Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture-04
Design of RC Members for
Shear and Torsion
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
[email protected]
[email protected]

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 1

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Topics Addressed
 Design of RC Members for Shear
 Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams
 Homogeneous Elastic Beams
 RC Beams in Non-Linear Inelastic Range

 Diagonal Tension in RC Beams Subjected to Flexure and

Shear Loading
 Types of Cracks in RC Beams
 Shear Strength of Concrete
 Web Reinforcement Requirement
 ACI Code Provisions for Shear Design
 Effect of Axial Force on Shear Strength of Concrete
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Topics Addressed

 Design of RC Members for Torsion

 Torsional Stresses in Solid Concrete Members
 Torsional Stresses in Circular Members

 Torsional Stresses in Rectangular Members

 Torsional Stresses in Rectangular Members Based on Thin Walled

Tube Analogy

 Torsional Strength of Concrete

 Reinforcement Requirements
 Space Truss Analogy

 Vertical Stirrup Reinforcement

 Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 3

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Topics Addressed

 Design of RC Members for Torsion (Cont’d)

 ACI Requirements for Design of RC Members Subjected to
Torsion

 Steps for Design of RC Member Subjected to Torsion

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of RC Members for Shear

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 5

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Shear Stresses in Rectangular

Beams
 Homogeneous Elastic
Rectangular Beams
Shear stress (ν) within linear
elastic range along the depth
of a beam can be calculated
by:

ν = VQ/Ib

• As example, Q (statical moment about n.a)

at level cd will be equal to Aabcdy′
• Where Aabcd is area abcd.
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Shear Stresses in Rectangular

Beams
 Homogeneous Elastic a b
Rectangular Beams
h/4
For shear at neutral axis:
h
e f
Q = Aabef  h/4 = bh2/8

I = bh3/12
b
Therefore,

ν = VQ/Ib = V(bh2/8)/{(bh3/12)b}

= (3/2)V/bh

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 7

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Shear Stresses in Rectangular

Beams
 RC Beams in Non-Linear Inelastic Range
 When the load on the beam is such that stresses are no longer
proportional to strain, then equation v = VQ/Ib for shear stress
calculation does not govern.

 The exact distribution of shear stresses over the depth of

reinforced concrete member in such a case is not known.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Shear Stresses in Rectangular

Beams
 RC Beams in Non-Linear Inelastic Range
 Tests have shown that the average shear stress prior to crack
formation is:
 νav = V/ bd

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Diagonal Tension in RC Beams

subjected to Flexure and Shear
Loading

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Diagonal Tension in RC Beams

subjected to Flexure and Shear
Loading
 Conclusions from Previous Discussion
 The tensile stresses are not confined to horizontal bending
stresses that are caused by bending alone.

 Tensile stresses of various inclinations and magnitudes resulting

from shear alone (at the neutral axis) or from the combined
action of shear and bending, exist in all parts of a beam and can
impair its integrity if not adequately provided for.

 It is for this reason that the inclined tensile stresses, known as

diagonal tension stress must be carefully considered in
reinforced concrete design.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 11

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Cracks in Reinforced Concrete

Beam
• These are of two types
• Flexure Cracks

• Diagonal Tension Cracks

 Web-shear cracks: These cracks are formed at locations where flexural
stresses are negligibly small.

 Flexure shear cracks: These cracks are formed where shear force and
bending moment have large values.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Shear Strength of Concrete

 Tensile Strength of Concrete
 The direct tensile strength of concrete ranges from 3 to 5√f c′ as
given in table below:

Table: Approximate range of tensile strengths of concrete

Normal-Weight Concrete, psi Lightweight Concrete, psi
Direct tensile strength ft' 3 to 5√fc' 2 to 3√fc'
Split-cylinder strength fct 6 to 8√fc' 4 to 6√fc'
Modulus of rupture fr 8 to 12√fc' 6 to 8√fc'

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 13

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Shear Strength of Concrete

 Shear Strength of Concrete in Presence of Cracks
 A large number of tests on beams have shown that in regions
where small moment and large shear exist (web shear crack
location) the nominal or average shear strength is taken as
3.5√fc′.

