form a very
the seclusion of the cloister, while the atmosphere of the common room is efficient 20-pounder shell gun, or howitzer. The shell would contain from
even more inimical to the development of sacred oratory. 1½ to 2 lb. of powder, and the piece would admit of a firing charge of
The chapel incumbent without cure of souls is no doubt more favourably about the same weight. The cost of conversion would probably not exceed
situated. He has, indeed, time for study in the week, and if these from 3 to 4 a gun ; and the weight is such as would admit of the piece
incumbents were always chosen from among able speakers we might expect being easily drawn in India by eight horses, as a field howitzer of reserve.
them to develop into good preachers. But even then there would be As the Committee have decided in favour of a bronze gun, and have
serious difficulties to contend with. Let us consider. On Sunday the proved that such a gun will endure the wear of firing rifled projectiles,
preacher, if he has no curate, has to read prayers for an hour and a half. the adoption of this suggestion seems to follow almost as a natural
By that time his voice is probably fatigued and the freshness of his mind consequence ; for the necessity of having a proportion of heavier pieces in
gone. At all events, the attention of his hearers is exhausted, and no the field than the proposed 9-pounder, and greater shell power, is too
wonder. They are simply tired of sitting still. He then has to ascend obvious to call for demonstration. If in future battles field entrenchments
the pulpit and speak for half an hour to those more fit for sleep than are destined to play, as cannot be doubted, a more important part than
sermons. Practically, they manage to combine both ; but who can wonder hitherto , we must have guns wherewith to attack them ; and ordinary field
that under these circumstances church oratory flags ? guns, which are primarily designed for use against the personnel of an
Suppose, however (which is absurd), that both preacher and people enemy in the open, will not serve the purpose. We earnestly hope, there-
are fresh ; still that half-hour is fatal to anything like good preaching. fore, that before the existing Committee is dissolved it will be required to
The sermon must be of that peculiarly mixed character which is likely to consider the question of the supply of a certain proportion of field
destroy the development of any substantial line of thought. It must be howitzers throwing powerful common shell.
stuffed with texts and basted with " goodiness " until the mental fibre is The same arguments apply to the conversion of some of our large store
wasted and the thought dissolved. The greatest evil of all is that habit of bronze smooth-bore guns into rifled muzzle-loading howitzers, as
has familiarized us with this state of things, so that any attempt to shorten suggested by the Times a few days ago. At present the guns are useless ;
the service or isolate the sermon is looked upon with distrust. It is gene- if converted, they would fill an ugly gap in our artillery system, and prove,
rally admitted that the ordinary church service conducted in the ordinary no doubt, very useful weapons. In fact, the question of the adoption of a
fashion is tedious ; and yet what is to be done so long as the church- rifled field howitzer for home and Indian services, with suitable appliances
going public love to have it so ? for the attack of field works and rifle pits, is one which calls for immediate
We should naturally look to the pulpits of our universities and cathe- solution. Happily, the decision of the Indian Committee in favour of
[ 690 ]
 JULY 30, 1869. ] PALL MALL BUDGET. 15

bronze as a suitable material for rifled field guns appears to place a he may be compelled to do by the force of circumstances, how far he
very easy and economical solution within our reach. may slide in his downward course from the heights of dictatorship before
It was lately stated in the House of Commons that the service breech- he can pull up, is another affair. He evidently still trusts to his inven-
loading ammunition has failed in India. The statement was, it is true, con- tive genius as a framer of Constitutions, and hopes to strike out some
tradicted by the Secretary of State for War, although an admission of some new combination in the way of government, thanks to which personal
partial failure was made, together with the announcement that remedial government may co-exist with the outward appearances of constitutional
measures had been adopted. It may therefore be worth while to state in liberty.
