INTRODUCTION TO CAD + What is CAD? Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided drafting and design (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the development of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided Design describes the way in which technology is folded into a design process. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or environments, provides the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; rafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations. The development of CADD-based software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to economize; industry-based software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated) environments. CADD environments often involve more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) objects. CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and sofiware), and discrete differential geometry. ‘The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is often called computer-aided geometric design (CAGD). Page| 3© Types of CAD res the ‘There are several different types of CAD. Each of these different types of ae deign ie Operator (0 think differently about how he or she will use them and he or she mus Virtual components in a different manner for each. . There are many Producers of the lower-end 2D systems, including a number of free and Cealany Programs. These provide an approach to the drawing process without all the fuss eee placement on the drawing sheet that accompanied hand drafting, since these can be adjust Fequired during the creation of the final draft. : . 3D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting. Each line has to be manually inserted into tI drawing. The final product has no mass Properties associated with it and cannot have features directly added to it, such as holes. ‘The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D systems, although many 3D systems allow using the wireframe model to make the final engineering drawing views, 3D "dumb" solids (programs incorporating this technology include AutoCAD) are created in a way andlogous to manipulations of real world objets. Basic three-dimensional geometric forms (prisms, cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid vol lumes added or subtracted from them, as if assembling or Cutting real-world objects. Two-dimensional projected views can casily be generated from the inodels. Basic 3D solids dont usually include tools to easily allow motion of components, set limits {o their motion, or identify interference between components, 3D parametric solid modeling requires the operator to use what is referred objects and features created are adjustable. Any future modifi, early impossible, depending on how the original part was creat “perfect world” representation of the component. If a feature Centre of the part, the operator needs to locate it from the cent more convenient edge or an arbitrary point, as he could when u require the operator to consider the consequences of his actions to as “design intent". The ations will be simple, difficult, or fed. One must think of this as being a was intended to be located from the tre of the model, not, perhaps, from a sing "dumb" solids. Parametric solids carefully. functionality. This ability may also include the additional ability to infer tke correct relationships between selected geometry (e.g, tangency, concentricily) which makes the editing process less time and labour intensive while still freeing the engineer from the burden of understanding the model’s design intent history. These kind of non history based systems are called Explicit Modelers, The first Explicit Modeling system was introduced the name Solid Designer. This CAD solut PTC as "Co Create Modeling" Draft views are able to be generated easily from the models. Assemblies usually incorporate tools to ‘priser the motions of components, set their limits, and identify interference. The tool kits available for these systems are ever increasing; including 3D Piping and injection mould desieni packages. ans Mid range software are integrating parametric solids more easily tot e i intuitive functions (Sketch Up), using the best of both 3D dum sols dpe eee mae ete Work), ‘making very real-view scenes in relative few steps (Cinema4D) or offering all-in. Top end systems offer the capabi into designs (Catia, Generative Components). Freeform oe solids to allow the desig © Effects using CAD Page [4Beginning in the 1980s Computer-Aided Design programs reduced the need of draftsmen significantly especially in small to mid-sized companies. Their affordability and ability to run on Personal computers also allowed engineers to do their own drafting work eliminating the need for entire departments, In Today's world most if not all students in universities do not learn drafting techniques because they are not required to do so. The days of mechanical drawings are almost obsolete.(4) Universities such as New Jersey Institute of Technology no longer require the use of protractors and compasses to create mechanical drawings, instead there are several classes that focus on the use of CAD software such as Pro Engineer or IDEAS-MS. Another consequence had been that since the latest advances were often quite expensive, small and even mid-size firms often could not compete against large firms who could use their computational edge for competitive purposes.