Vietaccepted Compilation

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Vietaccepted compilation
business english (Trường Đại học Hùng Vương)
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Nguy?n Minh H?nh ([email protected])
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DIGITAL SAT - KHAN ACADEMY

Question 1
Several studies of sediment (e.g., dirt, pieces of rock, etc.) in streams have shown an
inverse correlation between sediment grain size and downstream distance from the
primary sediment source, suggesting that stream length has a sorting effect on
sediment. In a study of sediment sampled at more than a dozen sites in Alpine
streams, however, geologists Camille Litty and Fritz Schlunegger found that cross-
site variations in grain size were not associated with differences in downstream
distance, though they did not conclude that downstream distance is irrelevant to
grain size. Rather, they concluded that sediment influx in these streams may have
been sufficiently spatially diffuse to prevent the typical sorting effect from being
observed.
Which findings about the streams in the study, if true, would most directly support
Litty and SchluneggerÕs conclusion?
A. The streams contain several types of sediment that are not typically found in
streams where the sorting effect has been demonstrated.
B. The streams are fed by multiple tributaries that carry significant volumes of
sediment and that enter the streams downstream of the sampling sites.
C. The streams mostly originate from the same source, but their lengths vary
considerably due to the different courses they take.
D. The streams regularly experience portions of their banks collapsing into the
water at multiple points upstream of the sampling sites.

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Question 2
In her book The Woman Warrior: Memories of a Girlhood Among Ghosts, author
Maxine Hong Kingston examines themes ÉÉÉÉ. Childhood, womanhood, and
Chinese American identity by intertwining autobiography and mythology.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. of-
B. of
C. of:
D. of,
Question 3
The Milky Way galaxy is composed of millions of stars in a relatively flat structure
containing a thin disk and a thick disk. Based on computer simulations and analysis
of data on the brightness, position, and chemical composition of about 250,000 stars
in the thick disk (collected from two telescopes, one in China and one orbiting in
space), astrophysicists Maosheng Xiang and Hans-Walter Rix claim that the thick
disk of the Milky Way formed in two distinct phases rather than a single one.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchersÕ claim?
A. ThereÕs an age difference of about 2 billion years between certain stars in the
thick disk.
B. The stars in the Milky Way tend to have very similar chemical
compositions.
C. The thin disk contains about twice as many stars that can be seen from Earth
as the thick disk does.
D. The telescopes used by the researchers have detected stars of similar ages in
galaxies other than the Milky Way.

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Question 4
Pulitzer Prize-winning writer HŽctor Tobar has built a multifaceted career as both a
journalist and an author of short stories and novels. In an essay about TobarÕs work,
a student claims that Tobar blends his areas of expertise by applying journalism
techniques to his creation of works of fiction.
Which quotation from a literary critic best supports the studentÕs claim?
A. ÒFor one novel, an imagined account of a real personÕs global travels, Tobar
approached his subject like a reporter, interviewing people the man had met along
the way and researching the manÕs own writings.Ó
B. ÒTobar got his start as a volunteer for El Tecolote, a community newspaper
in San Francisco, and wrote for newspapers for years before earning a degree in
creative writing and starting to publish works of fiction.Ó
C. ÒMany of TobarÕs notable nonfiction articles are marked by the writerÕs use
of techniques usually associated with fiction, such as complex narrative structures
and the incorporation of symbolism.Ó
D. ÒThe protagonist of TobarÕs third novel is a man who wants to be a novelist
and keeps notes about interesting people he encounters so he can use them when
developing characters for his stories.Ó

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Question 5
Many governments that regularly transfer money to individuals-to provide
supplemental incomes for senior citizens, for example-have long done so
electronically, but other countries typically have distributed physical money and
have only recently developed electronic transfer infrastructure. Researchers studied
the introduction of an electronic transfer system in one such location and found that
recipients of electronic transfers consumed a different array of foods than recipients
of physical transfers of the same amount did. One potential explanation for this
result is that individuals conceive of and allocate funds in physical money differently
than they conceive of and allocate funds in electronic form.
Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly weaken the potential
explanation?
A. Recipients of electronic transfers typically spent their funds at a slower rate
than recipients of physical transfers did.
B. Some recipients of physical transfers received small amounts of money
relatively frequently, while others received large amounts relatively infrequently.
C. Recipients of physical transfers tended to purchase food about as frequently
as recipients of electronic transfers did.
D. Nearly every recipient of an electronic transfer withdrew the entire amount in
physical money shortly after receiving the transfer.

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Question 6
A researcher conducted an experiment inspired by studies suggesting that people

may benefit from feeling frightened in certain circumstances, such as when watching
scary movies or visiting haunted attractions. The researcher recruited several
participants and had them walk through a local haunted house attraction.
Immediately after exiting the attraction, each participant completed a survey about
their experience. Based on the survey responses, the researcher claims that feeling
frightened in controlled situations can boost a personÕs mood and confidence.
Which quotation from a participant would best illustrate the researcherÕs claim?
A. ÒMy friends kept laughing as we were talking through the haunted house.Ó
B. ÒThe haunted house was scary at first, but I knew everyone was just acting, so
I felt less scared after a few minutes.Ó
C. ÒThe sense of relief I felt at the end of the haunted house was similar to the
feelings I have when I finish a scary movie.Ó
D. ÒAfter I came out of the haunted house, I felt very accomplished and less
stressed.

