magnitude of the force exerted by the trailer on the car for there is no friction between the mass and

ion between the mass and the horizontal

each situation from greatest to least. If any situations have surface.
the same difference, give them the same ranking. Explain
your reasoning in forming your rankings. 0.2 m
(a) Trailer load 5 1000 kg; vehicle speed 5 20 m/s
(b) Trailer load 5 2000 kg; vehicle speed 5 20 m/s
(c) Trailer load 5 4000 kg; vehicle speed 5 40 m/s
(d) Trailer load 5 4000 kg; vehicle speed 5 10 m/s
(e) Trailer load 5 2000 kg; vehicle speed 5 10 m/s
(f) Trailer load 5 1000 kg; vehicle speed 5 10 m/s Figure 2.53 Question 34.
34. A mass m is attached to a spring with spring constant k,
as shown in Figure 2.53. The mass is pulled to the right a (a) k 5 0.5 N/m; m 5 0.25 kg
distance of 0.2 m and released. Rank the following spring– (b) k 5 0.5 N/m; m 5 0.50 kg
mass combinations according to their oscillation periods (c) k 5 0.5 N/m; m 5 1.00 kg
from shortest to longest. If any combinations have the same (d) k 5 1.0 N/m; m 5 0.25 kg
period, give them the same rank. You should assume that (e) k 5 1.0 N/m; m 5 0.50 kg

PROBLEMS
1. Express your weight in newtons. From this determine your
mass in kilograms.
2. A child weighs 300 N. What is the child’s mass in kilograms?
In slugs?
3. Suppose an airline allows a maximum of 30 kg for each
suitcase a passenger brings along.
(a) What is the weight in newtons of a 30-kg suitcase?
(b) What is the weight in pounds?
4. The mass of a certain elephant is 1,130 kg.
(a) Find the elephant’s weight in newtons.
(b) Find its weight in pounds.
5. The mass of a subway car and passengers is 40,000 kg. If its
acceleration as it leaves a station is 0.9 m/s2, what is the net
force acting on it?
6. A motorcycle and rider have a total mass equal to 300 kg. a = 2 m/s 2
The rider applies the brakes, causing the motorcycle to 800 N
accelerate at a rate of 25 m/s2. What is the net force on the
motorcycle?
7. As a 2-kg ball rolls down a ramp, the net force on it is 10 N.
What is the acceleration?
8. In an experiment performed in a space station, a force Figure 2.54 Problem 11.
of 60 N causes an object to have an acceleration equal to
4 m/s2. What is the object’s mass? 12. A jet aircraft with a mass of 4,500 kg has an engine that
9. The engines in a supertanker carrying crude oil produce exerts a force (thrust) equal to 60,000 N.
a net force of 20,000,000 N on the ship. If the resulting (a) What is the jet’s acceleration when it takes off?
acceleration is 0.1 m/s2, what is the ship’s mass? (b) What is the jet’s speed after it accelerates for 8 s?
10. The Kingda Ka roller coaster in New Jersey is the world’s (c) How far does the jet travel during the 8 s?
tallest ride of its kind. As the passenger cars are launched 13. At the end of Section 1.4, we mentioned that the maximum
from rest at the start, they are accelerated uniformly to a acceleration of a fist during a particular karate blow was
speed of 57 m/s (128 mph) in just 3.5 s. measured to be about 3,500 m/s2 just before impact with
(a) What is the acceleration experienced by passengers on the concrete block. If the mass of the fist was approximately
this ride in m/s2? In g’s?
g 0.7 kg, what was the maximum force delivered to the
(b) If a certain passenger has a mass of 65 kg, what is the concrete block?
force in newtons that acts on him during the launch 14. A sprinter with a mass of 80 kg accelerates uniformly from
phase of this ride? What is the force in pounds? 0 m/s to 9 m/s in 3 s.
11. A person stands on a scale inside an elevator at rest (a) What is the runner’s acceleration?
(Figure 2.54). The scale reads 800 N. (b) What is the net force on the runner?
(a) What is the person’s mass? (c) How far does the sprinter travel during the 3 s?
(b) The elevator accelerates upward momentarily at the rate 15. As a baseball is being caught, its speed goes from 30 to 0 m/s
of 2 m/s2. What does the scale read then? in about 0.005 s. Its mass is 0.145 kg.
(c) The elevator then moves with a steady speed of 5 m/s. (a) What is the baseball’s acceleration in m/s2 and in g’s?
g
What does the scale read now? (b) What is the size of the force acting on it?

