Chapter 1.3: Chapter details: Problems on Work and resistance circuit Work Problems Sl units Electrical power Electrical energy ProblemsRecap In previous class we have discussed about © Definition of resistance © Distinguish between resistance and resistor. © Colour coding of Resistor © Laws of Resistance © Specific resistance © Conductance © Conductivity © Calculation of resistance and resistivity of a given material © Derivation of resistance when the resistances are connected in series © Problem on series connection © Equivalent resistance of the circuit when three resistances are connected in parallel © Solved problem on parallel circuitsObjectives On completion of this period, you would be able to know Prefixes of SI units Correct use of Symbols for SI units Work as electrical quantity Work as thermal quantity Electrical power Electrical energy Problems on power and energy Solve problems relating to electric power and energy Calculate electrical energy (Electricity bill)Work Mechanical work 2-4 © Mechanical work is said to be done on a body when a force acts on it and the body moves through some distance. © This work done will be stored in the body in the form of energy. © The S.L. unit for work is joule or Newton-meter. Let F ~ be the force exerted on a body (Newton) d- be the distance travelled by the body (meters) Work done = Force x Distance (N-m (or) joule ) Electrical Work © Inelectrical units work is said to be done in a circuit when a current of one ampere per second flows due to a potential difference of 1 volt across the circuit. Work done = Voltage x Current « Time Work done = V I t (watt - second) Force ex © Force is that which changes or tends to change the state of rest of a body or of uniform motion in a straight line. © Itis the product of mass (kg) and acceleration(m/s?). F=mxa Let m= 1Kganda=1m/s? than F = 1N. © One newton is that force which can give an acceleration of 1 m/sec? to a mass of 1 Kg. © Gravitational unit of force is Kg-wt -- PAGE END --Problem 1 © A direct current of 0.02 amps is observed to flow through an electric circuit. How much charge is transferred through a section of the circuit in a time of 20 minutes. Given data Current I = 0.02 amps Time, t = 20 minutes t=20x60 t= 1200 seconds To find Charge =? Formulas required Solution Q=lxt Q=0.02 x 1200 Q=24coulombs -- PAGE END --Problem 2 © 1f80 Joules of work is done in moving 16 coulombs of charge from one point B to another point A in an electric field. What is the potential difference between points Aand B. Given data Work done W = 80 Joules Charge Q = 16 coulombs To find Potential difference, V Formulas required yw Q Solution Potential difference Work done Coulomb yew Q 80 16 V=5 Volts -- PAGE END --Sl units © The system of units used in engineering and science is the system Internationaled Unites (International system of units) usually abbreviated to SI units, and is based on the metric system. © This was introduced in 1960 and is now adopted by the majority of countries as the official system of measurement. © The basic units in the SI system are listed with their symbols, in table. Derived SI units Quantity Unit length metre, m mass kilogram, kg time second, s electric current ampere, A temodmamie | tin luminous intensity candela, cd amount of substance mole, mol © Derived SI units use combinations of basic units and there are many of them. Two examples are: Velocity — metres per second (m/s). Acceleration — metres per second squared (m/s’). © SI units may be made larger or smaller by using prefixes which denote multiplication or division by a particular amount. © The six most common multiples, with their meaning, are