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Question 7
In the 1970s, a roughly 60,000-year-old piece of hyena bone marked with nine
notches was discovered at a site in western France once inhabited by Neanderthals.
Although many believe that only modern humans developed systems for notating
numbers, one archaeologist asserts that this artifact may be a sign that Neanderthals
also recorded numerical information. The notches on the bone are unevenly spaced
but approximately parallel, and microscopic analysis reveals that they were made
with a single stone tool; according to the archaeologist, this suggests that the notches
were all made at one time by one individual as a means of counting something.
Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the underlined claim?
A. Parallel lines are a common feature in modern humansÕ early systems for
recording numerical information.
B. More than nine approximately parallel notches made with a different stone
tool are present on another artifact found at a site in western Frace.
C. It would have taken careful effort to make evenly spaced lines on bone with
the stone tools typically used by Neanderthals.
D. Decorative art discovered at another Neanderthal site in western France
primarily features patterns of unevenly spaced parallel lines.

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Question 8
Amount of Additional Electricity Wind Turbines Could Generate When Winds
Were Stronger Than Forecast
Electric companies that use wind turbines rely on weather forecasts to predict the
maximum amount of power, in megawatt-hours (MWh), they can generate using
wind so that they can determine how much theyÕll need to generate from other
sources. When winds are stronger than they were forecast to be, however, the
predicted maximum amount of electricity wind turbines could generate will be too
low. For example, the graph shows that for the West region, the winds were ÉÉÉ
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?
A. strong enough to generate about 150 thousand more Mwh of electricity from
wind turbines.
B. so weak that the electricity from wind turbines was about 175 thousand
MWh less than predicted.
C. so weak that the electricity from wind turbines was about 150 thousand
MWh less than predicted.
D. strong enough to generate about 175 thousand more MWh of electricity
from wind turbines.

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Question 9
Effect of Paywall Introduction on Newspaper CompaniesÕ Revenues
Newspaper Total revenue change ($ in Percentage Newspaper

thousands) change (%) size
Los Angeles 93,966 12.5 large

Times
The New York 235,788 20 large

Times
The Denver Post -3,765 -1 small
Sun Sentinel -24,899 -11.9 small
Chicago Tribune 94,492 19 large
Digital paywalls restrict access to online content to those with a paid subscription. In
an investigation of the effect of paywalls on newspaper company revenues for print
and digital subscriptions and advertising, Doug J. Chung and colleagues compared
actual outcomes (with a paywall) to control estimates (without a paywall). The
researchers concluded that introducing a paywall is generally more beneficial for
larger newspapers, which have high circulation and tend to offer a substantial
amount of unique online content.
Which choice best describes data from the table that support Chung and colleaguesÕ
conclusion?
A. The Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Times had similar total revenue
changes, but the Los Angeles Times had a smaller percentage change.
B. The Los Angeles Times had a 12.5% revenue change, while the Chicago
Tribune had a 19% revenue change.
C. The New York Times had a 20% revenue change, while The Denver Post
had a -1% revenue change.
D. The Denver Post had only a -1% revenue change, which was the smallest
percentage change of the selected companies.

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Question 10
Distribution of Ecosystem Services Affected by Invasive Species by Service Type.
Region (Overall) Provisioning (75%) Regulating (21%) Cultural (4%)
West 73% 27% 0%
North 88% 12% 0%

South 79% 14% 7%
East 83% 6% 11%
Central 33% 67% 0%
To assess the impact of invasive species on ecosystems in Africa, Benis N.Egoh and
colleagues reviewed government reports from those nations about how invasive
species are undermining ecosystem services (aspects of the ecosystem on which
residents depend). The services were sorted into three categories: provisioning
(material resources from the ecosystem), regulating (natural processes such as
cleaning the air or water), and cultural (nonmaterial benefits of ecosystems). Egoh
and her team assert that countries in each region reported effects on provisioning
services and that provisioning services represent the majority of the reported
services.
Which choice best describes data from the table that support Egoh and colleaguesÕ
assertion?
A. Provisioning services represent 73% of the services reported for the West
region and 33% of those for the Central region, but they represent 75% of the
services reported overall.
B. None of the percentages shown for provisioning services are lower than 33%,
and the overall percentage shown for provisioning services is 75%.
C. Provisioning services are shown for each region, while no cultural services are
shown for some regions.
D. The greatest percentage shown for provisioning services is 88% for the North
region, and the least shown for provisioning services is 33% for the Central region.

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Question 11
Area of Three Glaciers In the 2016 Swiss Glacier Inventory
To monitor changes to glaciers in Switzerland, the government periodically

measures them for features like total area of ice and mean ice thickness, which are
then reported in the Swiss Glacier Inventory. These measurements can be used to
compare the glaciers. For example, the Gorner glacier had ÉÉÉÉÉ..
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?
A. a larger area than either the Fiescher glacier or the Unteraar glacier.
B. a smaller area than the Fiescher glacier but a larger area than the Unteraar
glacier.
C. a smaller area than either the Fiescher glacier or the Unteraar glacier.
D. a larger area than the Fiescher glacier but a smaller area than the Unteraar
glacier.

