GENERAL PHYSICS 1 This is motion that occurs in two

2ND QUARTER REVIEWER dimensions:

● Horizontal motion is at constant
velocity.
KINEMATICS 1-D & 2-D
● Vertical motion is accelerated by
KINEMATICS 1-D gravity.

❖ Free Fall Horizontal velocity is maintained by inertia.

➔ Motion of falling object which is
acted upon only by the force of
gravity
➔ Acceleration due to gravity
2 Equal distance travel during each second
(𝑔) =− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠
and constant velocity.
➔ In the absence of air resistance
(negligible air resistance) all bodies
Vertical velocity increases
will fall at the same time
each second with the pull
of gravity in free fall.
❖ Story Time
➔ Galileo and Leaning tower of Pisa
Each second the ball
➔ In the absence of air resistance
goes 10m/s faster than the
(negligible air resistance) all bodies
previous second and a
will fall at the same time
greater distance.
➔ David Scott, 1971: proved Galileo’s
theory on the moon
The combined motion looks like this:
❖ Truth About Free Fall
➔ Objects fall because of the pull of
gravity. The downward motion
proceeds with constant acceleration.
➔ The pull of gravity on an object is
equal to the weight of the object.
➔ An object experiences free fall if
there are no forces on it except force
of gravity.
➔ In the absence of air resistance, a
falling body has a constant
2
acceleration 𝑔 = 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠
When projectiles are launched at an angle,
the initial velocity has a horizontal and a
vertical component.
KINEMATICS 2-D

❖ Projectile
➔ Projectile Motion is a form of motion
experienced by an object or particle
that is projected near the Earth’s
surface and moves along a curved
path under the action of gravity only.
This curved path was shown by The path of the cannon ball is in the shape
Galileo to be a parabola, and it’s of a parabola. The dimensions of the
called as trajectory. parabola are determined by the magnitude
of the 𝑉𝑥 and 𝑉𝑦 components.

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If the angle of launch is high, velocity 𝑉𝑦 is
much greater than velocity 𝑉𝑥, the cannon
ball goes higher in the air, but does not go
as far.

If the angle of launch is low, velocity 𝑉𝑥 is

much greater than velocity 𝑉𝑦. The cannon
ball goes faster, but does not go as high

❖ ACCELERATION
● The g is negative (-9.8m/s2 )
● The value of g is only an
approximation because it varies
❖ TIME & SPEED SYMMETRY
slightly at different locations.

❖ Time Symmetry
● Refers of time required for the object
to reach its maximum height equals
the time for it to return to its starting
point.

❖ Speed Symmetry
● Refers to any displacement above
the point of release, the speed of the
body during the upward trip equals
the speed during the downward trip.

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 ● When an object travels in a circle, its
velocity is constantly changing (in
direction at least).
● That means the object has a
non-zero acceleration even if it
moves at constant speed.

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

Review about Circle:
➔ Radius - distance from the center
outwards.
➔ Diameter - goes straight across the ❖ IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT
circle, through the center. VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
➔ Circumference - distance once VECTORS
around the circle.
➔ Tangent - a line that “just touches” ● Same direction: speeding up.
the circle as it passes by.
➔ Secant - line that cuts the circle at
two points. ● Opposite directions: slowing down.
➔ Chord - a line segment that goes
from one point to another on the
circle’s circumference.
➔ Arc - a part of the circumference. ● Right angles: changing directions,
same speed.
FORMULAS RELATED TO CIRCLES:
Diameter of a Circle D = 2 x r

Circumference of a C = 2 x 𝝅 x r
circle

Area of a Circle 2
A=𝝅x𝑟 DIRECTION OF ACCELERATION
➔ Since the speed is not changing,
CONCEPT OF UCM only the direction of velocity,
acceleration must be always at right
➔ “Uniform” circular motion means that
angles to velocity. The acceleration
the object moves in a circle at a
vector points inward, toward the
constant speed. Some definitions
center of the circle. This is called
and equations:
centripetal acceleration from latin
for “to go to or seek the center.”
T = period = time to go around exactly once

➔ Like the direction of the velocity

r = radius of circle
vector, the direction of centripetal
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 2𝝅𝑟 acceleration is constantly changing
v= =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑇 as the objects moves around the
circle.
2𝝅𝑟
T= 𝑣
➔ The magnitude of centripetal
2
𝑣
ACCELERATION IN CIRCULAR acceleration is given by a = 𝑟
MOTION

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 UNBALANCED FORCES
“CENTRIPETAL FORCE”
“CENTRIFUGAL FORCE” ➔ Unequal opposing forces produce an
unbalanced force causing motion.
➔ two of the most unnecessary and
confusing concepts in introductory
physics.

“Centripetal Force”
➔ the net force on any object in circular
motion.
➔ the force that is necessary to keep
an object moving in a curved path
Things don’t keep moving forever
and that is directed inward toward
because there’s almost always an
the center of rotation.
unbalanced force acting upon them.

