Exercise 1:

Gumbell formula:

The Gumbell distribution method is the most used to calculate the statics of rainfall
measurements. It helps us to identify the 2 graphs Intensity duration frequency and depth
duration frequency.
 For this distribution method we started by calculating the average of the rainfall data and the
standard deviation for each hour.

MEAN 1.88 2.693333 3.177778 3.484444 3.877778 3.98 4.562222

STD.DV 0.55128 1.164123 1.419809 1.462245 1.59529 1.651941 1.946125

Then we proceed to the determination of the coefficient 𝛼 and u, using the formula:
1.283
𝛼=
𝑠
𝑢 = 𝑚 − 0.45𝑠
Where s is standard deviation.

ALPHA 2.327313 1.102117 0.903642 0.877418 0.804243 0.776662 0.659259

U 1.631924 2.169478 2.538864 2.826434 3.159897 3.236627 3.686466

Then I calculated the rainfall depth [cm] for the 3 desired return period {25 years ; 10years ; 5
1 1
years}, using the formula : ℎ𝑇 = 𝑢 − ln [− ln (1 − )]. By dividing the rainfall depth by the
𝛼 𝑇
duration we obtain the rainfall intensity [cm/h].

3.006271 5.07165 6.078465 6.471829 7.136974 7.3549358.53818 RAINFALL DEPTH [cm]

25 RAINFALL INTENSITY
years 3.006271 2.535825 1.519616 1.078638 0.713697 0.612911 0.355757 [cm/h]

2.598862 4.211336 5.029193 5.391196 5.958017 6.134112 7.099947 RAINFALL DEPTH [cm]
10 RAINFALL INTENSITY
years 2.598862 2.105668 1.257298 0.898533 0.595802 0.511176 0.295831 [cm/h]

2.276419 3.53044 4.198746 4.535928 5.024932 5.167891 5.961658 RAINFALL DEPTH [cm]
5 RAINFALL INTENSITY
years 2.276419 1.76522 1.049686 0.755988 0.502493 0.430658 0.248402 [cm/h]
Then I plot the IDF (intensity duration frequency) diagram of these 3 return period, and we can
observe that for a higher return period we have more important rainfall intensity.
 IDF
3.5
Rainfall intensity [cm/h]

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Duration [h]

25 yr 10 yr 5 yr

Then for each return period I calculate the log10 of each rainfall intensity to plot the IDF-log-log
diagram and to get the linear equation (𝑦 = −(𝑛 − 1) + log 𝑎) for each return period:

0.000 0.301 0.602 0.778 1.000 1.079 1.380 log 10 duration

0.478 0.404 0.182 0.033 -0.146 -0.213 -0.449 log10 intensity - 25 yr
0.415 0.323 0.099 -0.046 -0.225 -0.291 -0.529 log 10 intensity - 10 yr
0.357 0.247 0.021 -0.121 -0.299 -0.366 -0.605 log 10 intensity - 5 yr

IDF - log-log
0.800
0.600 y = -0.7028x + 0.5573
rainfall intensity

0.400
0.200
0.000 y = -0.7195x + 0.419
-0.200
y = -0.7108x + 0.4857
-0.400
-0.600
-0.800
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600
Duration

25 yr 10 yr 5 yr
Linear (25 yr) Linear (10 yr) Linear (5 yr)
 Gumbell distribution
log10(a) n-1 a n
25 yr 0.5573 -0.7028 3.6082781 0.2972
10 yr 0.4857 -0.7108 3.059849 0.2892
5 yr 0.419 -0.7195 2.6242185 0.2805
So for 25 yr, 𝑖(𝑇, 𝑑) = 3.608 ∗ 𝑑 −0.7028
for 10 yr, 𝑖(𝑇, 𝑑) = 3.06 ∗ 𝑑−0.7108
for 5 yr, 𝑖(𝑇, 𝑑) = 2.624 ∗ 𝑑−0.7195

WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION:
We started by ranking the years from 1 to 45, Then we sort the values of rainfall from the
biggest to lowest value, and calculating the return period for each rank using the formula:
𝑚+1
𝑇= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟.
𝑛
We want to obtain the values for 3 return values {25yr; 10yr; 5yr}, so we do interpolation and
there are tables for each color indicate where we did the interpolation:

In the excel file I plot the IDF and DDF for each return period, then I calculated the log10 values
to plot the IDF-log-log diagram:

log10(intensity)=log10(a)+(n-1)*log10(duration)
0.8

0.6
25 yr
0.4
10 yr
0.2
5 yr
0 y = -0.7039x + 0.6173 Linear (25 yr)

-0.2 Linear (25 yr)

y = -0.712x + 0.4699 Linear (10 yr)
-0.4
Linear (5 yr)
-0.6 y = -0.7302x + 0.3923

-0.8
0.000000 0.200000 0.400000 0.600000 0.800000 1.000000 1.200000 1.400000 1.600000

Weibull
distribution
log10(a) n-1 a n
25 yr 0.6173 -0.7039 4.142858 0.2961
10 yr 0.4699 -0.712 2.95053 0.288
5 yr 0.3923 -0.7302 2.467743 0.2698

So for 25 yr, 𝑖(𝑇, 𝑑) = 4.143 ∗ 𝑑 −0.7039

for 10 yr, 𝑖(𝑇, 𝑑) = 2.951 ∗ 𝑑−0.712
for 5 yr, 𝑖(𝑇, 𝑑) = 2.468 ∗ 𝑑−0.7302
Exercise 2:

To start the exercise, I will introduce a small definition of the very close concepts: rainfall
excess and the runoff, to clarify the distinct hydrology and water management behind.

Rainfall excess: it’s the exceed portion of precipitation after the soil are saturated.
Runoff: it refers to the movement of water, including rainfall excess, over the land surface and
flow over the surface towards lower elevations (river, ocean, …).

So a small deduction, that a small rainfall excess will increase the volume of the runoff
causing some risks to many different systems. That’s why it’s interesting to calculate the new
runoff volume for different rainfall estimation taken from previous rainfall data depending on
duration, so we can prevent some risks to the hydraulic infrastructures like drainage systems by
dimensioning a comfortable ones and take some safety measures on the rivers border to prevent
inundations.
Our job in this exercise is to calculate the runoff for 90min-storm that is devided in 3 parts
of 30 min and each 30min has a different rainfall excess. By calculating the runoff for each 30 min
(we have to note that the first 30 min runoff of the first rainfall excess start from time 0 min, the
second is shifted of 30 min and the third is shifted of 60 min) rainfall excess and then summing it,
we will obtain the total runoff for a duration of 450 min that are be increased by a 90min-storm.
So in the end we will obtain the total increased volume of water that will flows on the surface.
To solve this exercise, we need to do an assumption: the catchment response is linear. And in
our case the rainfall excess is not uniform during time, so our final runoff is given by:

Rainfall excess first Rainfall excess second Rainfall excess third

30-min [cm] 3.1 30-min [cm] 2.5 30-min [cm] 1.7
𝑁

𝑄(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑃𝑖 𝑢∆𝑡 (𝑡 − 𝑖∆𝑡 + ∆𝑡)

𝑖=0

30-min runoff runoff runoff

total
Unit first second third
Time [min] runoff
hydrograph 30 min 30 min 30 min
[m3/s]
[m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s]

0 0 0 0 0 0
30 1.2 3.72 0 0 3.72
60 2.8 8.68 3 0 11.68
90 1.7 5.27 7 2.04 14.31
120 1.4 4.34 4.25 4.76 13.35
150 1.2 3.72 3.5 2.89 10.11
180 1.1 3.41 3 2.38 8.79
210 0.91 2.821 2.75 2.04 7.611
240 0.74 2.294 2.275 1.87 6.439
270 0.61 1.891 1.85 1.547 5.288
300 0.5 1.55 1.525 1.258 4.333
330 0.28 0.868 1.25 1.037 3.155
360 0.17 0.527 0.7 0.85 2.077
390 0 0 0.425 0.476 0.901
420 0 0 0 0.289 0.289
450 0 0 0 0 0
 90 min UH
16

14

12
runoff [m3/s]

10

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480

Time [min]
30-min Unit hydrograph [m3/s] runoff first 30 min [m3/s] runoff second 30 min [m3/s]
runoff third 30 min [m3/s] total runoff [m3/s]

We can see that the maximum runoff is 14.31 𝑚3 /𝑠 after 90min of storm. So this value
will be the critical value to dimension the drainage system of this runoff.

To obtain a more precise estimate of the runoff for a specific location and storm event, it
would be necessary to consider local rainfall data, land characteristics, hydrological models, or
runoff coefficient calculations.

