Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture-11

Idealized Structural Modeling

of RC Structures

By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
[email protected]
([email protected])

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 1

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Topics Addressed

 Design Cycle

 Member Sizes Estimation

 Idealization of Physical Structure

 Calculation of Stiffness Properties

 Transformation of Physical Structure into Idealized Model.

 Load idealization and Load Placement.

 Closing Note

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 2

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Cycle

2. Idealization
Idealization
of physical
structure

1. Member Sizing 3. Analysis

Preliminary Analysis
estimation of of idealized
member sizes structure

4. Design
If design (member
proportioning etc.) is OK,
the cycle is complete. If not
OK, repeat the cycle
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 3

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Member Sizes Estimation

 General
 The experienced designer can estimate member sizes with
surprising accuracy.

 Those with little or no experience must rely on trial

calculations.

 Architecture requirements, availability of formwork and

other similar field issues are also important aspects and
must be considered before the sizes of various RC
members are finalized.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 4

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Member Sizes Estimation

 Slab Thickness
 Controlled by either:
 Deflection requirements,

 Negative moments at the faces of the supporting beams.

 A practical minimum thickness of 5 inches is often used,

except for joist construction.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 5

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Member Sizes Estimation

 Beam Sizes
 Usually governed by:
 Negative moments and Shears at the supports.

 Deflection at mid span.

 Many designers prefer following estimate:

 Depth = 3/4 inch per foot of span

 Width = ½ depth.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 6

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Member Sizes Estimation

 Column Sizes
 Column sizes are governed primarily by axial loads which
can be estimated quickly.

 Development length of beam reinforcement in column may

also be a deciding factor for selecting column dimension
parallel to beam longitudinal axis.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 7

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Member Sizes Estimation

 Column Sizes
 For minimum forming costs, it is highly desirable to use the
same column dimensions throughout the height of a
building.

 This can be accomplished by using higher-strength

concrete on the lower stories and reducing concrete
strength in upper stories, as appropriate.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 8

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Physical Structure
 Every structure in the universe is basically a 3D structure
and is composed of 3D members.

3DSlab
3D foundation
3D beam
3D Column

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealized Structure
 For analysis purpose, a physical structure is represented
as an idealized structure.

 While transforming a physical structure to its equivalent

idealized form, following characteristics of the idealized
structure shall be selected as close as possible to the
actual structure:
 Stiffness,

 Span length,

 Supports,

 Loads etc.
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 10

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Idealization (Steps)
 Step 1: Calculation of Stiffness Properties such as Area
and Moment of Inertia of the Members based on Estimated
Sizes.

 Step 2: Transformation of Physical Structure into Idealized

Model.
 i. Idealization of Structural Members

 ii. Idealization of Joints Connecting RC Members

 iii. Idealization of Restraints (Supports) to provide proper Boundary Conditions

to Idealized Structure

 iv. Idealization of Walls

 Step 3: Load idealization and Load Placement.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 11

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 1: Stiffness Properties Calculation

 Given a 3D physical structure, its member stiffness can be calculated
easily. The most important property is moment of inertia “I” of members.

3DSlab
3D foundation
3D beam
3D Column

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 12

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 1: Stiffness Properties Calculation

 Effects of Cracking on Moment of Inertia of Members
 We know that RC members in a physical structure crack well below
the ultimate load. Therefore using full moment of inertia of the member
in the idealized model is not justified.

 Though the use of full moment of inertia of members will not affect the
total value of bending (positive plus negative), the distribution between
the members may change considerably.

