Digital Electronics (ITT270)

CHAP 1. OVERVIEW OF DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

Objectives

 At the end of this chapter, students should be

able to:-
 differentiate digital signal and digital circuit.
 realize the importance of digital circuit.
 appreciate the application of digital electronics.
OVERVIEW OF DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

 Identifying digital products

 Advantages of digital
 Digital signals
 Why use digital circuits
 Identifying digital products

What are digital products?

 Digital products are products you sell and deliver online. If you can download or stream it, it's a
digital product. Common examples include ebooks, PDFs, online courses, tools, media, and
reports
What digital products are in demand?
 Educational products like ebooks and online courses.
 Exclusive membership communities.
 Digital templates and tools.
 Repurposed music or art.
 Productized services.
 Licenses to use digital assets.
 Digital signals

 A digital signal is a signal that represents data as a sequence of discrete values.

 A digital signal can only take on one value from a finite set of possible values at a given time. With digital
signals, the physical quantity representing the information can be many things: Variable electric current or
voltage.
 Digital signals must have a finite set of possible values. The number of values in the set can be anywhere
between two and a-very-large-number-that's-not-infinity. Most commonly digital signals will be one of two
values -- like either 0V or 5V. Timing graphs of these signals look like square waves.
 Digital computers and digital phones are some of the examples using digital signals.
 Digital Circuit

A digital circuit is a circuit where the signal must be one of two discrete levels. Each level is
interpreted as one of two different states (for example, on/off, 0/1, true/false). Digital circuits use
transistors to create logic gates in order to perform Boolean logic.
To perform Boolean logic, digital circuits use transistors to generate logic gates.
What does digital circuit make use of?
 It uses logic gates to control digital signals. On the other hand, digital circuits are the devices
that are used to perform logical operations with digital signals by using these logic gates. Digital
circuits are electric circuits that use discrete voltage levels, such as binary (base 2) logic.
What devices have digital circuits?
 Examples of such devices are computers, information appliances, digital cameras, digital
televisions, flash memory, key USB memory, mobile phones, hard disks, and devices of
computer memory. Digital signal processing works on analog signals after they have been
converted to digital form.
 Applications of Digital Circuits

What are the advantages and applications of digital circuits?

 Digital signals carry more information per second than analog signals circuit. Digital signal is used
to construct a digital circuit since the cost of digital components is very cheap. Digital circuits
are easy to design and cheaper than analog circuits. Digital signal faster than the analog signal.
How do digital circuits work?
 Digital circuits use transistors to create logic gates in order to perform Boolean logic.
What is difference between analog and digital signal?
 Analog signals use a continuous range of values to represent the data and information. Digital
signals use discrete values (or discontinuous values), i.e. discrete 0 and 1, to represent the data
and information. The bandwidth of an analog signal is low. The bandwidth of a digital signal is
relatively high.
 Applications of Digital Circuits
(Why use digital circuits)
Where are digital circuits used? (Applications of Digital Circuits)
 Mobile Phones, Calculators and Digital Computers.
 Radios and communication Devices.
 Signal Generator.
 Smart Card.
 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope(CRO)
 Analog to digital converters (ADC)
 Digital to analog converters (DAC), etc.
 Advantages of digital

What are four advantages of digital technology?

 The major advantages of digital technology over traditional media are automation,
communication speed, better social interaction, security of data and quick access to
information
What are 4 advantages of digital communication?
 The benefits of digital communication far outweigh any drawbacks it may have. With digital
communication, you can reduce turnover, create an inclusive work environment, increase
engagement, provide seamless experiences, promote transparency, and ultimately save both
time and money.
Functions of Digital Logic

 Arithmetic Operations
 Encoding
 Decoding
 Multiplexing
 Counting
 Digital Integrated Circuits (ICs)
 Elements of digital logic

 Elements of Digital Electronics: logic gate, Adders, Subtractor, Comparator, Flip–Flop,

