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Transpose of Matrix and Determinant

The document discusses the transpose and determinant of matrices. It defines the transpose of a matrix as writing the columns as rows or vice versa, and provides examples of transposing matrices. It then lists properties of the transpose, such as how it interacts with addition and multiplication. The document also defines the determinant of matrices, providing rules for calculating the determinant of 1x1, 2x2 and 3x3 matrices. It distinguishes between singular and nonsingular matrices based on the determinant value. Finally, it outlines several properties of determinants.

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Salsabila Fitri
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49 views

Transpose of Matrix and Determinant

The document discusses the transpose and determinant of matrices. It defines the transpose of a matrix as writing the columns as rows or vice versa, and provides examples of transposing matrices. It then lists properties of the transpose, such as how it interacts with addition and multiplication. The document also defines the determinant of matrices, providing rules for calculating the determinant of 1x1, 2x2 and 3x3 matrices. It distinguishes between singular and nonsingular matrices based on the determinant value. Finally, it outlines several properties of determinants.

Uploaded by

Salsabila Fitri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matrices

Transpose of Matrix
Transpose of a Matrix
The transpose of a matrix 𝐴 is formed by writing its columns as rows
or rows as columns and denote by 𝐴𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝐴′
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 ⋯ 𝑎3𝑛 (dimension 𝑚 × 𝑛)
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑚×𝑛

Then its transpose, the dimension to be 𝑛 × 𝑚


𝑎11 𝑎21 𝑎31 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚1
𝑎12 𝑎22 𝑎32 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚2
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑎13 𝑎23 𝑎33 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚3 (dimension 𝑛 × 𝑚)
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮
𝑎1𝑛 𝑎2𝑛 𝑎3𝑛 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑛×𝑚
TRANSPOSE OF MATRIKS
Change the position

row column

𝑨𝑻 or 𝑨′
4
𝐴= 4 5 6 𝐴𝑇 = 5
A1 x 3 AT3 x 1
6
1 4
1 2 3 𝐵𝑇 =
𝐵= 2 5
4 5 6
3 6
B2 x 3 BT 3 x 2

T
A nxm
Am x n
Properties of Matrix Transposition

1) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices that can be added then


𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
2) For any matrix 𝐴
𝐴𝑇 𝑇 =𝐴

3) For any matrix 𝐴 and any real number 𝑐


𝑐𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑐𝐴𝑇
4) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices that can be multiplied then
𝐴𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
𝑇
5) 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶 𝑇
6) 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑇 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
Matrices
Determinant of Matrix
The Determinant of A Matrix
Every square matrix can be assigned a real number which is called the determinant
of matrix. Determinant of a square matrix 𝐴 is denoted by det 𝐴 or |𝐴| or ∆.

Determinant of 𝟏 × 𝟏 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱
Definition The determinant of 1 × 1 matrix 𝑎 is 𝒂

Example : det 6 = 6 = 6, det −5 = −5 = −5

Determinant of 𝟐 × 𝟐 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱
𝑎 𝑏
Definition The determinant of 2 × 2 matrix is 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄
𝑐 𝑑

We can remember this rule visually like this:


The Determinant of A Matrix
Determinant of 𝟑 × 𝟑 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱
The Rule of Sarrus
The determinant of 3 × 3 matrix can be found by the following method.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
Then
det 𝐴 = 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 + 𝑎12 𝑎23 𝑎31 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32
− (𝑎13 𝑎22 𝑎31 + 𝑎11 𝑎23 𝑎32 + 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 )
DETERMINANT OF MATRICES
1 3
A=
5 4
1 3
|A| = = 1 . 4 − 3 . 5 = 4 − 15 = −11
5 4
1 0 2
B = 2 −1 3
4 5 2
1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0
|B| = 2 −1 3 = 2 −1 3 2 −1
4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5
|B|= 1 (-1) 2 + 0 . 3 . 4 + 2 . 2 . 5 – 2 (-1) 4 – 1 . 3 . 5 – 0 . 2 . 2
|B| = -2 + 0 + 20 + 8 – 15 – 0 = 11
The Determinant of A Matrix
Determinant of 𝟑 × 𝟑 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱
Laplace Expansion Method
The determinant of 3 × 3 matrix can be found by the following method.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 Then, det 𝐴 = 𝐴
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑎32 𝑎33 − 𝑎12 𝑎31 𝑎33 + 𝑎13 𝑎31 𝑎32

Note 𝑎 𝑏
= 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄
𝑐 𝑑
𝐴 = 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎31 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎22 𝑎31
DETERMINANT OF MATRICES
1 0 2
B = 2 −1 3
4 5 2
1 0 2
|B| = 2 −1 3 Expansion of 1st row
4 5 2
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
|𝐵| = 𝑎11 𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑎12 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑎13 𝑎
32 33 31 33 31 𝑎32
−1 3 2 3 2 −1
|𝐵| = 1 −0 +2
5 2 4 2 4 5
𝐵 = 1 −2 − 15 − 0 4 − 12 + 2 (10 − −4 )
|𝐵| = 1 −17 − 0 −8 + 2 14 = −17 + 0 + 28 = 11
Type of A Matrix Based on Determinant Value
Based on determinant value matrix divided by two,
singular matrix and nonsingular matrix.

1) If det 𝐴 = 0, matrix A is Singular Matrix

2) If det 𝐴 ≠ 0, matrix A is Nonsingular Matrix


Properties of Determinants
Let 𝐴 be an 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix
1) If the elements in any row or column are all zero then 𝐴 = 0.
2) If 𝐴 has two identical rows or columns then 𝐴 = 0
3) If 𝐴 has two rows or columns which are multiples of each other then 𝐴 = 0
4) If two rows or two columns of 𝐴 are interchanged to get 𝐴′ , then det 𝐴′ = − det 𝐴
5) det 𝐴𝑇 = det 𝐴
6) det 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 2 det 𝐴, for 𝐴2×2
7) det 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 3 det 𝐴, for 𝐴3×3 Square Matrix
8) det 𝐴𝐵 = det 𝐴 ∙ det 𝐵
9) det 𝐴𝑛 = det 𝐴 𝑛
Thanks !

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