CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded Systems CoSc 6016 Real-Time and Embedded Systems Dagmawi Lemma (PhD) Assistant Professor Department of Computer courses. [email protected] hitp://sites. google.com /site/dagmawi2012 ence, AAU 3. Embedded System Platform CoSc 6016 Real-Time and Embedded Systems Dagiawi Lemma (PAD) Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science, AAU cuss. da@ mail cot ntpisites google, comnsite/dapmasi2012 Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded 5/31/2019 Systems Platform + Any system (software), be it embedded or not, needs a platform over which it can run + The platform (the computing platform in our case) is basically the environment in which a the set of instructions (program) is executed + For embedded system, the main platform is where the instructions set is embedded — mainly composed of various Hardware Components Hardware Components * Processors ~The processors we use in embedded system has the responsibility to execute the instruction sets — The type and processing power depends on the system requirement — Broadly classified as: + General-purpose processors (Microprocessors) + Special-purpose processors ~ Microcontrollers ~ Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 2CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded systems Microprocessor and Microcontroller + Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems development, but microprocessors are also useful enough to meet some purposes of larger systems @ i\ Microprocessor + Microprocessor has only a CPU inside them in one or few Integrated Circuits Unlike microcontrollers it has the RAM, ROM and other peripherals are independent on external circuits of peripherals, Microprocessors are not made for specific task but they are required where tasks are complex and tricky like development of software's, games and other applications that require high memory and where input and output are not defined — While microcontrollers are referred as the heart of embedded systems, microprocessors are called heart of a computer system Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded systems Microprocessor (continued) A microprocessors designed to perform antimete and loge operations that make use —— ‘of small storage called registers ‘control units responsible fr directing the = ane processor to cary out stored program Instructions (which ate stored inthe repister) Inn ete When a program starts executing fist the set — | —S of instructions are leaded into memary aan {extemal from the CPU thus the CU reed to {ommuniate withthe memery andl arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to synchronize the transfer of Siacun¥Wang (2017) Real-Time instructions between the memory and the Embedded Systems storage inthe microprocessor. a all the Jnsractins tht are Ietobed from memory are sored inthe instruction register as binary values | Microprocessor (continued) ‘The instruction decoder reads that values and tells the ALU which ‘computational circuits to energize in order to perform the function ‘The ALU performs integer arithmetic and bitwise logic operations, ‘These operations are the result of instructions that are part ofthe microprocessor design Modem microprocessors are 32-bit or 64-bit, 128-bit microprocessors are also available = The number of bits in a processor refers to the size of the data types that ithandles and the size ofits registry Examples of general-purpose microprocessors include Intel 80x86, SPARC, and Motorola 68HCxxx. Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded 5/31/2019 systems Microprocessor (continued) Microcontroller * Microcontroller is like a small computer on a single IC containing a processor core, ~ ROM, ~ RAM and = VOpins + As it has all the components needed in its single chip, it does not need any external circuits to do its task so microcontrollers are heavily used in embedded systems so called the heart of embedded system + Microcontroller is a programmable circuit board Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded 5/31/2019 systems Microcontroller (continued) Sensors Actuators T x ¥ t Input interfaces ‘Output interfaces FPGNASIC][ Processor | [ Memory | [Timer Set of typical embedded system hardware units, Fiacun Trang (2017) Real-Time Embedded Systems Microcontroller (continued) + Examples of commonly used 16-bit microcontrollers for medium-scale embedded systems are — PIC24 series, — ZI16F series, and TA188 series, 05 irc, More femal found at + The most common : z adie com 05 sical ss sizes for RAM are 1.5, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 kb Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded Systems ASIC + Application-SpecificImegrated Cireuit (ASIC) ita highly specialized dice an constructed for one speific-purpose aplication only + It integrates several functions into a single chip and thus reduces the rumber of overall circuits needed + ASICs are yery expensive to manufacture, and once itis made, there is no ‘way 10 modify or improve, as the metal interconnect mask set and its development are the most expensive and of fixed cost + The lack of programmability and high cost