😀😟😳😭 Emotion’s 😀😟😳😭

- Emotions are reactions that human beings experience in response to events or situations.
- The reason for so many definitions is that emotions have numerous aspects of them
- Attempts to arrive at a comprehensive definition of emotion (Kleinginna & Kleinginna, 1981)
should:

(1) say something about the way we feel when we are emotional;

(2) mention the physiological, or bodily, basis of emotions;

(3) include the effects of emotion on perception, thinking and behavior;

(4) point out the driving, or motivational, properties of certain emotions such as fear and anger;

(5) refers to the ways in which emotions are expressed in language, facial expressions, and gestures.

👾 Various Definitions of Emotions:

 According to the American Psychological Association (APA), emotion is defined as “a complex

reaction pattern, involving experiential, behavioral and physiological elements.”
 “Emotions,” wrote Aristotle (384–322 BCE), “are all those feelings that so change men as to
affect their judgements, and that are also attended by pain or pleasure. Such are anger, pity,
fear and the like, with their opposites.”
 Feist and Rosenberg [2015] had defined emotions as “brief, acute changes in consciousness
experience and physiology that occur in response to personally meaningful situation”
 Gerrig and Zimbardo [2006] “a complex pattern of bodily and mental changes that includes
physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive processes, visible expression [include face and posture]
and specific behavioral reactions made in response to a situation perceived as personally
significant “
 Kosslyn and Rosenberg [2013] “a psychological state with 4 components that is, a positive or
negative subjective experience, bodily arousal, the activation of specific mental processes and
stored info and characteristics overt behavior”
- Izard [1971] basic emotions: Fear, anger, shame, contempt, disgust, guilt, suffering, interest,
surprise, and joy.
- Emotions are how individuals deal with matters or situations they find personally significant.

👾 Perception of emotions:

-- Not only facial expressions, but context - the situation in which an emotion occurs - gives us
information for judging what emotion is being expressed.

-- People are most accurate in their judgements when the facial expression and the context are both
present and convey complementary information
-- Experiments have shown that we tend to rely more on facial expression or other nonverbal behavior
than on the context in making our judgment.

-- People may learn to suppress the expression of an emotion

-- A second factor complicating the perception of emotions is that a person often expresses several
emotions at one time, these blends of emotions are hard to judge.

👾 Physiology of Emotions

-- Psychophysiologists, who study such events, can measure the heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow
to various parts of the body, activity of the stomach and gastrointestinal system, levels of various
substance as hormones in the blood, breathing rate and depth, and many other bodily conditions in
emotion

-- In emotion, the sympathetic system causes. the discharge of the hormones Epinephrine(adrenalin)
and Norepinephrine (noradrenalin).

-- Epinephrine duplicates and strengthens many of the actions of the sympathetic system on various
internal organs.

-- The major effect of norepinephrine is to constrict peripheral blood vessels and so raise blood
pressure.

-- The other part of the autonomic nervous system, called the parasympathetic system, tends to be
active when we are calm and relaxed

-- It does many things that help to build up and conserve the body's stores of energy

-- Thus, many of the effects of parasympathetic system activity are opposite the effects of sympathetic-
system activity

-- ln active, aroused emotional states, sympathetic activity predominates; in calmer states,

parasympathetic activity is dominant.

-- The changes in breathing, muscle tension, and posture seen in emotion are brought about by activity
of the somatic nervous system [part of the peripheral nervous system]

--but both systems can be active in many emotional states; the pattern of bodily activity characteristic of
the – emotion is a blend of a parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. In anger, for instance, the heart
rate increases (a sympathetic effect), as does stomach activity (a parasympathetic effect).

👾 Brain and Emotion’s

🧠 It controls the physiological expression of the emotion.

🧠Core parts of brain involved: Hypothalamus and Limbic system

 - Experimenters have found that damage to some of the structures of the limbic system produces
great changes in the emotional behavior of animals
- The aroused state that is part of many emotions is due in part to increased activation of brain
cells in the cerebral cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus
- The activity of cells in these brain areas is itself directly or indirectly influenced by nerve fibers
which fan out from a core region of the brain – the reticular formation - to reach almost all the
brain areas involved in regulating emotion.
- Since the 'activating fibers from the - reticular formation must go upward or ascend, to reach
the higher brain areas involved in emotion, the activating portion of the reticular formation is
called the Ascending Reticular Activating System [ARAS]
- Next time you are keyed up and unable to relax blame it on your ARAS.
- In addition to the tinge of arousal it provides for emotional states, ARAS is fundamentally
involved and keeps us awake, alert, and conscious.
- High levels of arousal are present in anger, fear, and joy, while low levels may accompany
sadness and depression.