a few words what, as far as we are able to gather, has really One prophecy I will venture to make, notwithstanding my long
happened. It has been found, we believe, that the ammunition has established belief that all predictions in respect of this country are dange-
in some instances undergone deterioration. The deterioration has rous I will boldly affirm by anticipation that whatever may be the
been observed at three points-the bullets, the brass case, and the iron projects submitted by Napoleon to the deliberations of the Senate, he will
base. This ammunition has not hitherto been packed in waterproof meet with no serious opposition in that august assembly. Our Conscript
packages, and the damp has thus had free access to it. The corrosion of Fathers are quite as unlikely to oppose liberal innovations when suggested
the exposed part of the bullets to a greater or less extent has followed as a by the Emperor as they were incapable of originating them against his
natural consequence, but it does not appear that the corrosion has affected will. There have been rumours, indeed, of a projected interpellation-
the accuracy of shooting. Indeed, the apex of a bullet may be largely amendment would be a fitter word- which is to be brought forward by
affected without spoiling the shooting ; and by simply varnishing the bullets Count de Sartiges, our ex-ambassador at Rome, and two of his colleagues,
such corrosion may be entirely avoided. in the event of the imperial proposals to the Senate falling short of the
With regard to the deterioration of the brass case, this appears to be imperial promises in the Message ; and it is just possible that such a
due to the chemical action of the powder, assisted by the presence of thing may come to pass, for there is a revolutionary current sweeping
moisture upon the brass, which in some instances, and especially in No. 5 over France just now whose influence may be felt even by senators ; but
pattern, in which the metal is thinner, is eaten into holes. Where the there is no fear of much contradiction - although there may be some
changes of temperature are very great and sudden, as in India, the unequal misgivings and many wise shakings of the head- at the Luxembourg. You
expansion and contraction of the bullet and brass case permits ofthe entry may take it for certain that such objections as may be raised will not go
of air charged with moisture down the side of the bullet, and thus a beyond what is required to relieve the insipidity of absolute unanimity.
destructive action becomes readily established. The remedy in this case, As to the period at which the public may hope to be informed of the
however, is also simple and inexpensive, and consists in the application of constitutional changes that have been effected by means of a senatus-
a thick coating of shellac with a lining of thin paper to the interior of the consultum, it was at first asserted that the whole of next month would be
case, thus interposing in fact a thickly varnished paper between the powder taken up by the senatorial labours ; but an imperial decree has within the
and the metal case. The point of the cap-chamber, which is in contact last few days fixed the 23rd of August for the opening of the session of the
with the powder, and which cannot be very easily protected, Conseils Généraux, and this may be taken as a proof that before that date
can be made of a less easily oxidizable metal. There remains the iron the work of the Senate will be completed, and the curtain will have fallen
base disc, which in great damp, notwithstanding that it is varnished, is on the great transformation scene of the Liberal Empire. Indeed , those
liable to become rusted. Such corrosion, however, in no way affects the who have remarked - and who has not ?-the peculiar superstition
serviceability of the cartridges, and it may be obviated by placing the of Napoleon III. in favour of certain dates, and his respect for anniver-
ammunition intended for storage in India in damp-proof packages. saries, make no doubt that he will spare no efforts to get his gift
This last plan appears, under any circumstances, to be absolutely to France ready for presentation on the grand centenary festival of the
necessary, just as it is necessary to pack saddlery and other 15th of August. The august shade of Napoleon I. , which has so long
goods for the Indian trade in exceptional cases ; because, although presided over our destinies, will be invoked to bless the new-born liberties.
the bullet and brass may be protected as we have described, the If his spirit is allowed to revisit this world and take cognizance of human.
powder in such a climate as India would be liable in time to become events, he will be reminded of those tardy and unavailing concessions
affected. Therefore we believe that for the future the ammunition which under the title of Acte additionnel he made to liberty in 1815. What
will be preserved from deterioration by the above arrangements- viz. first, will be the fate of the " additional Act " of the second Empire ? Will that
the varnishing of the bullet ; second, the lining of the case ; third, the same voice, which has made itself heard at every eventful crisis of our
employment of copper for the cap-chamber ; fourth, the adoption history during more than half a century, pronounce the fatal words, " It is
of a better form of package. The three first improvements will probably too late "? We shall soon see.