“Centrifugal Force”
A book sliding across a table slows down
➔ is a result of measuring the
and stops because of the force of friction.
displacement of an object relative to
an accelerated (rotating) observer.
If you throw a ball upwards it will eventually
➔ the apparent force that is felt by an
slow down and fall because of the force of
object moving in a curved path that
gravity.
acts outwardly away from the center
of rotation.
INERTIA
● MASS is the measure of the amount
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
of matter in an object.
EMPHASIZES THAT
● Measured in kilograms.
1. The speed, or the magnitude of the
velocity vector, is constant. LAW OF INERTIA
2. Direction of the vector is not
constant. ➔ INERTIA is a property of an object
3. Change in direction, means → that describes how much it will
acceleration. resist change to the motion of the
4. “Centripetal acceleration”, it points object.
toward the center of the circle. ➔ More mass means more inertia.
➔ Heavier objects are harder to stop
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION moving and start moving.
➔ The larger the mass, the greater the
inertia.
❖ Sir Isaac Newton (1643 - 1726)
● Calculus
● Light is composed of rainbow
colors
● Reflecting Telescope
● Laws of Motion
● Theory of Gravitation
FIRST LAW: INERTIA
➔ An object at rest tends to stay at rest
and an object in motion tends to stay
in motion unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.

BALANCED FORCES
➔ Equal forces in opposite directions
produce no motion

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What is an example of an unbalanced force
that acts on an object in motion? Example:

FRICTION! 1. What happens if you are standing

There are four main types of friction: on a skateboard or a slippery
➔ Sliding Friction: ice skating floor and push against a wall?
➔ Rolling Friction: bowling
➔ Fluid Friction (air or liquid): air or ➔ You slide in the opposite direction
water resistance (away from the wall), because you
➔ Static Friction: initial friction when pushed on the wall but the wall
moving an object pushed back on you with equal and
opposite force.
SECOND LAW: ACCELERATION
2. Why does it hurt so much when
➔ The acceleration of an object is you stub your toe?
dependent upon two variables– the
net force acting upon the object and ➔ When your toe exerts a force on a
the mass of the object. rock, the rock exerts an equal force
➔ The acceleration of an object back on your toe. The harder you hit
depends directly upon the net force your toe against it, the more force
acting upon the object, and inversely the rock exerts back on your toe
upon the mass of the object. (and the more your toe hurts).

FORMULAS 3. A bug with a mass of 5 grams

flies into the windshield of a
● Force = Mass x Acceleration
moving 1000kg bus.
– Force is measured in Newtons
Which will have the most force?
● The bug on the bus
● Mass = Force/Acceleration
● The bus on the bug
– Mass is measured in Kg
➔ The force would be the same.
– Weight (force) = mass x gravity
(Earth)

● Acceleration = Force / mass

– Acceleration is measured in
meter/second squared
– Acceleration of gravity (Earth) =
2
9.8m/𝑠

❖ WEIGHT is a measure of the force

due to gravity, and the mass of an
object. It is measured in Newtons.

THIRD LAW: ACTION-REACTION

➔ For every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction.

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 ❖ Newton’s First Law:
➢ Objects in motion tend to
stay in motion and objects at
rest tend to stay at rest
unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
❖ Newton’s Second Law:
➢ Force equals mass times
acceleration (F = ma)
❖ Newton’s Third Law:
➢ For every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction.

EQUILIBRIUM (FBD)
➔ When all the forces that act upon an
object are balanced, then the object
is said to be in a state of
equilibrium.
➔ The forces are considered to be
balanced if the rightward forces are
balanced by the leftward forces and
the upward forces are balanced by
the downward forces.

The thing to do would be to take one of

the tools from your tool belt and throw it ➔ If an object is at equilibrium, then the
as hard as you can directly away from the
forces are balanced. Balanced is the
shuttle. Then, with the help of Newton's
second and third laws, you will accelerate keyword that is used to describe
back towards the shuttle. As you throw equilibrium situations. Thus, the net
the tool, you push against it, causing it to force is zero and the acceleration is
accelerate. At the same time, by 2
0 m/𝑠 .
Newton's third law, the tool is pushing
back against you in the opposite direction, ➔ Objects at equilibrium must have an
2
which causes you to accelerate back acceleration of 0 m/𝑠 .
towards the shuttle, as desired. ➔ This extends from Newton’s first Law
of motion. But having an
2
acceleration of 0 m/𝑠 does not
mean the object is at rest. An object
at equilibrium is either…
◆ At rest and staying at rest, or
◆ In motion and continuing in
motion with the same speed
and direction.

SUMMARY

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 ANALYZING A STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
SITUATION
➔ If an object is at rest and is in a state
of equilibrium, then we would say
that the object is at “static
equilibrium”.
➔ “Static” means stationary or at rest.

FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS
➔ Free-body diagrams are pictures
that show the size and direction of
all forces acting on an object.

STEPS TO DRAWING A FREE-BODY

DIAGRAM
1. Pick one object to analyze
2. Draw a box or dot to represent the
object
3. Draw an arrow to represent each
force acting on the object
4. Make sure the arrow shows the
direction and relative size of the
force

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BANGUG & NAVARRO, STE12-6P
 FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM

➔ The net external force on the system

must be zero.

CASE 3
CASE 1

CASE 2 CASE 4

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