Problems 79

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16. On aircraft carriers, catapults are used to accelerate jet 23. On a highway curve with radius 50 m, the maximum force of
aircraft to flight speeds in a short distance. One such catapult static friction (centripetal force) that can act on a 1,000-kg
takes a 18,000-kg jet from 0 to 70 m/s in 2.5 s. car going around the curve is 8,000 N. What speed limit
(a) What is the acceleration of the jet (in m/s2 and g’s)?
g should be posted for the curve so that cars can negotiate it
(b) How far does the jet travel while it is accelerating? safely?
(c) How large is the force that the catapult must exert on 24. A centripetal force of 200 N acts on a 1,000-kg satellite
the jet? moving with a speed of 5,000 m/s in a circular orbit around
17. At the end of an amusement park ride, it is desirable to bring a planet. What is the radius of its orbit?
a gondola to a stop without having the acceleration exceed 25. As a spacecraft approaches a planet, the rocket engines on
2 g. If the total mass of the gondola and its occupants is it are fired (turned on) to slow it down so it will go into
2,000 kg, what is the maximum allowed braking force? orbit around the planet. The spacecraft’s mass is 2,000 kg,
18. An airplane is built to withstand a maximum acceleration of and the thrust (force) of the rocket engines is 400 N. If its
6 g. If its mass is 1,200 kg, what size force would cause this speed must be decreased by 1,000 m/s, how long must the
acceleration? engines be fired? (Ignore the change in the mass as the fuel
19. Under certain conditions, the human body can safely is burned.)
withstand an acceleration of 10 g. 26. A space probe is launched from Earth headed for deep
(a) What net force would have to act on someone with mass space. At a distance of 10,000 miles from Earth’s center, the
of 50 kg to cause this acceleration? gravitational force on it is 600 lb. What is the size of the force
(b) Find the weight of such a person in pounds, then convert when it is at each of the following distances from Earth’s
the answer to (a) to pounds. center?
20. A race car rounds a curve at 60 m/s. The radius of the curve (a) 20,000 miles
is 400 m, and the car’s mass is 600 kg. (b) 30,000 miles
(a) What is the car’s (centripetal) acceleration? What is it in g’s?
g (c) 100,000 miles
(b) What is the centripetal force acting on the car? 27. A hand exerciser utilizes a coiled spring. A force of 89.0 N is
21. A hang glider and its pilot have a total mass equal to 120 kg. required to compress the spring by 0.0191 m. Find the force
While executing a 3608 turn, the glider moves in a circle with needed to compress the spring by 0.0508 m. What is the
an 8-m radius. The glider’s speed is 10 m/s. value of the spring constant for this unit?
(a) What is the net force on the hang glider? 28. A mass of 0.75 kg is attached to a relaxed spring with k 5
(b) What is the acceleration? 2.5 N/m. The mass rests on a horizontal, frictionless surface.
22. A 0.1-kg ball is attached to a string and whirled around in a If the mass is displaced by 0.33 m, what is the magnitude of
circle overhead. The string breaks if the force on it exceeds the force exerted on the mass by the spring? If the mass is
60 N. What is the maximum speed the ball can have when then released to execute simple harmonic motion along the
the radius of the circle is 1 m? surface, with what frequency will it oscillate?

CHALLENGES
1. The force on a baseball as it is being hit with a bat can be F
more than 8,000 lb. No human can push on a bat with that
much force. What is happening in this instance? F
2. Two forces, one equal to 15 N and another equal to 40 N, act
on a 50-kg crate resting on a horizontal surface as shown in
Figure 2.55.
(a) What is the net horizontal force on the crate?
(b) What is its horizontal acceleration?
(c) If the crate starts from rest, what is its horizontal speed
after 5 s?
(d) How far has the crate traveled along the surface in this
time?
Figure 2.56 Challenge 4.

5. Perform the calculation of the force acting between two

40 N 70-kg people standing 1 m apart to verify the result given in
50 kg Section 2.7 (3.3 3 1027 N). Show your work.
15 N 6. Perhaps you’ve noticed that the rockets used to put satellites
and spacecraft into orbit are usually launched from pads
near the equator. Why is this so? Is the fact that rockets are
Figure 2.55 Challenge 2. usually launched to the east also important? Why?
7. The acceleration of a freely falling body is not exactly the
3. Why does banking a curve on a highway allow a vehicle to same everywhere on Earth. For example, in the Galapagos
successfully negotiate the turn at a higher speed? Islands at the equator, the acceleration of a freely falling
4. As a horse and wagon are accelerating from rest, the body is 9.780 m/s2, whereas at the latitude of Oslo, Norway, it
horse exerts a force of 400 N on the wagon (Figure 2.56). is 9.831 m/s2. Why aren’t these accelerations the same?
Illustrating Newton’s third law, the wagon exerts an equal 8. A 200-kg communications satellite is placed into a
and opposite force of 400 N. Because the two forces are in circular orbit around Earth with a radius of 4.23 3 107 m
opposite directions, why don’t they cancel each other and (26,300 miles) (Figure 2.57).
produce zero acceleration (i.e., no motion)?

80 Chapter 2 Newton’s Laws

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