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Question 12
Artist Justin Favela explained that he wanted to reclaim the importance of the pi–ata
as a symbol in Latinx culture. To do so, he created numerous sculptures from strips
of tissue paper, which is similar to the material used to create pi–ata. In 2017, Favela
created an impressive life-size pi–ata-like sculpture of the Gypsy Rose lowrider car,
which was displayed at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles,
California. The Gypsy Rose lowrider was famously driven by Jesse Valadez, an early
president of the Los Angeles Imperials Car Club.
According to the text, which piece of FavelaÕs art was on display in the Petersen
Automotive Museum in 2017?
A. A painting of Los Angeles
B. A painting of a pi–ata
C. A sculpture of Jesse Valadez
D. A sculpture of a lowrider car
Question 13
The following text is adapted from Edgar Allan PoeÕs 1849 story ÒLandorÕs
Cottage.Ó
During a pedestrian trip last summer, through one or two of the river counties of
New York, I found myself, as the day declined, somewhat embarrassed about the
road I was pursuing. The land undulated very remarkably; and my path, for the last
hour, had wound about and about so confusedly, in its effort to keep in the valleys,
that I no longer knew in what direction lay the sweet village of B- -, where I had
determined to stop for the night.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. The narrator explains the difficulties he encountered on a trip and how he
overcame them.
B. The narrator describes what he saw during a long trip through a frequently
visited location.
C. The narrator recalls fond memories of a journey that he took through some
beautiful river counties.
D. The narrator remembers a trip he took and admits to getting lost.

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Question 14
In a paper about p-i-n planar perovskite solar cells (one of several perovskite cell
architectures designed to collect and store solar power). Lyndsey McMillon-Brown
et al. describe a method for fabricating the cellÕs electronic transport layer (ETL)
using a spray coating. Conventional ETL fabrication is accomplished using a
solution of nanoparticles. The process can result in a loss of up to 80% of the
solution, increasing the cost of manufacturing at scale-an issue that may be obviated
by spray coating fabrication, which the researchers describe as Òhighly reproducible,
concise, and practical.Ó
What does the text most strongly suggest about conventional ETL fabrication?
A. It typically entails a greater loss of nanoparticle solution than do other
established approaches for ETL fabrication.
B. It is less suitable for manufacturing large volumes of planar p-i-n perovskite
solar cells than an alternative fabrication method may be.
C. It is somewhat imprecise and there limits the potential effectiveness of p-i-n
planar perovskite solar cells at capturing and storing solar power.
D. It is more expensive when manufacturing at scale than are processes for
fabricating ETLs used in other perovskite solar cell architectures.
Question 15
NASAÕs Cassini probe has detected an unusual wobble in the rotation of Mimas,
SaturnÕs smallest moon. Using a computer model to study MimasÕs gravitational
interactions with Saturn and tidal forces, geophysicist Alyssa Rhoden and colleagues
have proposed that this wobble could be due to a liquid ocean moving beneath the
moonÕs icy surface. The researchers believe other moons should be examined to
see if they too might have oceans hidden beneath their surfaces.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Rhoden and colleagues were the first to confirm that several of SaturnÕs
moons contain hidden oceans.
B. Research has failed to identify signs that there is an ocean hidden beneath the
surface of Mimas.
C. Rhoden and colleagues created a new computer model that identifies moons
with hidden oceans without needing to analyze the moonsÕ rotation.
D. Research has revealed that an oddity in the rotation of Mimas could be
explained by an ocean hidden beneath its surface.

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Question 16
In their book Smart Pricing. Jagmohan Raju and Z. John Zhang consider musiciansÕ
use of the nontraditional Òpay as you wishÓ pricing model. This model generally
offers listeners the choice to pay more or less than a suggested price for a song or
album - or even to pay nothing at all. As the authors note, thatÕs the option most
listeners chose for an album by the band Harvey Danger. Only about 1% opted to
pay for the album, resulting in earnings below the bandÕs expectations. But the
authors also discuss musician Jane Siberry, who saw significant earnings from her
Òpay as you wishÓ online music store as a result of many listeners choosing to pay
more than the storeÕs suggested prices. Hence, the Òpay as you wishÓ model may
____________________.
Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. hold greater financial appeal for bands than for individual musicians.
B. cause most musicians who use the model to lower the suggested prices of
their songs and albums over time.
C. prove financially successful for some musicians but disappointing for others.
D. more strongly reflect differences in certain musiciansÕ popularity than
traditional pricing models do.
Question 17
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is projected to maintain operation until at least
2030, but it has already revolutionized high-resolution imaging of solar-system
bodies in visible and ultraviolet (UV) light wavelengths, notwithstanding that only
about 6% of the bodies imaged by the HST are within the solar system. NASA
researcher Cindy L. Young and colleagues assert that a new space telescope
dedicated exclusively to solar-system observations would permit an extensive survey
of minor solar-system bodies and long-term UV observation to discern how solar-
system bodies change over time. Young and colleaguesÕ recommendation therefore
implies that the HST ÉÉÉÉÉ

A. will likely continue to be used primarily to observe objects outside the solar
system.
B. will no longer be used to observe solar system objects if the telescope
recommended by Young and colleagues is deployed.
C. can be modified to observe the features of solar system objects that are of
interest to Young and colleagues.
D. lacks the sensors to observe the wavelengths of light needed to discern how
solar system bodies change over time.

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Question 18
Off-off-Broadway theaters emerged in the late 1950s as a rebellion against
mainstream Broadway theaters in New York, freeing artists to create productions
that were more experimental than typical Broadway shows. One such artist was
playwright Mar’a Irene FornŽs. Working with off-off Broadway theaters enabled
FornŽs not only to direct her own plays but also to direct them exactly as she
intended them to be staged, regardless of how strange the results might have seemed
to audiences accustomed to Broadway shows. In this way, FornŽs ÉÉÉ

A. would have been more famous if she had created plays that were mainstream
instead of experimental.
B. recognized that staging an off-off-Broadway play was more complicated than
staging a Broadway play.
C. wrote plays that would have been too expensive to produce if someone else
had directed the production.
D. illustrates the artistic opportunity offered by off-off Broadway theaters.
Question 19
Visual artist Gabriela Alem‡n states that the bold colors of comics, pop art, and
Latinx culture have always fascinated her. This passion for the rich history and
colors of her Latinx community translates into the ÉÉÉÉ. artworks she produces.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise work or phrase?
Choose 1 answer:
A. unknown
B. reserved
C. definite
D. vivid