make ASICs not suitable for use in the prototyping stage of system design cycle + ASICs ate widely used in communication, medical, network, and multimedia systems, including cellular phones, network routers, and game consoles ASIC (continued) + Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAS) = ANFPGA i apogranmable ASIC 2a eel gf cts canbe ay eon. ih aes ft ‘+ ANFPGA can be used to solve any problem thit is computable + Specific applications of FPGAs inelude digial signal processing — ‘ofinae deine ay = ASIC preying, mec isin, font vishe, ‘peeth recon, eprtoerply, Wotton, radiossronor, eta deteton, Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded 5/31/2019 Systems Digital Signal Processors (DSP) + DSPs are designed for high-data-rate computations + DSPs implement algorithms in hardware and offer high performance in repetitive and numerically intensive tasks + DSPs are two to three times faster than the general purpose microprocessors in signal processing applications, including audio, video, and communication applications + But, DSPs are expensive — A recent study also indicates that many commercially available DSPs lack adequate compiler support Application-Specific Instruction Set Processors (ASIPs) + ASIPS are an emerging design paradigm that offers an intermediary Solution between ASICs and programmable processors + Typically, ASIPs consist of custom integrated circuitry that is inicgrated with an instruction sct tailored to benefit a specific application + This specialization of the core provides a trade-off between the flexibility of a general-purpose processor and the performance of an. ASIC + Advantages of ASIPs include high performance and i design flexibility because Later design changes can be accommodated by updating the application software running on the ASIP rreased Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 8CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded Systems Instruction Set An instruction set is a group of instructions that can be input to the processor ‘These instructions direct the processor in terms of data manipulation An instruction typically includes an opeode that specifies the ‘operation to perform, such as add contents of memory to register, and zero or more operand specifiers, which may specify registers, memory locations, or literal data [An instruction set architecture serves as an interface to allow easy Communication between the programmer and the hardware 1 prepares the processor to respond to all the user commands. ‘There are two prevalent instruction set architectures: complex. instruction set computing (CISC) and reduced instruction set computing (RISC). CISC Vs RISC CISC processors run complex instructions where a single instruction may ‘excoute several low-level operations ‘The primary goal of CISC architccture is to complete a task in as few lines cof assembly instructions as possible For example if we want to multiply two numbers =" ACISC processor would come prepared witha specific instruction, say MULT. {When etovuted tis nstaction wl load te two numbers trom the main my ho bro separa rl rand en tre the prot nan eppeopiate cto memory + Tis their ips wosantes compte ibang ction MULT A, ~ Therefore MULT is a complex instruction as it operates dirty on the computer's memory bans and doesnot require the programiner to explicitly call any loading or storing futions sxecuting a complex instruction may need multiple clock cycles Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded systems CISC Vs RISC (continued) + On the contrary, RISC processors only use simple instructions that can be executed within one clock eyele + To perform a multi . for example, the following, simple instructi LOAD RL, Az load A into register RL LORD 22, B ; load B into register R prop RI, R27 multiply A and B, product saved in Ri STOR RL, A; store A*B into a memory location + Examples of CISC processors includes = Intel x86 and SHARC + Examples of RISC processors includes — processors are ARM 7 and ARM 9, Ey eT SSS memes «) Comeer p= Prototype Tt sgn Thane design Specteation Requirements sitenance Architecture = cong Waterttt Spiral Enmbeed Compusing Sstons Mikko Lipa, elated fom M. Schulte aso on lider and textbook fom Wayne Wolf Hardware design flow eS bested Compt Systems Con Mik Lip alga om MSc Base on lider an textbook fom Wayne Wl Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019 12CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded systems Hardware/software co-design flow ee} a Enmbeed Compusing Sstons Mikko Lipa, elated fom M. Schulte i Base on rnd etek eye Wa Platform-based design * Platform includes hardware, supporting software. process: n the platform. — Use the platform. Platform can be reused to host many different Conse) systems. = i Embedded Compurinne Systems otra fom Scat Dae on on ed eek Gon yan 5/31/2019 Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 13CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded 5/31/2019 Systems Which platform to consider * Before selecting any platform it is important to consider system requirements to select system architectures Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 14