 However in the presence of large moments (for which adequate

longitudinal reinforcement has been provided), the nominal
shear strength corresponding to formation of diagonal tension
cracks can be taken as:

νcr = 2√fc′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Shear Strength of Concrete

 Shear Strength of Concrete in Presence of Cracks
 The same has been adopted by ACI code (refer to ACI 11.3.1).

 This reduction of shear strength of concrete is due to the pre-

existence of flexural cracks.

 It is important to mention here that this value of shear strength of

concrete exists at the ultimate i.e., just prior to the failure
condition.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 15

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Web Reinforcement Requirement in

Reinforced Concrete Beams

 Nominal Shear Capacity (Vn) of Reinforced Concrete

Beam
 Now general expression for shear capacity of reinforced
concrete beam is given as:

Vn = Vc + Vs

Where,
Vc = Nominal shear capacity of concrete,

Vs = Nominal shear capacity of shear reinforcement.

Note: in case of flexural capacity Mn = Mc + Ms (Mc = 0, at ultimate load)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Web Reinforcement Requirement in

Reinforced Concrete Beams

 Nominal Shear Capacity (Vn) of Reinforced Concrete

Beam
 Unlike moment, in expression for shear the term Vc ≠ 0 because
test evidence have led to the conservative assumption that just
prior to failure of a web-reinforced beam, the sum of the three
internal shear components is equal to the cracking shear Vcr.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 17

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Web Reinforcement Requirement in

Reinforced Concrete Beams

 Nominal Shear Capacity (Vn) of Reinforced Concrete

Beam
 This sum is generally (somewhat loosely) referred to as the
contribution of the concrete to the total shear resistance, and is
denoted by Vc. Thus Vc = Vcr and

Vc = Vcz + Vd + Viy
Where,
Viy = Vertical component of sizable interlock forces. (Vi) have in fact been
measured, amounting to about one-third of the total shear force.
Vcz = Internal vertical forces in the uncracked portion of the concrete.
Vd = Internal vertical forces across the longitudinal steel, acting as a dowel.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 18

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Web Reinforcement Requirement in

Reinforced Concrete Beams

 Nominal Shear Capacity (Vn) of Reinforced Concrete

Beam
 Vc = Vcz + Vd + Viy = 2√ (fc′)bwd [ACI 11.3.1.1]

 Vs = Avfyd/s

 Vu = ΦVc + ΦVs

Vu = ΦVc + ΦAvfyd /s

s = ΦAvfyd/ (Vu – ΦVc)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 19

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Provisions for Shear

Design
 Strength Reduction Factor
 The strength reduction factor Φ is to be taken equal to 0.75 for
shear.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Provisions for Shear

Design
 Spacing Requirements for Stirrups

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Provisions for Shear

Design
 Location of Critical Section for Shear Design

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Provisions for Shear

Design
 Location of Critical Section for Shear Design

Typical support Typical support

conditions conditions

A beam loaded near

Concentrated its bottom edge, e.g.
load within inverted T-beam
distance “d”

End of a monolithic
vertical element

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 23

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Effect of Axial Force on Shear

Strength of Concrete Members
 Axial Compression
 The ACI Code provides that for members carrying axial
compression as well as bending and shear, the contribution of
the concrete be taken as:

Vc = 2{1+ Nu/ (2000Ag)}√(fc′)bwd Nu

Where,

Ag = Gross area of concrete

Nu = Axial load
Nu

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Effect of Axial Force on Shear

Strength of Concrete Members
 Axial Tension
 The ACI Code provides that, for members carrying significant
axial tension as well as bending and shear, the contribution of
the concrete be taken as:

Vc = 2{1+ Nu/ (500Ag)}√(fc′)bwd Nu

but not less than zero, where Nu is negative for tension.

Nu

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 25

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of RC Members for Torsion

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Stresses
 Introduction
 The shear stress induced due to applied torque on a member is
called as torsional shear stress or torsional stress.

