Chapter 4 Multimedia Elements and Digitization

Multiple Choice Questions

P04M001
Which of the following file formats is most suitable for printouts of large posters?
A. GIF
B. JPEG
C. TIFF
D. BMP
Answer
C

P04M002
Which of the following file formats has the highest colour depth?
A. GIF
B. JPEG
C. TIFF
D. BMP
Answer
C

P04M003
Resolution measured in dpi is used in both ____X____ and ____Y____.
X Y
A. monitors printers
B. digital cameras scanners
C. printers webcams
D. inkjet printers laser printers
Answer
D

P04M004
Which of the following information about colour depth is correct?
Number of bits Common name
A. 1 High colour
B. 8 Monochrome
C. 16 256 colours
D. 24 True colour
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Answer
D

P04M005
Which of the following factors can affect the file size of a digital image?
(1) Resolution
(2) The viewer used to open the image
(3) Colour depth
A. (1) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer
B

P04M006
Which of the following statements about digital images is correct?
A. JPEG graphics can be compressed.
B. The larger the resolution, the smaller the number of pixels.
C. The higher the quality, the smaller the file size.
D. GIF images have higher colour depth than JPEG images.
Answer
A

P04M007
Which of the following video standards is / are used for broadcasting?
(1) National Television System Committee (NTSC)
(2) Phase Alternating Line (PAL)
(3) Sequential Colour with Memory (SECAM)
(4) Digital Theater Systems (DTS)
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1), (2) and (3) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)
Answer
B

P04M008
Which of the following factors can affect the file size of a digital video?
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 (1) Resolution
(2) Frame rate
(3) Duration
A. (1) only
B. (1) and (2) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer
C

P04M009
Which of the following conditions is / are necessary for us to see a continuous motion rather than
separate images in an animation?
(1) Persistence of vision of human eyes
(2) Large frame size
(3) High frame rate
A. (1) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer
B

P04M010
Which of the following storage media is / are used by digital video cameras to store videos
usually?
(1) Magnetic tapes
(2) Hard disks
(3) Recordable DVDs
A. (1) only
B. (1) and (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer
D

P04M011
Which of the following statements about frame size is / are correct?
(1) The frames in a movie must have the same dimensions.
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 (2) The compression ratio cannot be less than 10:1.
(3) The smaller the frame size, the higher the frame rate.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer
A

P04M012
Which of the following mappings about sampling rate of audio files is correct?
Audio type Sampling rate (Hz)
A. FM broadcast 22,050
B. Compact disc 11,025
C. Voice over telephone 96,000
D. DVD 44,100
Answer
A

P04M013
Which of the following statements is / are correct?
(1) Bitmap graphics are suitable for images of real objects.
(2) The file sizes of vector graphics are generally larger than those of bitmap graphics
due to their better quality.
(3) The shapes and locations of vector graphics are defined by mathematical formulae.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer
C

P04M014
Which of the following statements is / are correct?
(1) Analogue signals are continuous while digital signals are discrete.
(2) Digital data can be stored more efficiently than analogue data.
(3) Digital data has a lower rate of transmission error.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
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C. (1) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer
D

P04M015
Which of the following mappings is not correct?
Process Outcome
A. Sampling Discrete sample data
B. Quantization Sampling rate
C. ADC Digital code
D. DAC Analogue code
Answer
B

P04M016
Which of the following is not a form of text?
A. Characters
B. Numbers
C. Symbols
D. Charts
Answer
D

P04M017
Which of the following are multimedia elements?
(1) Graphics
(2) Text
(3) Audio
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
Answer
D

Short Questions

P04S001
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(a) A BMP image without compression has the following properties:
Resolution = 400  300 pixels Colour depth = 16 bits / pixel
Calculate the file size of the image (in bytes) and show your steps.
(3 marks)
(b) Besides BMP, state three other formats that support colour depth of 24 bits / pixel.
(3 marks)
Answer

(a) File size =  16 (2) = 240,000 bytes (1)

