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Sector: AUTOMOTIVE

Qualification: AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC I

Unit of Competency: VALIDATE VEHICLE SPECIFICATION

Module Title: VALIDATING VEHICLE SPECIFICATION

At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
1. Check body type of the vehicle
Learning Outcomes: 2. Check vehicle engine type
3. Check vehicle specifications
4. Complete validation of vehicle specification
Developer/s: Jovert M. Cabaces

TITLE Check body type of the vehicle

1. Identify the different kinds of vehicles.
OBJECTIVES 2. Identify vehicle dimension shapes and weight.
3. Know the power train functions and Safety practices.
Today vehicles play an essential part on our daily living. Most of us rely on
INTRODUCTION vehicle as a way to reach many places and to deliver the services we had to
offer to others. As a preliminary part of this module, let’s talk about the vehicles.
Lesson 1 Vehicle

Topic 1 Different kinds of vehicles

 A vehicle is a machine that transports people or cargo. Vehicles include
wagons, bicycles, motor vehicles (motorcycles, cars, trucks, buses),
railed vehicles (trains, trams), watercraft (ships, boats), amphibious
vehicles (screw-propelled vehicle, hovercraft), aircraft (airplanes,
helicopters) and spacecraft.
Topic 2 Vehicle dimensions and weight
A bigger, heavier vehicle provides better crash protection than a
smaller, lighter one, assuming no other differences. The longer
distance from the front of vehicle to the occupant compartment in
larger vehicles offers better protection in frontal crashes. Heavier
vehicles also tend to continue moving forward in crashes with lighter
vehicles and other obstacles, so the people inside them are subject to
less force.
Large vehicles aren't as big a threat to people in small vehicles as
they used to be. A lighter vehicle will always be at a disadvantage in a
collision with a heavier vehicle. But in recent years automakers have
reduced the threat SUVs and pickups pose by more closely aligning
their energy-absorbing structures with those of cars.
Fuel economy can be improved without sacrificing safety. Various
technologies can raise fuel efficiency without reducing the vehicle’s
weight. Manufacturers can also improve fleet wide fuel economy by
taking a small amount of weight off their heaviest vehicles without
significant safety tradeoffs.
Vehicle weights- this is the weight of the vehicle that includes the
standard items that are necessary for the operation of the vehicle
such as fuel, coolant, oil, spare tire, and on-board tools. Luggage and
occupants are excluded.
Gross vehicle weight- this is the weight of the vehicle to which the
weight of the riding capacity and the weight of the designed maximum
 loading capacity have been added.

Topic 3 Body shape

Various methods of classifying vehicles exist. Vehicles may be classified by
engine type, body/frame construction, fuel consumption structure, type of
drive, or the classifications most common to consumers, which are body
shape, seat arrangement, and number of doors. Eight basic body shapes
are used today:

Sedan. A vehicle with front and back seats that accommodates four to six
persons is classified as either a two- or four-door sedan

Convertibles. Convertibles have vinyl roofs that can be raised or

lowered. A few late-model convertibles feature a folding metal roof
that tucks away in the trunk When it is down. Some convertibles have
both front and rear seats.Those without rear seats are commonly
referred to as sports cars.

Liftback or hatchback. The distinguishing feature of this vehicle is its

rear luggage compartment, which is an extension of the passenger
compartment. Access to the luggage compartment is gained through
an upward opening hatch-type. This design car can be a three or a
five-door model. The third or fifth door is the rear hatch.

Station wagon. A station wagon is characterized by its roof, which

extends straight back, allowing a spacious interior luggage
compartment in the rear. The rear door, which can be opened in
various ways depending on the model, provides access to the
luggage compartment. Station wagons typically have four doors and
can have space for up to nine passengers.
Pickups. Pickup truck body designs have an open cargo area behind
the driver’s compartment. There are many varieties available today:
there are compact, medium-sized, full-sized, and heavy duty pickups.
They also can be had in two-, three-, or four-door models. Some have
extended cab areas with seats in back of the front seat. They are
available in two-wheel drive, four-wheel drive (4X4), or all wheel drive.

Vans. The van body design has a tall roof and a totally enclosed
large cargo or passenger area. Vans can seat from two to twelve
passengers, depending on size and design. Basically, there are two
sizes of vans: mini- and full-size. The most common are mini-vans.

Sport utility vehicles (SUVs). SUVs are best described as

multipurpose vehicles that can carry a wide range of passengers,
depending on their size and design. A good majority of SUVs have
four-wheel drive, although some do not. Most small SUVs are based
on automobile platform and take on many different looks and features
. Mid-size SUVs are larger and typically offer more features and
comfort. There are many large SUVs available . These vehicles can
seat up to nine adults and tow up to 6 tons.
 Crossover vehicles. These automobiles look like an SUV but are built
lighter and offer fuel efficiency. They are actually a combination of a
station wagon and an SUV. They have SUV features but are not quite
the same size. The basic construction of a crossover vehicle leads to
a less truck like ride than a normal SUV. They also are not designed
to tow heavy loads or for off-the-road use.