Timers & Clocks, Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
 There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.
What are the types of digital logic?
 Types of digital logic circuits are combinational logic circuits and sequential logic circuits. These
are the basic circuits used in most of the digital electronic devices like computers, calculators, mobile
phones.
 Digital Circuits - Logic Gates

 Digital electronic circuits operate with voltages of two logic levels namely Logic Low
and Logic High.
 The range of voltages corresponding to Logic Low is represented with ‘0’. Similarly,
the range of voltages corresponding to Logic High is represented with ‘1’.
 The basic digital electronic circuit that has one or more inputs and single output is
known as Logic gate.
 Hence, the Logic gates are the building blocks of any digital system. We can classify
these Logic gates into the following three categories.
 Basic gates
 Universal gates
 Logic Gates in Digital Electronics

 The decision-making capability of gate circuits in digital electronics is called logic.

 A logic circuit, which performs a certain logic operation (e.g. AND or OR), is known as gate. As such
logic gates are electronic circuits, which conduct logic decisions and their output depends on preset
conditions.
 The input of a logic gate is greater than 1 but its output is just 1.
 A logic gate operates just like a switch that can either be turned ON or turned OFF. The ON state
normally denotes logic 1 whereas the OFF condition represents logic 0.
 Apart from adding, subtracting, counting, etc., a gate can also store information. Some common
examples of gates are AND, OR, NAND, NOR, Invertor or NOT, XOR and XNOR.
 A logic gate is the basic building block, on which a digital system comes into existence.
 Gates are also known as logic circuits, digital circuits, or switching circuits.
 Nowadays, logic gates are available in the shape of various IC families (e.g. transistor, transistor logic
or TTL, emitter-coupled logic ECL, metal oxide semiconductor or MOS, and complementary metal
oxide semiconductor (CMOS).
 Adders in Digital Electronics

 The logic circuits, which are used to add two binary numbers, are called adders.
 In other words, a circuit used in digital computers, which performs the operation of addition, is known
as an adder.
 There are two types of an adder.
 half – adder
 full – adder
 A digital device or circuit, which performs the task of two bits, is called half – adder. And the logic
circuit, which can add three bits simultaneously, is called a full adder.
 A half–adder can be formed by means of AND gate consisting of two inputs and an XOR gate
consisting of two inputs,
 A full adder, two half-adders and one OR gate are used.
 Subtractor in Digital Electronics

 A logic circuit, which is used to subtract two binary numbers, is called a subtractor. In other
words, the circuit which is used for subtracting binary numbers is known as a subtractor.
 A subtractor has two types as well.
 Half subtractor
 Full subtractor
 However, some of the adders are such that apart from conducting plus or addition operations,
also tend to perform minus or subtraction operations. Such adders are called universal adders.
These are also known as adder–subtractors.
 Flip–Flop in Digital Electronics

 A simple electronic circuit that is used as a memory element, is known as a flip–flop.

 In other words, a digital logic circuit, which can store just one bit of a binary number, is called a
flip–flop.
 A flip-flop is a simple type of a sequential circuit (a digital circuit, the logic conditions of which
depend on a specific time sequence, is called a sequential circuit).
 The main objective of this type of circuit is memory or storage. It is used in timing operations and
arranging different types of data counting storage into a proper sequence.
 In fact, it is a bistable multi-director, which is capable of storing or memorizing just one bit of
information.
 Timers & Clocks in Digital Electronics

 These are such electronic circuits that generate digital signals in a specific sequence
and on the basis of these very signals, flip–flops and circuits carry out their usual
operation.
 Shift Registers in Digital Electronics

 A register is a group of flip – flops, which can store information temporarily.

 In other words, a memory device that is used for a temporary type of storage is called a
register.
 A register that transfers or shifts one bit of data during a piece of time from one element to
another end-to-end element on the left or right side, or shifts data with every clock pulse, is
called a shift register.
 It is worth remembering that all shift registers are operated via an input clock or shift pulse. The
shift register can also be defined as follows:
 A group of flip–flops, which are interconnected in such a manner, that a binary number may be
shifted out or transferred into the group, is called a shift register.
 Counters in Digital Electronics

 The counter is a circuit that primarily performs the function of counting.