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Question 20
The following text is adapted from Nathaniel HawthorneÕs 1837 story ÒDr.
HeideggerÕs Experiment.Ó The main character, a physician, is experimenting with
rehydrating a dried flower.
At first [the rose] lay lightly on the surface of the fluid, appearing to imbibe none of
its moisture. Soon, however, a singular change began to be visible. The crushed and
dried petals stirred and assumed a deepening tinge of crimson, as if the flower were
reviving from a deathlike slumber.
As used in the text, what does the phrase Òa singularÓ most nearly mean?
Choose 1 answer:
A. A lonely
B. A disagreeable
C. An acceptable
D. An extraordinary
Question 21
Some foraging models predict that the distance bees travel when foraging will
decline as floral density increases, but biologists Shalene Jha and Claire Kremen
showed that beesÕ behavior is inconsistent with this prediction if flowers in dense
patches are ___________ bees will forage beyond patches of low species richness to
acquire multiple resource types.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
Choose 1 answer:
A. depleted
B. homogeneous
C. immature
D. dispersed

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Question 22
Biologist Jane Edgeloe and colleagues have located what is believed to be the largest
individual plant in the world in the Shark Bay area of Australia. The plant is a type
of seagrass called Posidonia australis, and it ÉÉÉÉ. Approximately 200 square
kilometers.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. acknowledges
B. produces
C. spans
D. advances
Question 23
Many films from the early 1900s have been lost. These losses include several films
by the first wave of Black women filmmakers. We know about these lost movies
only from small pieces of evidence. For example, an advertisement for Jennie
Louise Touissant WelcomeÕs documentary Doing Their Bit still exists. ThereÕs a
reference in a magazine to Tressie SoudersÕs film A Woman's Error. And Maria P.
WilliamsÕs The Flames of Wrath is mentioned in a letter and a newspaper article,
and one image from the movie was discovered in the 1990s.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
Choose 1 answer:
A. The text discusses several notable individuals, then explains commonly
overlooked differences between those individuals.
B. The text describes a general situation, then illustrates that situation with
specific examples.
C. The text identifies a complex problem, then presents examples of
unsuccessful attempts to solve that problem.
D. The text summarizes a debate among researchers, then gives reasons for
supporting one side in that debate.

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Question 24
People whose desire is solely for self-realisation never know where they are going.
They canÕt know. In one sense of the word it is of course necessary to know oneself:
that is the first achievement of knowledge. But to recognise that the soul of a man is
unknowable, is the ultimate achievement of wisdom. The final mystery is oneself.
When one has weighed the sun in the balance, and measured the steps of the
moon, and mapped out the seven heavens star by star, there still remains oneself.
Who can calculate the orbit of his own soul?
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined question in the text as a
whole?
A. It cautions readers that the textÕs directions for how to achieve self-knowledge
are hard to follow.
B. It concedes that the definition of self-knowledge advanced in the text is
unpopular.
C. It reinforces the textÕs skepticism about the possibility of truly achieving self-
knowledge.
D. It speculates that some readers will share the doubts expressed in the text
about the value of self-knowledge.

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Question 25
Mathematician Claude Shannon is widely regarded as a foundational figure in
information theory. His most important paper, ÒA Mathematical Theory of
Communication,Ó published in 1948 when he was employed at Bell Labs, utilized a
concept called a Òbinary digitÓ (shortened to ÒbitÓ) to measure the amount of
information in any signal and determine the fastest rate at which information could
be transmitted while still being reliably decipherable. Robert Gallagher, one of
ShannonÕs colleagues, said that the bit was Ò[ShannonÕs] discovery, and from it the
whole communications revolution has sprung.Ó
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It introduces a respected researcher, describes an aspect of his work, and
suggests why the work is historically significant.
B. It names the company where an important mathematician worked, details the
mathematicianÕs career at the company, and provides an example of the recognition
he received there.
C. It mentions a paper, offers a summary of the paperÕs findings, and presents a
researcherÕs commentary on the paper.
D. It presents a theoretical concept, illustrates how the name of the concept has
changed, and shows how the name has entered common usage.

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Question 26
In many agricultural environments, the banks of streams are kept forested to protect
water quality, but itÕs been unclear what effects these forests may have on stream
biodiversity. To investigate the issue, biologist Xingli Giam and colleagues studied
an Indonesian oil palm plantation, comparing the species richness of forested
streams with that of nonforested streams. Giam and colleagues found that species
richness was significantly higher in forested streams, a finding the researchers
attribute to the role leaf litter plays in sheltering fish from predators and providing
food resources.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. It explains the differences between stream-protection strategies used in oil
palm plantations and stream-protection strategies used in other kinds of agricultural
environments.
B. It presents a study that addresses an unresolved question about the presence
of forests along streams in agricultural environments.
C. It discusses research intended to settle a debate about how agricultural yields
can be increased without negative effects on water quality.
D. It describes findings that challenge a previously held view about how fish that
inhabit streams in agricultural environments attempt to avoid predators.