 It is not the absolute moment of inertia that matter, rather it is the

relative stiffness of members that must be considered.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 13

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 1: Stiffness Properties Calculation

 Effects of Cracking on Moment of Inertia of Members
 Beam Section:

 At positive moment locations where T-section is effective, the

cracked T-section moment of inertia is almost equal to a rectangular
section with the same dimensions.

h
Positive moment
location
(T-Section) ≈
h

b
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 14

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 1: Stiffness Properties Calculation

 Effects of Cracking on Moment of Inertia of Members
 Beam Section:

 At negative moment locations where rectangular section is effective,

the cracked rectangular section moment of inertia is almost equal to
Negative moment
rectangular section with same dimensions due to additional stiffness
location
(Rectangular provided by beam and column reinforcements.
Section)

Column As
reinforcement adds
h ≈
to section stiffness
b

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 15

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 1: Stiffness Properties Calculation

 Effects of Cracking on Moment of Inertia of Members
 Column Section:

 The effect of cracks on variation of moment of inertia of columns is

relatively less due to axial load on column.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 16

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 1: Stiffness Properties Calculation

 Case Studies (Effects on bending moments due to variation in Moment of Inertia of Members)

 Case Study 1: Distribution of bending moments in a fixed ended beam at

same load (UDL) and varying moment of inertia “I” along span.

I I I I I I 0.6I 0.3I 0.6I I

600 400

1200 1400
Beam: 12″×18″; load: 3.0 kip/ft Units: kip-in

Effects on bending moments due to variation in Moment of Inertia of Members

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 17

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 1: Stiffness Properties Calculation
 Case Studies
 Case Study 2: Distribution of bending moments in beam and column at
different loads and different I.

185 348 416

67 (371) 158 (495) 256
(185)
(67) %age diff: 6 (134) %age diff: 16 (179)
%age diff: 0
%age diff: 0 %age diff: 15 %age diff: 30

Cracking considered Units: kip-in

(Cracking not considered)
For ½ Service Load (0.75 kip/ft) For Service Load (1.5 kip/ft) For Ultimate Load (2.0 kip/ft)
Ibeam = Igross (at ½ service load) Ibeam = 0.75Igross (at service load) Ibeam = 0.5Igross (at ultimate load)

Beam: 12″ × 18″; Column: 12″ × 12″; DL = 1 kip/ft; LL = 0.5 kip/ft

Effects on bending moments due to variation in Moment of Inertia of Members
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 18

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 1: Stiffness Properties Calculation
 Case Studies
 Case Study 3: Distribution of bending moments in beam and column at same
loads and different I.

495 463 416

179 210 256

Units: kip-in

For Ultimate Load (2.0 kip/ft) For Ultimate Load (2.0 kip/ft) For Ultimate Load (2.0 kip/ft)
Ibeam = Igross Ibeam = 0.75Igross Ibeam = 0.5Igross

Beam: 12″ × 18″; Column: 12″ × 12″; DL = 1 kip/ft; LL = 0.5 kip/ft

Effects on bending moments due to variation in Moment of Inertia of Members

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 19

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 1: Stiffness Properties Calculation

 ACI Code on Stiffness
 ACI 8.6.1 states that use of any set of reasonable assumptions shall be
permitted for computing relative flexural and torsional stiffnesses of
columns, walls, floors, and roof systems. The assumptions adopted shall
be consistent throughout analysis.

 ACI R8.6.1 states that relative values of stiffness are important. Common
assumptions are:

 Gross EI values for all members

 Half the gross EI of the beam stem for beams and the gross EI for
the columns.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 20

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 1: Stiffness Properties Calculation

 ACI Code on Stiffness
 Additional guidance is given in ACI Code 10.11.1, which specifies the
section properties to be used for frames subject to side-sway.

 Note: Effective moment of inertia shall be used for calculation of

deflection at a particular load stage.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 1: Stiffness Properties Calculation

 Stiffness Assignment in the FEA Software
 In reality, all beams in a monolithic RC structure are either T or L beams.
However in software like SAP2000, the beams are usually modeled as
rectangular sections. This is justified mathematically as below:
 Generally, IT = 2Irect (IT and Irect are moment of inertia of T and rectangular section)

 Now as per ACI 10.11.1 (sway case), to modeled cracked beam, I of beam = 0.35I

 Therefore, IT, cracked = 0.35 × 2Irect = 0.7Irect ; Similarly Icol = 0.70 Ig

 Therefore, finally all columns and rectangular beam section’s stiffnesses shall be
reduced by a factor of 0.7 in the software to model stiffnesses as per ACI 10.11.1.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 22

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 1: Stiffness Properties Calculation

 Once the stiffnesses are in hand, physical structure can be
converted into an idealized model using structural model
elements.

