To explore the principal value of the function si using a unit circk e-requisite knowledge : Basic knowledge of trigonometric ratios and properties of inverse trigonometric functions. sterials required : A cardboard, white chart paper, board pins, two steel bars, ruler, needle and steel wires. 4, Place a chart paper firmly on a cardboard with the help of board pins as shown in Fig 6.1. Fig. 6.1 2. Take radius = 1 unit and draw a circle with centre O on it. 3. Through the centre of the circle draw perpendicular axes X'OX and YOY’ to represent x-axis and yaxis respectively, as shown in fig 6.2. Fig. 62 4. Mark the points A, B, C and D, where the circle cuts the x-axis and y-axis respectively as shown in fig 6.2. 5. Fix two bars parallel to y-axis on the opposite sides of the cardboard as shown in fig 6.3. 5. Now fix one steel wire between the bars so that the wire can be moved freely parallel to the x-axis as shown in fig 6.3. Now fix a needle of unit length such that one end of the needle is at the centre of the circle and the other end to move freely along the circle as shown in fig 6.3. ee 15 AEE10. 1. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 47. 18. Fig. 63 : Place the needle at an arbitrary angle x, with the positive x-axis. |. Measure of the angle in radian is equal to the length of intercepted arc of the circle Slide the steel wire between the bars such that the wire meets with free end of the nid, meeting point as M,, as shown in fig 6.3. : \dentify the y-coordinate of point M,, which is equal to the perpendicular distance fro, te It gives y, = sin x,. Further rotate the needle in the anticlockwise direction and keep it at the angle xx, tHe. t meets the needle at point M,, as shown in fig 6.3. With the help of sliding steel wire, find the value of y-coordinate of M,. For both the points, M, and M,, the value of y-coordinates are same for different values ie, y, = six x, and y, = sin (n — x,). ‘The above observations show that the sine fun second quadrants. Repeat the same process for angles -x, and (-n + X,) respectively. In this case, we ai same result that y-coordinate for the points M, and M, are the same. Thus the sine furcscr ‘One-to one for angles that fall in third and fourth quadrant, as shown in fig 6.3. Here, we observe that the value of y¥-coordinate is different for Points M, and M,. ion from zs By sliding the stze M, and M, are different. Therefore. sre ¥ 2 and thus its range iction is not one-to-one for angles that fall in i= Now move the needle again in anti-clockwise directi See that the value of y-coordinate for Points M,, M,, is one-one in the domain [= | }@ lies betwen —1 and 1, as shown in 219. Now place the needle at any arbitrary angle 0 lying in the interval [ 7 lg through the sliding steel wire. We call it as y. = 5] and find the 2 y-coordinate of the intersecting point M The y= sin 0 or 0 = sin-ty as sine function is one-one and onto in the domain [Ez and range [-1, 1], Hence, its inverse arc sine function exists, as shown in fg 65 Fig. 65 20. ‘The domain and range of sine inverse function are interchanged with the domain and range of sine function, i., the domain of arc sine function is [-1, 1] and range is > 5 function is known as principal value of arc sine function or sin-! function, Observations |; This range of arc sine 1. Sine function is non-negative in first and second quadrants. 2. For the third and fourth quadrants, the sine functior 3. 6 = arc sin y = y = sin” 6, where [Fs0<4] negative (including value zero). Application : fur This activity gives conceptual clarity about principal value of various inverse trigonometric inctions, Follow-up Activity Repeat this activity for finding the principal value of cosy, Viva-Voce Questions Vf sin x = Y, then what is the range of arc sin? Ans. Range of arc sinis Z 2 from the left. The value of f(x) is approaching to 4, as x —> 2 from the right. So, lim f(x) = 4 and Mion, #2) =4 x2 Therefore, tim f(x) = 4, (2) = eye Thus, lim f(x) = (2), 5. Since, (2) = tim f(0_, so, the function is continuous at x = 2. Alternate Method : 1 2 4 Given the function f(x) = | x22’ **2. We need to check the continuity of fx) at x = 2. x=2 a - $<Now, lim im 92-4, tm (x#2)(x-2) = Im eae 24224 and f2)= 4 fi, 9) = x92 Ke yn x92 (x-2) Thus, lim fx) = 2) we Hence, f is continuous at x = 2. inuity of a function. Application : Useful for concept clarity of limit and conti x*3 and repeat the activity for checking continuity of f(x) at x = 3 x=3 W S B 2 < 5 2. $ a 4. Define continuity at @ point? lim Ans. ‘A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point x = a of its domain if xa ©) = fe) 2. For continutty, at x = a, each of im f(x) and im, f(x) is equal to fla). Is it true? Ans. Yes. 3. whey = x20. Then find (0) so that f(x) can be continuous at x = 0. Ans. fx) wit be continuous at x = 0, if lim x) = 0) = lim sinx . 