OS REVIEWER

Operating System Software - Is the chief piece of software, the portion of the computing system
that manages all of the hardware and all of the other software.
Operating System - Is a program or set of programs, which acts as an interface between a user
of the computer & the computer hardware.
GUI – Stands for Graphical User Interface.
Shell - Provide an interface between the user and the computer.
Control Program - Manages the execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper use
of the computer.
Kernel - Primary part of the operating system & Acts as a bridge between the hardware and the
software.
Application||Software - Program or a group of programs that allow users to perform different
tasks such as web browsing, email, and word processing.
Files - Information is stored as 'Files'.
Bug - An error, flaw or fault in a computer program or system that causes it to produce an
incorrect or unexpected results.
•First discovered on MK1 computer on 1945
•Caused by a moth
Blocking - Several logical records are grouped within the one physical record.
Buffer - Interim storage area that works as a 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞.
Firmware - used to indicate that a program is permanently held in read-only memory (ROM).
Multiprocessing - Having more than one processor || It became possible to execute two
programs at the same time (in parallel).
Tim Berners Lee - Designed the first web server and browser.
World Wide Web - refers to all the public websites or pages that users can access on their local
computers and other devices through the internet.
•Made available to the public on 1991

Virtualization - Allowed separate partitions of a single server to support a different operating

•Los Alamos National Laboratory

Resources of Operating Systems

‣Memory

‣Processors

‣Periphiral devices

‣Informations

Memory Manager - Checks the validity of each request for memory space, and if it is a legal
request, allocates a portion of memory that isn't already in use.
Processor Manager - Monitors the CPU to see if it's busy executing a process or sitting idle as it
waits for some command to finish execution.
Process - instance of a program in execution.
Dispatcher - [MODULE] Allocate the processor to a process by setting up necessary hardware
registers.
Process Scheduler - Decide which process will have a chance to use the processor && decides
which process gets the processor.
Traffic Controller - Keeps track of processor & status of processes.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) - Also called a central processor or main processor, is the
electronic circuitry within a computer that executes instructions that make up a computer
program.
Device Manager - Is responsible for connecting with every device that’s available on the system
and for choosing the most efficient way to allocate each of these printers, ports, disk drives,
and more, based on the device scheduling policies selected by the designers of the operating
system.
Device Driver - Is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that
is attached to a computer.
File Manager - Keeps track of every file in the system, including data files, program files,
utilities, compilers, applications, and so on.
Network Manager - Provides a convenient way for authorized users to share resources
 OS REVIEWER

I/O Traffic Control - A module that keep track of the I/O devices, I/O channels, etc.
UDP – Stands for User Datagram Protocol.
Access Control – A key part of good file management and is tightly coupled with system security
system.
File System – A module that keeps track of the information, its location, its usage, status, etc.
I/O Scheduling – If it is to be shared, then decide who gets it, how much of it is to be allocated,
& for how long.
The Network Protocols:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – A popular communication protocol which is used for
communicating over a network.
Internet Protocol (IP) - Designed explicitly as addressing protocol.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) - A substitute communication protocol to Transmission Control
Protocol implemented primarily for creating loss-tolerating and low-latency linking between
different applications.
Post office Protocol (POP) - Designed for receiving incoming E-mails.
Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP) - Designed to send and distribute outgoing E-Mail.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - Allows users to transfer files from one machine to another.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - Designed for transferring a hypertext among two or more
systems.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) - A standard protocol to secure the
communication among two computers one using the browser and other fetching data from
web server.
The Loader - Automates the process of loading executable programs into memory.
Phasing - If several programs are batched together on a single input tape for which
housekeeping operations are performed only once, the overhead per program is reduced
accordingly.
Memory Management Unit - Translates the virtual address in the code to a physical address
within the user's space.
Batch Monitor - A memory-resident portion of the batch operating system
Job Control Language (JCL) - OS commands are statements written in Job Control language.
 OS REVIEWER

Batch Processing - Was relied on punched cards or tape for the input when assembling the
cards into a deck & running the entire deck of cards through a card reader as a batch.
Scheduling - Term to determine on how does the OS choose which process to run when?
Multiprogramming - When two or more programs reside in memory at the same time.
Context Switching - A process on how does one carry out the change from one process to
another?
Batch Processing - Is a technique in which an Operating System collects the programs and data
together in a batch before processing starts.
Memory Translation - Each process treats the computer's memory as its own private
playground.
Degree of Multiprogramming - The number of programs actively competing for resources of a
multi-programmed computer system.
Throughput - The efficiency of these systems was measured in the number of jobs completed in
a given amount of time.
Process Model - The state of an inactive process has to be encoded & saved in a process table
so that the process can be resumed when made active.

First Generation - Vaccum Tubes