3DSlab
3D foundation
3D beam
3D Column

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 23

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements

OR

3D slab 2D area element 3D Point Support Point Support

foundation (Full restraint) (Partial restraint)
Stress variation through thickness is neglected.

3D slab 3D solid element

3D column 1D line
& Beam elements 3D column & Beam 3D solid elements
Stress variation through thickness is neglected. Stress variation through thickness considered.
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 24

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Using element models on the previous slide, several options are possible.
Such as a full 3D structural model of the physical structure can be made
using 3D solid elements.

3D slab
= 3D foundation
3D solid element =
3D Column 3D solid element
3D beam = 3D solid element
=
3D solid element

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 25

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 However, generally 3D idealized line models are used in engineering
design practice to minimize computational effort. Such a model must be
made on centerlines of 3D members.

In line modeling, the

beam and column
lengths are taken
more than they
actually are.

Centerline

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 26

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 3D idealized line model of a physical structure. Analysis of such models
can be done relatively easily.

3D slab
= 3D foundation
2D Area element =
Point representation
3D column 3D beam (depending on restraint)
= =
1D line element 1D line element

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115

3D Line Model
Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 27

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Conversion from 3D to 2D

 Due to various constraints (software availability, software efficiency,

time consumption, high skills required etc.), one would further like to
transform a 3D model into a 2D model.

 Most commonly used method for this purpose is Equivalent Frame

Method.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 28

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Conversion from 3D to 2D

 In Equivalent frame analysis an equivalent 2D system of a 3D

structure is extracted by considering stiffnesses of relevant
members e.g., slab and beams.

1. 3D line model
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 29

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Conversion from 3D to 2D

 3D frame extracted from structure

2. 3D frame extracted from structure

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 30

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Conversion from 3D to 2D

 Converted 2D line model

 Once the 2D system is extracted, any method can be used for

analysis.

3. Converted 2D line model

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 31

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Conversion from 2D to 1D

 2D structures can be idealized into further simpler 1D line models.

 End conditions must be selected with good structural engineering

judgment for correct structural representation.

Which one is
correct?

2D line model

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 32

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Conversion from 2D to 1D

Must be considered
ACI Coefficient = 1/16 (for column support)

Actual BMD

2D frame BMD from selected

support conditions

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 33

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of prismatic instead of non-prismatic members: The usual

assumption in frame analysis is that the members are prismatic, with
constant moment of inertia between centerlines. This is not strictly
correct as shown below.
A B
Beam prismatic up to
this section only
A Section A-A

lc
Column prismatic up to
this section only
ln
B Section B-B
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 34

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of prismatic instead of non-prismatic members: This problem

can be solved either with solid 3D member modeling or using
varying moment of inertia along the length of member. If such a
correct modeling is done, this will result in increase beam support
moments somewhat and decrease span moments.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 35

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of prismatic instead of non-prismatic members: As sectional

dimensions of the members as compared to their length are very
small, the variation in bending moment resulting from such deficient
modeling will normally be not significant.
45

BMD for prismatic section 35 Beam: 12″ × 18″

100 100
Column: 12″ × 12″
Load = 1.0 kip/ft
BMD for non-prismatic section 109 lc = 10 ft 109
Offset = 6″

ln = 9 ft Units: kip-in
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 36

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of centerline length instead of clear length.