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Question 27
Text 1
Dance choreographer Alvin AileyÕs deep admiration for jazz music can most clearly
be felt in the rhythms and beats his works were set to. Ailey collaborated with some
of the greatest jazz legends, like Charles Mingus, Charlie Parker, and perhaps his
favorite, Duke Ellington. With his choice of music, Ailey helped bring jazz to life for
his audience.
Text 2
Jazz is present throughout AileyÕs work, but itÕs most visible in AileyÕs approach to
choreography. Ailey often incorporated improvisation, a signature characteristic of
jazz music, in his work. When managing his dance company, Ailey rarely forced his
dancers to an exact set of specific moves. Instead, he encouraged his dancers to let
their own skills and experiences shape their performances, as jazz musicians do.
Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement?
A. Audiences were mostly unfamiliar with the jazz music in AileyÕs works.
B. AileyÕs work was strongly influenced by jazz.
C. Dancers who worked with Ailey greatly appreciated his supportive approach
as a choreographer.
D. Ailey blended multiple genres of music together when choreographing dance
pieces.

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Question 28
Text 1
For decades, bluegrass musicians have debated whether their genre should exclude
influences from mainstream genres such as rock. Many insist that bluegrass is
defined by its adherence to the folk music of the US South, out of which bluegrass
emerged. Such Òpurists,Ó as they are known, regard the recording of Bill Monroe,
which established the bluegrass sound in the 1940s, as a standard against which the
genre should still be measured.
Text 2
Bluegrass isnÕt simply an extension of folk traditions into the era of recorded music.
In reality, Bill Monroe created the bluegrass sound in the 1940s by combining
Southern folk music with commercial genres that had arisen only a few decades
before, such as jazz and the blues. Since bluegrass has always been a mixed genre,
contemporary bluegrass musicians should not be forbidden from incorporating into
it influences from rock and other mainstream genres.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely regard the
perspective of bluegrass purists, as described in Text 1?
Choose 1 answer:
A. As inconsistent, since bluegrass purists themselves enjoy other musical genres
B. As unrealistic, since bluegrass purists have no way of enforcing their musical
preferences
C. As shortsighted, because bluegrass could enlarge its audience by including
influences from mainstream genres.
D. As illogical, because the purists overlook crucial aspects of how the bluegrass
sound first originated

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Question 29
Text 1
Soy sauce, made from fermented soybeans, is noted for its umami flavor. Umami-
one of the five basic tastes along with sweet, bitter, salty, and sour-was formally
classified when its taste receptors were discovered in the 2000s. In 2007, to define
the pure umami flavor scientists Rie Ishii and Michael OÕMahony used broths made
from shiitake mushrooms and kombu seaweed, and two panels of Japanese and US
judges closely agreed on a description of the taste.
Text 2
A 2022 experiment by Manon JŸnger et al. led to a greater understanding of soy
sauceÕs flavor profile. The team initially presented a mixture of compounds with low
molecular weights to taste testers who found it was not as salty or bitter as real soy
sauce. Further analysis of soy sauce identified proteins, including dipeptides, that
enhanced umami flavor and also contributed to saltiness. The team then made a
mix of 50 chemical compounds that re-created soy saucesÕs flavor.
Based on the texts, if Ishii and OÕMahony (Text 1) and JŸnger et al. (Text 2) were
aware of the findings of both experiments, they would most likely agree with which
statement?
A. The broths in the 2007 experiment most likely did not have a substantial
amount of the dipeptides that played a key part in the 2022 experiment.
B. On average, the diets of people in the United States tend to have fewer foods
that contain certain dipeptides than the diets of people in Japan have.
C. Chemical compounds that activate both the umami and salty taste receptors
tend to have a higher molecular weight than those that only activate umami taste
receptors.
D. Fermentation introduces proteins responsible for the increase of umami
flavor in soy sauce, and those proteins also increase the perception of saltiness.

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Question 30
Text 1
A team led by Bernardo Strassburg has found that rewilding farmland (returning the
land to its natural state) could help preserve biodiversity and offset carbon
emissions. The amount of farmland that would need to be restored, they found, is
remarkably low. Rewilding a mere 15% of the worldÕs current farmland would
prevent 60% of expected species extinctions and help absorb nearly 299 gigatons of
carbon dioxide-a clear win in the fight against the biodiversity and climate cises.
Text 2
While StrassburgÕs teamÕs findings certainly offer encouraging insight into the
potential benefits of rewilding, itÕs important to consider potential effects on global
food supplies. The researchers suggest that to compensate for the loss of food-
producing land, remaining farmland would need to produce even more food. Thus,
policies focused on rewilding farmland must also address strategies for higher-yield
farming.
Which choice best describes a difference in how the author of Text 1 and the
author of Text 2 view StrassburgÕs teamÕs study?
A. The author of Text 2 approaches the studyÕs findings with some caution,
whereas the author of Text 1 is optimistic about the reported potential
environmental benefits.
B. The author of Text 2 claims that the percentage of farmland identified by
StrassburgÕs team is too low for rewilding to achieve meaningful results, whereas the
author of Text 1 thinks the percentage is sufficient.
C. The author of Text 2 focuses on rewildingÕs effect on carbon emissions,
whereas the author of Text 1 focuses on its effect on biodiversity.
D. The author of text 2 believes that the results described by StrassburgÕs team
are achievable in the near future, whereas the author of Text 1 argues that they
likely arenÕt.