Applied Torque, T

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 27

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Stresses
 Circular Members: Torsional stresses in solid circular members
can be computed as:
 τ = Tρ/J
Where,

T = applied torque,

ρ = radial distance,

J = polar moment of inertia.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Stresses
 Rectangular Members:
 Torsional stress variation in rectangular members is relatively
complicated.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 29

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Stresses
 Rectangular Members:
 The largest stress occurs at the middle of the wide face “a”.

 The stress at the corners is zero.

 Stress distribution at any other location is less than that at the

middle and greater than zero.

τmax = T/ (αb2a)

Table: Variation of α with ratio a/b.

a/b 1 1.5 2 3
a 0.2 0.23 0.24 0.267

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 30

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Stresses
 Rectangular Members:
 Torsional stress close to the faces of the rectangular member is
much greater than that of interior section.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 31

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Stresses
 Rectangular Members:
 From the previous discussion it is concluded that torsional
stresses are concentrated in a thin outer skin of the solid cross
section.

 This leads to the concept of thin walled tube analogy.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Stresses
 Torsional Stresses From Thin Walled Tube Analogy:
 According to ACI code, torsional stresses in a solid rectangular
section are computed using Thin Walled Tube Analogy.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 33

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Stresses
 Torsional Stresses From Thin Walled Tube Analogy:
 In the thin-walled tube analogy the resistance is assumed to be
provided by the outer skin of the cross section roughly centered on
the closed stirrups.

 According to thin walled tube analogy, shear stress and thus shear
flow remains constant within the thin walls of the tube i.e.,

 τ = shear force/ shear area = constant

 q = shear force per unit length = constant

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Stresses
 Torsional Stresses From Thin Walled Tube Analogy:
 τ1 = V1/xot (shear stress = shear force/ shear area)

 According to thin-walled tube theory,

V1/xot = V2/yot = V3/xot = V4/yot = τ = constant

Also as,

q1 = V1/xo {shear force/ unit length (shear flow)}

Therefore,

τ = q1/t OR q1 = τt

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 35

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Stresses
 Torsional Stresses From Thin Walled Tube Analogy:
 As the terms V1 through V4 are induced shear and cannot be easily determined,
therefore, they can be expressed in terms of torque. Taking moments about
centerline of thin walled tube,

T = V4xo/2 + V2xo/2 + V1yo/2 + V3yo/2

T = (V4 + V2) (xo/2) + (V1 + V3) (yo/2)

 As, V4 = V2 and V3 = V1, therefore,

T = (2V2) (xo/2) + (2V1) (yo/2)

 As, q1 = V1/xo and q2 = V2/yo. Therefore,

T = 2qyoxo/2 + 2qxoyo/2 = 2qAo

 As, q = τt, therefore,

τ = T/ (2Aot)
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 36

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Strength of Concrete

 Torsional Strength of Concrete as per ACI Code
 Shear strength of concrete is given as υc = 2√ (fc′), and

 As average shear stress (υav) is equal to V/bd, therefore V/bd = 2√ (fc′)

 V = Vc = 2√ (fc′)bd

In case of torsion induced shear stresses (torsional stresses), ACI 11.6.1

says that “cracking is assumed when tensile stresses reach 4√ (fc′)”.

τc = 4√ (fc′) ………………………….….. (a)

From the previous discussion on torsional stresses in thin walled tube:

τ = T/ (2Aot) ………….………………… (b)

 Equating (a) and (b) gives: Tc = 4√ (fc′) (2Aot)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 37

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Strength of Concrete

 Torsional Strength of Concrete as per ACI Code
 According to ACI R11.6.1,
 Ao = (2/3)Acp, t = (3/4)Acp/ pcp t
y
 Where, Acp = xy, pcp = 2(x + y) {full section of the member}

 Substituting values of “Ao ” and “t” in eqn. for Tc gives:

Tc = 4√ (fc′) Acp2/ pcp x

 This equation represents the capacity of rectangular concrete member
in torsion.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 38

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Torsional Strength of Concrete

 Torsional Strength of Concrete as per ACI Code

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 39

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Review of Reinforcement Requirement for Flexure
 To understand the reinforcement requirement for torsion, recall
the concept of flexural design of RC beam.