(b) PNG, (1) JPEG (1) and TIFF (1)

P04S002
A BMP image without compression has the following properties:
Resolution = 800  600 pixels File size = 960,000 bytes
(a) Calculate the colour depth of the image and show your steps.
(3 marks)
(b) State the name of the colour depth that you have calculated in part (a).
(1 mark)
(c) State the name and the value of one commonly used colour depth, whose colour depth is
higher than that in part (a).
(2 marks)
Answer

(a) Colour depth = (2) = 16 bits / pixel (1)

(b) High colour (1)

P04S003
(a) State three major factors that can affect the quality of a digital image.
(3 marks)
(b) State three disadvantages of storing a digital image with a high quality.
(3 marks)
Answer
(a) Resolution, (1) colour depth (1) and compression method (1)
(b) More storage space is required. (1)
More time is required to transfer the image file via a network. (1)
More time is needed to open the image with an image viewer. (1)

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P04S004
(a) (i) State one main type of digital graphic format which is formed by pixels.
(1 mark)
(ii) State one main type of digital graphic format which is defined by mathematical
formulae.
(1 mark)
(b) State two advantages and two disadvantages of vector graphics over bitmap graphics.
(4 marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Bitmaps (1)
(ii) Vector graphics (1)
(b) Advantage:
 The file sizes of vector graphics are usually much smaller. (1)
 It is easier to modify and rescale vector graphics. (1)
Disadvantage:
 Vector graphics cannot represent complicated images (e.g. photos) well. (1)
 Different image editing software may have different formats for vector graphics. There
may be a compatibility issue. (1)

P04S005
(a) State three popular file formats of digital images which are commonly found on the
Internet.
(3 marks)
(b) (i) State one image file format that can be animated.
(1 mark)
(ii) State one image file format that uses a lossy compression method.
(1 mark)
(c) State one type of software for creating and editing graphics.
(1 mark)
Answer
(a) GIF, (1) JPEG (1) and PNG (1)
(b) (i) GIF (1)
(ii) JPEG (1)
(c) Adobe Photoshop (1)

P04S006
(a) Traditional manual cameras use films to capture images, while modern digital video
cameras use another device to convert analogue video signals into digital video signal.
Name the device.
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 (2 marks)
(b) Besides digital cameras, state two kinds of devices that are commonly used for capturing
digital videos.
(2 marks)
(c) State three common digital video file formats.
(3 marks)
Answer
(a) Charge-couple device (CCD) (1)
(b) Digital video camera (1) and webcam (1)
(c) AVI (1), MPEG-2(1) and WMV (1)

P04S007
(a) A digital video (without audio tracks or compression) has the following properties:
Frame size = 120  90 pixels Colour depth = 16 bits / pixel
Frame rate = 12 fps Duration = 6 seconds
Calculate the file size (in bytes) of the video and show your steps.
(3 marks)
(b) State one advantage and two disadvantages of using digital cameras over digital video
cameras to capture videos.
(3 marks)
Answer
(a) File size per frame = (120 × 90) × 16 (1) = 172,800 bits = 21,600 bytes
File size of the whole video = 21,600 × 12 × 6 (1) = 1,555,200 bytes (1)
(b) Advantage: Digital cameras are usually cheaper. (1)
Disadvantage:
 Videos taken by digital cameras may have poorer quality. (1)
 Digital cameras have fewer video taking features, e.g. some cannot zoom when taking
videos. (1)

P04S008
(a) Complete the following table by filling in the suitable audio types (voice over telephone,
compact disc, DVD and FM broadcast).