{citation needed] Today, however, hardware and sofiware costs have come down. Even high-end packages work on less expensive platforms and some even support multiple platforms. The costs associated with CAD implementation now are more heavily weighted to the costs of training in the use of these high level tools, the cost of integrating a CAD/CAM/CAE PLM using enterprise across multi-CAD and multi-platform environments and the costs of modifying design work flows to exploit the full advantage of CAD tools. CAD vendors have effectively lowered these training costs. These methods can be split nto three categories: Improved and simplified user interfaces. This includes the availability of “role” specific tailor able user interfaces through which commands are presented to users in a form appropriate to their function and expertise. Enhancements to application sofiware:- One such example is improved design-in-context, through the ability to modeV/edit a design component from within the context of a large, even multi-CAD, active digital mock-up. User oriented modeling options. This includes the ability to free the user from the need to understand the design intent history of a complex intelligent model. ° lication of CAD CAD plays a vital role in the manufacturing of qualitative products. The import applications of CAD are as follows: 1. Geometric modeling: It enables users to undertake the modeling of complex. products, editing and manipulation of existing geometry, drafting and documentation 2. Design engineering analysis: Engineering analysis takes the form of stress-strain analysis, heat transfer analysis, dynamic analysis, optimization of product size and shape, ete. Finite element analysis is available on most CAD/CAM systems to aid engineering analysis. 3, Design evaluation and review: CAD/CAM features help in evaluating and reviewing the product design as follows: + Automatic dimensioning of routines, which determine the precise distance measures between surfaces on the geometry. ‘© Inference checking routines, which identify whether two objects occupy the same space or not, this is especially helpful in the design of assemblies, ‘© Kinetic routines, which test the operation of mechanical linkages using the animation capability of CAD/CAM systems. Page |5ions, bill ‘Manufacturing database: When documentation (i.e. dimensions, material specif of materials, ete. ) is created for the product design, much of the required database 10 manufacture the product is also created. 5S. Computer-aided process planning (CAPP): The process planning procedure is highly dependent on the experience and judgment of the planner. Accordingly there are differences among the operation sequences developed by the various planners. CAPP facilitates production planning that as rational, consistent, and perhaps even optimal. 6. Interactive graphics NC part programming: G and M- codes can be developed directly trom the geometry modeling of the product. 7. Finely tuned_production_planning: Computerized systems have been developed for forecasting, production planning, development of the master schedule, purchasing, etc. 8. Material requirements planning (MRP): It involves determining when to order raw materials and components for assembled products. 9. Shop floor control: It involves a direct connection between the computer and the manufacturing process for the purpose of monitoring the operation, 10. Computer-aided inspection and quality control: Computer-aided inspection and testin in improving the product quality. = ng help + Advantages and Disadvantages © Advantages CAD are concerned primarily with the engineering functions in design and manufacturing. As CAM jin current times has evolved to include many other functions in is not only to automate certain phases of design and manufacturing, wnafacturing. Typically, the major advantages of mentioned earlier, ‘manufacturing. The goal of CAD but also to automate the transition from design to mat CAD systems are listed below: 1. High productivity and reduced lead times. 2. Accuracy in Design. 3, Better control over the complete project process. 4. Modifications in design are relatively easy. 5. Simulation of the computer generated model can reduce or eliminate prototype testing, 6. Standardization of design. 7. Automatic database creation assists in creation of manufacturing documentation. 8. Optimized solutions asa result of detailed engineering analysis. 9. Better communication and presentation of design. 10. Tooling, machining and tool path generations can be frst simulated and tested before ‘commencement of actual production. 11. Quality control and inspection can be done online, in reduced man hours for the plant. thereby eliminating human errors resulting o Disadvantages 1. Computer technology is expensive to buy and maintain, Page| 62. Using computer technology requires a lot of training and experience. 3. Using computer technology means less evaluation of real materials and 3D materials. 4. tis easy to lose data if it is not regularly “backed up”. 2D DESIGNING IN AUTOCAD. Launching AutoCad 1. Start 2. AutoCAD 3. AutoCad Classic Sesiemeraswis waa Typing Commands Typing a Command All AutoCAD commands can be typed in at the command line. Many commands also have one or two letter aliases that can also be typed as shortcuts to the commands. 