Case Based Questions 12th CBSE Chemistry

Case Based Questions
TARGET
Chemistry
Question Bank
By Sanjay Kumar Niganiya
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Chapter – 1 - Solutions
Q.1 Composition of a solution can be described by expressing its concentration. There are several ways by which
we can describe the concentration of the solution quantitatively. When a solute is present in trace quantities, it
is convenient to express concentration in parts per million (ppm). Other methods to represent concentration
are mass%, mass fraction, mole fraction, strength, molarity, normality, molality etc. Mole fraction of a
component is ratio of number of moles of the component and total number of moles of all the components in
solution. Molarity (M) is defined as number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre (or one cubic decimetre)
of solution, while molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of the solute per kilogram (kg) of the
solvent. Each method of expressing concentration of the solutions has its own merits and demerits. Mass %,
ppm, mole fraction and molality are independent of temperature, whereas molarity is a function of
temperature. This is because volume depends on temperature and the mass does not.
Answer the following questions:
(i) How molarity and molality can be converted into each other.
(ii) Give one or two examples of some concentration measurements where ppm is mainly used.
(iii) If 20 g of acetic acid is dissolved in 500 g water then calculate molality and mole fraction of acetic acid
solution.
OR
Density of 2 M sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) solution is 1.20 g per mL. Claculate :
(a) Percentage by mass of sodium thiosulphate.
(b) Mole fraction of sodium thiosulphate.
(c) Molarity of Na+ and S2O32- ions.
Q.2. Solubility of gases in liquids is greatly affected by temperature and pressure. Solubility of gas increases with
increase in pressure. Henry was the first to give a quantitative relation between pressure and solubility of a gas
in a solvent which is known as Henry‘s law. The law states that at constant temperature the solubility of a gas
in liquid is directly proportional to pressure of the gas. Dalton, a contemporary of Henry, also concluded
independently that the solubility of a gas in a liquid solution is a function of partial pressure of the gas.
According to him, the mole fraction of gas in the solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas
over the solution. So the most commonly used form of Henry‘s law is : p = KH 𝑥
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[TARGET 70/70 CHEMISTRY QUESTION BANK] Annx – 4 : Case Based Questions
Where p = pressure of gas over the solution, KH = Henry‘s law constant and 𝑥 = mole fraction of gas in
solution. It is obvious from equation that higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility
of the gas in liquid.
(i) At the same temperature oxygen is more soluble in water than hydrogen. Which of them will have a
higher value of KH and why?
(ii) If 0.002 moles of a gas are dissolved in 500 g of water at 1 atm pressure then how much moles of
gas will be dissolved in 500 g water at 3 atm pressure?
(iii) Among NH3 and PH3 gas, which will have more value of Henry‘s constant and why?
(iv) The Henry‘s law constant for the solubility of N2 gas in water at 298 K is 1.0 × 105 atm. The mole
fraction of N2 in air is 0.8. The number of moles of N2 from air dissolved in 10 moles of water at
298 K and 4 atm pressure will be ?
Q.3. The solutions which obey Raoult‘s law over the entire range of concentration are known as ideal solutions.
The ideal solutions have two other important properties. The enthalpy of mixing of the pure components to
form the solution is zero and the volume of mixing is also zero, When a solution does not obey Raoult‘s law
over the entire range of concentration, then it is called non-ideal solution. The vapour pressure of such a
solution is either higher or lower than that predicted by Raoult‘s law. If it is higher, the solution exhibits
positive deviation and if it is lower, it exhibits negative deviation from Raoult‘s law. Some liquids on mixing,
form azeotropes which are binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil
at a constant temperature. In such cases, it is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation.
There are two types of azeotropes called minimum boiling azeotrope and maximum boiling azeotrope. The
solutions which show a large positive deviation from Raoult‘s law form minimum boiling azeotrope at a
specific composition.
(i) Solutions which distill without any change in composition are called?
(ii) What type azeotrope will be formed if 100 mL of liquid A is mixed with 50 mL of liquid B to form
140 mL solution?
(iii) Give any two examples of maximum boiling azeotropes.
(iv) Which type of deviation will the mixture of HCl and water shows?
Q.4. The osmotic pressure of a solution is the excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent osmosis,
i.e., to stop the passage of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane into the solution. Osmotic
pressure is a colligative property as it depends on the number of solute molecules and not on their identity. For
dilute solutions, it has been found experimentally that osmotic pressure is proportional to the molarity, C of
the solution at a given temperature T. Expression for the osmotic pressure can be given as v=nRT
Where = osmotic pressure, v = volume of solution, n = number of moles of solute, R = gas constant and T =
temperature.
Measurement of osmotic pressure provides another method of determining molar masses of solutes. This
method is widely used to determine molar masses of proteins, polymers and other macromolecules.
(i) What are hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions?
(ii) Explain the factors on which osmotic pressure depends.
(iii) If 68 g of sucrose (molar mass = 342) is dissolved in 1000 g water then calculate the osmotic
pressure of the solution.
(iv) Why osmotic pressure method is preferred to determine molar masses of proteins, polymers and
other macromolecules.
Q.5. If an electrolyte undergoes association or dissociation in solution then molecular mass calculated from
colligative property will be different than actual molar mas. Such a molar mass that is either lower or higher
than the expected or normal value is called as abnormal molar mass. In 1880 van‘t Hoff introduced a factor i,
known as the van‘t Hoff factor, to account for the extent of dissociation or association. This factor ‗i‘ is
defined as:
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i= or i=
(i) Certain substance trimerize when dissolved in a solvent. Value of van‘t Hoff factor for such
substance will be?
(ii) A 0.1 M solution of K4[Fe(CN)6] is 60% ionized. What will be its value of van‘t Hoff factor?
(iii) The freezing point depression constant for water is 1.86 ˚C m-1. If 5.0 g of Na2SO4 is dissolved in
45.0 g of water, the freezing point is changed by -3.82 ˚C. Calculate value of van‘t Hoff factor for
Na2SO4.
(iv) Give the relationship between the boiling points of very dilute solutions of AlCl 3 (t1) and CaCl2 (t2),
having same molar concentration.
Chapter – 2 - Electrochemistry
Q.6. The standard electrode potentials are very important and we can extract a lot of useful information from them.
The values of standard electrode potentials for some selected
half-cell reduction reactions are given in table below. If the
standard electrode potential of an electrode is greater than zero then
its reduced form is more stable compared to hydrogen gas.
Similarly, if the standard electrode potential is negative then
hydrogen gas is more stable than the reduced form of the
species. It can be seen that the standard electrode potential for
fluorine is the highest in the table indicating that fluorine gas (F2)
has the maximum tendency to get reduced to fluoride ions (F–) and
therefore fluorine gas is the strongest oxidising agent and
fluoride ion is the weakest reducing agent. Lithium has the
lowest electrode potential indicating that lithium ion is the
weakest oxidising agent while lithium metal is the most
powerful reducing agent in an aqueous solution.
(i) From the given table of elements which two elements can be taken to get the maximum cell
potential ?
(ii) What will happen when silver and zinc metals are added into two separate HCl solution?
(iii) Can we store NiNO3 solution in copper container? Explain.
(iv) When Zn electrode is connected with Fe electrode then what will be EMF of the cell and write the
reactions taking place at cathode and anode.
Q.7. In the calculation of standard EMF of the half cell and standard EMF of a cell, we have assumed that the
concentration of all the species involved in the electrode reaction is unity. This need not to be always true.
Nernst showed that for the electrode reaction:
Mn+(aq) + ne– → M(s)
the electrode potential at any concentration measured with respect to standard hydrogen electrode at 298 K
can be represented by:
= -
The Nernst equation for determining the EMF of the cell for a general electrochemical reaction of the type
aA + bB → cC + dD can be given as:
Ecell = -
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(i) Write down the Nernst equation for the following cell.
Al ‫ ׀‬Al3+ (0.160 M) ‫ ׀ ׀‬Ag+ (0.002M) ‫ ׀‬Ag
(ii) Cell potential of the following cell is zero.
Zn ‫ ׀‬Zn2+ (0.1M) ‫ ׀ ׀‬Zn2+ (0.1 M) ‫ ׀‬Zn. What will be the cell potential if concentration of
Zn2+ at cathode is increased to 0.2 M.
(iii) How much will be electrode potential of hydrogen electrode when pH of HCl solution is 2?
Q.8. To calculate the resistance of a given solution, the solution is kept in a