 Beam: When centerline moment are used in design,

unnecessarily large section would result. Therefore, it is better
to use face moments in design.
Face Moment

Centerline
moment

lc

ln
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 37

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of centerline length instead of clear length

 Case Study: Comparison of centerline and offset moments in a beam

780 kip-in 668 kip-in

Centerline Moment: Offset Moment:

Beam: 12″ × 18″; Column size: 12″ × 12″ Beam: 12″ × 18″; Column size: 12″ × 12″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 38

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of centerline length instead of clear length.

 End Moments in Columns: Because moment gradient is not very

steep, the difference between Mface and Mc is small.

Mc

Mface
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 39

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of centerline length instead of clear length

 Case Study: Comparison of centerline and offset moments in a column

246 kip-in 207 kip-in

Centerline Moment: Offset Moment:

Beam: 12″ × 18″; Column size: 12″ × 12″ Beam: 12″ × 18″; Column size: 12″ × 12″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 40

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 Use of centerline length instead of clear length.

 Negative Moments in Beam due to Girder: The negative moment

in the beam at the centerline of the girder should be used to
design the negative reinforcing steel.
Girder
C.L
Beam

Column Girder Negative moment at

(true (Pseudo girder centerline should
support) support) be considered

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 41

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (i). Idealization of Structural Model Elements
 Deficiencies in Idealization Process due to Line Modeling

 ACI Code on Span Length Selection:

 ACI 8.7.2 allows the use of center to center distance for doing
analysis of frames.

 For beam design, ACI 8.7.3 permits the use of bending moment
at face of the support.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 42

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (ii). Idealization of Joints Connecting RC Members
 Joints in a cast in place RC structure are those locations where two or
more members are connected monolithically.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 43

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (ii). Idealization of Joints Connecting RC Members
 One of the important characteristics of RC structures is their capability of
transferring load effects from one member to another through joints.
Joints must be rigid and properly designed in order to transfer these
actions.

 The structures which exhibit continuity at joints are called monolithic

structures.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 44

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (ii). Idealization of Joints Connecting RC Members
 Types of Joints

θbeam ≠ θcolumn θbeam ≠ θcolumn θbeam = θcolumn

Flexible Semi-Flexible Rigid
(Frictionless pin) (Spring)
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 45

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (ii). Idealization of Joints Connecting RC Members
 End release option in SAP2000 can create several types of joints

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 46

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (iii). Idealization of Restraints (Supports)
 Supports may be idealized as point elements considering their overall
behavior under the given demand.

 Three types of idealized support representations are given next.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 47

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (iii). Idealization of Restraints (Supports)
 Roller

 A support that allows horizontal movement and rotation but prevents

movement vertically, up or down e.g., beam resting on a masonry wall
with a small friction at the contact surface so that if there is any lateral
movement, the beam can move laterally up to some extent.

Example:
Beam over masonry Roller Support Representation
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 48

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (iii). Idealization of Restraints (Supports)
 Hinge

 A support that allows rotation but prevents translation e.g., beam

resting on a masonry wall with a large friction at the contact surface
so that lateral movement is prevented.

Example:
Beam over masonry Hinge Support Representation

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 49

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (iii). Idealization of Restraints (Supports)
 Idealization of Support for Beams over Masonry Wall
Option 1
(wrong option)

Beam Bending not possible

Option 2
Wall
(correct option)

Before bending

After bending
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 50

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (iii). Idealization of Restraints (Supports)
 Fixed

 A support in which both translation and rotation are prevented.

Beam

Concrete
wall

Example:
Concrete monolithic frame Fixed Support Representation

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 51

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (iii). Idealization of Restraints (Supports)
 Support for Foundation

 A shallow foundation with relatively smaller dimensions can be

idealized as a hinge support.

G.L
=

Shallow foundation with Hinge

relatively smaller dimensions

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 52

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (iii). Idealization of Restraints (Supports)
 Support for Foundation

 A relatively deep foundation with relatively larger dimensions (e.g.,

continuous and raft footing) can be idealized as a fixed support.