1. Type the desired command at the command prompt. Command:LINE or 2, Type the command’s alias, Command: L 3, Press ENTER/Space to end. 4, Type an option at the command prompt. Page |7Reissuing the Last Command A ‘The last used AutoCAD command can be re-entered by one of the following three methods of ENTER, The ENTER key on the keyboard will always act as ENTER, the SPACEBAR and RIGHT MOUSE will act as enter most ofthe time (exceptions include placing TEXT). 1. Press the ENTER key on the keyboard or 2. Press the Space bar on the keyboard, or 3. Click the right mouse button, AutoCAD uses either a mouse or digi tablet to select objects in a drawing. Left Mouse Button Used to pick or select objects 1. Click the left mouse button to select an object area in the drawing. 2. Press ESC twice to deselect an object (orto cancel a command). Right Mouse Button Used to enter a command, repeat last command, of access shortcut menus. © Click the right mouse button. PAN + ‘Shifts the location of a view, 4 1. Choose View, Pan or =| 2. Click the Pan icon, or 4 3. Type PAN from the command prompt. Command: PAN or P Page|200M Increases or decreases the apparent size of obje 1. Choose View, Zoom, Or in the current viewport 2. Click a Zoom icon, > S&F AR or 3. Type ZOOM at the command prompt. Command: Zoom or Z 4. Type One of the following zoom options: The following are basic zoom options: All Places entire drawing (all visible layers) on display at once. Forces a regeneration ExtentsDisplays current drawing content as large as possible. PreviousRestores previous view. WindowDesignates rectangular area to be drawn as large as possible. Number Magnification relative to ZOOM All display Number X Magnification relative to current display (1X) CenterSpecifies center point and new display height. Dynamic Permits you to pan a box representing the viewing sereen around the entire generated portion of the drawing and enlarge or shrink it. Creating a New Drawing NEW Command Creates a new drawing file, 1. Choose File, New. or 2. Press CTRL +N or 3. Click the New icon. or 4. Type NEW at the Command prompt. Command: NEW 5. Choose One of the options for creating a new drawing, 6. Click The OK button. 7. Save the drawing as another name. Page |9Undo and Redo Reverses the last action. 1. Choose Edit, Undo. or 2. Click the Undo icon. or 3. Press CTRL + Z. 4. Type U at the command prompt to undo the last command. Command: U Redo Reverses the effects of a single UNDO or U command. 1. Choose Edit, Redo. or 2. Click the Redo icon. | * or 3. Type REDO at the command prompt to redo the last undo command. Command: REDO Page | 10Function Keys and Accelerator Keys Ba Ispiaye Hein Bo " |stats F3 = Fa Pye | sree tie a agp =* | Teggies ISoPLane Wovens ge eee re SMe Rua Toggles the QuickCale calculator pat eTRL+! Toggles CooRoSeTRLA | Repeats last command CTREL Toagles Ortho mode err | Repeate last command CTRLEN Creates @ new drawing eTRLVO Opens exicting drawing cTRL+P Prints current drawing TRG | Gycles layout viewport cTRL+S Saves current drawing STRL+SHIFT+S | Brings up the Save As dialog box CTRLST Tougles Tablet mode eTRLW | Pastes data trom Clipboard CTRL+SHIFT+V Pastes data from Clipboard as @ Block CTRL+x | Cuts objects to Clipboard CTRL+Y | Cancels the preceding Undo action eTRUGZ Reverses last action CTRL Cancels current command CTRL+PAGE UP Moves to the next layout tab to the left of the current tab meee Open Existing Drawings ‘Movae te tnd nesd layout tab to the nant orthe current tab 1. Choose File, OPEN. or 2. Press CTRL + O. or 3. Click the OPEN icon. or 4. Type OPEN at the command prompt. Command: OPEN 5. Press ENTER 6. Double Click the desired directory to find the drawing to open. 7. Click the drawing name to open. Page| 128.Click The OK button. : RE ee) Cy Mine = Foote ST teen) = ipecoe Quick Save The QSAVE command is equivalent to clicking Save on the File menu. If the drawing is named, AutoCAD saves the drawing using the file format specified on the Open and Save tab of the Options dialog box and does not request a file name. If the drawing is unnamed, AutoCAD displays the Save Drawing As dialog box (see SAVEAS) and saves the drawing with the file name and format you specify. 1. Press CTRL + S. or 2. Cllick the Save icon. or 3. Type QSAVE at the command prompt, Command: SAVE Useful Commands Running Object Snaps ‘An object snap mode specifies a snap point at an exact location on an object, OSNAP specifies running object snap modes, which remain active until you turn them off. 1. Choose Tools, Drafting Settings... Page | 13or 2. Type DDOSNAP at the command prompt Command: DDOSNAP or 3. Click OSNAP on the Status Bar, 4. Right Click the Object Snap TAB. 5. Choose an object snap to turn ON/OFF from the dialog saa | | 2 = ee AutoCAD 2D Tutorial DRAWING LINES A LINE can be one segment or a series of connected segments. Each segment is a individual object. ZAIN Series of connected segments One segment Start the Line command by using one of the following methods: Type = L PULLDOWN MENU = DRAW / LINE TOOLBAR = DRAW Lines are drawn by specifying the locations for the endpoints. Page | 14Move the cursor to the location of the “first” endpoint then press the left mouse button. Move the cursor again to the “next” endpoint and press the left mouse button. Continue locating “next” endpoints until you wamt to stop. PICK POINT \ CIC ee POINT Pline Command A polyline is a connected sequence of line segments created as a single object. You can create straight line segments, arc segments, or a combination of the two. 1. Choose Draw,Polyline. or 2. Pick the Pline icon. L— | 3. Type PLINE at the command prompt Command : PLINE or PL 4, Pick A point on the drawing to start the polyline From point:( select) 5. Type One of the following options ‘Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/: Or 6. Pick A point to continue drawing Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width/: (pick point) \ Polyline as one segment Page |15Orthogonal Lines Controls lines from being drawn at various angles to straight lines. When the snap grid is rotated, ortho mode rotates accordingly. 