conductivity cell whose cell constant is known. Resistance of this
solution containing conductivity cell can be determined by using
Wheatstone bridge. It consists of two resistances R3 and R4, a variable
resistance R1 and the conductivity cell having the unknown resistance R2.
The Wheatstone bridge is fed by an oscillator O (a source of a.c. power in
the audio frequency range 550 to 5000 cycles per second). P is a
suitable detector (a headphone or other electronic device) and the
bridge is balanced when no current passes through the detector. Under
these conditions:
Unknown resistance R2 =

(i) How the conductance of an electrolyte solution is different from conductance of a solid metal.
(ii) Why alternating current is used in this method?
(iii) Define cell constsnt.
(iv) Which of the following solution have highest value of specific resistance and why?
0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M NaCl, 0.001 M NaCl
Q.9. Michael Faraday was the first scientist who described the quantitative aspects of electrolysis. Now Faraday‘s
laws also flow from what has been discussed earlier. After his extensive investigations on electrolysis of
solutions and melts of electrolytes, Faraday published his results during 1833-34 in the form of the following
well known Faraday‘s two laws of electrolysis:
Faraday‘s 1st law states that the amount of chemical reaction which occurs at any electrode during electrolysis
by a current is proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte (solution or melt).
Faraday‘s 1st law states that the amounts of different substances liberated by the same quantity of electricity
passing through the electrolytic solution are proportional to their chemical equivalent weights (Atomic Mass
of Metal ÷ Number of electrons required to reduce the cation).
(i) What will be the product of electrolysis at cathode and anode when aq. CuSO4 solution is
electrolyzed using copper electrodes?
(ii) If a current of 2 A is passed for one hour between nickel electrodes in 0.5 M Ni(NO 3)2 solution.
What will be the molarity of the solution at the end of electrolysis?
(iii) Calculate the volume of gas liberated at the anode at STP during the electrolysis of acidified water
by a passing a current of 2 A for 2 hours.
(iv) Three moles of electrons are passed through three solutions in succession containing AgNO 3,
CuSO4 and AlCl3 respectively. What will be the molar ratio of the amounts of cations reduced at
cathode?
Q.10. Galvanic cells that are designed to convert the energy of combustion of fuels like hydrogen, methane,
methanol, etc. directly into electrical energy are called fuel cells. One of the most successful fuel cells uses the
reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water. The cell was used for providing electrical power in the
Apollo space programme. The water vapours produced during the reaction were condensed and added to the
drinking water supply for the astronauts. In the cell, hydrogen and oxygen are bubbled through porous carbon
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electrodes into concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Catalysts like finely divided platinum or
palladium metal are incorporated into the electrodes for increasing the rate of electrode reactions.
At anode:- 2H2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) → 4 H2O (l) + 4e-

At cathode :- O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) + 4e →
-
4OH- (aq)
Overall reaction :- 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O (l)
∆H = -285.6 kJ mol-1, ∆G = -237.4 kJ mol-1 at 298 K.
Theoretically this cell gives an output of 1.23V. The cell runs continuously as long as the reactants are
supplied. Fuel cells produce electricity with an efficiency of about 70 % compared to thermal plants whose
efficiency is about 40%. There has been tremendous progress in the development of new electrode materials,
better catalysts and electrolytes for increasing the efficiency of fuel cells. These have been used in
automobiles on an experimental basis. Fuel cells are pollution free and in view of their future importance, a
variety of fuel cells have been fabricated and tried.
(i) Suppose the concentration of OH- ions in H2 – O2 fuel cell is doubled, the what will be effect on cell
voltage?
(ii) What will be the value of ∆S for fuel cell at 298 K?
(iii) In H2 - O2 fuel cell H2 gas is oxidized at anode and O2 gas is reduced at the cathode. If 89.6 ltrs of
H2 gas at STP reacts in 20 minutes what is the average current produced? If the entire current is
used for electro-deposition of Zn from Zn2+, how many gram of Cu are deposited?
(iv) Why commercially fuel cells are not much popular?
Chapter – 3 – Chemical Kinetics

Q.11 Consider a reaction Hg(l) + Cl2 (g) → HgCl2(s)
Where stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants and products are same, then rate of the reaction is given as
Rate of reaction = = =
i.e., rate of disappearance of any of the reactants is same as the rate of appearance of the products. But in the
following reaction, two moles of HI decompose to produce one mole each of H2 and I2,
2HI(g) → H2(g) + I2(g)
For expressing the rate of such a reaction where stoichiometric coefficients of reactants or products are not
equal to one, rate of disappearance of any of the reactants or the rate of appearance of products is divided by
their respective stoichiometric coefficients. Since rate of consumption of HI is twice the rate of formation of
H2 or I2, to make them equal, the term Δ[HI] is divided by 2. The rate of this reaction is given by Rate of
reaction = = =
–
Similarly, for the reaction
Rate = = = = =
For a gaseous reaction at constant temperature, concentration is directly proportional to the partial pressure of
a species and hence, rate can also be expressed as rate of change in partial pressure of the reactant or the
product.
(i) Concentration of gaseous reactant changes from 0.05 M to 0.01 M in 25 minutes at 300 K. Calculate
the average rate of reaction in (a) mol L-1 s-1 and (b) atm s-1.
(ii) For an elementary reaction, → , the rate of appearance of C at time t is 1.5 × 10-4
-1 -1
mol L s . Calculate (a) rate of reaction (b) rate of disappearance of A.
(iii) Express the relationship between rate of production of ammonia and rate of disappearance of
hydrogen in Haber‘s process of manufacturing ammonia from N2 and H2.
(iv) Define average and instantaneous rate of reaction.
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Q.12. For a general reaction, A + B  Products, Rate = k [A]x [B]y