 Elastic Range Flexural Capacity

 For an uncracked concrete beam, the flexural stresses are given by:

 f = My/I

 According to ACI code, at f = fr =7.5 √fc′, concrete is at the verge of failure in

tension. Therefore capacity of section at that stage is:

 M = Mcr = fry/I

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 40

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Review of Reinforcement Requirement for Flexure
 Ultimate Flexural Capacity
 For a cracked RC beam at ultimate stage, the flexural capacity is given as:

 Mn = Mc + Ms

 Where,

 Mc = Nominal flexural capacity of concrete in tension,

 Ms = Nominal flexural capacity of tension steel.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 41

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Review of Reinforcement Requirement for Flexure
 Ultimate Flexural Capacity
 As concrete is weak in tension (Refer ACI 9.5.2.1 for concrete tensile
strength), Mc ≈ 0, therefore,

 Mn ≈ Ms = Asfy (d – a/2)

 So the tension reinforcement along with the concrete in compression acts

as a couple to resists the flexural demand on the member.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Review of Reinforcement Requirement for Shear
 Similarly, recall the concept of shear design of RC beam.

 Elastic Range Shear Capacity

 For an uncracked concrete beam, the shear stresses are given by:

 υ = VQ/Ib

 According to ACI code, υ = υcr = 2√fc′ is the nominal shear strength

corresponding to formation of diagonal tension cracks. Therefore shear
capacity of section at that stage is:

 Vcr= υcr Ib/Q = 2√fc′ Ib/Q

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 43

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Review of Reinforcement Requirement for Shear
 Ultimate Shear Capacity
 For a cracked RC beam at ultimate stage, the shear capacity is given as:

 Vn = Vc + Vs

 Where,

 Vc = Nominal shear capacity of concrete,

 Vs = Nominal shear capacity of shear reinforcement.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 44

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Review of Reinforcement Requirement for Shear
 Ultimate Shear Capacity
 Unlike flexure, the term Vc ≠ 0 because from test evidence:

 Vc = Vcz + Vd + Viy = 2√ (fc′)bwd [ACI 11.3.1.1]

 Therefore shear steel (stirrups) along with the contribution of concrete (Vc)
acts together to resists the shear demand due to applied load on the
member.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 45

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Reinforcement requirement for Torsion
 Now, reinforcement requirement for reinforced concrete
members subjected to torsion is determined using thin walled
tube and space truss analogies.
As discussed earlier, from
thin walled tube analogy,
internal effects in the form of
induced shear forces (V1 to
V4) will generate due to
applied torque (T) as
shown.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Space Truss Analogy

Such internally induced

shear forces will crack the
member as shown.

Due to cracks the member

split ups into diagonal
compressive portions or
struts.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 47

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Space Truss Analogy

If the compressive force in the strut is

C, then it can be resolved into two
components:
CH = Horizontal component
CV = Vertical component
CH
CV
C Longitudinal reinforcement shall be
provided to resist CH and vertical
stirrups shall be provided to resist CV.

This leads to space truss analogy.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 48

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Space Truss Analogy
 In space truss analogy, the concrete compression diagonals (struts),
vertical stirrups in tension (ties), and longitudinal reinforcement
(tension chords) act together as shown in figure.

 The analogy derives that torsional stress will be resisted by the vertical
stirrups as well as by the longitudinal steel.