1. Press Function Key F8. or 2. Double Click ORTHO from the Status Bar. or 3. Press CTRL + L. Line drawn with ORTHO ON Rectangle 1. Choose Draw, Rectangle. or 2. Click the Rectangle icon! Or 3. Type Rectangle at the command prompt Command: RECTANG Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width/ a : 4. Pick first corner. 5. Pick other corner or type coordinates (i.e. @4,2). Other Corner First Corner Cireles Circle Command 1. Choose Draw, Circle. Page |16Or 2. Click the Circle icon. Or 3. Type CIRCLE at the command prompt. Command: CIRCLE 4. Type One of the following options: 3P/2P/TTR/<>: Circle, Center Radius Circle, Center Diameter Circle, Tangent, Tangent Radius Circle, Tangent, Tangent, Tangent or 5. Pick A center point. 6. Type A radius or diameter. or 7. Pick A radius or diameter Diameter/<>: Are Command 1. Choose Draw, Arc. or 2. Click the Arc icon. Ee or 3. Type ARC at the command prompt Command: ARC 4. Draw One of the arcs. Editing Polylines 1. Choose Modify, Polyline. or 2. Pick the Pedit icon from the Modify II toolbar| © 3. Type PEDIT at the comma nd prompt Command: PEDIT 4, Pick Pick a polyline to edit Select Polyline:(pick) 5. Type One of the following options:Close/Join/ Width/Edit vertex/FitCurve/Spline/Curve/ Decurve/Undo/eXit PEDIT options: Page |17Close Closes open polyline segments Join Connects polylines, lines, and arcs to existing polylines. Width Changes the width for all polyline segments. Fit curve Creates curved arc segments around pline vertices at the direction you specify. Spline Curve Creates a curve through control points on a polyline. DecurveStraightens curved segments. Edit Vertex Displays the following Edit Vertex Options: Polyline width change SplinedPolyline Move Command 1. Choose Modify, Move. or 2. Click the Move icon. or 3. Type MOVE at the command prompt Command: MOVE or M 4. Pick Objects to move Select objects: (select) 5. Pick A point to move from Base point or displacement: (pick point) 6. Pick A point to move to Second point of displacement: (pick point) Page | 18Circle bet Copy Command 1. Choose Modify, Copy. or 2. Click the Copy icon. [3] or 3. Type COPY at the command prompt. ‘Command: COPY or CP 4. Pick Objects to copy. Select objects: (select) to move from, isplacement/Multiple: (pick point), 6. Pick A point to copy to. Second point of displacement: (pick point) copy to, Second point of displacement: @ 1<0 Duplicate objects copied Multiple objects copied ; EE. | £ ™ py Offset Command Offset Distance To offset a s 1. Choose Modify, Offset. Page| 19or 2. Choose the Otseticon.[@] or 3. Type OFFSET at the command prompt. ‘Command: OFFSET or 0 4, Type The distance to offset. Offset distance or : (number) 5. Pick The object to offset, Select object Select object to offset: (pick side) or 8. Press Enter to end the command, Offsetting objects by specifying a distance EXTEND. 1. Choose Modify, Extend. or 2. Click the Extend icon or 3, Type EXTEND at the command prompt Command: EXTEND Select boundary edge(s)... 4, Pick The BOUNDARY edge to extend to Select objects: (select) 5. Press ENTER to accept the boundary edge Select objects: (press enter) 6. Pick The objects to extend - ! Project / Edge / Undo: Select an object, enter an option, or press enter: (select) Page|207. Press ENTER when you Lines Extended to an are Stretch, 1. Choose Modify, Stretch. 2. Click the Stretch icon, [EL 3, Type STRETCHat the command prompt. Command : STRETCH Select Objects to stretchby window. 4. Type C to choose CROSSING window Select objects: C 5. Pick A first comer to stretch, First corn 6, Pick The opposite comer to window the stretch. Other corner: (point) 7. Press ENTER toacceptobjects to stretch, 8. Pick A base point to stretch from Base point: (point) 9. Pick A point tostretch to Newpoint: (point) Page| 21or 10. Type A distance to stretch, Newpoint:@1<0 TRIM ‘The TRIM command allows you precisely at a cutting edge defined srawing. 1. Choose Modify, Trim, or 2. tick the Trim icon. LE] 3. Type TRIM at the command prompt ‘Command: TRIM Select cutting edge().. 4. Pick The CUTTING edge to extend to Select objects: (select) ‘. Press ENTER to accept the cutting edge Select objects: (press enter) 6. Pick to trim / Project / Edge / Undo: Select an object, enter an option, or press enter 7. Press ENTER when you are done choosing objects Select object to trim/Undo: (press enter) Lines Trimmed to an Are (Are is cuttingedge) Break 1. Choose Modify, Break. or Page |22[Ea 2. Click the Break icon. or 3. Type BREAK at the command prompt. Command: BREAK 4. Pick Object to break. Select object: (select one object) 5. Pick A second break point, Enter second point : (point) or 6. Type F to choose a different break point Entersecond point (or F for first point):(F) MIRROR 1. Choose Modify, Mirror. or 2. Click the Mirror icon. or 3. Type MIRROR at the command prompt. ‘Command: MIRROR 4, Pick Obje Select object 5. Pick First point of mirror line: (point) 6. Pick Second point: (point) 7. Type Yes to delete the original objects and No to keep them. Page 23Delete old objects?