x and y indicate how sensitive the rate is to the change in concentration of A and B. Sum of these exponents,
i.e., x + y gives the overall order of a reaction whereas x and y represent the order with respect to the reactants
A and B respectively. Hence, the sum of powers of the concentration of the reactants in the rate law
expression is called the order of that chemical reaction. Order of a reaction can be 0, 1, 2, 3 and even a
fraction. A zero order reaction means that the rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of reactants.
(i) Give one example of zero, 1st and 2nd order reaction each.
(ii) Name and define the term ‗k‘ given in the above rate equation.
(iii) How is the value of ‗k‘ affected with change in temperature and concentration of reactants?
(iv) Rate of decomposition of a substance increases 2.25 times, if concentration of reactant is increased
by 1.5 times at same T. What will be the order of reaction?
Q.13. We know that the concentration dependence of rate is called differential rate equation. It is not always
convenient to determine the instantaneous rate, as it is measured by determination of slope of the tangent at
point ‗t‘ in concentration vs time plot. This makes it difficult to determine the rate law and hence the order of
the reaction. In order to avoid this difficulty, we can integrate the differential rate equation to give a relation
between directly measured experimental data, i.e., concentrations at different times and rate constant. The
integrated rate equations are different for the reactions of different reaction orders.
Integrated rate equation for zero order is given by k= [ ]
Integrated rate equation for zero order is given by k=
Where, k = rate constant, t = time, [Ao] = Initial concentration of reactant, [A] = Final concentration of
reactant.
(i) For a first order reaction, the plot of ‗t‘ against log[A] gives a straight line. What will be the slop of
this straight line?
(ii) Two substances A (half-life = 10 min) and B (half-life = 20 min) are taken in such a way that
initially [A] = 4[B]. If both reactions are 1st order then after how much time both the concentration
will be equal?
(iii) For a first order reaction what will be amount of reactant left after n half-lives is initial
concentration of reactant is [Ao].
(iv) Starting with one mole of a compound A, it is found that the reaction is ¾ completed in one hour.
Calculate the rate constant if the reaction is (a) zero order (b) 1st order.
Q.14. The essence of Arrhenius Theory of reaction rate is that there exists an energy barrier in the reaction path
between reactant(s) and product(s) and for reaction to occur the reactant molecules must climb over the top of
the barrier which they do by collision. The existence of energy barrier and concept of Ea can be understood
from the following diagram.
HR = Summation of enthalpies of reactants

Threshold enthalpy
Enthalpy (H) Ea1 Ea2 or energy HP = Summation of enthalpies of reactants
H = Enthalpy change during the reaction
HR
Reactants Ea1 = Energy of activation of the forward reaction
H =  Hp – HR = Ea1 – Ea2 Ea2 = Energy of activation of the backward reaction
HP
Products
Progress of reaction (or reaction coordinate)
From the figure above it can be concluded that the minimum activation energy of any exothermic reaction will
be zero while minimum activation energy for any endothermic reaction will be equal to ∆H. Greater the height
of energy barrier, greater will be the energy of activation and more slower will be the reaction at a given
temperature.
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(i) For a certain reaction large fraction of molecules has energy more than the threshold energy, yet the
rate of reaction is very slow. Why?
(ii) For a reaction activation energy for forward reaction is 60 kJ and for backward reaction is 40 kJ.
What will be change in enthalpy for this reaction and also illustrate reaction is endothermic or
exothermic.
(iii) The activation energy of a reaction decreases from 100 kJ to 75 kJ in presence of catalyst. What will
be change in Gibb‘s free energy (∆G) of reaction?
(iv) For an exothermic reaction A  B, activation energy for forward reaction is 15 kJ. The heat of
reaction is 40 kJ. Calculate the activation energy for the reverse reaction B  A.
Q.15. Though Arrhenius equation is applicable under a wide range of circumstances, collision theory, which was
developed by Max Trautz and William Lewis in 1916 -18, provides a greater insight into the energetic and
mechanistic aspects of reactions. It is based on kinetic theory of gases. According to this theory, the reactant
molecules are assumed to be hard spheres and reaction is postulated to occur when molecules collide with
each other. The number of collisions per second per unit volume of the reaction mixture is known as collision
frequency (Z). Another factor which affects the rate of chemical reactions is activation energy (as we have
already studied). For a bimolecular elementary reaction A + B → Products
Rate of reaction can be expressed as Rate =
Where ZAB represents the collision frequency of reactants, A and B and e-Ea /RT represents the fraction of
molecules with energies equal to or greater than Ea.
(i) The reaction between H2 and O2 is highly spontaneous yet allowing the gases to stand in a close
container does not lead to the formation of water. Explain.
(ii) What will be the rate of reaction if activation energy of the reaction is zero?
(iii) Explain the factors on which the activation energy of a reaction depends upon.
(iv) Explain the statement : All the collisions between the reactant molecules do not lead to chemical
change.
Chapter – 4 – d & f - Block Elements