Vertical Reinf: Acts as ties

CH

C CV

Concrete Compression strut Long. Reinf.: Acts as tension chord

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 49

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Vertical Stirrup Reinforcement
 Refer to figure (a), from space truss analogy, Cv = V4

 Refer figure (b),

 V4 = nAtfyv = (yocotθ/s) Atfyv [where n = no of stirrups]

 As V4 = V2, therefore V2 = (yocotθ /s) Atfyv

 And V1 = V3 = (xocotθ /s) Atfyv

(b)

CH V4
∆N4
C CV

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali (a) Face

CE 5115 4 of
Advance theofmember.
Design Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 50

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Vertical Stirrup Reinforcement
 If V1 to V4 are known, At can be determined from previous eqns. However as
discussed earlier, it is convenient to express V1 to V4 in terms of T by taking
moments about centerline of thin walled tube,

Tn = V4xo/2 + V2xo/2 + V1yo/2 + V3yo/2

 With V4 = V2 and V1 = V3, we have,

Tn = 2V2xo/2 + 2V1yo/2 OR Tn = V2xo + V1yo

Putting values of V1 and V2 derived earlier,

Tn = {(yocotθ/s)Atfyv}xo + {(xocotθ/s)Atfyv}yo

Tn = 2(At/s)fyvxoyocotθ

 With xoyo = Aoh, we have,

Tn = 2(At/s)fyvAohcotθ ………….. (i)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 51

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Vertical Stirrup Reinforcement
 For no failure, torsional capacity of the member shall be greater than or equal to
torsional demand i.e., ΦTn ≥ Tu [ with Φ = 0.75 ]

 For ΦTn = Tu, equation (i) becomes,

Tu = Φ2(At/s)fyvAohcotθ

 Where, At = Steel area in one leg of stirrup, therefore from above equation:

At (one legged) = Tus/ (Φ2fyvAohcotθ)

 For two legs, we have,

At (2 legged) = 2Tus/ (Φ2fyvAohcotθ)

At (2 legged) = Tus/ (ΦfyvAohcotθ)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Vertical Stirrup Reinforcement
 If θ = 45o (for non-prestressed members, ACI 11.6.3.6), then,

At (2 legged) = Tus/ (ΦfyvAoh)

 Further ACI R11.6.3.6 requires that Aoh be replaced by Ao and Ao = 0.85Aoh

 At (2 legged) = Tus/ (ΦfyvAo) [where Ao = 0.85Aoh]

 This expression can be used to find shear reinforcement requirement due to

torsion.

 The total shear reinforcement requirement is therefore the sum of the shear
reinforcement requirements due to direct shear and torsion both i.e.,

 Atotal = At (2legged) + Av (2legged)

 Where, Av (2 legged) = (Vu – ΦVc)s/ (Φfyvd)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 53

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement
 Refer figure (b) and (c), for face 4 we have,

 ΔN4 = V4 cot θ = V4 [ for θ = 45o ]

 Similarly, ΔN1 = V1; ΔN2 = V2; ΔN3 = V3;

 Total longitudinal reinforcement for torsion is:

 ∆N = ∆N1 + ∆N2 + ∆N3 + ∆N4

(c)
 ∆N = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4

 As V1 = V3 and V2 = V4, therefore,

 ∆N = 2V1 + 2V4
CH V4
∆N4
C CV

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 (a) Structures

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Face 4 of the member.
Fall 2011 54

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement
 ∆N = 2V1 + 2V4

 With,

 V4 = (yo/s)Atfyv, and,

 V1 = (xo/s)Atfyv

∆N = 2 (xo/s)Atfyv + 2 (yo/s)Atfyv
(c)
∆N = 2 (xo+ yo)Atfyv/s

 As ΔN = Alfyl,and therefore,

Alfyl = 2 (xo+ yo)Atfyv/s

CH V4
 As (2xo + 2yo) = ph, therefore, ∆N4
C CV
 Al = (At /s) ph (fyv /fyl )

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 (a) Structures

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Face 4 of the member.
Fall 2011 55

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforcement Requirement
 Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement
 Now as derived earlier,

At = Tus/ (Φ2fyvAo)

 Therefore expression for Al becomes,

Al = {(Tus/ (Φ2fyvAo) /s} ph (fyv /fyl )

Al = Tu ph / (Φ2fylAo)