¥or N L AutoCAD 2D Tutorial Introduction to Layers and Layer Dialog Box 1. Choose Format, Layer. or 2. Type LAYER at the command prompt. ‘Command: LAYER (or LA) or 2. Pick the layers icon from the Layer Control box. (on the object proper bar a Sa Layer Options 2 Lists layers, with states, colors and linetypes. Make Creates a new layer and makes it current. Set Sets current layer. New Creates new layers. ‘ON Turns on specified layers. during regeneration. yers Liype. Page 124Plot. Tums a Layer On for Plotting No Plot. Turns a Layer Off for Plotting LWeightControls the line weight for each layer Layer Shortcuts ‘Changing the Layer of an Object 1. Click Once on the object to change. 2. Select the desired layer from the Layer Control Box Dropdown, AutoCAD will move the object to the new layer. Colours + Line Weights Color Command 1. Choose Format, Color. Or 2. Type DDCOLOR at the command prompt. ‘Command: DDCOLOR or COL or 3, Choose Color on the Object Properties toolbar and then ‘Select a color from thelist or select Other to display ‘The Select Color dialog box.Loading and Changing Linetypes 1. Coomse Format, Line type... 2, Type DDLTYPE atthe command prompt, Command: DDLTYPE or LT 3. Sone to see a lis 4, Choose the desired linetype to assign. 5. Click OK. ——— TSS Line weights Loading and Changing Line weights 1, Choose Format, Line weight. Page [26or 2. Type LINEWEIGHT at the command prompt. Command: LINEWEIGHT or LWEIGHT Or 4, Pick a lineweight to make current from the Object ea si Object Properties 1. Choose Modify, Properties. Or 2. Click the Properties icon. [xl Or 3. Type DDCHPROP or DDMODIFY at the command prompt. Command: DDCHPROP (CH) or DDMODIFY (MO) 4, Pick Objects whose properties you want to change Pick a window for DDCHPROP, single object for DDMODIFY. Select objects:(select) 5. Press ENTER to accept objects. Select objects: (press enter) 6. Choose One ofthe following properties to change Page [27Other Useful Functions BHATCH Command 1, Choose Draw, Hatch... Or 2. Click the Hatch icon. or 3, Type BHATCH at the command prompt Command: BHATCH 1 Measuring Distances 1. Choose Tools, Inquiry, and Distance. or 2. Click the Distance icon from the Inquiry Toolbar. Or 3. Type DIST at the command prompt Command: DIST 4, Pick The first point to measure from First point: pick point 5, Pick The second point to measure to Second point: pick point Page |28Distance between Circle Centers Linear Dimensions 1. Choose Dimension, Linear. Or 2. Click the Linear Dimension command from the toolbar. HY CHOP OAI KE MEP 1a Ot V/A A fall sede ae or 3. Type DIM at the command prompt. Command: DIM Dim: HOR or VER ‘Aligned Dimensions 1. Choose Dimension, Aligned. or 2, Click the Aligned Dimension command from the toolbar. or HA R/OPOAINE HE ta OM VI4Arl Standard We 3. Type DIM at the command prompt. Command: DIM Dim: ALIGNED Radial Dimensions 1. Choose Dimension, Radius or Diameter. or Page |292, Click the Radial Dimensions command from the toolbar. HS FRIOPOAIME MET BOM 4 3. Type DIM at the command prompt. Command: DIM Dim: RADIUS or DIAMETER As fet [Standard rey Page | 30DESIGNING & DRAFTING WITH SOLID WORK Understanding the Main Interface ‘The Main Interface includes the following areas: oo fee + Message Window 7 Menu + Dialog Boxes a oe | ° ie fe = Dast | nu Manager Main Interface ‘There are many different areas of the Solid work user interface that you use when creating models. The areas that display depend upon the function being performed. ‘Areas of the main interface include: | erm sans Sta er nace + Graphics Window - The working area of in which you create and modify Solid work models such as parts, assemblies, and drawings. | Page| 31* Main Menu - Located at the top of the interface, the main menu contains standard options such as File, Edit, and View. AEASOMAWorks fj re est view amsert, Tooke sadcam Window Heb 7 * Toolbars - Toolbars contain icons for commonly used tools and Understanding Basic Display Options Creating New Sketch Files Click File > New to create a new Sketch. Save a sketch out of an existing model. i File extension is *.sec. ie Creating a New Sketch File Creating New Sketch Files A sketch can either be created within a model or it can be saved as its own file. If created within a model, it can be saved as a sketch file, which has a file extension of sec. You can also create a new sketch file by selecting Sketch from the New dialog box. Any sketch file can be imported into a model and placed in a Sketch feature. Page | 32Reviewing Sketcher ‘A sketch is a 2-D entity that graphically captures an idea with lines, constraints, dimensions. 2-D sketches are: | + Placed on a 3-D model. | f + Used to create solid features. fie ces and | 2-D Sketch | i | Sketches are Used to Create Solid Features Sketch Placed on a 3-D Model Page | 33ing idea. You sketch your ned, and modified figure, Once the sketch ‘on the left, Notice thatthe ‘Make Relation ‘Relation are rules enforced by Solid w ~ Point on Entity ~ Symmetric Page 134The following table lists the available constraints, which can be activated by clicking Relation from the Sketcher toolbar: Constraint Description Vertical 1 Makes lines vertical or aligns points vertically. Horizontal» Makes lines horizontal or aligns points horizontally. Perpendicular 1. Makes lines perpendicular to one another Tangent & Makes lines tangent to arcs and circles. Midpoint “Places an existing vertex or Sketcher point at the midpoint ofa line Aligns two entities or vertices to