listed in table 1.2. Prefix Name Meaning M multiply by 1000 000 mega (ie. x 105)- multiply by 1000 K kilo (ie. « 103) . divide by 1000 m milli (ie. x 103) divide by 1 000 000 be micro (Le. x 10°) h divide by 1 000 000 000 nano (ie. x 10°) p . divide by 1 000 000 000 00 pico (ie. x 10°) Charge © The unit of charge is the coulomb (C) where one coulomb is one ampere second. (1 coulomb 6.24 x 108 electrons). © The coulomb is defined as the quantity of electricity which flows past a given point in an electric circuit when a current of one ampere is maintained for one second. thus, charge, in coulombs Qz=lt where Tis the current in amperes and tis the time in seconds. Force © The unit of force is the newton (N). © one newton is one kilogram metre per second squared. © The newton is defined as the force which, when applied to a mass of one kilogram, gives it an acceleration of one metre per second squared. Thus, force in newton's Fema Where mis the mass in kilograms and ais the acceleration in metres per second squared. Gravitational force or weight, is mg, where g = 9.81 m/s*.Work © The unit of work or energy is the joule (J) where one joule is one newton metre. © The joule is defined as the work done or energy transferred when a force of one Newton is exerted through a distance of one metre in the direction of the force. © Thus work done on a body in joules. Where W=Fs F is the force in newton's. s is the distance in metres moved by the body in the direction of the force. Energy is the capacity for doing work. -- PAGE END --Problem 3 © A mass of 100 kg, is raised by means of rope passing round a pulley wheel of 0.5 m diameter. Calculate the work done when the pulley makes 50 revolutions. Given data Mass m = 100 kg Diameter of wheel d = 0.5m No. of Revolutions N = 50 To find Work done, W =? Formulae required Work done W=Fx d F=mg,d=2nrxN Solution Force required, F = mg = 100*9.81 = 981 N 05. 2 r=0.25m Radius, r Distance covered in N revolutions = 21r *N = 2m (0,25) x50 =78.54m Total work done = F x d joules = 9817854 = 77047.74 joules Work done =77047.74 joules -- PAGE END --Electrical power ° ° ‘The instantaneous power, of an electrical device is defined as the work that is done per unit of time. It refers to the amount of electric energy converted to another form of energy ina given length of time. Power in an electric circuit is equal to, Power = Voltage x Current __Joule P=IV= Second The higher value of power can be measured in terms of kilo watts (kW) Now a days all the electrical equipment are represented in their name plates by its rate of doing work ie., power rating in watts. Some times power is measured in horse power (H.P) 1H.P = 735.5 watts Electrical energy ° ° Energy refer to the energy of moving electrons. In a complete electrical circuit, the voltage pushes and pulls electrons into motion. When electrons are forced into motion, they have kinetic energy, or the energy of motion. Aunit of energy, called the joule J. The electrical energy is measured in kWH 1 KWH = 1000 watt-hour 1 KWH = 1000 x 3600 Joule 1 KWH = 36 x 105 Joule. Conversion of units ° Mechanical power = 1 H.P (Horse Power) One horse power is defines as the power required to lift a weight of 75 kg for a distance of one meter in one second. 1#H.P = 75 kg-M/sec 1H.P = 75 x 9.81 N-M/sec 1#H.P = 735.5 wattsElectrical power = 1 kW = 1000 N-M/sec 1 kW = 1000 joules/sec 1kW=N-M/sec 1000 9.81*75 1kW =133 HP 1kw= 1 kWh = 1000 x 60 x 60 watt-secs 1 kWh = 36 x 105 watt sec 1 kWh = 36 x 10° joules or Newton-meter 1 kWh = 36 x 10° joules or Newton-meter 36x 10° 4.186 1kWh= 1 kWh = 8.6 x 10°Kcal (1 calorie = 4.186 joules) 1 kWh = 36 x 10° Newton-meter = 8.6 x 10°K-cal. -- PAGE END --Problem 4 © An electric bulb marked as 60 watts is connected to a voltage of 230 volts. Determine the current drawn by the bulb and the resistance of its filament. Also calculate the energy consumed, if the bulb is used in a day for 6 hours time. Solution We know that P=V x1 P = 60 watts, and V = 230 V Substituting the values in the power expression. 