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Question 31
Before the 1847 introduction of the US postage stamp, the cost of postage was
usually paid by the recipient of a letter rather than the sender, and recipients were
not always able or willing to pay promptly. ÉÉÉÉ collecting this fee could be slow
and arduous, and heaps of unpaid-for, undeliverable mail piled up in post offices.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Regardless,
B. On the contrary,
C. Consequently,
D. For example,
Question 32
Seismologists Kaiqing Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz have proposed that the
magma fueling IcelandÕs more than 30 active volcano systems emerges from deep
within Earth. The great depths involved - nearly 3,000 km - mark IcelandÕs
volcanoes as extreme outliers; ÉÉÉ many of EarthÕs volcanoes are fed by shallow
pockets of magma found less than 15 km below the surface.
A. consequently,
B. in addition,
C. indeed,
D. nevertheless,

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Question 33
ÒO2 Arena,Ó an award-winning science fiction story by Nigerian author
Oghenechovwe Donald Ekpeki, takes place in an alternate version of Nigeria where
breathable air is a rare commodity that is owned and sold by companies. ÉÉÉ
people must purchase it with currency called O2 credits.
Choose 1 answer:
A. Nevertheless,
B. In any case,
C. As a result,
D. Earlier,
Question 34
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● In 1897, African American inventor Andrew Beard invented an automatic
coupler.
● It improved on the existing design of train car couplers.
● It made the job of connecting train cars safer.
● In 1938, African American inventor Frederick Jones invented a mobile
refrigeration system.
● It improved on the existing design of food transport trucks.
● It enabled trucks to carry perishable foods father.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between BeardÕs invention and JonesÕs
invention. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes
to accomplish this goal?
A. JonesÕs mobile refrigeration system, which he invented in 1938, made it
possible for food transport trucks to carry perishable foods farther.
B. In 1897, Beard invented an automatic coupler, which made the job of
connecting train cars safer.
C. BeardÕs automatic coupler and JonesÕs mobile refrigeration system both
improved on existing designs.
D. BeardÕs invention made the job of connecting train cars safer, whereas
JonesÕs invention enabled food transport trucks to carry perishables farther.

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Question 35
● A wok is a cooking pan that originated in China during the Han dynasty
(206 BCE-220 CE).
● The wokÕs round, wide base helps to cook food evenly.
● The wokÕs high, angled sides help to contain oil splatters.
● Grace Young is a cook and culinary historian.
● Her book The Breath of a Wok (2004) traces the history of the wok.
The student wants to describe the wokÕs shape. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Grace YoungÕs 2004 book, the Breath of a Wok, traces the history of the
cooking pan.
B. A wok is a cooking pan with a round, wide base and high, angled sides.
C. The design of a work, a type of cooking pan that originated in China during
the Han dynasty, helps the pan cook food evenly and contain oil splatters.
D. Able to cook food evenly and contain oil splatters, the work is the subject of
Grace YoungÕs 2004 book.

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Question 36
● A thermal inversion is a phenomenon where a layer of atmosphere is
warmer than the layer beneath it.
● In 2022, a team of researchers studied the presence of thermal inversions
in twenty-five gas giants.
● Gas giants are planets largely composed of helium and hydrogen.
● The team found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were also
likely to contain heat-absorbing metals.
● One explanation for this relationship is that these metals may reside in a
planetÕs upper atmosphere, where their absorbed heat causes an increase in
temperature.
The student wants to present the studyÕs findings to an audience already familiar
with thermal inversions. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Gas giants were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals when they featured a
layer of atmosphere warmer than the layer beneath it, researchers found; this
phenomenon is known as a thermal inversion.
B. The team studied thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants, which are
largely composed of helium and hydrogen.
C. Researchers found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were likely to
contain heat-absorbing metals, which may reside in the planetsÕ upper atmospheres.
D. Heat-absorbing metals may reside in a planetÕs upper atmosphere.

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Question 37
● Annie Wu is a prominent American flutist who graduated from the New
England Conservatory.
● She has won multiple national flute competitions.
● She is best known for a 2011 YouTube video that has been viewed over
two million times.
● The video shows her performing Three Beats for Beatbox Flute, an
original work by composer Greg Pattillo.
● Wu combines flute playing and beatboxing in the video.
The student wants to emphasize WuÕs most well-known achievement. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Among her many achievements, prominent American flutist Annie Wu
graduated from the New England Conservatory and has won multiple national flute
competitions.
B. Composer Greg PattilloÕs original work Three Beats for Beatbox Flute
combines flute playing and beatboxing.
C. Annie Wu is best known for a 2011 YouTube video performance of Three
Beats for Beatbox Flute that has been viewed over two million times.
D. Annie Wu, who has won multiple national flute competitions, has also
combined flute playing and beatboxing.

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Question 38
In 1990, California native and researcher Ellen Ochoa left her position as chief of
the Intelligent Systems Technology Branch at a NASA research center ÉÉÉÉÉ the
space agencyÕs astronaut training program.
English?
A. to join
B. is joining
C. joined
D. joins
Question 39
Official measurements of the Mississippi RiverÕs length vary: according to the US
Geologic Survey, the river is 2,300 miles long, whereas the Environmental
Protection Agency records its length as 2,320 miles. This disparity can be explained
in part by the fact rivers such as the Mississippi expand and contract as ÉÉÉÉÉ.
sediment.
English?
A. one accumulates
B. they accumulate
C. it accumulates
D. we accumulate

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Question 40
When they were first discovered in Australia in 1798, duck-billed, beaver-tailed
platypuses so defied categorization that one scientist assigned them the name
Ornithorhynchus paradoxus: Òparadoxical bird-snout.Ó The animal, which lays eggs
but also nurses ÉÉÉÉ young with milk, has since been classified as belonging to the
monotremes group.
English?
A. itÕs
B. their
C. theyÕre
D. its
Question 41
Photographer Ansel AdamsÕs landscape portraits are iconic pieces of American art.
However, many of the ÉÉÉÉÉÉ of landscapes were intended not as art but as
marketing; a concessions company at Yosemite National Park had hired Adams to
take pictures of the park for restaurant menus and brochures.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standrd
English?
A. photographers early photoÕs
B. photographers early photos
C. photographerÕs early photos
D. photographerÕs early photoÕs

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Question 42
Emperor Ashoka ruled the Maurya Empire in South Asia from roughly 270 to 232
BCE. He is known for enforcing a moral code called the Law of Piety, which
established the sanctity of animal ÉÉÉ.. the just treatment of the elderly, and the
abolition of the slave trade.
English?
A. life;
B. life:
C. life
D. life,
Question 43
Humans were long thought to have begun occupying the Peruvian settlement of
Machu Picchu between 1440 and 1450 CE. However, a team led by anthropologist
Dr. Richard Burger used accelerator mass spectrometry to uncover evidence that it
was occupied ÉÉÉ.. 1420 CE, according to Burger, humans were likely inhabiting
the area.
English?
A. earlier, which in
B. earlier, in
C. earlier. In
D. earlier in
Question 44
The field of geological oceanography owes much to American ÉÉÉÉ Marie Tharp,
a pioneering oceanographic cartographer whose detailed topographical maps of the
ocean floor and its multiple rift valleys helped garner acceptance for the theories of
plate tectonics and continental drift.
English?
A. geologist
B. geologist:
C. geologist;
D. geologist,

lOMoARcPSD|35533043

lOMoARcPSD|35533043
DSAT Paper Test
Table of Contents
Section 1 Ð Command of Evidence Science ............................................................... 2
Section 1 Ð Inference ......................................................................................................16
Key ........................................................................................................................................30

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Section 1 Ð Command of Evidence Science
Test 1 Module 1 Q13
Born in 1891 to a Quechua-speaking family in the Andes Mountains of Peru, Mart’n

Chambi is today considered to be one of the most renowned figures of Latin
American photography. In a paper for an art history class, a student claims that
ChambiÕs photographs have considerable ethnographic valueÑin his work, Chambi
was able to capture diverse elements of Peruvian society, representing his subjects
with both dignity and authenticity.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the studentÕs claim?
A) Chambi took many commissioned portraits of wealthy Peruvians, but he also

produced hundreds of images carefully documenting the peoples, sites, and customs
of Indigenous communities of the Andes.
B) ChambiÕs photographs demonstrate a high level of technical skill, as seen in his

strategic use of illumination to create dramatic light and shadow contrasts.
C) During his lifetime, Chambi was known and celebrated both within and outside
his native Peru, as his work was published in places like Argentina, Spain, and
Mexico.
D) Some of the peoples and places Chambi photographed had long been popular
subjects for Peruvian photographers.

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Test 1 Module 1 Ð Q16
In the mountains of Brazil, Barbacenia tomentosa and Barbacenia macranthaÑtwo

plants in the Velloziaceae familyÑestablish themselves on soilless, nutrient-poor
patches of quartzite rock. Plant ecologists Anna Abrah‹o and Patricia de Britto
Costa used microscopic analysis to determine that the roots of B. tomentosa and B.
macrantha, which grow directly into the quartzite, have clusters of fine hairs near
the root tip; further analysis indicated that these hairs secrete both malic and citric
acids. The researchers hypothesize that the plants depend on dissolving underlying
rock with these acids, as the process not only creates channels for continued growth
but also releases phosphates that provide the vital nutrient phosphorus.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchersÕ hypothesis?
A)
Other species in the Velloziaceae family are found in terrains with more soil but
have root structures similar to those of B. tomentosa and B. macrantha.
B)
Though B. tomentosa and B. macrantha both secrete citric and malic acids, each
species produces the acids in different proportions.
C)
The roots of B. tomentosa and B. macrantha carve new entry points into rocks even
when cracks in the surface are readily available.
D)
B. tomentosa and B. macrantha thrive even when transferred to the surfaces of
rocks that do not contain phosphates.

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Psychologists Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt have argued that experiencing
aweÑa sensation of reverence and wonder typically brought on by perceiving
something grand or powerfulÑcan enable us to feel more connected to others and
thereby inspire us to act more altruistically. Keltner, along with Paul K. Piff, Pia
Dietze, and colleagues, claims to have found evidence for this effect in a recent
study where participants were asked to either gaze up at exceptionally tall trees in
a nearby grove (reported to be a universally awe-inspiring experience) or stare at
the exterior of a nearby, nondescript building. After one minute, an experimenter
deliberately spilled a box of pens nearby.
Which finding from the researchersÕ study, if true, would most strongly support
their claim?
A) Participants who had been looking at the trees helped the experimenter pick up
significantly more pens than did participants who had been looking at the building.
B) Participants who helped the experimenter pick up the pens used a greater
number of positive words to describe the trees and the building in a postexperiment
survey than did participants who did not help the experimenter.
C) Participants who did not help the experimenter pick up the pens were
significantly more likely to report having experienced a feeling of awe, regardless of
whether they looked at the building or the trees.
D) Participants who had been looking at the building were significantly more likely
to notice that the experimenter had dropped the pens than were participants who
had been looking at the trees.

