Kin2222 - Axial Skeleton
Kin2222 - Axial Skeleton
Kin2222 - Axial Skeleton
APPENDICULAR
The Skull
The Skull
Neurocranium Viscerocranium (Facial)
Bones Bones
Frontal Ethmoid
Occipital Inferior Nasal Concha
Parietal Lacrimal
Sphenoid Zygomatic
Temporal Vomer
Mandible
Maxilla
Nasal
Palatine
The Skull Frontal bone
Neurocranium
Parietal bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal
bone
Occipital
bone
Neurocranium Bones
Frontal
Occipital
Parietal
Sphenoid
Temporal
The Skull Frontal bone
Neurocranium
Parietal bone
Temporal
bone
Occipital
bone
Neurocranium Bones
Occipital Condyles Foramen
Frontal Magnum
Occipital
Parietal
Sphenoid
Temporal
The Skull Frontal bone
Neurocranium
Parietal bone
Sphenoid bone
- skull cap (calvaria)
Lesser Wing
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Parietal
bones
Labdoid suture
Squamoid suture
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Fontanelles
The Skull Ethmoid bone
Viscerocranium
Lacrimal bone
Nasal
bone
Viscerocranium
(Facial) Bones
Ethmoid Zygomatic
Inferior Nasal Concha
bone
Lacrimal
Zygomatic
Vomer
Mandible
Maxilla Maxilla bone
Nasal
Palatine Mandible
The Skull Ethmoid bone
Viscerocranium
Nasal
bone
Viscerocranium
(Facial) Bones Inferior
Ethmoid
Nasal
Concha
Inferior Nasal Concha
Lacrimal
Vomer
Zygomatic
bone
Vomer Palatine bone
Mandible
Maxilla bone
Maxilla
Nasal
Mandible
Palatine
The Skull
Viscerocranium
Viscerocranium
(Facial) Bones
Ethmoid
Inferior Nasal Concha
Vomer
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic
Palatine bone
Vomer Inferior Nasal
Mandible Concha
Maxilla
Nasal Maxilla bone
Mandible
Palatine
The Skull Nasal bone
Viscerocranium
Zygomatic
Lacrimal bone bone
Vomer
Ethmoid bone bone
Viscerocranium
(Facial) Bones
Ethmoid
Inferior Nasal Concha
Inferior Nasal
Lacrimal
Concha
Zygomatic
Vomer
Mandible
Maxilla
Nasal Maxilla bone
Mandible
Palatine
The Spine
+ Vertebrae
SUPERIOR
The Spine
1
2
3
4 Cervical
5
6
7
vertebrae (7)
1
2
3
• 24 Vertebrae 4
5
• 7 Cervical 6
7
Thoracic
• 12 Thoracic 8
9 vertebrae (12)
• 5 Lumbar 10
11
• 1 Sacrum 12
1
• 5 fused vertebrae 2
• 1 Coccyx 3 Lumbar
4 vertebrae (5)
5
Sacrum (1)
Intervertebral
disc Coccyx (1)
Curvatures of the Spine
Abnormal Curves of the Spine
Body
(body)
Pedicle
(arm)
Transverse Pr.
Lamina (elbow)
(forearm)
Spine
(hands)
General Vertebral
Anatomy Superior Superior
Vertebral Articular
Notch Facet
Intervertebral foramen
Spinal nerve
Cervical Spine
• 7 vertebra
• Lordosis
• Key Features:
• Bifid spinous pr.
• Transverse Foramen
• C1 (Atlas)
• No body or spine
• C2 (Axis)
• Dens
anterior
Cervical Spine
Typical Vertebrae (7)
lateral
superior
anterior
Cervical Spine
Atlas (C1)
lateral
superior
anterior
Cervical Spine
Axis (C2)
lateral
superior
Vertebral Artery
Cervical Spine Manipulation
Risk of Vertebral Artery Dissection, or Stroke (dislodged thrombus)
superior view
vertebral
artery
Thoracic Spine
• Kyphosis
• 12 vertebra
• Key Features:
• “giraffe” shaped spines
• Heart-shaped bodies
• Costal facets
Thoracic Spine anterior
lateral
superior
Lumbar Spine
• Lordosis
• 5 vertebra
• Key Features:
• Squat, thick bodies
• “moose” shaped spines
Lumbar Spine anterior
Typical Vertebrae (5)
lateral
superior
Normal Osteoporotic
Osteoporosis
• Imbalance between bone
formation (osteoblast) +
breakdown (osteoclast)
activity
• Symptoms:
• Back pain
• Compression Fractures
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar
Sacrum + Coccyx
• Kyphosis
• 5 Fused vertebra
• Key Features:
• Promontory
• Auricular surface
• Sacral canal + hiatus
• Coccyx (3-5 fused vertebrae)
lateral
Sacrum + Coccyx
posterior anterior
Vertebral Comparison
Size Body Shape Spinous Pr. Special Features
promontory, auricular
Sacrum Large 5 fused
surface
• Anterior
• Anterior of vertebral bodies
• Broad fibrous band
• Occipital bone to sacrum
• Posterior
• Posterior of vertebral bodies
• Narrow fibrous band
• Within vertebral canal
Longitudinal Ligaments
• Supraspinous Ligament
• On top of spinous processes
• Interspinous Ligament
• Between Spinous Processes
• Ligamentum Flavum
• Between Lamina Processes
Joints of the Spine
Joints of the Spine
• Atlanto-Occipital Jt
• Lateral Atlantoaxial Jt
• *medial jt not seen here
• Zygapophyseal Jt
• Intervertebral Jt
• *Costovertebral Jts
Atlanto-Occipital Joints
• Synovial joints between superior
articular facets of atlas + occipital
condyles of skull
• Allow for nodding (flexion/extension)
Atlanto-Axial Joints
• 2 lateral (LAJ)
• 1 medial (MAJ) joint between atlas and axis
• Similar to zygapophyseal joints
• Facilitates pivoting of the head
Transverse
Ligament of
Atlas
superior
Torn transverse ligament Fracture of Dens
Zygapophyseal (Facet)
Joints
• Plane, synovial joints between
articular processes of adjacent
vertebrae
• Stabilize column
• Stabilize column
L3
Disc Herniation
Costovertebral/Costotransverse
Joints
Thoracic Cage
Thoracic Cage
Composed of
• 12 Ribs (X2)
• Costal Cartilage
• Sternum
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xyphoid Process
• Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
Manubrium
Sternal angle
Facet for
Costal Cartilage Body
Xyphoid
Anterior view
process
Rib Anatomy
Tubercle
Costal angle