Q.16. The d–block occupies the large middle section flanked by s– and p– blocks in the periodic table. The very
name ‗transition‘ given to the elements of d-block is only because of their position between s– and p– block
elements. The d–orbitals of the penultimate energy level in their atoms receive electrons giving rise to the
three rows of the transition metals, i.e., 3d, 4d and 5d. The fourth row of 6d is still incomplete. In general the
electronic configuration of these elements is (n-1)d1–10 ns1–2. The (n–1) stands for the inner d orbitals which
may have one to ten electrons and the outermost ns orbital may have one or two electrons. However, this
generalisation has several exceptions because of very little energy difference between (n-1)d and ns orbitals.
Furthermore, half and completely filled sets of orbitals are relatively more stable. A consequence of this factor
is reflected in the electronic configurations of Cr and Cu in the 3d series. Consider the case of Cr, for example,
which has 3d5 4s1 instead of 3d4 4s2; the energy gap between the two sets (3d and 4s) of orbitals is small
enough to prevent electron entering the 3d orbitals. Similarly in case of Cu, the configuration is 3d104s1 and
not 3d94s2. In general, ions of the same charge in a given series show progressive decrease in radius with
increasing atomic number. This is because the new electron enters a d orbital each time the nuclear charge
increases by unity. It may be recalled that the shielding effect of a d electron is not that effective, hence the net
electrostatic attraction between the nuclear charge and the outermost electron increases and the ionic radius
decreases.
(i) The colour of transition metal ions is due to absorption of light in visible region. Which transition
metals will colour and why?
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(ii) Arrange the halides of transition metals M-F, M-Cl, M-Br, M-I in increasing order of their covalent
character.
(iii) Arrange the following transition metal ions according to increasing order of their atomic size.
Ni2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Cr2+.
(iv) Define inner transition elements. Why they are called so?
Q.17. Potassium dichromate is a very important chemical used in leather industry and as an oxidant for preparation
of many azo compounds. Dichromates are generally prepared from chromate, which in turn are obtained by
the fusion of chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with sodium or potassium carbonate in free access of air. The reaction
with sodium carbonate occurs as follows:
4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 → 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2
The yellow solution of sodium chromate is filtered and acidified with sulphuric acid to give a solution from
which orange sodium dichromate, Na2Cr2O7. 2H2O can be crystallised.
2Na2CrO4 + 2 H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + 2 Na+ + H2O
Sodium dichromate is more soluble than potassium dichromate. The latter is therefore, prepared by treating
the solution of sodium dichromate with potassium chloride.
Na2Cr2O7 + 2 KCl → K2Cr2O7 + 2 NaCl
Orange crystals of potassium dichromate crystallise out. The chromates and dichromates are interconvertible
in aqueous solution depending upon pH of the solution. The oxidation state of chromium in chromate and
dichromate is the same.
(i) Write balanced chemical reaction of potassium dichromate with oxalic acid.
(ii) What is the oxidation state of Cr in chromite and dichromate ion?
(iii) Draw structures of chromite and dichromate ion.
(iv) How much number of moles of Na2Cr2O7 will be reduced by one mole of Sn2+ ions?
Q.18. Potassium permanganate forms dark purple (almost black) crystals which are isostructural with those of
KClO4. The salt is not very soluble in water (6.4 g/100 g of water at 293 K), but when heated it decomposes at
513 K. 2KMnO4 → K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
It has two physical properties of considerable interest: its intense colour and its weak temperature dependent
paramagnetism. These can be explained by the use of molecular orbital theory which is beyond the present
scope. The manganate and permanganate ions are tetrahedral; the green manganate is paramagnetic with one
unpaired electron but the permanganate is diamagnetic. The π-bonding takes place by overlap of p orbitals of
oxygen with d orbitals of manganese. Acidified permanganate solution oxidises oxalates to carbon dioxide,
iron(II) to iron(III), nitrites to nitrates and iodides to free iodine.
(i) Identify P & Q in given reactions:
KI + MnO4- → P + Mn2+ ; KI + MnO4- → IO3- + Q
(ii) During KMnO4 titrations, to make solution acidic H2SO4 is preferably used over HCl and HNO3.
Why?
(iii) Mohr‘s salt, FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O (molar mass = 392 g mol-1) is generally used for
standardization of concentration of KMnO4. If 98 g of Mohr‘s salt is dissolved in one litre of
solution then what volume of this solution will be needed to complete decolorize the 500 ml 0.1 M
KMnO4 solution in acidic medium. Will the volume of Mohr‘s salt solution used be same if 500 ml
0.1 M K2Cr2O7 is used instead of KMnO4 solution?
Chapter – 5 – Coordination Compounds

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Q.19. A coordination entity constitutes a central metal atom or ion bonded to a fixed number of ions or molecules.
For example, [CoCl3(NH3)3] is a coordination entity in which the cobalt ion is surrounded by three ammonia
molecules and three chloride ions. In a coordination entity, the atom/ion to which a fixed number of
ions/groups are bound in a definite geometrical arrangement around it, is called the central atom or ion. For
example, the central atom/ion in the coordination entities: [NiCl2(H2O)4], [CoCl(NH3)5]2+ and [Fe(CN)6]3– are
Ni2+, Co3+ and Fe3+, respectively. These central atoms/ions are also referred to as Lewis acids. The ions or
molecules bound to the central atom/ion in the coordination entity are called ligands.
When a ligand is bound to a metal ion through a single donor atom, as with Cl–, H2O or NH3, the ligand is said
to be unidentate. When a ligand can bind through two donor atoms as in H2NCH2CH2NH2 (ethane-1,2-
diamine) or C2O42– (oxalate), the ligand is said to be didentate and when several donor atoms are present in a
single ligand as in N(CH2CH2NH2)3, the ligand is said to be polydentate. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion
(EDTA4–) is an important hexadentate ligand. It can bind through two nitrogen and four oxygen atoms to a
central metal ion. When a di- or polydentate ligand uses its two or more donor atoms to bind a single metal
ion, it is said to be a chelate ligand. The number of such ligating groups is called the denticity of the ligand.
Such complexes, called chelate complexes tend to be more stable than similar complexes containing
unidentate ligands. Total number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of a metal atom in a metal complex is
called effective atomic number (EAN). It is composed of the metal atom's electrons and the bonding electrons
from the surrounding electron-donating atoms and molecules.
(i) Calculate EAN of the central metal atom in the following compounds:
(a) [Fe(CO)5] (b) Na2[Ni(CN)6]
(ii) H2N-NH2 has two electron pairs for donation but still it is not a chelating ligand, why?
(iii) Draw the structure of EDTA.
(iv) What will be oxidation state of cobalt in dodecacarbonyl cobalt?
OR What will be denticity of triethyl amine?
Q.20. Isomers are two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of
atoms. Because of the different arrangement of atoms, they differ in one or more physical or chemical
properties. Two principal types of isomerism are known among coordination compounds. Each of which can
be further subdivided.
(a) Stereoisomerism (i) Geometrical isomerism (ii) Optical isomerism
(b) Structural isomerism (i) Linkage isomerism (ii) Coordination isomerism
(iii) Ionisation isomerism (iv) Solvate isomerism
Stereoisomers have the same chemical formula and chemical bonds but they have different spatial
arrangement. Structural isomers have different bonds.
(i) Which type of structural isomerism is shown by the complexes having ambidentate ligands?
Explain with examples.
(ii) P : [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Br2.2H2O, Q : [Cr(H2O)4Br2]Cl2.2H2O, R: [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Br2.H2O,
(a) What is the relationship between P & Q?
(b) Are Q & R structural isomers? Why and why not?
(iii) Square planar complexes with coordination number four exhibit geometrical isomerism whereas
tetrahedral complexes do not. Why?
(iv) For a complex [Pt(NH3)6]Cl4, the ligand substitution reaction is carried out with ethylenediammine in
excess then which type of stereo isomer will be shown by the product formed?
Q.21. According to valence bond theory, the metal atom or ion under the influence of ligands can use its (n-1)d, ns,
np or ns, np, nd orbitals for hybridization to yield a set of equivalent orbitals of definite geometry such as
octahedral, tetrahedral, square planar etc. These hybridised orbitals are allowed to overlap with ligand orbitals
that can donate electron pairs for bonding. The bonding in metal complexes arises when a filled ligand orbital
containing a lone pair of electrons overlaps a vacant hybrid orbital on the metal cation or atom to form a
coordinate covalent bond. The d orbital used in hybridization may be either inner (n-1) d-orbitals or outer n d-
Page 9
orbitals. The complex formed by inner (n-1) d-orbitals, is called inner orbital complex whereas the complex
formed by outer d-orbital is called outer orbital complex. It is usually possible to predict the geometry of a
complex from the knowledge of its magnetic behaviour on the basis of the valence bond theory.
(i) What are the limitations of valence bond theory?
(ii) Out of five d-orbitals, name the two d-orbitals which are used in d2sp3 hybridization for formation
of octahedral complexes.
(iii) Find the value of ‗n‘ in given diamagnetic complex: [Fe3+(en)3]n[Co(NH3)2 (NO2)4]3
(iv) Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of magnetic moment.
[Ni(CO)4], [Mn(CN)6]4-, [Cr(NH3)6]3+, [CoF6]3-
Q.22. Werner‘s coordination theory was the first attempt to explain the bonding in coordination complexes. Werner
was able to explain the nature of bonding in complexes, and he concluded that in complexes the metal shows
two types of valencies: primary and secondary.
Primary Valencies : These are non-directional. The complex commonly exists as a positive ion. The primary
valency is the number of charges on the complex ion. This charge is matched by the same number of charges
from negative ions. Primary valency applies to both simple salts and complexes. The complex [Co(NH3)6]Cl3
actually exists as [Co(NH3)6]3+ and 3Cl– and the primary valency is 3.
Secondary Valencies : These are directional. The number of secondary valencies equals the number of ligands
coordinated to the metal. This is called the coordination number. Ligands are commonly negative ions such as
Cl– or neutral molecules such as NH3 or positive ions such as NO+. Each metal has a characteristic number of
secondary valencies. Thus, in [Co(NH3)6]Cl3, the three Cl– are held by primary valencies whereas the six
NH3 are held by secondary valencies. Since secondary valencies are directional, a complex ion has a shape,
for example, the complex [Co(NH3)6]3+ is octahedral in shape. The most common coordination number in
transition metal complexes is 6 and the shape usually is octahedral. The coordination number 4 is also
common and this gives rise to either tetrahedral or square planar complexes. Various cobalt ammines can be
explained on the basis of Werner‘s theory. In all these compounds, cobalt exhibits a primary valency of three
(oxidation state) and secondary valency (coordination number) of six.
(i) A complex has the formula Pt Cl4.2KCl. The electrical conductance of the compound shows that
each formula unit has 3 ions. AgNO3 on treatment with the complex does not give a precipitate of
AgCl. What should be the correct formula of the complex?
(ii) 0.001 molal solution of Pt(NH3)4Cl4 in water had a freezing point depression of 0.0054°C. What is
the complex? Assume 100% ionisation of the complex. Kf (H2O) = 1.86 Kg mol–1 K.
(iii) (A), (B), and (C) are three complexes of Cr(III). Its formula is H12O6Cl3Cr. All the three
complexes have water and chloride ions as ligands. (A) does not react with conc. H2SO4 whereas
(B) and (C) lose 6.75% and 13.5% of their original weight respectively on treatment with conc.
H2SO4. Find [A], [B], and [C].
Chapter – Organic Chemistry

