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THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICS IN MACHINE LEARNING

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DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7702430

THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICS IN MACHINE LEARNING

Dr. Mithun B Patil

Associate Professor, N K Orchid College of Engineering, Solapur, Maharashtra, India.
ORCID: 0000-0001-7741-3645 Email:[email protected] *

Prof. Santosh Jadhav

Assistant Professor, N K Orchid College of Engineering, Solapur, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Sopan Talekar

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Engineering, MVPS’s KBT College of
Engineering, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

Dr Vipul V Bag
Professor, N K Orchid College of Engineering, Solapur, Maharashtra, India

Statements and Declarations

 The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal
relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
 The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may
be considered as potential competing interests
ABSTRACT
Machine learning(ML) is the field of Computer Science that uses different models for
prediction, classification, and analysis. Machine learning is a Mathematical model prerequisite
by aggregation of linear algebra, statistics, calculus, and probability. In this paper, the art of
mathematics in machine learning by referring to a different research article from repositories
is identified and the need for mathematics for building machine learning models to perform
calculations operations such as matrix manipulation of the data for which linear algebra is
preferred. To build an uncertainty model in machine learning we prefer probability for learning
model and create analysis on a given training dataset for creative prediction. ML is intrinsically
data-dependent and driven. The data captured from different sources are improper and consist
of much invalid information to perform the statistical analysis we need to perform data
preprocessing and validation during which calculus plays a vital role in making the data ready
with minimum error. The contribution of the paper is to identify the apogee of mathematical
rules required for building an appropriate model.
Keywords: Machine Learning, Statistics, Probability, Calculus, Mathematical Model

1 INTRODUCTION
In Computer Science there are many tasks and problems which are strenuous using computer
programs, traditional methods and instructions. Creating a dynamic game, and desktop
application are enormous and complex, making the best machine for a person, making a self-
driving car where the computer recognizes objects, is not so easy. These are not things that

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 THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICS IN MACHINE LEARNING

computers cannot easily do. The world is full of data produced by different sources such as
computers, phones and other devices in the form of images, music, words, spreadsheets, and
videos, and it doesn't seem to be slowing down anytime soon. People analyze data and
implement a system to examine an opportunity in a data outline, but the redundant and ever-
growing nature of data makes it difficult to do this by hand. One way to turn this around is to
make the computer learn and figure out how to improve itself through many exercises. This is
machine learning (ML). Effective use of high-performance computing architectures,
unmatched execution power, and productive use of statistical tools for data extraction are
factors that make ML is trending technology for the scientific computing community.
ML algorithms use assumptions based on scientific models, including calculus statistics, and
probability. ML promises to derive meaning from all data. ML is a mixture of tools and
technologies that can be used to answer questions about your data. ML helps various e-
commerce companies offer the right products to their customers to analyze the review of the
customer and improve the product. To be able to do this, we need to combine it with
mathematics, which has a lot of programming.

2 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A SYSTEM

The mathematical Model of a system is a core part of engineering specially in computer science
& allied branches such as Machine Learning, Artificial intelligence, and Deep learning which
play a major role in establishing relationships between parameters, state variables and decision
variables. These are also used to set and evaluate the performance of the system. The
formulation of the Mathematical model is based on the system parameter which needs to be
identified and correlated. The events in the model need to be automatically generated using the
parameters and the variables which result in a change in the state variable need to be recorded
with system performance criteria estimated.
3 MACHINE LEARNING PROCESS
Machine learning has enabled pc frameworks to begin mastering without being explicitly
modified. ML has given completely new abilities inside the regions of detection, estimation,
prediction and category. The purpose of schooling an ML version is to create a version that
first-class answers the goal question nearly every time. Following have been the principle
ranges to recommend a model for a given trouble thru ML [5]. schooling in an ML version
must first fulfill the records that should be taught along the version. consequently, step one of
ML is to collect exceptional information. because high quality and quantity immediately decide
the effectiveness of the version. now and again the statistics require tunings and handling like
standardization, duplication and error correction. To do this, records training is finished, which
comprises loading and dealing out information to make it suitable to be used within the model.
The processed facts are then fragmented into parts, one essential element for training and the
opposite for performance assessment. the next step is the selection of the version, wherein all
of the algorithms which can be nicely tailored to the nature of the trouble are considered. model
education then reinforces the model's predictive capacity through the use of education facts.
The take a look at data is then used for assessment by using the proposed version as proven in
Fig 1.