👾 Components of Emotional Process:

A. Cognitive appraisal: the situation is assessed based on the personal meaning

B. Subjective experience: This is related to the affective state or the feeling tone that is brought by
the emotion
C. Thought and action tendencies: will display an urge to think in a particular manner or take
certain actions. [How we act]
D. Internal bodily changes: There are physiological reactions mainly involving the autonomic
nervous system. Example: breathing rate increase, heartbeat inc., goosebump, perspiration.
E. Facial expressions: movement in the facial landmarks
F. Response to emotion: This is related to how an individual cope and react with one’s own
emotions

👻 Difference between Emotions & Mood

 👻 Difference between Emotions & Feelings

👾 Basic and Complex Emotions

🌟 Basic Emotions are associated with recognizable facial expressions and tend to happen automatically.

- Charles Darwin was the first to suggest that emotion-induced facial expressions are universal.
- they are innate, universal, unmixed and distinct affective states which evolved to serve adaptive
functions
- Six basic emotions are
1. Sadness
2. Happiness
3. Fear
4. Anger
5. Surprise
6. Disgust
- Despite all the conflicting research and adaptations, most research acknowledges that there is a
set of universal basic emotions with recognizable facial features

🌟Complex Emotions have differing appearances and may not be as easily recognizable, such as grief,
jealousy or regret. 3

- Complex emotions are defined as “any emotion that is an aggregate of two or more others.”
 - APA uses the example of hate being a fusion of fear, anger and disgust.
- Complex emotions vary greatly in how they appear on a person’s face and don’t have easily
recognizable expressions

👾 Theories of Emotion

James Lange Theory

▫ By American psychologist William James & Danish Psychologist Carl Lange

▫ For this theory to work. There must be a different set of internal and external bodily changes for
each emotion. and the individual must be able to perceive them.
▫ in general, our perception of internal changes is not very acute. For this reason, the James-Lange
theory has been questioned.

Facial – Feedback Theory

▫ suggests that facial expressions are crucial to experiencing emotion.
▫ This theory is connected to the work of Charles Darwin and William James who hypothesized
that facial expressions impact emotion as opposed to their being a response to an emotion.
▫ This theory holds that emotions are directly tied to physical changes in the facial muscles

Cannon Bard Theory

▫ proposed by Walter Cannon, who based his approach to the emotions on research done by
Philip Bard
▫ The Cannon-Bard theory says that felt emotion and the bodily reactions in emotion are
independent of each other; both are triggered simultaneously
▫ bodily reactions are not the basis of the felt emotion
▫ This theory is backed by neurobiological science that says that once a stimulating event is
detected, the information is relayed to both the amygdala and the brain cortex at the same
time. If this holds true, arousal and emotion are simultaneous events
 Schachter – Singer Theory [2 Factor Theory]
▫ developed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer
▫ This contemporary theory maintains that the emotion we feel is due to our interpretation of an
aroused. or "stirred up." bodily state
▫ argued that the bodily state of emotional arousal is much the same for most of the emotions we
feel and that even if there are physiological differences in the body's patterns of responses.
People cannot perceive them
▫ Since the bodily changes are ambiguous, the theory says, any number of emotions can be felt
from a stirred-up bodily condition.
▫ In other words, given a state of arousal, we experience the emotion that seems appropriate to
the situation in which we find ourselves.
▫ sequence of events in the production of emotional feeling, according to this theory, is:

(1) perception of a potential emotion-producing situation,

(2) an aroused bodily state which results from this perception, and which is ambiguous, and

(3) interpretation and labeling of the bodily state so that it firs the perceived situation

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

▫ By Richard Lazarys and his co workers
 ▫ The theory says that the emotions we feel result from appraisals, or evaluations, of information
coming from the environmental situation and from within the body
▫ In addition, memories of past encounters with similar situations, dispositions to respond in
certain ways, and consideration of the consequences of actions that might result from the
emotional state enter the appraisal.
▫ The outcome of the complex appraisal of all this information is the emotion as it is felt.

Opponent Process Theory

▫ The focus of this theory is that “an emotional reaction to a stimulus is followed automatically by
an opposite reaction, repeated exposure to a stimulus causes the initial reaction to weaken and
the opponent process (opposite reaction) to strengthen”

Theory of Relationship among Emotions

▫ Robert Plutchik (1970. 1980) has proposed a descriptive theory that is concerned with what are
called primary, or basic, emotions and the ways they can be mixed together.
▫ Plutchik assumes that they differ in three ways:

(1) intensity,

(2) similarity to one another, and

(3) polarity, or oppositeness

▫ Using these he drew a spatial model representing the relationship among the emotions
▫ Plutchik maintains that the primary emotions are derived from evolutionary processes and
therefore have adaptive value
▫ Within each primary-emotion segment, the strongest varieties of the emotion are at the top of
the segment, with progressively weaker varieties toward the bottom
▫ the similarities and polarities among the primary emotions are shown by the arrangement of the
segment
▫ Emotions that are opposite each other conflict. while emotions that are close to each other
around the figure are complementary.
▫ Since people seldom experience pure emotions, a model of this sort makes it possible to give a
good description of mixed and conflicting emotions.