G.L
=

Fixed
Relatively deep foundation with
large dimensions resting on solid
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
stratum
CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 53

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (iii). Idealization of Restraints (Supports)
 Support for Foundation

 However a foundation may be more truly represented by modeling it

as an area or solid element with soil represented as spring elements
etc.

G.L
=
KH
3D view
KV

Elastic Spring Support

(Elevation view)
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 54

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model

 (iii). Idealization of Restraints (Supports)
 Case Study: Effect on bending moment in members due to change in type
of restraints

348 325 369

158 180 136

For qa = 2 kip/ft2
K = 48 kip/ft

Hinge supports Fixed supports Spring supports

0 88 0.56

Beam: 12″ × 18″; Column 12″ × 12″; Load: 1.5 kip/ft; Units: kip-in

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 55

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model
 (iv). Idealization of Walls
 RC Shear Wall 3D Line Model

Shear wall rigidly

connected to structure
by reinforcement

3D structure
• FE model of shear wall
• Membrane (in-plane resistance) element OR shell (in
and out plane resistance) element
• Properly meshed to model rigid connection

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 56

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 2: Transformation from physical structure to idealized model
 (iv). Idealization of Walls
 Masonry Wall 3D Line Model

Masonry wall
Pinned connection

3D structure • Masonry wall modeled as equivalent diagonal bracing .

• Brace member is rectangular and has thickness equal to thickness of wall.
• Brace has depth equal to 0.25 times length of diagonal length.
• Brace is connected to structure through pinned connection
• Note : Masonry weight shall be separately applied on structure.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 57

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Loads Idealization

≈
≈

Column Beam
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 58

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Consider a 2D frame with rigid joints.

 The frame subjected to dead load only will have deflected shape as
shown below.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 59

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Live load may or may not occupy the complete floor of the structure
at the same time. It is possible that only span AB or any other span is
fully loaded at a time.

 Several arrangements of live load are possible.

A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 60

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Consider the frame below. Due to application of uniform live load on
span AB, the deflection of beam and adjacent columns will increase.

A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 61

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Placement of Loads
 On further increase in live load, the span BC curvature can reverse,
bringing tension in upper fibers.

 Similarly the column AA′ converts from double to single curvature .

A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 62

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Placement of Loads
 If span CD is loaded as well with live load, the deflections will further
increase. Also span BC will reach reverse curvature earlier.

 However if all spans AB, BC, and CD are loaded, the deflection in
span AB decreases.

A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 63

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Placement of Loads
 So it is not the full live load on floor ABCD that causes more bending
in span AB, rather it is the arrangement or pattern shown below that
causes more bending in span AB.

A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 64

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Placement of Loads
 One pattern may give maximum mid span bending while other might
give maximum support rotation.

A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 65

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Pattern for Maximum Mid Span Moment

 With pattern 1, max. positive moments in spans AB and CD are

obtained. Maximum mid span negative moment in BC is also obtained.

Pattern 1
A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 66

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Pattern for Maximum Mid Span Moment

 With pattern 2, maximum positive moments in spans BC.

 Maximum mid span negative moment in AB and CD is also obtained.

Pattern 2
A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 67

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Pattern for Maximum Support Moment

 Maximum support moment (at support B for example) is obtained for

the given frame from pattern 3.

Pattern 3
A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 68

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Pattern for Maximum Column Moment

 Maximum column moments (for column AA′ for example) is obtained

for the given frame from pattern 4.

Pattern 4
A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 69

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Placement of Loads
 Pattern for Maximum Column Moment

 Maximum column moments (for column CC′ for example) is obtained

for the given frame from pattern 5.