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 THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICS IN MACHINE LEARNING

Figure 1: Machine learning Process

Step 1. Data Collection
Data from various sources are collected and tabulated where quantity and quality are directly
proportional to the accuracy of the spin model.
Step 2. Data preparation
The collected are preprocessed and missing values of the data are accumulated and made ready
for the model.
Step 3. ML model selection
There are many machine learning algorithms where we need to select appropriate models as
per the requirement which gives appropriate solutions to the given problem.
Step 4. Train the Model
The selected model in step 3 is trained by a large set of data. The new data is checked with a
model for a particular task like prediction or classification etc.
Step 5. Prediction
In this step, the prediction or classification of new objects or data is carried out.
Step 6. Evaluation
The model results are compared with actual results to check the errors and accuracy of the
results.
Step 7. MATHEMATICS FOUNDATION FOR MACHINE LEARNING
ML proposes distinctive models that enforce distinctive findings, forecasting, and classification
algorithms. The prediction can be what an item looks like in a photograph, what the next given
load is likely to be, or what the excellent combination of drugs to treat a particular disorder is
likely to be. ML is an embedded math requirement. It is used to understand why something
works or why one version is better than another. Additive mathematics used in ML.ML works

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 THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICS IN MACHINE LEARNING

through a mixture of linear algebra, statistics, calculus, and probability [7].

FIGURE 2: Mathematical components in Machine Learning

3.1 Statistics
Statistics is the core of everything [8]. It has been extensively used for the valuation of the
value of a inhabitants parameter. Calculus expresses how to make a model learn and how a
model can be optimized. Linear algebra makes running these algorithms feasible on enormous
data sets [13].

TABLE 1. Data set used to create a model of apartment cost estimator concerning the
area of the apartment
Price Per Square Foot Price of Plot Price Per Square Foot Price of Plot

85 534760

65 535717

70 833333

15 728377

95 899945

80 914339

60 403601

55 437328

Probability assistance prediction of event occurrence. Let us consider a problem to predict the
price of a plot in terms of the area of the Plot. Considering a data set, having 2 columns, one is
the price per square foot of a given plot and the other is the total price of the plot. This is the
only marker to predict the price of the plot as a whole. Here present some kind of correlation
in the data set. The predictive model gives an idea about the correlation between dependent
and independent variables which ultimately improves the capability of a model to predict the

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 THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICS IN MACHINE LEARNING

price of the Plot as a whole provided the price per square foot. The graph shown in Fig. 3, has
an x-axis measuring the price per square foot and a y-axis measuring the price of the house. It
is a scattered plot. Ideally, a line can be found that intersects as many data points as possible.
This line can be used for prediction.

Price of Plot
1000000
900000
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100

FIGURE 3. Graph showing the correlation between Price per square foot and Price of the Plot

In mathematics, the field of statistics acts as a collection of technologies that extracts useful
information from data. It’s a tool for creating an understanding of a set of numbers. Statistical
inference is a process of predicting a larger population of data based on a smaller sample. In
statistics, we try to create a line so we use a statistical inference technique called linear
regression. This allows us to summarize and study the relationship between dependent and
independent variables. The way linear regression is represented is by using equation 1
y=mx + c (1)
Varying each of parameters, m and b, produces different linear models that define different
input-output mappings. Where y is the prediction (dependent variable) based on the input
variable x (independent variable). The point of intersection of the line with the y-axis is
represented by ’b’ and, ‘m’ the slope defines the relativeness of variables. So the value of y
can be predicted using the value of x provided the value of m and c is already known. The naive
way to find the value of m and c is to try out a bunch of different values. To check the
correctness of these values error functions are used. The error function tells how far off the
actual value is from the predicted value. There are lots of different types of statistical error
functions, least-squares one of them.

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Figure 4: Line Plot of Different Line Models Produced by Varying the Slope and Intercept
Taken from Deep Learning

3.2 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Probability is the measure of the likelihood of something. Here the data does not consist of
values but it is classified in different categories or classes. Logistic regression is a probability
technique that can be used to find the probability of occurrence rather than predicting a value.
Since the probability goes between 0 and 100, a threshold is chosen past that point it is more
likely to have more probability. This gives an S-shaped curve by a sigmoid function.
Optimizing this function will plug in input data and get a probability class value. Below are a
few Probability tools available for building the model

Probability Tool Used in ML Model

Maximum likelihood Decision-making in training

log loss and cross-entropy Model fitness

Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, or ROC Model evaluation

curve

Bayesian optimization configure hyper-parameters

Probability theory is one of the major tools in building the model of predictions where probably
and unlikely are very common in daily life. To predicate appropriate occurrence we use
probability theory. In probability occurance of any event P(A) were ia a particular event and
P(A) represent probability ocuurance od that event . The result of the occurnace of that result
may be success or failure. For Example Picking a marable from sack which consists of balck
and white marble or tossing a coin has event were occurance of head or tail is 0.5.