the same point. Also creates Collinear and Point on Entity constraints. ‘Symmetric */* | Makes points symmetric about a centreline. ‘Same Point -©- Equal Makes lines equal length or gives arcs/circles equal radii. Parallel // Makes lines parallel to one another. Sketching Lines ‘There are two main types of lines available in Sketcher: + 2 Point Line - Click Line \ from the Sketcher toolbar or right-click and select Line to create a line between two points. Each time you click the mouse you start a line point or endpoint. You can continue clicking the mouse to create lines that are chained together. That is, the endpoint of one line is the starting point of the next line. You can either middle-click or select another function from the Sketcher toolbar to terminate line creation. + 2 Tangent Line - Click Line Tangent N° from the Sketcher toolbar to create a line that is tangent to two circles, two arcs, or a circle and arc. You can only select arcs or circles when creating a 2 Tangent Line. Sketching Centrelines Page | 35Centrelines are used to for Revolution in a Revolve feature symmetry ina sketch and are selected as the Axis of There are two types of Centrelines: + Centretine +2 Tangent Centreline Lace -—__—__ L. ‘Symmetry Created using Centerline 7] oe ini NoiRle, ee || ve =F Bi i ra iy ii Revolve Feature Sketching Centrelines Cntrelines are used to define a line of symmetry with a sketch. They are also used to define the axis of revolution in a Revolve feature. Centrelines must be fully constrained by using dimensions or Page | 36tse fo ereate eatore select Centreline 19 Creating Part Extrude Features ‘Create extruded features from 2-D sketches. + Extrude sections perpendicular to the sketching plane. remove material from theExtrude Boss/Base Extruded Cut Creating Part Extrude Features ‘An extrde feature is based on a two-dimensional sketch. I linearly extudes a sketch perpendicular to the sketching plane to create or remove material. Yo select the sketch frst and then ‘ar the Extrude ool or you can start the Extrde tool and then select the sketch ‘Common Dashboard Options: Feature Direction |_| Same Feature, Flipped Depth DirectionCommon Dashboard Options: Feature Direction When you create a feature, such as an extrude feature, there are two yellow Gy arrows that appear in the interface, as shown to the right. the section and denotes the depth In this case, the arrow on the right displays perpendicular to 1d denotes the material direction. direction. The arrow on the left displays parallel to the section an Specifying the Depth Direction ‘The depth direction arrow in the interface shows you which direction the feature wi respect to the sketching plane. You can flip the direction of feature creation Uachboard or by clicking the arrow in the interface. In the upper-right figure, the flipped. BY default, the feature is created in only one direction. This is known as Side 1. Howevet, Your By dine second direction so the feature is created in both diections from the sketch plane, This second side is Sie 2. In the lower-left figure, the Side 2 depth direction was added tothe Feature. be created with sr by using the depth direction was Specifying the Material Direction The material direction arrow in the interface shows you which si vm et when creating a cut. This arrow only displays when removing material Like the depth serorion arrow, you can fip the material direction either by using the dashboard or by clicking the aa inthe interface. Inthe lower-right figure, the material direction forthe eut was flipped From arr de to the outside. Consequently, the material that was removed flipped from the inside to the outside. Jide of the sketch material will be Common Dashboard Options: Thin Feature “The Thizken Sketch option is available in many types of features including extrude, revolve, blend, and sweep features. Page |39+ Create solids or cuts, * Edit the material thickness. + Flip the side that thickens, + Thicken open or closed sections, | Flipping the Side that Thickens and Material | Creating @ Thin Feature Cut ‘Thickness | Common Dashboard Options: Thin Feature Sketch ‘The Thin feature Sketch option is available in extrude and revolve types of features. + You can create features that either add or cut away material. + You can edit the material thickness, as shown in the lower-right figure. + You can also change the side of the sketch where the thickness is added, or add thickness to both sides of the sketch by using the options. + You can use this option on both open and closed sketches. For example, you can use the Thicken sketch option to sketch a circle and extrude it into a pipe shape with a specified wall thickness, or you can use it to sketch a rectangle and extrude it into box-shaped tubing, again with a specified wall thickness. Page | 40Creating Solid Revolve Features Create revolved features from 2-D sketches. + Revolve a section about the axis of revolution in a sketching plane. * Add or remove material from the model. + ‘Select different axes of revolution, — First centretine ~ Designated axis of revolution — Axis or edge a |e | Same Revolved Sketch using Different Axes of | Revolution | ee ‘Removing Material using a Revolve Feature i = ! Creating Solid Revolve Features ‘A revolve feature is based on a two-dimensional sketch. You can use a revolve feature to revolve a sketch about an axis of revolution (in the sketching plane) to create or remove material You can either select the sketch first