EXERCISE 3:

The objectives of this exercise is to estimate the flow depth 100 m upstream in an open channel
The normal depth 𝑦𝑛 :

2
1
𝑄 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐴𝑛 = ∗ 𝑅𝑛3 ∗ √𝑆0 ∗ 𝐴𝑛
𝑛
 5
1 𝐴𝑁 3
𝑄 = ∙ √𝑆0 ∙ 2
𝑛
𝑃𝑁 3

𝐴𝑁 = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑌
{
𝑃𝑁 = 𝑏 + 2 ∙ 𝑌
𝐴 = 5 ∙ 𝑌𝑁
{ 𝑁
𝑃𝑁 = 5 + 2 ∙ 𝑌𝑁

5 3
𝐴𝑁 3 𝑛∙𝑄 𝐴𝑁 5 𝑛∙𝑄
2 = ⇔ = [ ] = 106,73
𝑃𝑁 3 √𝑆0 𝑃𝑁 2 √𝑆0

𝐴𝑁 5 (𝑏 ∙ 𝑌𝑁 )5
= = 106,73
𝑃𝑁 2 (𝑏 + 2 ∙ 𝑌𝑁 )2

𝑌𝑁 = 1,123 𝑚

Critical depth :
𝑉2 𝑄2
𝐸=𝑌∙ = 𝑌∙
2∙𝑔 2 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝐴2

𝑄 2 𝐴3𝐶
=
𝑔 𝑇𝐶

𝐴3𝐶 102
= = 10,198
𝑇𝐶 9.806

𝐴𝐶 = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑌𝐶 = 5 𝑌𝐶
{
𝑇𝐶 = 𝑏 = 5 𝑚

3 10.198
𝑌𝐶 = √ = 0,741 𝑚
𝑏2

𝑌𝐶 < 𝑌𝑁

• Determination of y for upstream to 100 m

𝑑𝑥 𝑆0 −𝑆𝑓
Knowing that = 1−Ϝ 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑟
2
1
and using the Manning formula 𝑄 = 𝑉 × 𝐴 = 𝑛 × 𝑅 3 × √𝑆𝑓 × 𝐴
We have this results :

𝐴 (0.80 𝑚) = 5 × 0.8 = 4 𝑚2
{
𝑃 (0.80 𝑚 ) = 5 + 2 × 0.8 = 6.6 𝑚
𝐴
So, 𝑅 = 𝑃 = 0.606 𝑚
2
𝑄𝑛 10×0,015
√𝑆𝑓 = ( 2 ) ➔ 𝑆𝑓 = ( 2 ) = 0,0027422
𝑅 3 ×𝐴 0.6063 ×4

Now, we can find a value for Fr

𝑄2 102
𝑉2 𝐴2 42
Ϝ𝑟 = √𝑔∙𝐷 = √ 𝐴 =√ 4 = 0.892 < 1 → sub flow condition
𝑔× 9.806×
𝑇 5

𝑑𝑥 𝑆0 −𝑆𝑓 0.001−0.0027
Hence, = 1−Ϝ 2 = = −0.008
𝑑𝑦 𝑟 1−0.796

so to define the flow depth at 100 m upstream we use this formula:

𝑦2 = 0,80 𝑚

𝑑𝑥 𝑆0 −𝑆𝑓 𝑦 −𝑦
𝐹(𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅) = 𝑑𝑦 = 1−Ϝ 2 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 = 0,03557
𝑟 2 1

𝑦1 = 𝑦2 − 𝐹(𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅) × (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) = 0,80 − (−0,008) × (100) = 1.654 𝑚

EXERCISE 4:

1.SUB-CATCHEMENT TABLE:

SUB-CATCHEMENT NODES DRAIN AREA [m^2] RUNOFF COEFFICIENT [-]

S1 1 7500 0.45
S2 2 10000 0.45
S3 3 7500 0.85
S4 4 10000 0.75
S5 5 10000 0.2625
S6 6 10000 0.31875
TOTAL 55000 3.08125

2. DIAMETER DESIGN FOR EACH PIPE USING THE RATIONAL METHOD:

PIPE 1:
PIPE 2:

PIPE 3:

PIPE 4:

PIPE 5:

PIPE 6:

3. SUMMARY TABLE OF RESULTS: