1
1
1
08 1:10 AM
Introduction to Calculus (Differential and Integral Calculus)
In mathematics, calculus is a branch that is all about the assessment of numbers that varies in a
one-liner way. This branch of mathematics deals with continuous change. Therefore, in this
topic, we will teach about the definition of calculus, differential and integral calculus.
Table of content
1 Meaning of Calculus
1.1 Definition of Calculus
1.2 Basic Calculus
1.3 Differential Calculus
1.4 Integral Calculus
1.4.1 Integration
1.4.2 Definite Integral
1.4.3 Indefinite Integral
2 Solved Example for You
Meaning of Calculus
It is a division of mathematics that allocates with discovering the properties of derivatives and
integrals of functions, by methods initially based on the summation of insignificant alterations.
Definition of Calculus
It is a branch of mathematics, which was developed by Newton and Leibniz that deals with the
study of the rate of change. Moreover, we use it in mathematical models to get optimal
solutions. In addition, it helps us to understand the changes between the values that relate by a
function. However, it mainly focuses on some important topics such as integration,
differentiation, functions, limits, and so on.
Besides, on a broad perspective the calculus is classified into two different types:
Differential Calculus
Integral Calculus
The differential and Integral calculus deals with the impact on the function of a slight change in
the independent variable as it leads to zeros. Furthermore, both these (differential and integral)
calculus serves as a foundation for the higher branch of Mathematics that we know as
“Analysis.” Besides, mathematical calculus plays a very important role in modern physics as well
as in science and technology.
Basic Calculus
Basically, it is the study of both differentiation and integration. And both these concepts are
established on the idea of limits and functions. Besides, some concepts like exponents,
continuity are the basis of the advanced calculus. Moreover, it explains the two types that are
differential and integral.
Differential Calculus
It relates to the problems of finding the rate of change of a function with respect to the other
variables. Moreover, to get the ideal solution, we use derivatives to find the maxima and minima
values of a function. In addition, it arises from the study of the limit of a quotient. Furthermore, it
deals with the variables such as x and y, functions f(x), and the consequent changes in the
variables x and y.
Besides, the symbols dx and dy are known as differentials. Moreover, the process of finding the
derivatives is what we call differentiation. Also, the derivatives of the function are represented by
dy/dx or f'(x). This means that the function is the derivative of y with respect to the variable x.
Integral Calculus
We mostly use it for the following two purposes:
For calculating f from f’ (that is from its derivative). Moreover, if the function f is differentiable in
the interval of consideration, then we can define f’ in that interval.
For calculating the area under a curve.
Integration
It is just opposite (reciprocal) of differentiation. We can understand differentiation as dividing
part into many small parts. In addition, we can say that integration as a collection of small parts
in order o form a whole. Generally, we use it for calculating the area.
Definite Integral
It has a definite boundary within which we need to calculate the function. Furthermore, the lower
and upper limit of the independent variable of a function is definite. So, we describe this
integration using definite integrals, which is:
∫abf(x).dx=F(x)
Indefinite Integral
These don’t have a definite border that is no upper or lower pre-defined limits. Hence, the
integration value is always accompanied by a constant value (C). Such as:
∫f(x).dx=F(x)+C
Calculus in everyday life
Calculus is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study
of continuous change and is widely used in various fields of science, engineering, economics,
and other disciplines. It plays an essential role in our everyday lives, from predicting the
weather, designing buildings and bridges, to determining the optimal price for products and
services.
One of the most common applications of calculus is in physics. For example, calculus is used to
calculate the velocity, acceleration, and position of objects in motion, which are crucial in
designing vehicles such as airplanes, cars, and rockets. Calculus is also used in the study of
electromagnetism, where it helps in understanding the behavior of electric and magnetic fields.
Calculus is also used in economics and finance to model and analyze the behavior of markets
and economies. For instance, it helps in determining the optimal price of goods and services,
calculating the interest rates of loans and investments, and predicting the growth or decline of
financial markets.
In the field of architecture and engineering, calculus is used in designing buildings and
structures. It helps in determining the optimal design of bridges and tunnels and in predicting the
behavior of materials under different conditions.
In conclusion, calculus is a crucial tool that is used in various fields of science, engineering,
economics, and other disciplines. Its applications are vast and essential in our daily lives, from
designing buildings, predicting weather patterns, to understanding the spread of diseases.
Chain Rule The chain rule is a formula for the derivative of the composition of two functions
in terms of their derivatives.
Continuous Function A continuous function is function with no jumps, gaps, or undefined
points.
Critical Point A critical point is a point in the graph of a function where the derivative is either
zero or undefined.
Definite Integral A definite integral is an integral with upper and lower limits.
Derivative A derivative is the infinitesimal rate of change in a function with respect to one of
its parameters.
Discontinuity A discontinuity is a point at which a function jumps suddenly in value, blows up,
or is undefined. The opposite of continuity.
Extreme Value Theorem The extreme value theorem states that a continuous function on a
closed interval has both a maximum and minimum value.
First Derivative Test The first derivative test is a method for determining the maximum and
minimum values of a function using its first derivative.
Fundamental Theorems of Calculus The fundamental theorems of calculus are deep results in
analysis that express definite integrals of continuous functions in terms of antiderivatives.
Implicit Differentiation Implicit differentiation is the procedure of differentiating an implicit
equation (one which has not been explicitly solved for one of the variables) with respect to the
desired variable, treating other variables as unspecified functions of it.
Indefinite Integral An indefinite integral, also known as an antiderivative, is an integral
without upper and lower limits.
Inflection Point An inflection point is a point on a curve at which the concavity changes.
Integral An integral is a mathematical object that can be interpreted as an area or a
generalization of area. Integrals and derivatives are the fundamental objects of calculus.
Intermediate Value Theorem The intermediate value theorem states that if f is continuous on a
closed interval [a, b], and c is any number between f(a) and f(b) inclusive, then there is at least
one number x in [a, b] such that f(x) = c.
Limit A limit is the value a function approaches as the variable approaches some point. If the
function is not continuous, the limit could be different from the value of the function at that point.
Maximum The maximum of a set, function, etc. is the largest value attained by that object.
Mean-Value Theorem The mean-value theorem states that if f(x) is differentiable on the open
interval (a, b) and continuous on the closed interval [a, b], there is at least one point c in (a, b)
such that (a - b) f(c) = f(a) - f(b).
Minimum The minimum of a set, function, etc. is the smallest value attained by that object.
Newton's Method Newton's method is an iterative method for numerically finding a root of a
function.
Riemann Sum A Riemann sum is an estimate, using rectangles, of the area under a curve. A
definite integral is defined as a limit of Riemann sums.
Second Derivative Test The second derivative test is a method for determining a function's
maxima, minima, and points of inflection by using its first and second derivatives.
History of calculus:
Modern calculus was developed in 17th-century Europe by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz (independently of each other, first publishing around the same time) but elements of it
first appeared in ancient Egypt and later Greece, then in China and the Middle East, and still
later again in medieval Europe and India.