be applied to all ammunition for future manufacture whatever its destination ; In the meantime there has been a great deal of what I will make bold
the damp-proof package will be necessary only in exceptional climates. to call useless discussion about the numerical strength of parties in the
The statement that the ammunition has suffered from galvanic action is now prorogued Chamber. This seems the more idle as it is not at all
wholly unfounded . We derive from these discoveries the lesson that unlikely that a dissolution may after all be resorted to. But the well-
ammunition which has proved perfectly satisfactory under ordinary con- founded doubts that exist on such a matter are very significant as regards
ditions of service, at home and abroad, in Canada, Abyssinia, and else- the state of parties with us. You will bear in mind that the Legislative
where, must be exceptionally treated to satisfy the exigencies of some of Body is composed of 292 members, and that in consequence of
the more exceptionally severe climates in which our troops have to serve ; four double elections there are, in fact, at present, only 288 deputies.
and the acquisition of this experience affords no grounds for the exaggerated The ministerial papers assert that the Emperor, having taken
reports of failure which found expression in the House a few nights ago. his Ministers from the Right of the Chamber, is, in fact,
governing with the parliamentary majority. Strictly speaking, this
is true, for when the Chamber elected its secretaries they were all taken
FRANCE. from the Right, a manifest proof that there lay the majority. On the
other hand, the Opposition contends, with an equal show of reason , that
(FROM A PARISIAN . ) July 28. the interpellations of the Left Centre, which brought about the present
UNTIL Something transpires of the proceedings of the Senate (which is to crisis, were signed by 116 deputies ; that the forty members of the Left not
meet next Monday) we shall most probably have no political news here. only approved but went far beyond those demands ; that, therefore, the
There will be a short interval of repose-a halt in the " muddle," or the majority belongs to the Opposition which upset the Rouher Cabinet, and
gâchis, if you prefer a French word. The thing is of all countries, cannot be faithfully represented by MM. de Forcade la Roquette, Magne,
but with us it has, for many years, lost the accidental character Niel, Marshal Vaillant, and Admiral Rigault de Genouilly, the ex-colleagues
which distinguishes it elsewhere , and has assumed a chronic form ; of Rouher.
so we have got in a manner used to it, and do not kick and struggle The truth is that, notwithstanding all one hears of the multiplicity of
as violently as some of our neighbours would to get out of it. Many parties in France, the real difficulty of constitutional government with us is
journalists have seized the present opportunity for taking their brief that we have no strong parliamentary parties, which move with precon-
holiday, and those who remain are content to indulge in mild disquisitions certed action, and act under a sense of responsibility towards the country.
on the form which the liberalized Empire of the future must assume if it is We have no real homogeneous parties, and consequently no parliamentary
to live. forces. The Right is not a party. What strength can the Government
Of the plans of reform which are to be laid before the Senate, very little derive from its support ? Why, it was made by the Government itself, and
can be said at present. The Patrie has assured us that there is no dispo- has no independent existence. Ministers could tell to a penny and to a line
sition on the part of the Government " to reduce the senatus-consultum to how much each of these elections cost, what were the official letters and
the proportions of one of those incomplete and timid reforms which afford what the official bribes which secured those returns. The Right has
ill-disposed persons (esprits malveillants) a pretext for complaining that they votes, but no opinions. The Left again is an opposition, and a
have been hoaxed or mystified." On the other hand, the Peuple Français, formidable one, but it is not a party. What joint responsibility,
which receives, as everybody knows, still more direct inspirations, has what common programme can exist between Thiers and Bancel,
devoted its columns latterly to the task of ridiculing parliamentary between Garnier Pagès and Raspail ? Some of the men who are
government, and proving that it is of all political forms the most doing their best to overthrow the Government, and will probably
distasteful to France. Above all, we are told, the nation wishes that the succeed, hate each other quite as bitterly, and with quite as good reason,
"action of government should not be enervated," and a few days ago this as they hate the Emperor. The ultra-Liberals complain that they are.