Audio type Sampling size Sampling rate (Hz)

(i) 16-bit 44,100

(ii) 16-bit 22,050

(iii) 24-bit 96,000

(iv) 8-bit 11,025

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 (4 marks)
(b) State two common file formats of audio files.
(2 marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Compact disc (1)
(ii) FM broadcast (1)
(iii) DVD (1)
(iv) Voice over telephone (1)
(b) WAV (1) and MP3 (1)

Long Questions

P04L001
John is creating a background image for his blog.
(a) (i) There are two main types of digital graphics format, namely bitmaps and vector
graphics. State one difference between them.
(2 marks)
(ii) State two advantages and two disadvantages of vector graphics over bitmap
graphics.
(4 marks)
(b) Later, John has decided to design the image in vector graphics first and then convert it to
24-bit bitmap graphics. The dimensions of the final image are 200 × 240 pixels.
(i) Why does he need to convert the background image into bitmap graphics?
(1 mark)
(ii) What is the common name of the 24-bit colour depth?
(1 mark)
(iii) What is the maximum number of colours that can be shown by the image?
(1 mark)
(iv) Calculate the file size (in KB) if no compression is applied on the image.
(3 marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Bitmap graphics are formed by pixels (1) while vector graphics are defined in
mathematical formulae. (1)
(ii) Advantages:
 The file sizes of vector graphics are much smaller usually. (1)
 It is much easier to modify and rescale vector graphics. (1)
Disadvantages:
 It cannot represent complicated images well, such as photos. (1)
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  Different image editing software may have different formats for vector graphics.
There may be a compatibility issue. (1)
(b) (i) Web pages do not support the file format of the vector graphics used by John. (1)
(ii) True colour (1)
(iii) 224 = 16,777,216 (1)
(iv) The file size

= bytes (1)

= 144,000 bytes (1)

P04L002
Elisa has a BMP image of 1,024 × 768 pixels and 24-bit colour depth.
(a) (i) Calculate the file size of the image if no compression is applied on the image.
(2 marks)
(ii) Elisa compresses the image by converting it into a JPEG file. The file size is reduced
to 710 KB. Calculate the compression ratio of the file and show your steps.
(3 marks)
(iii) Apart from compressing the image, state two other ways of reducing the file size of
the image.
(2 marks)
(iv) State two reasons for Elisa to reduce the file size of the image.
(2 marks)
(b) State three devices that can capture digital images.
(3 marks)
Answer

(a) (i) The file size = bytes (1) = 2,359,296 bytes (1)

(ii) 710 KB = 727,040 bytes (1)

P04L003
Frank wants to create a piece of background music for his web site.
(a) (i) If he produces the music by playing the piano and record it in a computer, which
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 types of hardware and software should the computer be equipped with?
(2 marks)
(ii) State two other ways that he can create the music using a computer.
(2 marks)
His friend told him that WAV and MIDI are two popular audio file formats.
(b) State one advantage and one disadvantage of MIDI over WAV.
(2 marks)
(c) Frank prepares a WAV file with sampling rate of 22,050 Hz and sampling size of 16 bits.
(i) Define sampling rate and sampling size (bit resolution) of an audio file.
(2 marks)
(ii) State one merit and one demerit of having a high sampling rate and a large sampling
size.
(2 marks)
(d) Frank wants to share the WAV file on the Internet. His friend suggests converting the files
into MP3 format. Give two reasons for this suggestion.
(2 marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Microphone (1)
Sound recording software (1)
(ii) Use a MIDI keyboard. (1)
Use music composer software. (1)
(b) Advantage: The file size of MIDI is much smaller. (1)
Disadvantage: Complicated sound such as human voices cannot be stored in a MIDI file.
(1)
(c) (i) Sampling rate refers to the number of samples taken per second during the
conversion process. (1)
Sampling size refers to the number of bits used to represent the amplitude of an
audio signal. (1)
(ii) Merit: The quality of the audio file is higher. (1)
Demerit: The file size of the audio file is larger. (1)
(d) The file size can be reduced to a large extent. (1)
MP3 supports streaming. (1)