 This expression can be used to find the longitudinal reinforcement requirement

due to torsion.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Requirements
 Concrete Part in Torsional Capacity of RC Member
 According to ACI R11.6.3.5, in the calculation of Tn, all the
torque is assumed to be resisted by stirrups and longitudinal
steel with Tc = 0. At the same time, the shear resisted by
concrete Vc is assumed to be unchanged by the presence of
torsion.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 57

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Requirements
 Size of Cross-Section: ACI 11.6.3.1
 The cross-section dimensions for solid section shall be such that:
√ [{Vu/ (bwd)} 2 + {Tuph/ (1.7Aoh2)} 2] ≤ Φ {2√ (fc′) + 8√ (fc′)}
Shear stress Torsional shear stress Shear capacity ACI restriction

 ACI R11.6.3.1 —The size of a cross section is limited for two reasons, first to
reduce unsightly cracking and second to prevent crushing of the surface
concrete due to inclined compressive stresses due to shear and torsion.

 If the above condition does not meet, increase cross-section.

 For Hollow section:

Vu/ (bwd) + Tuph/ (1.7Aoh2) ≤ Φ {2√ (fc′) + 8√ (fc′)}
Shear stress Torsional shear stress Shear capacity ACI restriction
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Requirements
 Reinforcement Requirement for Torsion: ACI 11.6.3.5,
11.6.1 & 11.6.2
 Statically Indeterminate Case

 For statically indeterminate case, no torsional reinforcement is

required if Tu ≤ ΦTc.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 59

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Requirements
 Reinforcement Requirement for Torsion: ACI
11.6.3.5, 11.6.1 & 11.6.2
 Statically Determinate Case:

 For statically determinate case, no torsional reinforcement is

required if Tu ≤ ΦTc/4 .

Tc = 4√(fc′)Acp2/pcp.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Requirements
 Maximum Spacing of the Stirrups (Torsional Stirrups)
 Least of smax = ph/8, 12 inches or Atotalfy/(50bw) [Atotal = Av + At (two legged)]

 Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement: ACI 11.6.5

 Almin = 5√ (fc′)Acp/fyl – (At/s)phfyv/fyl

If At is calculated for 2-legged, then use At/2, Where At/s ≥ 25bw/fyv, with fyv in psi.

 Spacing of longitudinal bars along depth of beam shall be ≤ 12 in and should be

distributed around perimeter.

 Dia. of longitudinal bars ≥ 3/8″,

 Dia. of longitudinal bar > 0.042s {s = stirrups spacing}

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 61

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Steps for Design of Reinforced Concrete

Members Subjected to Torsion
 Determine ΦTcr, if Tu > ΦTcr/4 for statically determinate case or Tu > ΦTcr for indeterminate
case, torsional reinforcement is required.

 Check dimensions according to 11.6.3.1.

 Calculate At (2 legged) = Tus/ (ΦfyvAo) {where Ao = 0.85Aoh) and Av (2 legged) = (Vu – ΦVc)s/ (Φfyd)

 Atotal = At + Av. Then determine spacing.

 Check spacing with maximum spacing requirements of ACI.

 Al = Tuph/ (Φ2Aofyl)

 Check maximum spacing, minimum reinforcement and diameter of longitudinal bars.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Design of Cantilever Beam:
 A cantilever beam supports its own dead load plus a
concentrated load. The beam is 54 inches long, and the
concentrated load acts at a point 6 inches from the end of the
beam and 6 inches away from the centroidal axis of the member.

 The un-factored concentrated load consists of a 20-kip dead and

20 kip live load. The beam also supports an un-factored axial
compressive dead load of 40 kip.

 Use normal weight concrete with fc′ = 3000 psi and both fy and fyt
= 60000 psi.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 63

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Design of Cantilever Beam

20 kips DL & 20 kips LL

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 01: Sizes.
 According to ACI 9.5.2.1, table 9.5 (a):

Minimum thickness of beam (cantilever) = hmin = l/8

 As l = 54″, therefore

hmin = (54/8) = 6.75″ (Minimum requirement by ACI 9.5.2.1).