favoured organ of the Emperor went so far as to say-- what perhaps is betrayed by their representatives, seeing that the Left has made no
true that universal suffrage attaches no meaning whatever to those collective protest against the prorogation. In this they are unjust. Though
parliamentary designations Third Party, Right Centre, Left Centre, and the prorogation was an impolitic, and, it may be said, an offensive act, it
the rest, adding jocosely that the people " would understand quite as well, was strictly legal, and it called for no protest ; but, had it been illegal, I
not to say better, what was intended if they were informed that the verily believe it would have been impossible to draw up any document
Sovereign, for reasons known to himself, had selected a Ministry from which could have commanded the collective signatures of the Left.
the north-north east, or the south- south-west of the Chamber. This The general, the dominant feeling is one of distrust. Even men of
may be very funny, but it does not indicate that the Emperor the same party, as I have said, distrust one another. The country distrusts
has at present any intention of sharing his power with Parlia the Government when it talks of Liberalism, and surely with reason ; the
ment, as the thing is understood in constitutional countries. What Government distrusts the country when it affirms that it is not revolutionary,

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 16 PALL MALL BUDGET. [JULY 30, 1869.

and who can say that the fears of the Government are unfounded ? It is proving impracticable. The abolition of those duties did not benefit the
a common and a true saying that France does not wish for consumer at all ; while the impost is so calculated, as a poll-tax, that a
revolution, but to conclude from thence that she is not revolutionary single family may be called upon for £ 120 for the three quarters in arrear.
is about as rational as to say that a man is not feverish
In some small places Government is trying to bully the people into paying
because he does not wish for fever. There were many symptoms in the by force. But the general belief is that the money cannot and will not be
recent elections that were far more revolutionary than liberal. Sensible paid. The pecuniary condition of Spain is wretched to the point of
men distrust both the Government and the country, and feel that they can ludicrousness. Thus, the Mediterranean squadron is cruising along the
rely on neither. The Liberal party may take honour to itself for the coast, and will arrive immediately at Barcelona. Why ? Because it is
projected reforms, but if it spoke truly it would admit that it has hoped that there will be money enough in the hands of the authorities at
been much helped in its onward movement by a blind force from Barcelona to give the squadron its pay. As a general rule in Spain, only
behind-or perhaps I should say from below- which has carried it the army is paid with any regularity—a bayonet is a handy weapon for
forward beyond its most sanguine hopes. It was an unexpected help, opening a till.
a sudden strength due to the first quick pulsations of the revolutionary It is the disgust caused by the weakness of the Ministry, and the
fever which had suddenly once more seized France. It is the fear corrupt jobbery of Madrid politics, which gives strength, or the appearance
of revolution, not the arguments of Liberalism, which has influenced of strength, to the Carlists, and enables them to frighten the country as
the Emperor. Whether he will be able to avert the threatening crisis they are doing just now. The Carlist cause itself, considered as a doctrine,
time alone can show, but revolution is a chronic malady with France, has little root in the country. Its youthful chief, " Carlos VII .," Monte-
due partly, it may be, to her natural temperament, but far more to molin's son, is, from all I can learn, a poor creature. He was brought up
a bad political regimen, and the unskilful quackery of her successive principally with his mother's family at Modena, before they were kicked
rulers. out of Italy ; and his absolutism is of the Southern, courtly, and clerical
type. That is to say, it is not a vigorous and speculative absolutism like
that of the Emperor of the French ; but an absolutism of lords-in-waiting
FROM AN ENGLISHMAN IN SPAIN. and chaplains, -goldsticks and wax candles, -which disgusts the brains,
and revolts the stomachs, of men of healthy intellect and knowledge. He
July 23.