P04L004
Mary is planning to take videos that feature the life of some animals.
(a) (i) Suggest two video capturing devices that can complete Mary’s task.
(2 marks)
(ii) State one merit and one demerit of using one of the devices mentioned in part (a) (i)
over the other one.
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 (2 marks)
The properties of one of the videos captured are as follows:
Duration = 40 seconds Frame rate = 30 fps
Colour depth = 8 bits/pixel Frame size = 800 × 600 pixels
File format = AVI (uncompressed)
(b) Calculate the file size of the video in MB. Show your steps.
(4 marks)
(c) Suggest two other video file formats.
(2 marks)
(d) Mary wants to compress the video file without changing the properties list above. If the
compression ratio is 15:1, calculate the file size of the compressed video file. Show your
steps.
(2 marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Digital video camera (1) and digital camera (1)
(ii) Merit: The quality of the videos taken by a digital video camera is better generally.
(1)
Demerit: Digital video cameras are more expensive. (1)
(b) The file size

= 800 × 600 × × 30 × 40 (2)

= 576,000,000 bytes (1)

(d) The file size = (1) = 36.6 MB (1)

P04L005
Gary is given a video with the following properties:
Duration = 20 seconds Colour depth = 24 bits/pixel
Frame rate = 30 fps Frame size = 800 × 600 pixels (aspect ratio = 4:3)
File format = AVI (uncompressed)
(a) Calculate the file size of the video (in bytes).
(3 marks)
Then, Gary wants to share the video through a web site.
(b) State two potential problems he may encounter.
(2 marks)
(c) Later, Gary is planning to change the properties of the video so that the file size of the
video is reduced to less than 40 MB. The frame rate will be reduced to 25 fps. If the
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 aspect ratio remains 4:3, what should be the largest possible frame size?
(5 marks)
(d) Apart from changing the properties of the video, converting the video into certain formats
can also reduce the file size. Suggest two video formats for this purpose.
(2 marks)
Answer

(a) The file size = 800 × 600 × × 30 × 20 (2) = 864,000,000 bytes (1)

(b) There may not be enough storage space on the web site. (1)
He may need to wait for a very long time to upload the file. (1)
(c) The largest file size = 40 MB = 41,943,040 bytes (1)

The number of pixels of each frame = (1) = 27,962

The number of pixels of the shorter side of each frame

=3× (1) = 144.8 144 (1)

The largest possible frame size = 192 × 144 pixels (1)

P04L006
Susan has taken an uncompressed video for her Disneyland trip last week. She is going to
share it on the Internet. However, the video is too large to be uploaded to the server through
the Internet.
(a) (i) Suggest two ways to reduce the file size of the video.
(2 marks)
(ii) What is the shortcoming of reducing the file size of the video?
(1 mark)
(b) (i) After minimizing the file size, recommend one type of technology that can reduce
the waiting time after the download has been started. Explain your answer briefly.
(2 marks)
(ii) Give one disadvantage of using the technology mentioned in part (b) (i).
(1 mark)
(iii) State two video formats that support the function mentioned in part (b) (i).
(2 marks)
After a few days, Susan wants to sing a song and record it using her computer.
(c) (i) Which of the following settings is equivalent to CD quality?

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 Setting Sampling rate Sample size
1 44.1 kHz 16-bit
2 22.05 kHz 8-bit
3 8 kHz 8-bit
(1 mark)
(ii) In case the available audio formats are WAV, MP3 and MIDI, which one is most
suitable for recording her song? Explain why the other two formats are not suitable.
(4 marks)
Answer
(a) (i) Shrink the frame size of the video. (1)
Convert the video to a format that supports compression. (1)
(ii) The quality of the video is reduced. (1)
(b) (i) Streaming (1)
When a portion of a video is downloaded, it will start playing on the user’s computer
while the remaining portion is being downloaded. (1)
(ii) If the bandwidth of the user is not high enough, the streaming video may not be
played smoothly. (1)
(iii) WMV (1) and MOV (1)
(c) (i) Setting 1 (1)
(ii) MP3 (1)
MIDI does not support human voices. (1)
The file size of a WAV file is too large. (1)

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