Topic 4 Vehicle Dynamics

Vehicle dynamics is the study of how the vehicle will react to driver inputs
on a given solid surface.
Vehicle dynamics is a part of engineering primarily based on classical
mechanics

Factors affecting vehicle dynamics

The aspects of a vehicle's design which affect the dynamics can be
grouped into drive train and braking, suspension and steering,
distribution of mass, aerodynamics and tires.
 Drive train and braking
 Suspension and steering
Some attributes relate to the geometry of
the suspension, steering and chassis.
 Distribution of mass
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely due
to mass and its distribution.
 Aerodynamics
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely aerodynamic.
These include:
 Automobile drag coefficient
 Automotive aerodynamics
 Center of pressure
 Downforce
 Ground effect in cars
 Tires
 Vehicle behaviours
Topic 5 Power train
 Kinds of Power Train- There are two types of powertrain setups---the front
wheel drive and the rear wheel drive. The front wheel drive powertrain
employs a horizontally opposed engine. The transmission also sits
sideways. The driveshafts (there are two of them) go to the front wheels via
a hub bearing. In a rear wheel drive powertrain setup, the engine faces the
front of the car, and the transmission is behind the engine. There is one
driveshaft (it may be in more than one piece, as in some trucks), which
leads to the rear end. The axles protrude from either side of the rear to the
wheels.
Function of Power Train- The power train provides power to the car.
Power is made by the engine, then transferred to the driveshaft through the
transmission. The driveshaft, in a rear wheel drive car, turns the gears in the
rear, which in turn turns the axles and finally, the wheels. The rear and the
axles are also part of the drive train.
Topic 6 Safety practices
OSHS- By taking these things into consideration, you can protect the
most important things to your business. To get a sense of whether
your safety measures are already enough, ask yourself how they
affect the people in the garage, equipment, the vehicles, and the shop
itself? If your safety measures do not endanger any of those aspects
of your shop, you are on the right track.
TITLE Check vehicle engine type
1.Discuss about engine history
OBJECTIVES 2. Discuss the principles of internal combustions,
3. Enumerate the different engines’ classifications
Engine plays an important role in the vehicle. It is the main reason why the
INTRODUCTION vehicle can move autonomously. With this information sheet let us see
where the engine started and how does it works.
Lesson 1 Engine
Topic 1 History of engines
Most of today’s automobiles and light trucks are powered by a
spark-ignited four stroke reciprocating engine. The first engine of this
type was built in 1876 by Nicolaus A. Otto in Germany. Thus, it was
named the Otto-cycle engine. Compared to previous internal
combustion engine designs using the same amount of fuel,Otto’s four
stroke engine weighed less, ran much faster, and required less
cylinder displacement to produce the same horsepower. A few years
later, this engine design powered a motorcycle and then a horseless
carriage. Other engine designs in limited use in modern autos include
the rotary (Wankel), two stroke, and compression ignition (diesel)
engines. In a spark-ignited internal combustion engine, a precise
 mixture of air and fuel is compressed in a cylinder.

Topic 2 Kinds of Engine

according to: Operational cycles, Number of cylinders, Cylinder
arrangement, Valve train type, Ignition type, Cooling systems, and
Fuel type

Engine type, parts & Components

Topic 3

Topic 4 Principles of internal combustion

All automotive engines, both gasoline and diesel, are classified as

internal combustion because the combustion or burning takes
place inside the engine. These systems require an airfuel mixture
that arrives in the combustion chamber at the correct time and an
engine constructed to withstand the temperatures and pressures
created by the burning of thousands of fuel droplets. The
combustion chamber is the space between the top of the piston
and the cylinder head. It is an enclosed area in which the fuel and
air mixture is burned. The piston fits into a hollow metal tube,
called a cylinder. The piston moves up and down in the cylinder.
This reciprocating motion must be converted to a rotary motion
before it can drive the wheels of a vehicle.This change of motion
is accomplished by connecting the piston to a crankshaft with a
connecting rod. The upper end of the connecting rod moves with
the piston as it moves up and down in the cylinder. The lower end
of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft and moves in a
circle. The end of the crankshaft is connected to the flywheel,
which transfers the engine’s power through the drive train to the
wheels.

TITLE Check vehicle specifications

OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION

Lesson 1 Vehicle specifications

Topic 1 VIN plate

 The vehicle identification number VIN is given on a plate behind the lower
corner of the driver’s side of the windshield as well as other locations on the
vehicle. The VIN is made up of seventeen characters and contains all
pertinent information about the vehicle. The use of the seventeen number
and letter code became mandatory beginning with 1981 vehicles and is
used by all manufacturers of vehicles both domestic and foreign
Vehicle modifications and conversions
Topic 2
Vehicle Regulations
Topic 3

TITLE Complete validation of vehicle specification

OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
Vehicle ownership
Lesson 1

Topic 1 Repair order and vehicle reference materials

When mechanical or electrical troubles occur, technicians first get a

description of the problem from the owner or, in a large shop, from the repair
service estimator or service advisor who wrote the repair order. To locate
the problem, technicians use a diagnostic approach. First, they test to see
whether components and systems are secure and working properly. Then,
they isolate the components or systems that might be the cause of the
problem. For example, if an air-conditioner malfunctions, the technician
might check for a simple problem, such as a low coolant level, or a more
complex issue, such as a bad drive-train connection that has shorted out the
air conditioner. As part of their investigation, technicians may test drive the
vehicle or use a variety of testing equipment, including onboard and hand-
held diagnostic computers or compression gauges. These tests may
indicate whether a component is salvageable or whether a new one is
required. Accuracy and efficiency are critical in diagnosing and repairing
vehicles, as parts are increasingly expensive, and timely repairs allow shops
to take on more business.
Vehicle Check sheet
Vehicle daily checks are a simple and effective way to spot potentially dangerous
issues or defects before vehicles are used. Employers and self employed people
should have a system of routine daily checks in place to ensure that vehicles are in
good working order, safe and fit for purpose at the start of each working day or work
shift.