4q) = 0) = 1. x70 x H f(x) = a then find the points of discontinuity of f(x). ‘ ‘Ans. Clearly f(x) is discontinuous when x? - 1= 0, be. x= £1, 1 e 5. Kaye) : * #0 Discuss continuity of Ax) at x = 0. e+ 0, x=0 v oF a Oe eed ogi 2 120 fin, #0) = Be, Se = iy a0 7 (:e™ +0and 0” + ~) oe But 0) = 0. So f(x) is not continuous at x = 0.Objective : To understand the concepts of absolute maximum and minimum values of a functic closed interval through its graph. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of maxima, minima, absolute maximum, absolute minim Materials required : Drawing board, white chart paper, adhesive, sketch pens, calculator. Procedure : Paste a white chart paper of suitable size on the drawing board. 2. Draw two lines on the graph paper representing the two rectangular axes, as shown it 15.1. 3. Graduate the two axes as shown in the figure 15.1. Let us consider f(x) = 2x° + 3x? — 12x in the interval [-3, 3] 5. We take different values of x in [-3, 3], find the values of f(x).Figure 15.1 ‘Some ordered pairs representing points on the graph of f(x) are as follows : x =3 2 1 0 1 2 3 fx) 9 20 13 0 7 4 45 6. By ploting these points on the graph paper and joining the points we obtain the curve of the given function. 7. We join the plotted points by a free hand curve and obtain the graph of the function as shown in the figure 15.1. Observations, 1. From the graph, we see that the value of f(x) at x = 3 is 45, which is maximum in [3, 3]. So, absolute maximum value of f(x) is 45. 2. Also, from the graph, we see that the value of f(x) at x = 1 is ~7, which is minimum in 3, 3]. So, absolute minimum value of f(x) is -7. licatio Iseful to understand the concept of absolute maxima and minima using graph. TARTee Objective : To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by cutti Squares from each corner. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of properties of cuboid and formula of its volume. Materials required : Chart papers, scissors, cellotape, gluestick, and calculator. Procedure : 1. Take a rectangular chart paper EFGH of size 45 cm x 24 cm. 2. Cut four equal squares each of side x cm from each corner E, F, G and H. 3. Repeat the activity by taking the same size of chart papers and different values of x. i 4. Construct an open box by folding the flaps of the sheets cut using cellotape/gluestick. a 40 afnei 7 x G «| L i 240m x —————— Ex xr <—_— 45 em —__> Figure 16.1 When x = 1 cm, volume of the open box = (45 - 2) x (24 - 2) * 1 cm? = 946 cm? When x = 2 cm, volume of the open box = (45 — 4) * (24 — 4) * 2 cm? = 1640 cm? When x = 3 cm, volume of the open box = (45 — 6) x (24 — 6) x 3 cm® = 2106 cm? When x = 4 cm, volume of the open box = (45 — 8) x (24 - 8) x 4 cm? = 2368 cm? When x = 5 cm, volume of the open box = (45 — 10) x (24 - 10) x 5 cm? = 2450 cm? When x = 6 cm, volume of the open box = (45 — 12) x (24 - 12) x 6 cm* = 2376 em? When x = 7 cm, volume of the open box = (45 — 14) x (24 - 14) x 7 cm? = 2170 cm? When x = 8 cm, volume of the open box = (45 — 16) x (24 — 16) x 8 cm? = 1856 cm? Here we observe that when x = 5 cm, volume of the open box is maximum. PMP PP YELP = Anplication : Useful for concepts clarity of maxima-minima of different types of functions.——————— Objective : To verify that amongst all the rectangles of the same perimeter, the square has the m2 area. sf Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of perimeter and area of rectangle and square, knowles differentiation and its applications is required. Materials required : Chart paper, paper Cutter, cardboard and gluestick. Procedure : 1. Take a cardboard of a suitable size and on it paste a white Paper. tang 2. Make rectangles of perimeter (say 44 cm) each on a chart paper. Following are some : different dimensions each having perimeter 44 cm. iBom 10 cm 215m * 7m, Ry: 14cm x 8m :13.0m x 9m, Ry: 12m x 10 cm 211 om x 11. om, Rg : 10.5 om x 11.5 cm 29.5 om * 12.5 om 3. Cut these rectangles out and paste them on the white paper on the cardboard. 