and start the Revolve tool, or you can start the Revolve tool and then select the sketch. When you select a sketch to be revolved, the feature uses, by default, the first centreline sketched within the section as the axis of revolution, as shown in the left image in the lower-left figure. However, you can also select any other straight curve or edge, datum axis, or coordinate system axis, as the axis of revolution. Ifthe sketch you are revolving does not contain a sketched centreline, you Page| 41Creating Rib Features 1 ‘Ari feature is similar to an extruded protrusion, except hat it requires an open + Ri features require an open sketch. + You ean eit he side that thickens. + You can flip to which side of the sketch you want to create the ib. ‘+ Rib geometry adapts to the adjacent, solid seometry. |Editing the Side that Thickens Flipping Which Side the Rib is Created Creating Rib Features Ribs are typically used to strengthen pars. A rib feature is similar to an extruded protrusion: except that it requires an open section sketch. The rib also conforms to existing planar or cylindrical geometry when it is extruded. After you select an open section sketch and set a thickness, Pro/ENGINEER automatically creates the rib feature by merging it with your model. The system cin add material above or below the sketch, and the thickness can be applied on either side, or be symmetric about the sketch. The Rib too enables you to create rb features faster than it would be for you to create and sketch a protrusion. Creating Sweeps Boss A sweep feature consists of a sketched section that sweeps, or traverses, along a path. | | | e | Sweeping a Sketch Along an Open Path Page | 43Sweeping an Open Path Along an Close Profile Creating Sweeps with Open Trajectories Theory You create a sweep feature to create a constant cross-section feature that follows a trajectory curve. A sweep can either be created as a protrusion or a cut, and is defined as such when starting the feature. Once defined, you cannot redefine a protrusion to a cut, or a cut to a protrusion. You can also specify the thin option for both the swept protrusion and swept cut. A sweep feature consists of both a trajectory and a section. Defining the Trajectory ‘The trajectory is the path that a section sweeps along. The trajectory can be open, meaning that it does not have to create a loop, as shown in the figures, It can have sharp or tangent comers, 33 can be seen respectively in the upper figures’ protrusion and the lower figures’ cut. The trajectory can also either be selected or sketched. + Selected trajectory - A selected trajectory can consist of selected datum curves or edges. Other than selecting a sketched curve, the other allowable datum curve types for a trajectory are Intersection of 2 surfaces, Use Xsec, Project, Wrap, Offset, and Two projections, When selecting a trajectory, the following selection methods and options are available: + Sketched path - Sketch the trajectory to be swept along. The sketched trajectory is created internal to the sweep feature, When the trajectory has been defined, you can select the start point for the section. The start point is the location from which the section begins to sweep. Defining the Section Page | 44Creating a Lofted Boss/Base features when you need to create models that contain differen circular cross 10 sections on the same sketching plane. constrained and na must togele the section. In doing so, the exist become greyed out and temporarily inactive. start point. The start points shoukl correspond between sections to avoid 3 twist inthe blend, You can move the start point in a sketch by selecting the desired vertex, Tighclcking, and selecting Start Point, The upper figure shows all thre sections as having a start tem essentially connects the points triangular section enables the system to lend toa square. The (ofeach section to ereate the blend feature. Defining the Direction of Feature Creation ‘You must specify the direction in which the blend sections are projected. You can flip the ection of feature creation. Defining the Depth of the 2-D Sections ‘Te fist section created in the parallel blend remains on the sketch subsequent section is projected normal tothe plane a a specified distance of feature creation, The following depth options are available: Page 459 ag Funopod Fun20p9§ “saovaroasrosjo om) pu sgusiau woud a40 Bunoojs ka parea. 30g se3U y Paezt4a Sof0H Bupeaa)Hole Creation Theory unter dimensionally co reference determines the Creating Holes Wizard ‘To create a linear ho identifies where the hole str wel as modify whet ‘offset or aligned to an offset reference. In the lower-right figure, the hole is aligned to datum plane DT™ML Creating Fillet Rounds add or remove material by creating smooth transitions between existing geometry. e errrCompleted Fillet Creating Fillet Preview Fillet add or remove material by creating smooth transitions between existing geometry. In the lower-right figure, one round adds material and the other removes material. When creating round features on a model, Pro/ENGINEER awaits the selection of edges and/or surfaces to be used as references. The round tool adapts according to the references that you select to create the round feature. ‘After the references are selected, the round preview appears with a default radius dimension, which ‘can be modified by using the radius drag handle, by editing the dimension on the model, or by using the dashboard. In the upper figure, the