Pattern 5
A B C D E

A′ B′ C′ D′ E′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 70

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load
 Factored DL = 1.8 kip/ft (for 6" thick slab and 40 psf SDL)

 Factored LL = 1.152 (for 60 psf LL on 12′ width)

10′

10′

10′

20′ 20′ 20′ 20′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 71

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load

Load: Full dead only (1.80 kip/ft) Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

427 350

780 718 246

0

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 72

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load

Load: Full Live only (1.152 kip/ft) Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

273 228

500 460 157

0

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 73

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load

Load: Full dead + live {1.80 +1.152} kip/ft Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

700 580

1279 1179 403

0

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 74

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load

Load: Pattern Live Only (1.152 kip/ft) for Mmid+, max Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

380 370

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 75

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load
 Dead + Pattern live for maximum positive mid span moment

804 725

Load: Dead + Pattern Live (1.152 kip/ft) for Mmid+,max

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 76

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load

Load: Pattern Live Only (1.152 kip/ft) for M 1st int supp - Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

555

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 77

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load
 Dead + Pattern live for 1st interior support negative moment

1335

Load: Dead + Pattern Live (1.152 kip/ft) for M 1st int supp -

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 78

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load

Load: Pattern Live Only (1.152 kip/ft) for M int supp - Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

527

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 79

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load
 Dead + Pattern live for interior support negative moment

1246

Load: Dead + Pattern Live (1.152 kip/ft) for M int supp -

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 80

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load

Load: Pattern Live Only (1.152 kip/ft) for Mext col Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

141

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 81

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load
 Dead + Pattern live for exterior column moment

387

Load: Dead + Pattern Live (1.152 kip/ft) for Mext col

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 82

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load

Load: Pattern Live Only (1.152 kip/ft) for M int col Deflected shape

Units: kip-in

102

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 83

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load
 Dead + Pattern live for interior column moment

102

Load: Dead + Pattern Live (1.152 kip/ft) for M int col

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 84

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Case Study 1 (20′ span) on Pattern Load
 All maximum load effects can be combined on a single diagram giving
envelop. Comparison with full dead and live load is also shown.

700 580
(804) (725)
13% 20%

Full 403 1279 1179

0
(Pattern) (387) (1335) (1246)
(102)
4% 4% 5%
%age difference 100%

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 85

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Conclusions on Placement of Loads
 To calculate the maximum possible moments at all critical points of a
frame, live load must be placed in a great variety of different
schemes.

 In most practical cases, however, consideration of the relative

magnitude of effects will permit limitation of analysis to a small
number of significant cases.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 86

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Idealization of Physical Structure

 Step 3: Loads Idealization and Placement

 Arrangement of Live Loads (ACI 8.9)
 8.9.2 — It shall be permitted to assume that the arrangement of live
load is limited to combinations of:

 (a) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load
on two adjacent spans;

 (b) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load
on alternate spans.

Alternate spans loaded Alternate spans loaded Adjacent spans loaded

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 87

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Closing Note

 The characteristics of the idealized structural model

should be as close as possible to the physical
structure.

 The engineer must not only accept the uncertainties

of load placement, magnitude, and duration typical
of any structural analysis, but must also cope with
other complications that are unique to reinforced
concrete such as effect of cracking, creep and
shrinkage.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 88

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Closing Note

 The student may well despair of accurate

calculation of the internal forces for which the
members of a reinforced concrete frame must be
designed.

 However mainly because of plastic flow, a concrete

structure tries with admirable ductility to adapt itself
to our calculations.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 89

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Closing Note

 As very correctly said by Halvard Birkeland

 ". . . the structure, in many instances, will accept our

rash assumptions and our imperfect mathematical
models to such an extent that the structure will
exhaust all means of standing before it decides to
fall.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 90

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Closing Note

 However too great a deviation from the actual

distribution of internal forces can result in
serviceability problems associated with cracking
and deflection, and can even result in premature
failure.

 But it is reassuring to know that, if good judgment is

used in assigning internal forces to critical sections,
the wisdom of the structure will prevail.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 91

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 13th Ed. by Nilson,

Darwin and Dolan.

 ACI 318.

 SAP2000 FEM based Software.

 Case Studies by Dr. Qaisar and Engr. Umer

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 92

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

The End

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 93

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