60 =230x! 60 230 1 1= 0.26087 A From Ohm's law we know that R = V/ I Resistance of the filament of the bulb R= 230 0.26087 R= 881.67 Ohms Energy = power x time Energy = 60% Energy = 0.36 KWh -- PAGE END --Problem 5 © What is the cost of running 5 hp motor of efficiency 80 % at full load for 24 hours at 80 paise/unit? Solution Given data Output = 5 HP Efficiency = 80 % T= 24hrs Rate = 80 paise/unit Cost =? Output power =5 x 735.5 = 3677.5 W output Input power = “4 efficiency _3677.5 0.8 = 4596.875 W Energy input =power xtime 24 1000 =4596.875 x =110.325 k Wh Cost of energy =110.325 x ©2 100 = Rs. 88.26 Ps. -- PAGE END --Problem 6 © Aresidential house has the following loads (i) 10 lamps of 60 W, working for 8 hours/day. (ii) Lamps of 100 W, working for 5 hours/day. (iii) Fans of 80 W, working for 12 hours/day. (iv) Heaters of 1000W, working for 3 hours/day. (v) One % Hp pump set of efficiency 85% running 2 hour/day. Calculate the monthly electricity bill at the rate of Rs.1.35 for first 50 units and Rs, 2.15 for the remaining units. Add Rs.10 as a meter rent per month. Wattage] Total Energy S.No|Particulars| NO- hrs/day Qty power | /day Ww Ww wh. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (=4*5)] 6*3) i) Bulbs 8 10 60 600 4800 ii) | Bulbs 5 6 100 600 3000 iii) | Fans 12 5 80 400 4800 iv) | Heaters [3 2 1000 2000 6000 v) | Pump set |2 1 432.65 |432.65 | 865.3 19465.3 Energy consumption/day = 19465.3 Wh = 19.4653 k Wh Energy consumption/month = 19.4653 x 30 = 583.958 Monthly bill = energy cost + meter rent =Rs(1.35*50+ 2.95x534)+Rs. 10=Rs. 1642.80+10 =Rs.1652.80ps, | ; 10m Pump Fig 1: Electric pump © Work done by the motor pump to lift 3000 kg mass of water through a height of 10 m against gravity. =m x gx height = 3000 x 9.81 x 10 = 294300 Kg-m. © This much of work is to be done by motor in a time of 30 minutes or 30 x 60 seconds. Work done by motor in 1 second will be _ 294300 30 x 60Kg-m/s = 163.5 Kg-m/s We know that 75 kg-m /s work done is equal to 1 HP 163.5 Kg.m/s of power in HP _ 163.5 75 = 2.10 HPThe output power capacity of the motor is 2.18 HP. -- PAGE END --Problem 7 © Two lamps of rating 220 V, 60 W and 220 V, 100 W are connected in series across 220 V supply. Calculate the voltage across each lamp and power consumption. What will be the power consumption if the two lamps are connected in parallel ? Solution Given data V=220V P,=60W P2=100W Vi, V2 =? P=? Resistance of 60 W lamp 2 Ri=v PL Ry = (200) 100 Ri= 806.7 9 Resistance of 100 W lamp Ro = (200) 100 Ro= 484.0 Total resistance when connected in series R=RitRz R= 806.7 + 484 R=1290.70 Current 1=¥ R 220 1290.7 1=0.1704A So voltage across 60 W lamp Vi=IRiVi= 0.1704 x 806.7 Vi= 137.5V so voltage across 100 W lamp V2=IRe V2= 0.1704 x 484 V2= 82.5 V Power consumption P=VI P= 220 « 0.1704 P=37.5W When the lamps are connected in parallel the power consumption = 60+ 100 =160W ++ PAGE END --Problem 8 © Three lamps of rating 230 V, 100 W, 200 W, and 500 W are connected in parallel across 200 V supply. Calculate the power dissipation of the each lamp at 200 V supply. Also calculate the resistance of the each lamp. Solution Voltage rating of each lamp =230V Voltage applied to each lamp =200V Resistance of 100 W lamp, ve Pi (230)? 100 Ri= Ri= Ri=529 0 Resistance of 200 W lamp, ee P2 (230)? 