Q.23. The IUPAC name of any organic compound essentially consists of three parts.
1. Word root 2. Suffix 3. Prefix
Word Root : Word root is the basic unit of the name denoting the number of C atoms present in the
principal chain (longest possible continuous chain of C atoms including the functional group and multiple
bonds). For C1 to C4, the normal common root based on names like meth, -eth-, and prop- are used. For C5 or
more carbon atoms chain, an extra letter (a) is used only if the primary suffix to be added to word root begins
with a consonant.
Suffix : Suffix are of two types.
Page 10
(i) Primary Suffix: is always added to word root to indicate whether the carbon chain is saturated or
unsaturated. For saturated the primary suffix is ‗ane‘. For unsaturated (one double bond) it is -‗ene‘ and for
unsaturated (one triple bond) it is - ‗yne‘. Example:
CH  CH ethyne ; CH3—CH = CH2 propene ; CH2 = CH—CH = CH2 Butadiene
(ii) Secondary Suffix: is added to primary suffix to indicate the nature of the functional group present in an
organic compound.
For alcohol (—OH), -ol is added; for aldehydes (—CHO), -al is added.
For ketones (>C = O), -one is added; for acids (—COOH) -oic acid is added.
Prefix : These are also of two types.
(i) Primary Prefix: It distinguishes between a cyclic and an acyclic compound. In a cyclic compound, the word
‗cyclo‘ is used before the word root, for example, is cyclopropane. If the prefix is not used, one can take the
compound to be of open chain.
(ii) Secondary Prefix: Sometimes, certain groups are not considered functional groups. These are treated as
substituents and added before the word root in an alphabetical order. For example,
C2 H5—O—C2H5 is ethoxy ethane. In this, the secondary prefix is ‗ethoxy‘, the word root is ‗eth‘, and the
primary suffix is ‗ane‘.
(i) Following groups are present in an organic compound
—CC— ; —OH ; >C = O ; and —CH = O
Which of these will be considered the principal functional group?
(ii) Write a structure for each of the following compounds:
a. isopropyl alcohol b. isopentyl fluoride c. sec-butyl iodide
d. neopentyl chloride e. tert-butylamine f. n-octyl bromide
(iii) Draw the structure and give the IUPAC name of a compound with a molecular formula
that has a. only primary and secondary hydrogens c. one tertiary hydrogen
b. only primary hydrogens d. two secondary hydrogens
Q.24. In essence, organic chemistry is about the interaction between electron-rich atoms or molecules and electron-
deficient atoms or molecules. It is these forces of attraction that make chemical reactions happen. From this
follows a very important rule that determines the reactivity of organic compounds: Electron-rich atoms or
molecules are attracted to electron-deficient atoms or molecules An electron-deficient atom or molecule is
called an electrophile. An electron-rich atom or molecule is called a nucleophile.
Alkenes are the hydrocarbons that have atleast one C-C double bond. We know that a bond is weaker than a
bond. The bond, therefore, is the bond that is most easily broken when an alkene undergoes a reaction. We also
have seen that the bond of an alkene consists of a cloud of electrons above and below the bond. As a result of
this cloud of electrons, an alkene is an electron rich molecule—it is a nucleophile. We can, therefore, predict
that an alkene will react with an electrophile and, in the process, the bond will break. So if a reagent such as
hydrogen bromide is added to an alkene, the alkene will react with the partially positively charged hydrogen of
hydrogen bromide and a carbocation will be formed. In the second step of the reaction, the positively charged
carbocation (an electrophile) will react with the negatively charged bromide ion (a nucleophile) to form an alkyl
halide.
(i) Which of the following are electrophiles, and which are nucleophiles?
H− , AlCl3, CH3O− CH3CCH, CH3C+HCH3, NH3
(ii) What alkene should be used to synthesize each of the following alkyl bromides?
(iii) Give the major product obtained from the acid-catalyzed hydration of each of the following alkenes:
Q.25. Some electrophilic addition reactions give products that are clearly not the result of the addition of an
electrophile to the sp2 carbon bonded to the greater number of hydrogens and the addition of a nucleophile to
Page 11
the other sp2 carbon. For example, the addition of HBr to 3-methyl-1-butene forms 2-bromo-3-methylbutane
(minor product) and 2-bromo-2-methylbutane (major product).
In another example, the addition of HCl to 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene forms both 3-chloro-2,2-dimethylbutane (an
―expected‖ product) and 2-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane (an ―unexpected product‖). Again, the unexpected
product is obtained in greater yield. F. C. Whitmore was the first to suggest that the unexpected product
results from a rearrangement of the carbocation intermediate. Not all carbocations rearrange. Carbocations
rearrange only if they become more stable as a result of the rearrangement.
(i) Write down the product and mechanism of the following reaction.
(ii) Which of the following carbocations would you expect to rearrange and what will be structure of
rearranged carbocation?
(iii) (a) Propose a mechanism for the following reaction:
(b) Is the initially formed carbocation primary, secondary, or tertiary?