 Counters are digital circuits, which are assembled by means of inter-connecting a
series of flip–flops.
 Counters are used for the counting of these electronic events or pulses, according to
which flip–flops continue to change their condition.
 Counters are the heart of nearly all digital systems and computers, which apart from
counting are also useful for producing timing signals in order to control the operation of
digital systems.
 A counter can count up to a maximum of 2n. Here “n” means the number of flips – flops
e.g. 23 = 8 & 24 = 16.
 As counters have the capacity to store a binary number, therefore they are analogous
to a store register. Remember that input of a counter is a constant type of waveform or
a clock pulse and every time when a clock signal changes its state or condition (that’s
getting from low to high), the counter adds 1 in its sum of numbers.
 Memories in Digital Electronics

 These are digital circuits, which help in storing computer programs and data, either
for a long or short period of time.
 Remember that as compared to a flip–flop, memories have the capacity to store
thousands of words within it.
 The function of memory in a digital computer may be compared to the mind working
in a human body.
 The objective of memory is to store necessary instructions or information about some
sort of glitch, apart from storing data about a certain problem.
 Multiplexer or Data Selector

 A digital device, which selects just one input out of a number of inputs and transmits it
on the output, is called a multiplexer or data selector.
 In other words, a circuit, which selects just one line or channel from amongst
numerous input lines within a specific time sequence, is known as a multiplexer.
 Multiplexer resembles a rotary mechanical switch and it is frequently used for the
conversion of parallel inputs to serial outputs.
 In simple words, a data selector can also be defined as a circuit, which selects data
from numerous inputs within an explicit time sequence and then provides it on output.
It is shortly known as MUX.
 Demultiplexer or Distributor

 It is a device, which performs the task of distribution of data. it is exactly the opposite
of a multiplexer.
 In other words, a demultiplexer is an electronic circuit, which consists of an input and
numerous outputs.
 It is normally used for the conversion of serial data to parallel mode.
 Encoder and Decoder

 Encoder in Digital Electronics

 An electronic device, which converts decimal numbers (or non-
binary numbers) to binary numbers, is called an encoder.
 In other words, a device that converts information to coded form is
called an encoder.
 Decoder in Digital Electronics
 The decoder is a kind of logic circuit, which converts binary
numbers (or coded information) into decimal numbers.
 It is worth mentioning that the decoder is absolutely reversed to an
encoder (for an explanation, see figure 1.5). Furthermore, a
decoder can also sense or feel about the presence of a particular
number or a word
Encoder and Decoder
 Coded Inverter

 A logic circuit, which converts one type of binary code to other types of binary code,
is known as a code converter.
 Decoders and encoders can also be termed as special forms of code converters.
 Code converters are mostly used in digital systems, wherein two or more two binary
codes are being used.
 Basic terminologies
 Bit
 The word “bit” is an abbreviation of a binary digit. Any binary digit or figure between 0 to 9 in the binary system is known
as a bit. It is the smallest unit of binary data. Two separate voltage levels are used in digital circuits for indicating two bits
(0 & 1).
 As different digits or words are a combination of a number of bits, therefore bits are indicated in various groups e.g. kilo
bit, megabit etc.
 Byte
 A collection of 8 – bits is known as a byte.
 Nibble
 A collection of four digits or four bits is known as a nibble. In other words, a nibble is equivalent to a half byte.
 Word
 The collection of a few bits (4, 8, or more than that), is known as a word. In other words, a complete unit of information
or binary data is called a word. And it normally consists of one or more bytes.
 Code
 Groups of bits are called codes, which are used to indicate numbers, letters, symbols and instructions, etc.
Reference

 https://www.electroniclinic.com/basic-elements-of-digital-
electronics/#Elements_of_Digital_Electronics