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Architecture and Organization

The document discusses key concepts in computer architecture including: 1. Performance metrics like response time and throughput that measure how efficiently a computer completes tasks. CPU execution time and instructions per cycle also impact performance. 2. Differences in instruction set architectures like stack-based, accumulator-based, and register-based approaches. RISC architectures optimize for high performance with simple instructions that execute in one cycle. 3. Multiprocessor systems can provide advantages like reliability, enhanced throughput, and lower costs but also have higher expenses, require more complex operating systems, and large memory. They connect using hierarchical bus systems, crossbar switches, and other interconnection networks.

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27 views4 pages

Architecture and Organization

The document discusses key concepts in computer architecture including: 1. Performance metrics like response time and throughput that measure how efficiently a computer completes tasks. CPU execution time and instructions per cycle also impact performance. 2. Differences in instruction set architectures like stack-based, accumulator-based, and register-based approaches. RISC architectures optimize for high performance with simple instructions that execute in one cycle. 3. Multiprocessor systems can provide advantages like reliability, enhanced throughput, and lower costs but also have higher expenses, require more complex operating systems, and large memory. They connect using hierarchical bus systems, crossbar switches, and other interconnection networks.

Uploaded by

Nick
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Architecture

Computer performance

 is the amount of WORK ACCOMPLISHED by a computer system.


 “How well is the computer doing the work it is supposed
 to do?”
Response time
 time from START to COMPLETION of a task.
Throughput
 TOTAL AMOUNT of WORK DONE in a given time.
CPU execution time
 total TIME a CPU SPEND computing on a given task.
 CPU time
o It also excludes time for I/O or running other programs.
Performance
 determined by execution time as performance is inversely proportional to execution
time.
Cycles per Instruction (CPI)
 metric used to MEASURE the EFFICIENCY of a computer's central processing unit (CPU).
Instruction Count
 metric for UNDERSTANDING the BEHAVIOR and performance of a program.

Instruction Set Architecture


 the design of a computer from the Programmer’s Perspective.
Stack
 The operands are implicitly on TOP of the stack.
 is accessed every operation and becomes a BOTTLENECK.
Accumulator
 One operand is implicitly the accumulator.
General Purpose Register (GPR)
 All operands are EXPLICITLY mentioned, they are either registers or memory locations.
 All operands must be NAMED LEADING to longer instructions.

C = A + B;

Stack Accumulator GPR


Push A Load A Load R1. A
Push B Add B Add R1, B
Add Store C Store R1, C
Pop C

Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)


 It is a type of MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
 utilizes a small, highly-optimized set of instructions
One cycle execution time
 RISC processors have a CPI (clock per instruction) of one cycle.
Pipelining
 a technique that allows for simultaneous execution of parts
large number of registers:
 the RISC design philosophy generally incorporates a larger number of registers to prevent in large
amounts of interactions with memory.
Computer Architecture
MIPS Architecture
 The Stanford research group had a strong background in compilers, which led them to develop
a processor
Arithmetic/Logic Instructions:
 These Instructions perform various Arithmetic & Logical operations on one or more
operands.
Data Transfer Instructions:
 responsible for the transfer of instructions from memory to the processor registers and vice versa.

Branch and Jump Instructions:


 BREAKING the sequential flow of instructions and jumping to instructions at various other
locations
Instruction Format
 determines how the entire instruction is ENCODED within 32 BITS
Microarchitecture
 is more concerned with the LOWER LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION of how the instructions are going to
be executed

Types of Multiprocessors
1. Symmetric Multiprocessors.
 contains a SIMILAR COPY of the operating system and they all communicate with each
other.
2. Asymmetric Multiprocessors
 each processor is given a PREDEFINED TASK.

Advantages of Multiprocessor Systems

More reliable Systems.


 In a multiprocessor system, even if one processor fails, the system
will not halt.
Enhanced Throughput.
 If multiple processors are working in tandem, then the throughput of
the system increases
More Economic Systems.
 Multiprocessor systems are cheaper than single processor systems
in the long run because they share the data storage, peripheral devices, power supplies etc.

Disadvantages of Multiprocessor Systems

Increased Expense.
 Even though multiprocessor systems are cheaper in the long run than
using multiple computer systems, still they are quite expensive.
Complicated Operating System Required.
 There are multiple processors in a multiprocessor system that share peripherals, memory etc.
Large Main Memory Required.
 All the processors in the multiprocessor system share the memory.

Multiprocessor connects:

 Hierarchical bus systems.


Computer Architecture
 consists of a hierarchy of buses connecting various systems and sub-systems/components in
a computer.

 Local buses
o are the buses implemented on the PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS.
 Backplane bus
o is a PRINTED CIRCUITS on which MANY CONNECTORS are used TO PLUG in
functional boards.
 I/O buses
o which CONNECT INPUT/OUTPUT devices to a computer system

 Crossbar switch and Multiport Memory.


o Switched networks give DYNAMIC INTERCONNCETIONS among the inputs and
outputs.
 Multistage networks
o Can be EXPANDED to the LARGER SYSTEMS, if the increased latency problem can
be solved.
 Multistage and Combining Networks. Multistage networks or multistage interconnection
networks
o are a class of HIGH SPEED computer networks

ADV
 It continues working despite hardware failure.
 The throughput of the system increases.
 Scheduling multiple processes that share data.
DIS
 It requires a much larger pool of memory.
 A more complex and complicated operating system is required.

Assembly Language – Low level programming language

Octal numbers system- eight digits

Microcomputer- microprocessor as its central processing unit

Operand address- provides the LOCATION

Computer design- HARDWARE DESIGN of the computer

Direct offset addressing- addressing mode uses ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

Input unit- provides data

DX- data register

Instruction set architecture- it is needed because it has SET of INSTRUCTIONS

Decimal number system- 10 number system

Immediate operand- CONSTANT VALUE or an EXPRESSION


Computer Architecture

Arithmetic logic unit- performed all the calculations

Register addressing- register contains the operand

Output unit- we get the information

I/O Ports- located at the back of the computer and are often color-coded

Immediate addressing mode- DATA OPERAND is a PART OF THE INSTRUCTION ITSELF

% define directive- similar to the #define in C

Video card slot- lets you install a dedicated GPU

Inversion law- double inversion

INC instruction- incrementing

Base addressing mode - offset address


- Given by the SUM OF THE CONTENTS
- BX/BP

IDIV Instruction- DIVIDE for SIGNED DATA

MOSFET- flat triangle components

Associative law- logic operations are performed

AND gate- gives a high inputs only if all inputs are high

MUL instructions- MULTIPLIES UNSIGNED DATA

EQU directive- defining constants

ATX connector- largest connector on the motherboard

DEC instruction- decrementing

Boolean algebra- analyzing and simplify the digital logic circuits

Based indexed with displacement mode- offset is computer by adding the base register contents

NOT gate- also known as inverter

Modem card slot- you connect your network card

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