round preview is displayed. Creating Chamfers by Selecting Edges ‘Chamfers add or remove material by creating a bevelled surface between adjacent surfaces and| ‘edges. | | Page | 48+ You can select one or more : ere | Chamfers Created by Selecting Two Edges i material. | + Chamfers propagate around tangent edges. Chamfers Created by Selecting Two Edges Creating Chamfers by Selecting Edges Theory ‘Similar to round features, chamfers add or remove material by creating a bevelled surface between adjacent surfaces and edges selected as references. You can create chamfers by selecting an edge or a combination of edges. Each edge that you select will be chamfered. Like rounds, if the selected edge for chamfering has adjacent tangent edges, by default, the chamfer automatically propagates around those tangent edges. Page | 49In the figures, the edges selected for chamfering are highlighted on the left. The resulting Gai are shown on the right. Note that because the bottom figure’s edges are tangent to other edges, chamfer feature is automatically created on the tangent edges. Mirroring Selected Features ‘You can mirror selected features about a plane. | + Mimror features or groups es Mirroring Features About Datum Plane RIGHT | + Select mizror plane. jslleieateomnsaninge meee re + Mirror features dependent S=2B=% or independent. Page| 50Mirroring Selected Features: You can mirror selected features or a group of features about a plane, and have the misrored features be independent or dependent‘on the original features. Inthe example on the slide, we have three oval protrusions in a:group. as shown in the left image of the upper figure. The group is selected and mirrored dependently about datum plane RIGHT, as shown in the right image of the ‘upper figure. Nexi,the-origime! group and the mirrored group are selected, and both are mirrored about datum plane FRONT independently, as shown in the right image of the bottom figure. Because this second mirror was dane independently, the original geometry height can be modified, the dependently mirrored geometry height updates. and only Linear Pattern in the two Direction “The direction pattern-enables youto pattern features in a given direction. : ES + Direction and increments ‘based | on selected refesences. i + Select a first anc second iirection | reference. ih “+ Specify number‘of:members'and) Jo: increments in first ‘and second)" cnenaine directions. + Specify addi Sonal | = dimensions to increment. Page | 1Direction Patterning a Group in Two Directions Result | Patterning Features ‘The Patter tool enables you to quickly duplicate a feature, group of features, or pattern of features. When you create a pattern, you create instances of the selected feature by varying some specified dimensions. The feature selected for patterning is called the pattern leader, while the patterned instances are called pattern members. Each pattern member is dependent on the original feature, or pattern leader. Direction Patterning in the Second Direction The direction pattern enables you to pattern features in two directions. The following items are required to create a direction pattern in two directions: + Specify the First and Second Direction references - The pattern extends in the directions based on the references selected. If you select a plane or surface, the pattern extends normal to the reference, and if you select a linear curve, edge, or axis, the pattern extends along the reference. You can also flip the direction the pattern extends by 180 degrees. In the figures, the first direction reference specified is datum plane RIGHT and the second direction reference specified is datum plane FRONT. + Specify the number of pattern members in the First and Second Directions - Type the number of ‘members in either the dashboard or the graphics window. The number of pattern members can be different for each direction. The number of pattern members includes the pattern leader. In the figures, the first direction has four pattern members, while the second direction has five pattern members. * Specify the increment in the First and Second Directions - The increment is the spacing between pattern members. You can edit the increment in the dashboard, the graphies window, or by dragging the drag handle. Again, the increment can be different between the first and second Page | 52directions. In the figures, the first direction increment is 2.5, while the second direction increment is2.0, Incrementing Additional Dimensions You can also increment additional dimensions in the first or second direction, or both, at the same time to create a "varying" pattern, The following items are required to increment additional dimensions in the first and second directions: + Sclect the dimension to be incremented from the pattern leader - The pattern leader displays with all dimensions used to create the feature, The dimension selected can be different for each direction. Note also that you can select multiple dimensions for each direction if desired. + Specify the increment value - Again, the increment value for each direction can be different. In the Jower-right figure, the extrude feature width was incremented by -0.2 in the first direction, and the extrude feature height was incremented 0.5 in the second direction. Consequently, each pattern member's width decreases by 0.20 in the first direction and the height increases 0.5 in the second direction over the previous pattern member. Page |53BIBLIOGRAPHY. Page 4