200 R= Ro= 264.59 Resistance of 500 W lamp, Ra= 105.82 Power dissipation of 100 W lamp, at 200 V ve Ri (200)? 529=75.6W Power dissipation of 200 W lamp, at 200 V ve Re (200)? 264 =151.23W Power dissipation of 500 W lamp, at 200 V ye Rs (200)? 105.8 =378.1W -- PAGE END --Problem 9 © Calculate the monthly bill of electricity charges for following load fitted in an electrical installation 20 lamps space 100 watt each working 60 hours a day. 10 ceiling fans 20 watt each working in 12 hours a day. 2 KW heater working 3 hours a day. 2 HP motor (1) = 85%) working 4 hours a day. Rate of charges for light and fan is 50 paise per unit and heater and motor is 65 paise per unit. Rate of charges for light and fan is 50 paise per unit and heater and motor is 65 paise per unit. Solution Output rating of the motor =2HP=2x735.5W Efficiency 1 = 0.85 - output Efficien = ry input Input power of the motor on which consumption of output electricity depends = FF ency _ 2735.5 ORS = 1730.58 W Lamp load Rating of lamp =100W No. of lamps =20 No. of hours working in a day =6 Total energy consumed in 6 1000 =100* 20xunits Ad of ——— lay or no. o! day Ceiling fan Heater Motor =12 kWh Rating of fan =120W No. of fans =10 No. of hours working in a day =12 Total energy consumed in a day or no. of ae lay =120%10 x42 100 = 14.4 kWh Rating of heater = 2 kW No. of heater No. ofhours working in a day =3 Total energy consumed ina day or no. of BAS =2x1x3 day =6kWh Rating of motor = 2HP No. of motors =1 No. of hours working in a day =4 Motor output in watts =2x 735.5 =1471 Motor input in watts _1471 0.85 = 1730.588its Total energy consumed in a day or no. of aw =1730.588 x 1 1000 = 6.922 kWh Total No. of units consumed for light and fan in a day =12+144 =264 Rate of charges for light and fan Ppaise unit = 0.50 No. of units per day = 26.4 Charge per day = 264 «0.5 = Rs. 13.2 Monthly charges = Rs. 13.2 x 30 = Rs. 396.00 Total no. of units consumed for heater and motor in a day =6+692 = 12.92 Rate of charges for heater and motor = 0,65 Palse unit No. 92, Charges 19.92 x 0.65 day = Rs. 8.398 Monthly charges = 8.398 « 30 = Rs. 251.94 Monthly Total charges = Rs.396,00 + 251.94 Total bill = Rs. 647.94Problem 10 © The following are the details of load on a circuit connected through a supply meter Light Tube light Heater 5 lights of 60 W each working for Ghours a day. Two fluorescent tubes of 125 W, each working for a One1000 W heater working for oa If each unit of electrical energy costs 60 paise, what will be the electricity. Bill for the month of September. The meter rent is Rs.5 per month. Rating of light = 60W No. of lights =5 No. of hours working in a day =6 units Total energy consumed in a day or no. of ‘by =60%x5x—© 1000 =18kWh Rating of tube =125W No. of tubes =2 No. of hours working ina day =3 it Total energy consumed ina day or no. on lay =125x2x 3 1000 =0.75 kWh Rating of heater = 1000 WNo. of heaters =1No No. of hours working in a day =3 Hrs Total energy consumed in a day orno. of _ ay =1xix 3. 1000 =3kWh Total no. of units consumed in a day = 5.55, No. of days in the month of September =30 Rate of charge = 0.60 P2S* unit Charges ——~~ = 5.55 « 30 x 0.60 month =Rs.100 Meter rent _ month = Rs. 5.00 monthly bill = Rs. 100 + 5.00 =Rs. 105 -- PAGE END --Problem 11 © Anelectric motor connected to 230 Volts supply draws a current of 8 amps. When loaded to full capacity. If the efficiency of the motor is 70 %. Determine the mechanical output of the motor and express it in H.P. BA | ¢ Fig 2: Circuit diagram Solution Electrical power supplied to the motor as input =V x I watts = 2308 = 1840 watts We know that / Efficiency = (= power - ) x 100 input power Efficiency of the motor is given as 70 % The output of the motor in watts __ input power in watts x efficiency) - 100 _ (184070) ~ 100 = 1288 watts We also know that 1 HP = 735.5 watts The output of the motor in HP — 1288 735.5 =1.75HPSummary In this lesson, we have learnt about © Prefixes of SI units ® Correct use of symbols for SI units © Definitions of SI system ® Work (mechanical form) ® Solved Problem ® Work as (Electrical) quantity ® Work as (Thermal) quantity © Electrical power © Electrical energy © Problems on work, power and energy based on mechanical and electrical quantities. © Problems on work, power and energy © Problem on electrical energyEnter the answer (a /b /c /d) in the appro] 1. Ohm’s law is not applicable in all the following cases except a. Electrolyte b. Arc lamps c. Insulators d. Vacuum tubes nN Ampere second could be the unit of. a. Voltage b. Charge c. Power d. Resistance » a. 10Nm b.15Nm c. 20nm d. none of the above 4. Avalue of mega is a. 10! b. 108 c. 10° d. 10° 5, Avalue of pico is a. 10° b. 10° c. 10% d. 10° Which of the following correct use of symbol for SI unit. . Ans Ans Ans Ans AnsFrequently Asked Questions Define mechanical work. Define electrical work and mention the unit. Define the thermal work and mention the unit. Define electrical energy and mention the unit. Define electrical power and mention the unit. Define the mechanical power and mention the unit Define thermal power ©oooo 000 0 A house has the following load © Animmersion heater 1000 W working for 2 hours a day. © 2kW heater working for 3 hours a day. © 10 lamps 100 W each working for 10 hours a day. © 5 ceiling fans 60 W each working for 10 hours a day. ® Calculate the monthly current consumption charges assuming Rs. 0.60 per unit with a monthly meter rent of Rs.2/- © Anelectric motor operated water pump is used to fill up a tank of dimension of 3m x 2m x 1.5m x at a height of 15 metres and is to be filled up in 20 minutes. Calculate the H.P. of the pump and the input power from the electric supply if the efficiency of the pump and the motor are 80% and 75% respectively. © An electric motor operated coupled to a pump has to fill up a tank of water of capacity 6,500 litres in 30 minutes time determine the capacity of the pump set in H.P. if the height to which the water is pumped in 12 metres. © Aresistance ‘R’ is connected in series with a parallel circuit comprising two resistances of 12 Ohm and 8 Ohm respectively. The total power is dissipated of the circuit is 70 Watt when the applied voltage is 20 Volt. Calculate ‘R. ® A lamp is marked 100 W, 250 V. Determine the current drawn by the lamp when connected across the rated voltage. What is its hot resistance. © Ahouse has the following load © Animmersion heater 1000 W working for 2 hours a day.2 kW heater working for 3 hours a day. 10 lamps 100 W each working for 10 hours a day. 5 ceiling fans 60 W each working for 10 hours a day. Calculate the monthly current consumption charges assuming Rs. 0.60 per unit with a monthly meter rent of Rs. 2. © Aconsumer has the following loads 10 lamps of 60 W each working for 10 hours per day 2 fans of 75 W each working for 12 hours per day 1 heater of 1.5 kW working for 2 hours per day If unit charge is 70 paise, find the electricity bill for the month of November 1991. Meter rent is Rs. 5 per month. © For the circuit shown in figure. Determine the power consumed by each resistance, the total power. AWW\- 5.60 240V © Anelectric motor of 3 HP output capacity is fully loaded while being connected to a supply of 230 V, draws a current of 10 A. Determine the efficiency of the motor ++ PAGE END ~~