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Lec. 2 Statistical Analysis

The document discusses key concepts in statistical analysis, including: - Types of errors like gross, random, and systematic errors. - Common statistical terms like the mean, median, mode, and standard deviation which are used to analyze and describe data. - The mean is the average value calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of measurements. The median is the middle value when values are arranged in order. - Standard deviation measures the dispersion of measurements from the mean and is calculated using the variance between each value and the mean. - Accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value, while precision refers to how clustered similar measurements are, regardless of accuracy.

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34 views12 pages

Lec. 2 Statistical Analysis

The document discusses key concepts in statistical analysis, including: - Types of errors like gross, random, and systematic errors. - Common statistical terms like the mean, median, mode, and standard deviation which are used to analyze and describe data. - The mean is the average value calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of measurements. The median is the middle value when values are arranged in order. - Standard deviation measures the dispersion of measurements from the mean and is calculated using the variance between each value and the mean. - Accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value, while precision refers to how clustered similar measurements are, regardless of accuracy.

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Lecture (2)

• Statistical analysis.
• Type of errors.
• Some terms that used in statistical analysis.
• Type of systematic errors.

Dr.Aseel Salah-ph.D. Analytical Chemistry 1


Statistical analysis: is the organisation and analysis of quantitative or
qualitative data using statistical procedures, including both descriptive and
inferential statistics.

• Error :may be defined as a deviation from the absolute value or from the true
average of a large number of results.
• Two types of errors are recognized determinate (constant) and indeterminate
(random or accidental).
Types of errors:
1. Gross careless errors.
2. Random errors (indeterminate errors or accidental errors)
3. Systematic errors (determinate errors or constant errors)
Dr.Aseel Salah-ph.D. Analytical Chemistry 2
a) personal errors
b) operative errors

c) instrumental errors

d) methodic.

Terms that used in statistical analysis:

 Mean X : The mean, arithmetic mean, and average are refer to the
numerical value of the various measurements and dividing the total by
number N of the measurements expressed as:

σ 𝒙𝒊 σ 𝒙𝟏+𝒙𝟐+𝒙𝟑+⋯.𝒙𝒙
X = or X̄ =
𝑵 𝑵

Dr.Aseel Salah-ph.D. Analytical Chemistry 3


For example:
we have these numerical value (31.60, 31.60, 31.70, 31.76, 31.71, 31.53,
31.62, 31.47, 31.64). the total divided by the number of individual results.
solution
X ̄ = 31.60 + 31.60 + 31.70…………+ 31.64/9 = 31.67

 Median:- is the central number of series there are equal number of


observation smaller and greater than the median.

 Mode:- value that has the highest frequency

Dr.Aseel Salah-ph.D. Analytical Chemistry 4


Example
calculate the mean and median for these observation:-
10.06, 10.20, 10.08,10.10
Solution:
‫ رتب االعداد تصاعديا او تنازليا‬-1 ‫الحل‬
10.06,10.08,10.10, 10.20 ) ‫(اذا كانت القياسات زوجية‬
10.06+10.20+10.08+10.10
Mean = = 10.11
4
The median is gives by the average of middle pair of results
10.08+10.10
Median = =10.09
2
‫اما اذا كانت القياسات فردية فتؤخذ القيمة الوسطية‬
Ex: 10.06, 10.08, 10.09, 10.10, 10.20
Dr.Aseel Salah-ph.D. Analytical Chemistry 5
 Standard Deviation(s): is the square root of the mean of the squares of the deviations. This
parameter is used to measure the dispersion or variability of a large number of
measurements.

• Population mean deviation = δ measure of dispersion ‫مقياس التشتت‬


• 1- variane ≡ S2 ‫التباين‬
σ(𝑋𝑖−𝑋)2
S2 = used For small number of measurements
(𝑁−1)

σ(𝑋𝑖−𝑋)2
Or 𝑆2 = used For large number of measurements
𝑁

N─1 is known as the number of degrees of freedom

Dr.Aseel Salah-ph.D. Analytical Chemistry 6


Dr.Aseel Salah-ph.D. Analytical Chemistry 7
Example: Find the standard deviation of the given sample:
30, 20, 28, 24, 11, 17
Solution:
• Step 1: Calculate the mean value of sample data: N = 6

• Step 2: Calculate (xi - x̄)

Dr.Aseel Salah-ph.D. Analytical Chemistry 8


• Step 3: Get the sum of all values for (xi - x̅)2.
∑(xi - x̅)2 = 69.4 + 2.78 + 40 + 5.43 + 113.85 + 21.80
∑(xi - x̅)2 = 253.26

• Step 4: Divide ∑(xi - x̅)2 with (N-1).

Variance = 50.65
• Step 5:Take the square root of ∑(xi - x̅)2/(N-1) to get the standard deviation.

S = 7.1169
Dr.Aseel Salah-ph.D. Analytical Chemistry 9
Accuracy and precision

 The precision: The rang of analytical


value (one near from other ) without
observe to true value.

 The accuracy: The rang of


analytical value is near to true value

Dr.Aseel Salah-ph.D. Analytical Chemistry 10


Dr.Aseel Salah-ph.D. Analytical Chemistry 11
Thank you

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