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    Biodiversity

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    Naresh Kumar
    The document discusses biodiversity and the classification of organisms. It covers the three types of biodiversity and the hierarchical classification system. The three-domain system classifies organisms into bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Prokaryotes are divided into bacteria and archaea. Key differences between bacteria and archaea include their cell wall structure, association of DNA with histones, and structure of membrane lipids. The document also describes the diversity of shape and gram staining of bacteria, as well as their roles in ecosystems, symbiotic relationships, pathogenesis, and applications in research.

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    Biodiversity

    Uploaded by

    Naresh Kumar
    25 views3 pages
    The document discusses biodiversity and the classification of organisms. It covers the three types of biodiversity and the hierarchical classification system. The three-domain system classifies organisms into bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Prokaryotes are divided into bacteria and archaea. Key differences between bacteria and archaea include their cell wall structure, association of DNA with histones, and structure of membrane lipids. The document also describes the diversity of shape and gram staining of bacteria, as well as their roles in ecosystems, symbiotic relationships, pathogenesis, and applications in research.

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    Biodiversity

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    The document discusses biodiversity and the classification of organisms. It covers the three types of biodiversity and the hierarchical classification system. The three-domain system classifies organisms into bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Prokaryotes are divided into bacteria and archaea. Key differences between bacteria and archaea include their cell wall structure, association of DNA with histones, and structure of membrane lipids. The document also describes the diversity of shape and gram staining of bacteria, as well as their roles in ecosystems, symbiotic relationships, pathogenesis, and applications in research.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    25 views3 pages

    Biodiversity

    Uploaded by

    Naresh Kumar
    The document discusses biodiversity and the classification of organisms. It covers the three types of biodiversity and the hierarchical classification system. The three-domain system classifies organisms into bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Prokaryotes are divided into bacteria and archaea. Key differences between bacteria and archaea include their cell wall structure, association of DNA with histones, and structure of membrane lipids. The document also describes the diversity of shape and gram staining of bacteria, as well as their roles in ecosystems, symbiotic relationships, pathogenesis, and applications in research.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Assignments Draft

    Group 1

    1.1 and 1.2

    1.1

    a) State types of biodiversity

    There are three distinct types of biodiversity: genetic diversity, species diversity, and
    ecosystem diversity.

    b) State the hierarchical classification

    Hierarchical classification involves grouping and categorizing organisms into


    taxonomic groups based on their biological characteristics.

    c) Explain briefly the three-domain system

    The three-domain system, proposed by Carl Woese in 1977, is based on molecular


    data revealing significant differences in ribosomal RNA sequences. This system
    classifies microorganisms into three domains—Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea,
    and Domain Eukarya—at a taxonomic level higher than the kingdom level.

    1.2: Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea

    a) State the two domains of prokaryotes

    Prokaryotes are classified into two domains: Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea.
    For instance, E. coli represents Domain Bacteria, while Sulfolobus sp. represents
    Domain Archaea.

    b) Differentiate between the two prokaryotic domains, Bacteria and Archaea, based
    on:

    i. Cell wall structure

    ii. Association of histones with DNA

    iii. Structure of membrane lipids

    i. Domain Bacteria's cell wall contains peptidoglycan, while Domain Archaea


    lacks peptidoglycan.
    ii. DNA in Domain Bacteria does not associate with histone protein, while
    DNA in Domain Archaea is associated with histone protein.
    iii. iii. Domain Bacteria's membrane lipids consist of unbranched hydrocarbon
    chains connected to glycerol by ester linkage, whereas Domain Archaea's
    membrane lipids consist of branched hydrocarbon chains connected to
    glycerol by ether linkage.

    b) Describe the diversity of bacteria

    i) Cell shape (coccus, bacillus, spirillum, and vibrio)

    a) Coccus: Spherical bacteria examples include Staphylococcus aureus and


    Streptococcus pneumoniae.

    b) Bacillus: Rod-shaped bacteria examples include Escherichia coli (E. coli) and
    Bacillus anthracis.

    c) Spirillum: Spiral-shaped bacteria with examples such as Spirillum volutans.

    d) Vibrio: Comma-shaped bacteria, with Vibrio cholerae as an example.

    ii) Gram-stain (Gram-positive, Gram-negative)

    a) Gram-Positive Bacteria:
    These bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes,
    retain the crystal violet stain, appearing purple or blue under a microscope
    due to a thick peptidoglycan layer.
    b) Gram-Negative Bacteria:
    Examples like E. coli and Salmonella sp. take up the safranin counterstain,
    giving them a pink or red color due to a thinner peptidoglycan layer and the
    presence of an outer membrane.

    d) Explain the roles of bacteria

    i) Recycling of chemical elements in the ecosystem Bacteria, such as Rhizobium sp.,


    participate in nitrogen fixation, converting nitrogen into forms usable by other
    organisms.

    ii) Symbiotic relationships (e.g., E. coli in the human intestine) Enterobacteria like E.
    coli live symbiotically in the human intestine, providing essential functions like
    producing biotin and vitamin K for the host.
    iii) Pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Salmonella sp.) Pathogenic bacteria, like Salmonella sp.,
    can cause various diseases in animals and plants, such as food poisoning and
    tetanus.

    iv) Contributions in research and technology (e.g., bacterial plasmid) Bacterial


    plasmids, like those used in DNA cloning vectors, play a significant role in research
    and biotechnology by carrying target genes into host cells.

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