(c) Is the rearranged carbocation primary, secondary, or tertiary?
(d) Why does the rearrangement occur?
Q.26. Alkyl halides are best prepared from alcohols, which are easily accessible. The hydroxyl group of an alcohol
is replaced by halogen on reaction with concentrated halogen acids. The preparation of alkyl chloride is
carried out either by passing dry hydrogen chloride gas through a solution of alcohol or by heating a solution
of alcohol in concentrated aqueous acid. The reactions of primary and secondary alcohols with HX require the
presence of a catalyst, ZnCl2. With tertiary alcohols, the reaction is conducted by simply shaking with
concentrated HCl at room temperature. Constant boiling with HBr (48%) is used for preparing alkyl bromide.
Good yields of R—I may be obtained by heating alcohols with sodium or potassium iodide in 95% phosphoric
acid. The order of reactivity of alcohols with a given haloacid is 3°>2°>1°. The above method is not
applicable for the preparation of aryl halides because the carbon-oxygen bond in phenols has a partial double
bond character and is difficult to break being stronger than a single bond.
(i) What is the role of catalyst ZnCl2 in the reactions of primary and secondary alcohols with HX
(ii) Why aryl halides cannot be prepared easily by reaction of HX with phenol.
(iii) Why 3˚ alcohols are more reactive towards HX as compared to 2˚ and 1˚.
(iv) Explain the order of reactivity of different halogen acids (HF, HCl, HBr and HI) with a particular
alcohol.
Q.27. In an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, an electrophile substitutes for a hydrogen of an aromatic
compound.
The following are the five most common electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions:
1. Halogenation: A bromine (Br), a chlorine (Cl), or an iodine (I) substitutes for a hydrogen.
2. Nitration: A nitro group substitutes for a hydrogen.
3. Sulfonation: A sulfonic acid group substitutes for a hydrogen.
4. Friedel–Crafts acylation: An acyl group substitutes for a hydrogen.
5. Friedel–Crafts alkylation: an alkyl (R) group substitutes for a hydrogen.
Page 12
All of these electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions take place by the same
two-step mechanism. In the first step, benzene reacts with an electrophile forming a carbocation intermediate.
The structure of the carbocation intermediate can be approximated by three resonance contributors. In the
second step of the reaction, a base in the reaction mixture pulls off a proton from the carbocation intermediate,
and the electrons that held the proton move into the ring to reestablish its aromaticity.
(i) Write the mechanism of chlorination of benzene.
(ii) Why reaction of benzene with iodine require presence of an oxidizing agent?
(iii) Why this method is not preferred for preparation of fluoro benzene?
(iv) Propose a mechanism for the following reaction:
OR What would be the major product of a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction using the following alkyl
halides?
(a) CH3CH2Cl (b) CH3CH2CH2Cl (c) (CH3)3CCH2Cl (d) (CH3)2CHCH2Cl
Q.28. Like benzene, substituted benzenes undergo the five electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions:
halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, alkylation, and acylation. Now we need to find out whether a substituted
benzene is more reactive or less reactive than benzene itself. The activating substituents that donate electron to
benzene ring (e.g. alkyl group, -OH, -OR, -NH2 etc.) make the benzene ring more reactive toward
electrophilic substitution; the deactivating substituents that withdraw electron from benzene ring (e.g. –CHO,
-COOH, -CN, -NO2 etc.) make the benzene ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. Remember that
activating substituents donate electrons into the ring and deactivating substituents withdraw electrons from the
ring.
(i) List the members of the following sets of compounds in order of decreasing reactivity toward
electrophilic aromatic substitution:
a.) benzene, phenol, toluene, nitrobenzene, bromobenzene
b.) dichloromethylbenzene, difluoromethylbenzene, toluene, chloromethylbenzene.
(ii) Explain why the halo-substituted benzenes less reactive than benzene towards electrophilic aromatic
substitution reactions.
(iii) Why toluene is more reactive than benzene towards electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions?
Draw hyperconjugating structures of toluene to support your answer.
Q.29. When a substituted benzene undergoes an electrophilic substitution reaction, where does the new substituent
attach itself? Is the product of the reaction the ortho isomer, the meta isomer, or the para isomer? The
substituent already attached to the benzene ring determines the location of the new substituent. There are two
possibilities: A substituent will direct an incoming substituent either to the ortho and para positions, or it will
direct an incoming substituent to the meta position. All activating substituents and the weakly deactivating
halogens are ortho–para directors, and all substituents that are more deactivating than the halogens are meta
directors. Thus, the substituents can be divided into three groups:
1. All activating substituents direct an incoming electrophile to the ortho and para positions.
2. The weakly deactivating halogens also direct an incoming electrophile to the ortho and para positions.
3. All moderately deactivating and strongly deactivating substituents direct an incoming electrophile to the
meta position.
(i) What product(s) would result from nitration of each of the following compounds?
a. propylbenzene b. bromobenzene c. benzaldehyde
d. benzenesulfonic acid e. cyclohexylbenzene f. benzonitrile
(ii) Why we get multiple substitution product in bromination of aniline with BR2 water?
(iii) Show how each of the following compounds can be synthesized from benzene:
Page 13
a. p-chloroaniline b. m-chloroaniline c. p-nitrobenzoic acid

d. m-nitrobenzoic acid e. m-bromopropylbenzene f. o-bromopropylbenzene
g. 1-phenyl-2-propanol h. 2-phenylpropene
Q.30. When a nucleophile reacts with haloalkane (the substrate) having a partial positive charge on the carbon atom
bonded to halogen. A substitution reaction takes place and halogen atom, called leaving group departs as
halide ion. Since the substitution reaction is initiated by a nucleophile, it is called nucleophilic substitution
reaction.
This reaction has been found to proceed by two different mechanims which are described below:
(a) Substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (SN2) The reaction between CH3Cl and hydroxide ion to yield
methanol and chloride ion follows a second order kinetics, i.e., the rate depends upon the concentration of
both the reactants. It depicts a bimolecular nucleophilic displacement (SN2) reaction; the incoming
nucleophile interacts with alkyl halide causing the carbonhalide bond to break while forming a new
carbon-OH bond. These two processes take place simultaneously in a single step and no intermediate is
formed.
(b) Substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (SN1) : SN1 reactions are generally carried out in polar protic
solvents (like water, alcohol, acetic acid, etc.). The reaction between tert-butyl bromide and hydroxide ion
yields tert-butyl alcohol and follows the first order kinetics, i.e., the rate of reaction depends upon the
concentration of only one reactant, which is tert- butyl bromide. It occurs in two steps. In step I, the
polarised C—Br bond undergoes slow cleavage to produce a carbocation and a bromide ion. The
carbocation thus formed is then attacked by nucleophile in step II to complete the substitution reaction.
(i) Arrange the following alkyl bromides in order of decreasing reactivity in an SN2 reaction: 1-bromo-2-
methylbutane, 1-bromo-3-methylbutane, 2-bromo-2-methylbutane, and 1-bromopentane.
(ii) What product is obtained when ethylamine reacts with excess methyl iodide in a basic solution of
potassium carbonate?
(iii) Arrange the following alkyl bromides in order of decreasing reactivity in an reaction: isopropyl
bromide, propyl bromide, tert-butyl bromide, methyl bromide.
(iv) Two substitution products result from the reaction of 3-chloro-3-methyl-1-butene with sodium acetate
(CH3COO-Na+) in acetic acid under SN1 conditions. Identify the products.
Q.31. Alcohols are produced by the reaction of Grignard reagents with aldehydes and ketones. The first step of the
reaction is the nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagent to the carbonyl group to form an adduct. Hydrolysis
of the adduct yields an alcohol. You will notice that the reaction produces a primary alcohol with methanal, a
secondary alcohol with other aldehydes and tertiary alcohol with ketones.
(i) How n-propyl alcohol can be obtained from an aldehyde and Grignard reagent?
(ii) We know that 3-methyl-3-hexanol can be synthesized from the reaction of 2-pentanone with
ethylmagnesium bromide. What two other combinations of ketone and Grignard reagent could be
used to prepare the same tertiary alcohol?
(iii) What product would be obtained from the reaction of one equivalent of a carboxylic acid with one
equivalent of a Grignard reagent?
(iv) Give the product of the reaction of cyclohexenone with CH3MgBr followed by hydrolysis.
OR A ketone can be prepared from the reaction of a nitrile with a Grignard reagent. Describe the
intermediate that is formed in this reaction, and explain how it can be converted to a ketone.
Q.32. Aldehydes and ketones react with a primary amine to form an imine. An imine is a compound with a carbon–
nitrogen double bond. The reaction requires a catalytic (small) amount of acid—we will see that the pH of the
reaction mixture must be carefully controlled. In the first step of the mechanism for imine formation, the
amine attacks the carbonyl carbon. Gain of a proton by the alkoxide ion and loss of a proton by the
ammonium ion forms a neutral tetrahedral intermediate. The neutral tetrahedral intermediate, called a
carbinolamine, is in equilibrium with two protonated forms. Protonation can take place on either the nitrogen
or the oxygen atom. Elimination of water from the oxygen-protonated intermediate forms a protonated imine
that loses a proton to yield the imine. Overall, the addition of a nitrogen nucleophile to an aldehyde or a
Page 14
ketone is a nucleophilic addition–elimination reaction: nucleophilic addition of an amine to form an unstable