 Though any depth of beam greater than 6.75″ can be taken as per ACI
minimum requirement, we will use a depth equal to 24″.

 Let the width of beam section (bw) be equal to 14″.

 Therefore, bw = 14″ ; h = 24″ ; d = h – 2.5 = 21.5″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 65

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 02: Loads.
 Factored beam self weight per running foot = 1.2(14×24/144)×0.15

= 0.42 kip/ft

 Factored concentrated load = 1.2DL + 1.6LL

= 1.2 × 20 + 1.6 × 20 = 56 kips

 Factored axial load (Nu) = 1.2 × 40 = 48 kips

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 66

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 03: Analysis.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 67

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 03: Analysis.
 Analysis for Shear:

 Vmax = 57.9 kips

 Vu = 57.1 kips

 Analysis for Flexure:

 Mu = - 226 kip-ft

 Analysis for Torsion:

 Tmax = 28.0 kip-ft

 Tu = 28.0 kip-ft

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Check if Pu ≥ 0.1 fc′Ag

Pu = 48 kip

0.1fc′Ag = 0.1 × 3 × 14 × 24 = 100.8 kip

 Pu < 0.1 fc′Ag

 Therefore, axial force effect can be neglected in flexural design. Incase

Pu > 0.1 fc′Ag, member shall be designed for bending and axial load
both.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 69

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Flexure:

 Mu = 228 ft-kip = 2736 in-kip

 By trial and success method, As = 2.62 in2 (6 #6 bars)

 Asmax = ρmaxbwd

ρmax = 0.85 × 0.85 × (3/60) × {0.003/ (0.003 + 0.005)} = 0.01355

Asmax = 0.01355 × 14 × 21.5 = 4.07 in2

 Asmin = ρminbwd = (greater of 3 √fc′/fy OR 200/fy)bwd

= 0.0033 × 14 × 21.5 = 0.993 in2

 Asmin<As<Asmax, O.K.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Torsion and Shear both: The design parameters required
for torsion design are as follows,

 bw = 14″; d = 21.5″; h = 24″; hf = 6″

 Acp, pcp, Aoh, ph, Ao:

Acp = bwh = 14 × 24 = 336 in2

pcp = 2h +2bw = 2 × 24 + 2 × 14 = 76 in

 With 1 ¾ in cover to the centre of the stirrup bars from all faces

xo = 14 – 2 × 1 ¾ = 10.5 in

yo = 24 – 2 × 1 ¾ = 20.5 in

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 71

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Torsion and Shear both: The design parameters required
for torsion design are as follows,

 Thus,

Aoh = xoyo = 10.5 × 20.5 = 215.25 in2

Ao = 0.85Aoh = 182.96 in2

ph = 2 (xo + yo) = 2 (10.5 + 20.5) = 62 inches

 Finally,

Acp = 336 in2; pcp = 76 inches; Aoh = 215.25 in2; ph = 62 inches; Ao =

182.96 in2

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 72

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Torsion and Shear both: The design parameters required for
torsion design are as follows,

 (i) Check for size of beam: ACI 11.6.3,

√ [{Vu/ (bwd)} 2 + {Tuph/ (1.7Aoh2)} 2] ≤ Φ {2√ (fc′) + 8√ (fc′)}

 Where, Vu and Tu at critical section. Therefore,

√[{57.1/(21.5×12)}2+{28×12×62/(1.7×215.252)}2]≤0.75×10×√ (3000)/1000

0.345 ksi ≤ 0.411 ksi

 Therefore size of the beam is O.K.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 73

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Torsion and Shear both:

 (ii) Check if ΦTc/4 ≥ Tu (For statically determinate case):

 ΦTc = 0.75 × 4√ (fc′)Acp2/pcp

= 0.75 × 4 × {√ (3000)/ (12 × 1000)} × 3362/ 76 = 20.34 ft-kip

 No reinforcement is required if ΦTc/4 > Tu

ΦTc/4 = 20.34/4 = 5.085 ft-kip

 As ΦTc/4 < Tu, therefore torsional reinforcement is required.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 74