2.2.1 Bayes’ Theorem

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Bayes' theorem gives the relationship between any two event occurance like selling the bread
with milk in an shopping store. Data mining is a field of Computer science that establish a
relation between a such event and gives prior knowledge about the particular event to occur
from a large dataset.
𝐵𝐴∗ ( )
𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = (2)
( )
Were A and B events 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵)is the conditional probability that event A occurs when event B
Have already occurred.
4 CALCULUS
Calculus is the study of change. It helps to find the direction of change. In which direction
should the unknown variable change such that the prediction is more optimal and the error is
smaller? It got an optimization technique called gradient descent that will help to discover the
minimum value iteratively. It uses the error for a given data point to compute the gradient of
an unknown variable and the gradient can be used to update two variables. Then move on to
the next point and repeat the process over and over again till the minimum value is found. If
multiple variables are considered, then that is called multi-variant regression. The branch of
math that consult the multivariate spaces and the linear transformation between them is called
linear algebra. It provides a set of operations that can be performed on groups of numbers
known as matrices. Now the data set consists of M by I matrices, where samples have ’I’
features. Each variable has a weight. Calculus includes all gears for analysis of the association
amid capacities and their information sources. Regularly, in AI, we are attempting to discover
the sources of info that empower a capacity to best match the information. Neural systems are
one of the most well-known and fruitful reasonable structures in AI. They are developed from
an associated snare of neurons and enlivened by the structure of natural minds. The conduct of
every neuron is affected by a lot of control boundaries, every one of which should be
streamlined to best fit the information. The multivariate chain rule can be utilized to ascertain
the impact of every boundary of the systems, permitting them to be refreshed during
preparation. Multivariate math is required to construct numerous normal AI procedures. A wide
variety of data sets is derived from devices such as biochip transponders on farm animals,
automobiles with built-in sensors, smart homes, smart cities, or airplanes with sensors, heart
monitoring implants, and electric clams in coastal waters. Efficient ML algorithms for such
data sets can use hypotheses based on mathematical models involving both calculus and
statistics. These devices or sensors used inside physical, biological, or environmental systems
collect large volumes of data that follow mathematical models based on both calculus and
statistics. Calculus can be used to implement learning from patterns. Various combinations of
states and control are used by the ML model for analysis [15], [16].
Calculus plays an integral role in understanding the internal workings of machine learning
algorithms, such as the gradient descent algorithm for minimizing an error function. Calculus
provides us with the necessary tools to optimize complex objective functions as well as
functions with multidimensional inputs, which are representative of different machine learning
applications. A neural network model, whether shallow or deep, implements a function that
maps a set of inputs to expected outputs. The function implemented by the neural network is
learned through a training process, which iteratively searches for a set of weights that best
enable the neural network to model the variations in the training data.

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5 Multivariate Calculus
We recurrently attempt to predict a variable that is dependent on multiple variables. For an
instant, we want to predict the weather in certain locations which are dependent on multiple
factors. If the result of your function a, is dependent on the given input variable b, then it's
declared as given in equation 3.
𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑏) (3)
Consequently, if the result of the variable c depends on b and c as an instance, then the function
is given equation (4)
𝑐 = 𝑓(𝑏, 𝑐) (4)

Multivariate calculus has many applications in machine learning such as

 support vector algorithms, and multivariate calculus castoff to find the maximal margin.

 In the Expectation-Maximization algorithm, it is situated used to find the maxima.

 The optimization problems trust the multivariate calculus.

 In gradient descent, it is used to invent the local and global maxima.

CONCLUSION
Machine learning is a trending technology that is booming in the field of computer science with
building different models such for prediction, classification, audio or video recognition etc.
Building the model of machine learning depends on mathematical concepts such as probability,
calculus, and statistics. The role of the mathematical is very important for building appropriate
models and getting accurate results with minimum error. Probability is used for prediction and
classification-related models. Calculus is used for multivariate dependent results were statics
is used in classification and sampling in Machine learning.

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