4. You may form more rectangles of different dimensions each with perimeter 44 cm. PP PP 5. Paste these rectangles on cardboard. Observations Area of rectangle R, = 15 om * 7 em Area of rectangle R, = 14 cm x 8 cm= 1g om x gom = 117 om? Area of rectangle Ry m x 10 om = 120 cm? =12¢ = thom x t1om = 121 cm? = 10.5 cm x 11.5 om = 420.75 cm? 5 om = 118.75 cm? Area of rectangle R, Area of rectangle Rs Area of rectangle R, ‘Area of rectangle R7 = 9.5 cm * 12. . Perimeter of each rectangle is 44 cm but their areas are different. . Rectangle R; has maximum area which is 121 cm?, out of all other rectangles. But it is a length = breadth. “Ate, We can verify the above result using differentiation as follows. Perimeter of the rectangle P = 2(x + y) = 44 om, where x = length and y = breadth. sxty=22 >y=22-x Now, area of rectangle A = xy = x(22 — x) => A(x) = 22x — x2 = A'(x) = 22 — 2x at eae = 22-2x=0 => x= 11 cm and also A"(11) = -2 <0 +. x= 11 is a point of maxima. + Ac = 11) = 22 « 11 — 112 = 121 om, is the maximum area of the rectangle.Eee Objective : To evaluate the definite integral hie x*dx as the limit of a sum and verify it by actual integration. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of integration and geometry. Materials required : Cardboard, white paper and graph paper. Procedure : al ss, 4. Take a cardboard of a suitable size and paste a white "| <5, Paper on it. 2. Draw two lines perpendicular to each other, representing co-ordinate axes X'OX and YOY’. 3. Draw a quadrant of a circle with O as centre and radius 1 unit (10 cm), as shown in the figure. The curve in the 1st quadrant represents the graph of the function V4— x? in the closed interval [0, 1] ° x x / 4. Let origin O be denoted by Ay and the points where the = A] MA AAA AAA A Ae / curve meets the x-axis and y-axis be denoted by Ayo | and By respectively. Fig. 19.1 5. Divide AjAjg into 10 equal parts with points of division as, Ay, Ap, Ag, «1 Ag: 6. From each of the points Ay, Ay, Ag... Ag, draw perpendicular on the x-axis to meet the curve at the points B,, Bo, B, ......, Bg. Measure the lengths of AjBy, A;B,, AjBz, ...... AgBy and call them as Yo Vy» Yas Vg . Yg. Whereas width of each part, AgA, = AyAy = ApAg = AgAy = AyAs = AgAg = AgAy = Arig = AsAy = Agfyo = 0-1 unit. LA 47 SCM >. -Observations 4. Yo = AgBy = 1 unit .99 units Yo = A,B, = 0.97 units .95 units .92 units .87 units Yio = AioByo = which is very small and assumed to be 0. 2. Area of the quadrant of the circle = Area bounded by the curve and the two axes = sum of the areas of 10 trapeziums. = 3 * (0.1) * [(1 + 0.99) + (0.99 + 0.97) + (0.97 + 0.95) + (0.95 + 0.92) + (0.92 + 0.87); (0.87 + 0.8) + (0.8 + 0.71) + (0.71 + 0.6) + (0.6 + 0.43) + (0.43)] = (0.1) [0.5 + 0.99 + 0.97 + 0.95 + 0.92 + 0.87 + 0.80 + 0.71 + 0.60 + 0.43] = 0.1 x 7.74 = 0.774 sq. units (approximately) 1 gee 1 3. Also, [v4 —x?dx = we + fsin-'x 0 4. The area of the quadrant as a limit of a sum is nearly the same as the area obtained b integration.Objective : To verify geometrically that ¢ x (@ + b)=exa+ ExB. : Knowledge of vector algebra, addition of vectors, cross product g “ Pre-requisite Materials required : Geometry box, cardboard, white paper, cutter, sketch pen and Cellotape Procedure : 1. On a cardboard of suitable size paste a white paper using cellotape. 2. Draw line segment OA = 8 cm representing ©. 3. Draw line segment OB = 6 cm representing @ such that ZAOB = 60°. Let O8 = > 4. Draw line segment BC = 4 cm representing 5 and making angle of 30° with OK. (See errs - Figure 20.1 5. Draw BM 1 OA, CL 1 OA and BN 1 CL. 6. Complete the parallelograms OAQB, OAPC and BQPC. Observations 1. [€ x 3] = [e| [a| sin 60° = OA x BM = Area of parallelogram OAQB. 2. [€ x By = [2] [BI sin 30° = OA CN = BQ CN = Area of parallelogram BOQPC. TT <) TIn SOBC, OC = OB + BG = S45. and ZCOA =d. a(x * PO) =1iF + Bi sing = OA x OC sin.d = OA x CL = Area of Parallelogram OAPC, 5, Area of parallelogram OAPC = (QA) (CL) = OA x (LN + NC) = OA (BM + NC) | = (OA)(BM) + (OA\(NC) | op = 4 and | = Area of parallelogram OAQB + Area of parallelogram BOPC : (Fx + BY =F x BaF x By > a and xB are Prependicular to the same plane. x(@+5b) = € x & + x B (condition of co-planarity) = | ¢ &x(a@+b)ex 7 7d Application : Useful to understand distributive property of vectors.