tetrahedral intermediate, followed by elimination of water.
(i) Give the products of the following reactions. (A catalytic amount of acid is present in each reaction)
a) cyclopentanone + diethylamine b) acetophenone + cyclohexylamine
c) cyclopentanone + ethylamine d) acetophenone + hexylamine
(ii) Semicarbazide has two NH2 groups. Explain why only one of them forms an imine.
(iii) What are oximes? How they are obtained from an aldehyde or ketone?
Q.33. The aldehydes and ketones undergo a number of reactions due to the acidic nature of α-hydrogen. The acidity
of α-hydrogen atoms of carbonyl compounds is due to the strong electron withdrawing effect of the carbonyl
group and resonance stabilisation of the conjugate base.
(i) Aldol condensation: Aldehydes and ketones having at least one α-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the
presence of dilute alkali as catalyst to form β-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or β-hydroxy ketones (ketol),
respectively. This is known as Aldol reaction. The name aldol is derived from the names of the two functional
groups, aldehyde and alcohol, present in the products. The aldol and ketol readily lose water to give α,β-
unsaturated carbonyl compounds which are aldol condensation products and the reaction is called Aldol
condensation.
(ii) Cannizzaro reaction: Aldehydes which do not have an α-hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and
reduction (disproportionation) reaction on treatment with concentrated alkali. In this reaction, one molecule of
the aldehyde is reduced to alcohol while another is oxidised to carboxylic acid salt.
(i) Explain why the aldehydic hydrogen (the one attached to the carbonyl carbon) is not exchanged with
deuterium.
(ii) Indicate the starting aldehyde or ketone from which each of the following compounds are formed by
an aldol condensation reaction.
(a) 2-Ethyl-3-hyroxy hexanal (b) 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone
(iii) What will be the major product formed by cross aldol condensation between benzaldehyde and
acetone?
(iv) When acetone is treated with excess of benzaldehyde in presence of a base, the cross condensation
add two equivalents of benzaldehyde. Write chemical reaction and draw the structure of final product
formed.
Q.34. Carboxylic acids can undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions only when they are in their acidic forms.
The basic form of a carboxylic acid does not undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions because the
negatively charged carboxylate ion is resistant to nucleophilic attack. Thus, carboxylate ions are even less
reactive toward nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions than are amides. Carboxylic acids react with alcohols
to form esters. The reaction must be carried out in an acidic solution, not only to catalyze the reaction but also
to keep the carboxylic acid in its acid form so that it will react with the nucleophile. Because the tetrahedral
intermediate formed in this reaction has two potential leaving groups of approximately the same basicity, the
reaction must be carried out with excess alcohol to drive it toward products. Emil Fischer was the first to
discover that an ester could be prepared by treating a carboxylic acid with excess alcohol in the presence of an
acid catalyst, so the reaction is called a Fischer esterification.
(i) Write the mechanism of esterification of carboxylic acids.
(ii) Explain the order of reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives : Acid chloride, amide, anhydride and
ester.
(iii) Phosgene (COCl2) was used as a poison gas in World War I. Give the product that would be formed
from the reaction of phosgene with each of the following reagents:
1. one equivalent of methanol 2. excess propylamine
3. excess methanol 4. one equivalent of ethanol followed by one equivalent of methylamine.
Page 15
Q.35. Difference in electronegativity between nitrogen and hydrogen atoms and the presence of unshared pair of
electrons over the nitrogen atom makes amines reactive. The number of hydrogen atoms attached to nitrogen
atom also decides the course of reaction of amines; that is why primary (–NH2), secondary (>NH) and tertiary
amines (>N-) differ in many reactions. Moreover, amines behave as nucleophiles due to the presence of
unshared electron pair. Aliphatic and aromatic primary and secondary amines react with acid chlorides,
anhydrides and esters by nucleophilic substitution reaction. This reaction is known as acylation. You can
consider this reaction as the replacement of hydrogen atom of –NH2 or >N–H group by the acyl group. The
products obtained by acylation reaction are known as amides. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a
base stronger than the amine, like pyridine, which removes HCl so formed and shifts the equilibrium to the
right hand side.
(i) What product will be formed when ethyl amine is treated with benzoyl chloride is presence of a base?
(ii) Why 3˚ amines do not react easily with acid chlorides?
(iii) Why do amines form salt when treated with carboxylic acids?
Q.36. The reactions of diazonium salts can be broadly divided into two categories, namely
(a) reactions involving displacement of nitrogen and (b) reactions involving retention of diazo group.
(a) Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen : Diazonium group being a very good leaving group, is
substituted by other groups such as Cl–, Br–, I–, CN– and OH– which displace nitrogen from the aromatic ring.
The nitrogen formed escapes from the reaction mixture as a gas.
(b) Reactions involving retention of diazo group : The azo products obtained have an extended conjugate
system having both the aromatic rings joined through the –N=N– bond. These compounds are often coloured
and are used as dyes. Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with phenol in which the phenol molecule at its para
position is coupled with the diazonium salt to form p-hydroxyazobenzene. This type of reaction is known as
coupling reaction. Similarly the reaction of diazonium salt with aniline yields p-aminoazobenzene. This is an
example of electrophilic substitution reaction.
(i) Arrange the following compounds in decreasing order of reactivity towards coupling with
benzenediazonium chloride: phenol, aniline, toluene.
(ii) Arrange the following benzenediazonium compounds in decreasing order of reactivity towards
coupling with phenol: benzenediazonium chloride, p-nitro benzenediazonium chloride, p-
methyl benzenediazonium chloride.
(iii) When aniline is treated with NaNO2/HCl at 273 K to give compound A which on treatment with
cuprous cyanide gives another compound B. When compound B is treated with H2/Ni compound C is
formed. Identify compounds A, B and C.
(iv) We know that benzenediazonium chlorides are stable at lower temperature only. What happens when
temperature of aqueous solution of benzenediazonium chloride is increased?
Q.37. Carbohydrates are primarily produced by plants and form a very large group of naturally occurring organic
compounds. Some common examples are cane sugar, glucose, starch, etc. Most of them have a general
formula, Cx(H2O)y, and were considered as hydrates of carbon from where the name carbohydrate was
derived. For example, the molecular formula of glucose (C6H12O6) fits into this general formula, C6(H2O)6.
But all the compounds which fit into this formula may not be classified as carbohydrates. Acetic acid
(CH3COOH) fits into this general formula, C2(H2O)2 but is not a carbohydrate. Similarly, rhamnose, C6H12O5
is a carbohydrate but does not fit in this definition. A large number of their reactions have shown that they
contain specific functional groups. Chemically, the carbohydrates may be defined as optically active
polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or the compounds which produce such units on hydrolysis. Some of the
carbohydrates which are sweet in taste are also called sugars. The most common sugar, used in our homes is
named as sucrose whereas the sugar present in milk is known as lactose. Carbohydrates are also called
saccharides (Greek: sakcharon means sugar).
Page 16
(i) What are reducing and non-reducing sugars? Fructose contains a keto group but still it reduces
Tollens‘ reagent. Explain.
(ii) Why carbohydrates are generally optically active?
(iii) What is inversion of sugar?
(iv) What are the main structural differences between glucose and fructose?
Q.38. Amino acids are classified as acidic, basic or neutral depending upon the relative number of amino and
carboxyl groups in their molecule. Equal number of amino and carboxyl groups makes it neutral; more
number of amino than carboxyl groups makes it basic and more carboxyl groups as compared to amino groups
makes it acidic. The amino acids, which can be synthesised in the body, are known as nonessential amino
acids. On the other hand, those which cannot be synthesised in the body and must be obtained through diet,
are known as essential amino acids. Except glycine, all other naturally occurring α-amino acids are optically
active, since the α-carbon atom is asymmetric. Proteins are the polymers of α-amino acids and they are
connected to each other by peptide bond or peptide linkage. Chemically, peptide linkage is an amide formed
between –COOH group and –NH2 group.
(i) Explain amphoteric behavior of amino acids.
(ii) Give the biological functions of haemoglobin protein in our body.
(iii) How proteins are classified on the basis of their molecular shape.
(iv) Explain primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.
Q.39. Life is possible due to the coordination of various chemical reactions in living organisms. An example is the
digestion of food, absorption of appropriate molecules and ultimately production of energy. This process
involves a sequence of reactions and all these reactions occur in the body under very mild conditions. This
occurs with the help of certain biocatalysts called enzymes. Almost all the enzymes are globular proteins.
Enzymes are very specific for a particular reaction and for a particular substrate. They are generally named
after the compound or class of compounds upon which they work. For example, the enzyme that catalyses
hydrolysis of maltose into glucose is named as maltase.
(i) Name the enzyme that converts glucose into alcohol.
(ii) Name the class of enzymes which catalyse the oxidation of one substrate with simultaneous reduction
of another substrate.
(iii) Illustrate the mechanism for the enzyme action.
(iv) Name the enzyme that catalyse hydrolysis of sucrose.
Q.40. Every generation of each and every species resembles its ancestors in many ways. How are these
characteristics transmitted from one generation to the next? It has been observed that nucleus of a living cell is
responsible for this transmission of inherent characters, also called heredity. The particles in nucleus of the
cell, responsible for heredity, are called chromosomes which are made up of proteins and another type of
biomolecules called nucleic acids. These are mainly of two types, the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA). Since nucleic acids are long chain polymers of nucleotides, so they are also called
polynucleotides. DNA contains four bases viz. adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). RNA
also contains four bases, the first three bases are same as in DNA but the fourth one is uracil (U).
(i) Name the scientist who gave a double strand helix structure for DNA?
(ii) How the two nucleic acid chains in DNA are connected with each other?
(iii) Explain DNA Fingerprinting
(iv) What are main biological functions of DNA and RNA?
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Q.8. To calculate the resistance of a given solution, the solution is kept in a

Answer the following questions:

At anode:- 2H2 (g) + 4OH- (aq) → 4 H2O (l) + 4e-

Chapter – 3 – Chemical Kinetics

Q.12. For a general reaction, A + B  Products, Rate = k [A]x [B]y

Integrated rate equation for zero order is given by k=

HR = Summation of enthalpies of reactants

Progress of reaction (or reaction coordinate)

Answer the following questions:

Rate of reaction can be expressed as Rate =

Chapter – 4 – d & f - Block Elements

4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 → 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2

2Na2CrO4 + 2 H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + 2 Na+ + H2O

Na2Cr2O7 + 2 KCl → K2Cr2O7 + 2 NaCl

Chapter – 5 – Coordination Compounds

Chapter – Organic Chemistry

(iii) (a) Propose a mechanism for the following reaction:

(b) Is the initially formed carbocation primary, secondary, or tertiary?

a. p-chloroaniline b. m-chloroaniline c. p-nitrobenzoic acid

ketone is a nucleophilic addition–elimination reaction: nucleophilic addition of an amine to form an unstable

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