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Torsion and Shear both:

 (a) Torsional Reinforcement (at critical section, two legged):

 At (2 legged) = Tus/(ΦfyvAo)

 Therefore,

 At (2 legged) = (28 × 12) s/ (0.75 × 60 × 182.96) = 0.041s

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 75

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Torsion and Shear both:

 (b) Shear Reinforcement:

 As an axial load of 48 kips is acting on the beam, therefore ΦVc

shall be calculated using Vc = 2{1+ Nu/ (2000Ag)}√(fc′)bwd, where
Ag is the gross area and Nu is the axial force.

 ΦVc = Φ2{1+ Nu/ (2000Ag)}√(fc′)bwd

= 0.75×2×{1+48/(2000×336)}×√(3000)×14×21.5/1000 = 24.73
kips

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Torsion and Shear both:

 (b) Shear Reinforcement:

 Av (2 legged) = (Vu – ΦVc)s/ (Φfyvd)

 Av (2 legged)= {57.1 – 24.73}s/ (0.75 × 60 × 21.5)

 Av (2 legged) = 0.03346s

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 77

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Torsion and Shear both:

 Atotal = At (2 legged) + Av (2 legged) = 0.041s + 0.03346s

Atotal = 0.07446s

 Assuming 3/8″ Φ, 2 legged with total bar area Ab = 0.22 in2

sdesign = 0.22/0.07446 = 2.95 inches

 Trying 1/2″ Φ, 2 legged with total bar area Ab = 0.40 in2

sd = 0.40/0.07446 = 5.37 inches

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 78

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Torsion and Shear both:

 (c) Maximum Spacing Requirement (ACI 11.6.5)

 For torsion s = ph/8 or 12″= 62/8 = 7.75″ or 12″

 For shear s = d/2 or 24″= 21.5/2 = 10.75″ or 24″

 Therefore maximum spacing allowed = 7.75″

 First stirrup is to be placed at a distance (sd/2 = 5/2 ≈ 2.5″) from the

face of the support.

 Therefore 2.5 inches from face of the support provide s = 5 inches

throughout.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 79

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Torsion and Shear both:

 Longitudinal reinforcement.

Al = Tuph/ (Φ2Aofyl) = 28 × 12 × 62/ (0.75 × 2 × 182.96 × 60) = 1.265 in2

 Almin = 5{√(fc′)/fyl}Acp – (At/ 2s)phfyv/ fyl

= 5{√(3000) × 336/60000} – (0.041s/2s) × 62 × 60/60 = 0.262 in2

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 80

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Torsion and Shear both:

 Longitudinal reinforcement.

 According to the ACI Code, the spacing must not exceed 12 in.,
and the bars may not be less than No.3 (No. 10) in size nor have a
diameter less than 0.042s.

 dmin = 0.042s = 0.042 × 5 = 0.21 inch

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 81

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 04: Design.
 Design for Torsion and Shear both:

 Longitudinal reinforcement.

 Reinforcement will be placed at the top, mid depth, and bottom of the
member, each level to provide not less than 1.265/3 = 0.422 in2. Two
No. 6 bars will be used at mid depth, and reinforcement to be placed for
flexure will be increased by 0.422 in2 at the top and bottom of member.

 Therefore final flexural reinforcement is:

 As, main = 2.62 + 0.422 = 3.042 in2 (7 #6 bars)

 Whereas 2 #6 bars will be provided for bottom and mid depth

reinforcement each.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example
 Solution:
 Step No. 05: Drafting. (5+2) #6 bars

54″
#4, 2 legged @ 5″ c/c
(5+2) #6 bars

2 #6 bars
24″ 2 #6 bars

#4, 2 legged @ 5″ c/c

14″
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 83

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References
 Design of Concrete Structures (13th Ed.) by Nilson, Darwin and
Dolan.

 Reinforced Concrete – Mechanics and Design [5th Ed.] by James

MacGregor.

 ACI 318.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

The End

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