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Unit 4 - Forces and Energy

The document discusses different types of energy including kinetic energy from motion, potential energy from position or state, and thermal energy from increased temperature. It also discusses how energy can be transferred and transformed between these different forms based on the law of conservation of energy, for example potential energy being transferred to kinetic energy. The document further discusses efficiency, power, and how electricity is generated through thermal power stations and nuclear power stations. It also discusses some pollution problems caused by thermal power stations.

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111 views7 pages

Unit 4 - Forces and Energy

The document discusses different types of energy including kinetic energy from motion, potential energy from position or state, and thermal energy from increased temperature. It also discusses how energy can be transferred and transformed between these different forms based on the law of conservation of energy, for example potential energy being transferred to kinetic energy. The document further discusses efficiency, power, and how electricity is generated through thermal power stations and nuclear power stations. It also discusses some pollution problems caused by thermal power stations.

Uploaded by

boggalive
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Work and energy 1

Work and Energy

1 Work and energy


1- Energy is the ability to do work.
2- Work is done whenever a force makes something move. The greater the force and the greater the
distance moved the more work is done.

Work done = force  distance moved in the direction of the force

Symbols: W =Fd , units: (J = Nm)

3- 1 Joule (J) of work is done when a force of 1 Newton (N) moves an object 1 metre (m) in the
direction of the force.
4- Materials have more energy when they are moved or when they are heated.

Form of Energy
a) Kinetic energy: energy due to motion or it is work done on an object of mass (m) to
change its speed by (v) m/s.
K.E. = ½ m v2

b) Potential energy: energy stored in objects due to position, shape or state or it is work
done to lift an object of mass (m) a distance or height (h)

P.E. = m g h

i. Gravitational potential energy: energy due to the position of an object.


ii. Elastic (strain) potential energy: energy stored in stretched elastic materials.
iii. Electrical potential energy: energy in the charges forming the current in a circuit.
iv. Chemical potential energy: energy stored in batteries and in all elements and
compounds

c) Thermal energy: energy due to the increase in temperature.

d) Solar energy: energy coming from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic waves.

e) Nuclear energy: energy stored in the nucleus of an atom.

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Work and energy 2

2 Energy transformation( KE and PE)

Law of conservation of energy:


Energy cannot be made or destroyed, but it can change from one form to another.
when you eat food (chemical energy) is transformed to thermal energy inside the body
and into kinetic energy when you move your hand, then to potential energy if you throw
up a stone , and back again into kinetic energy when the stone falls back to the ground
and finally to thermal energy when the stone hits the ground.

Work done = energy transformed

Eg: 20 J of P.E. (in the ball) is transformed to 20 J of K.E.(just before the object hits the
ground) is transformed to 20 J of Thermal E (on hitting the ground.)

*ignoring air resistance or energy losses:


20 J P.E
P.E. (at the top)= K.E.(just before hitting ground)

mgh = ½ mv2

h = v2/2g

or v2= 2gh, v=√𝟐𝒈𝒉 20 J K.E

20 J thermal E

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Work and energy 3

Example of potential energy to kinetic energy transfer:

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Work and energy 4

Wasted Energy: Whenever an energy transfer occurs some energy is ALWAYS wasted.
It spreads out and is lost to the surrounding and is very hard to reuse

 Examples of wasted energy:

4-4 Efficiency and power

1- In any system the total, the total energy output (useful work done + the wasted energy
) must equal the total energy input.
2- Efficiency is the ratio (or percentage) of the useful work done to the total energy
input.
3- Power is the rate at which work is done. ( units: W = J/s )

Power = work done or energy transformed


time taken time taken

Efficiency = useful work done = energy output


total energy input energy input

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Work and energy 5

Efficiency = useful power output


total power input

4.5 Energy and electricity

Electricity comes from generators in power stations.

Power stations:
Thermal
fuel Fuel burners energy steam rotation
boiler turbines generator electricity
(coal, oil, natural gas)
Or Nuclear
reactors

1- In thermal power stations, fuel is burnt to produce thermal energy to boil water in
boilers to produce steam at high pressure. This steam is used to turn on turbines so
they rotate inside a generators to produce electricity
2- Thermal power stations waste more energy than they deliver (efficiency only about
35%). Most is lost as thermal energy in the cooling and waste gases ( energy is lost in
turbines, in boilers, in generators and in running power station).
3- In Nuclear power stations, Uranium is used to produce energy by a process called
Nuclear fission

4.06 Pollution problems caused by thermal power stations:

1- Global warming: when coal in burnt it produces CO2 that traps the Sun’s energy
that increases the global warming.
2- Acid rain: if the low-sulfur coal is well desulfurized, SO2 when combines with
water vapour, it produces acid rains which harms the soil, plants, fresh water and
humans.
3- Leakage of fuel: on transporting fuel by ships or oil tankers, leakage can happen
that covers water surface and prevent the sea life from the fresh oxygen that
dissolve in water.
4- Radioactive waste: in nuclear power stations, radioactive waste is highly
dangerous, it can cause cancers and mutations if it is not well stored safely in
sealed containers.

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Work and energy 6

5- Nuclear accidents: they are rare but if happened, radioactive gas and dust can be
carried for kilometers around.

Power from water and wind


Producing electricity by water or wind have no fuel cost and no polluting gases are
produced, but there are some problems like continuity and the amount produced. Such
schemes include a) hydroelectric power scheme, b) tidal power schemes, c) wind farms.

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Work and energy 7

4.07, 4.08 (book pages 94,95,96,97)

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