COMPUTER SYSTEM

OVERVIEW
CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
• INPUT UNIT
• OUTPUT UNIT
• THE CPU THE MEMORY
 INTRODUCTION
• Computer is an electronic device which accepts input and perform
some operations (processing) and gives the output.
• Computers deliver so much, diligently and efficiently, all thanks to the
wonderful combination of their hardware and software.
1. Hardware- The physical electronic components of a computer are
called hardware. eg.keyboard, CPU, monitor. printer etc.
2. Software-These are the recorded instructions and programs that
govern the working of a computer.
BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
 INPUT UNIT
• The input unit is formed by the input devices attached to the computer.
• An input unit takes the input and converts it into binary form so that it can be
understood by the computer.
• Examples of input devices and media are:
1. Keyboard: keyboard is a typewriter like device which is used to type
in the letters, digits and commands.
2. Mouse: mouse is a pointing device with either a roller on its base or
some laser mechanism. Mouse controls movement of pointer on screen
3. Magnetic ink character reader (MICR)
4. Optical mark reader (OMR)
5. Optical character reader (OCR)
6. Joystick
 OUTPUT UNIT
• The output unit is formed by the output devices attached to the computer.
• Output Unit converts the output in binary form to human readable form. i.e
characters, audio or video form.
• Some popular output devices are:
1. Monitors: It is the most common form of output from a computer. It
displays information in a similar way to that television screen. The picture on a
monitor is made up of thousands of tiny coloured dots called pixels i.e picture
elements.
2. Printers: printers are the devices that deliver information by means of
printed characters on paper.
3. Speakers: speakers receive the sound in form of electric current from the
sound card and then convert it to sound format audible to user.
 THE CPU
• The CPU or the Central Processing Unit is the main control centre and
processing unit.
• It is also called brain of the computer as it guides, directs, controls
and governs the performance of a computer.
• The CPU has some sub-components that help in carrying out the
processing of a task.
there are
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
2. Control Unit (CU)
3. Registers
 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
• ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations.
• For logical operations also, the numbers to be compared are sent
from memory to ALU where the comparison takes place and the
result is returned to the memory. The result of a logical operation is
either TRUE or FALSE.
 CONTROL UNIT
• The CU controls and guides the interpretation, flow and manipulation
of all data and information.
• The CU sends control signals until the required operations are done
properly by ALU and memory.
• Another important function of CU is the program execution ie,
carrying out all the instruction stored in the program.
• The control unit even controls the flow of data from input devices to
memory and from memory to output devices.
 REGISTERS
• Registers or processor registers are small units of data holding places.
• The CPU uses registers to temporarily hold some important
processing, information during the time the processing is taking
place.
• CPU may store some part data or some memory address or some
instruction in its processor registers.
 THE MEMORY
• Memory is a place where it temporarily keeps information and data to
facilitate its performance.
• When the task is performed, it clears its memory and memory space
is available for the next task to be performed.
• Computer memory is the storage space in computer where data is to
be processed and instructions required for processing are stored.
• Memory is primarily of two types:
1. Primary Memory/Main Memory.
2. Secondary Memory
 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
• RAM is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and
program result.
• RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost or erased when we switch
off the computer or if there is a power failure.
• RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of
data it can hold.
• There are mainly two types of RAM available:
1. Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
2. Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)
 READ ONLY MEMORY
• The memory from which we can only read but can not write on it.
• This type of memory is non-volatile the data is present permanently
it will not get erased when computer is switched off or power failure.
• The information is stored permanently in such memories during
manufacture.
• A ROM, stores such instructions that are required to start a computer.
 TYPES OF ROM
1. PROM (programmable ROM). Also called OTP (One Time Programmable). PROM
is a user-programmable memory in which information is burnt using special
equipment called a ROMburner.
2. EPROM (erasable programmable ROM). In EPROM, one can program the
memory chip (through various mechanisms e.g ., UV radiation) and erase it many
times as needed. The UV-EPROM can take up to 20 minutes for erasing EPROM
contents.
3. EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM). In EEPROM, the EEPROM is
erased electrically which is faster. Also, with EEPROM, selective bytes can be
erased unlike UV-EPROM which erases fully.
4. Flash EEPROM. It is like EEPROM but is very fast comparatively (it erases of the
entire contents takes less than a second). Also, it erases fully and not selectively.
5. Mask ROM. Mask ROM refers a memory chip that is manufactured with its
contents. Where PROM is manufactured as blank memory and programmed
after manufacturing