left Paris, it seems, on the 17th inst., and has been seen this week
DURING the last month this unfortunate country has been chiefly occupied
on the Navarre frontier. The Isabelinos, in the meantime, are acting
in watching a " crisis " of great severity which has been going on at for themselves, and we hear every day of the arrests of generals
Madrid . I mentioned that after the establishment of the Regency , the of both factions. The Isabelino general, Vega, the Brigadiers
Ministry had been modified by the entry of two respectable Unionistas , Inestal and Olona, and the Colonels Alberni and Carbonell
Silvela and Herrera , into the places vacated by Lorenzana and Romero have been arrested this week ; and there are frequent movements of troops
Ortiz. Herrera , who held the post of Gracia y Justicia , on which all the from one part of the country to another. No army has yet appeared in
legal tribunals depend , took it into his head that, as revolutions are intended open invasion ; but the work of blood has begun after the true Iberian
to effect reforms , he ought to set going a reform in the department over which fashion, though as yet on a very small scale. A few Carlists found in
he had been called by a revolution to preside. So he issued a decree , the arms were shot at once, some days ago, in Aragon, if my information is
object of which was to make the judges irremovable , and to secure the correct. It seems that the Government has resolved - true to the tradi-
bench against the intrusion of unqualified persons. Immediately arose a tions of the last civil war-- not to view invasion by Carlists as a political or
storm , of which this decree was partly the cause and partly the pretext. military act, but to shoot them like mad dogs, wherever they are got hold of.
The Democrats and Republicans set up a cry that it was a violation of the This is doubtless an excellent plan, so long as your enemies are few, and
abstract rights secured by the Constitution , which was loudly joined in by you are sure to be able to beat them. But the awkward side of it is that where
swarms of true Spanish patriots anxious that a department rich in they happen to be numerous, and to get an advantage, they will do the same
berths for partisans should not be closed as a source of rewards by you ; and that whatever exacerbates war prolongs it. If the Carlists and
for party services . It soon became evident that the storm was too Isabelinos do manage to turn out on a good scale, we shall have all the
strong for the Ministry. They had approved the decree , and were respon- barbarism of thirty years ago over again, when prisoners of war were
sible for it, but they could not uphold it. And now the use of the decree , dragged from the gaols and butchered in the streets, and the corpses of officers
as a pretext, became visible . The Democrats , seeing how feeble Ministers roasted by the rabble in front of theatres. What makes such horrors at least
were, took occasion to urge another modification of their body -in short, a possible ? Precisely this, that the conduct ofthe managers of the revolution
new division of the loaves and fishes. We must always remember that hitherto has not been equal either to the undoubted justice of their cause,
the revolution was the work of a junction between Progressistas or advanced or the unexpectedly good behaviour of the common people. The Serranos,
Liberals, and Unionistas , or Liberal Conservatives. Without a coalition Prims, Figuerolas, Lagastas, & c., have broken down ; unequal to the
between these parties , it could never have happened ; nor would they occasion, they have jobbed for their friends and relations, even to the
have coalesced if they had not been damaged in their personal interests length of appointing functionaries who cannot read or write ; neglected prac
by the Court. But once set rolling , the revolution passed out of the control tical reforms, wasted time, and failed to restore the national credit- just as
of its makers , like all revolutions . So, the storm about Herrera's decree thoroughly as if they had been Bourbonists. It is not Bourbonists who
was really the assertion of radical democrats of more advanced type even say this, but respectable Spanish Liberals themselves, who regard the late
than Prim and Co. , that they, too, ought to have a share in the plunder. reign as what it really was -a mixture of tyranny, fanaticism, and pollution.
A 66 crisis " of weeks was the result. Nicknamed the cimbrios, One natural consequence of this weakness of the Government is the law-
after the old invading Cimbri of antiquity, they made an assault upon lessness prevailing, more or less, over the whole peninsula. In some parts
the banco azul, the Treasury bench of Spain . The debates were of Andalusia, it is said, there has been more crime during the last six
furious , the proposals of compromise endless ; mean passions and months than there had been during the previous six years.
blundering brains did their best and worst. At last a compromise was The friendly advice of the Times to sell Cuba does not seem to be
arrived at, and three new men acquired their places in the Government- received very cheerfully by the Spaniards. They cherish that island not
Ardanaz , Becerra , and Echegaray. The first took the portfolio of Figuerola, only as a feeding ground to which patriots may be sent for sustenance ;
the Finance Minister ; the second that of Ayala ; the third that of Ruiz but as a market for goods which in fair competition with those of other
Zorrilla , who went to Gracia y Justicia , in the room of the martyr of th