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Many archaeologists will tell you that categorizing excavated fragments of pottery
by style, period, and what objects they belong to relies not only on standard criteria,
but also on instinct developed over years of practice. In a recent study, however,
researchers trained a deep-learning computer model on thousands of images of
pottery fragments and found that it could categorize them as accurately as a team
of expert archaeologists. Some archaeologists have expressed concern that they
might be replaced by such computer models, but the researchers claim that outcome
is highly unlikely.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchersÕ claim?
A) In the researchersÕ study, the model was able to categorize the pottery fragments
much more quickly than the archaeologists could.
B) In the researchersÕ study, neither the model nor the archaeologists were able to
accurately categorize all the pottery fragments that were presented.
C) A survey of archaeologists showed that categorizing pottery fragments limits the

amount of time they can dedicate to other important tasks that only human experts
can do.
D) A survey of archaeologists showed that few of them received dedicated training

in how to properly categorize pottery fragments

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Test 2 Module 1 Q15
When digging for clams, their primary food, sea otters damage the roots of eelgrass
plants growing on the seafloor. Near Vancouver Island in Canada, the otter
population is large and well established, yet the eelgrass meadows are healthier
than those found elsewhere off CanadaÕs coast. To explain this, conservation
scientist Erin Foster and colleagues compared the Vancouver Island meadows to
meadows where otters are absent or were reintroduced only recently. Finding that
the Vancouver Island meadows have a more diverse gene pool than the others do,
Foster hypothesized that damage to eelgrass roots increases the plantÕs rate of
sexual reproduction; this, in turn, boosts genetic diversity, which benefits the
meadowÕs health overall.
Which finding, if true, would most directly undermine FosterÕs hypothesis?
A) At some sites in the study, eelgrass meadows are found near otter populations
that are small and have only recently been reintroduced.
B) At several sites not included in the study, there are large, well-established sea
otter populations but no eelgrass meadows.
C) At several sites not included in the study, eelgrass meadowsÕ health correlates
negatively with the length of residence and size of otter populations.
D) At some sites in the study, the health of plants unrelated to eelgrass correlates
negatively with the length of residence and size of otter populations

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Test 2 Module 2 Q12
Archaeologist Petra Vaiglova, anthropologist Xinyi Liu, and their colleagues

investigated the domestication of farm animals in China during the Bronze Age
(approximately 2000 to 1000 BCE). By analyzing the chemical composition of the
bones of sheep, goats, and cattle from this era, the team determined that wild
plants made up the bulk of sheepÕs and goatsÕ diets, while the cattleÕs diet consisted
largely of millet, a crop cultivated by humans. The team concluded that cattle were
likely raised closer to human settlements, whereas sheep and goats were allowed to
roam farther away.
Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the teamÕs conclusion?
A) Analysis of the animal bones showed that the cattleÕs diet also consisted of
wheat, which humans widely cultivated in China during the Bronze Age.
B) Further investigation of sheep and goat bones revealed that their diets consisted
of small portions of millet as well.
C) CattleÕs diets generally require larger amounts of food and a greater variety of
nutrients than do sheepÕs and goatsÕ diets.
D) The diets of sheep, goats, and cattle were found to vary based on what the
farmers in each Bronze Age settlement could grow.

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Test 2 Module 2 Q13
Mosasaurs were large marine reptiles that lived in the Late Cretaceous period,
approximately 100 million to 66 million years ago. Celina Suarez, Alberto PŽrez-
Huerta, and T. Lynn Harrell Jr. examined oxygen-18 isotopes in mosasaur tooth
enamel in order to calculate likely mosasaur body temperatures and determined
that mosasaurs were endothermicÑthat is, they used internal metabolic processes
to maintain a stable body temperature in a variety of ambient temperatures.
Suarez, PŽrez-Huerta, and Harrell claim that endothermy would have enabled
mosasaurs to include relatively cold polar waters in their range.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Suarez, PŽrez-Huerta, and
HarrellÕs claim?
A) MosasaursÕ likely body temperatures are easier to determine from tooth enamel
oxygen-18 isotope data than the body temperatures of nonendothermic Late
Cretaceous marine reptiles are.
B) Fossils of both mosasaurs and nonendothermic marine reptiles have been found
in roughly equal numbers in regions known to be near the poles during the Late
Cretaceous, though in lower concentrations than elsewhere.
C) Several mosasaur fossils have been found in regions known to be near the poles
during the Late Cretaceous, while relatively few fossils of nonendothermic marine
reptiles have been found in those locations.
D) During the Late Cretaceous, seawater temperatures were likely higher

throughout mosasaursÕ range, including near the poles, than seawater temperatures
at those same latitudes are today.

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Test 2 Module 2 Q14
Researchers hypothesized that a decline in the population of dusky sharks near the
mid-Atlantic coast of North America led to a decline in the population of eastern
oysters in the region. Dusky sharks do not typically consume eastern oysters but do
consume cownose rays, which are the main predators of the oysters.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchersÕ hypothesis?
A) Declines in the regional abundance of dusky sharksÕ prey other than cownose
rays are associated with regional declines in dusky shark abundance.
B) Eastern oyster abundance tends to be greater in areas with both dusky sharks
and cownose rays than in areas with only dusky sharks.
C) Consumption of eastern oysters by cownose rays in the region substantially

increased before the regional decline in dusky shark abundance began.
D) Cownose rays have increased in regional abundance as dusky sharks have

decreased in regional abundance.

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Test 2 Module 2 Q15
Political scientists who favor the traditional view of voter behavior claim that voting
in an election does not change a voterÕs attitude toward the candidates in that
election. Focusing on each US presidential election from 1976 to 1996, Ebonya
Washington and Sendhil Mullainathan tested this claim by distinguishing between
subjects who had just become old enough to vote (around half of whom actually
voted) and otherwise similar subjects who were slightly too young to vote (and thus
none of whom voted). Washington and Mullainathan compared the attitudes of the
groups of subjects toward the winning candidate two years after each election.
Which finding from Washington and MullainathanÕs study, if true, would most
directly weaken the claim made by people who favor the traditional view of voter
behavior?
A) SubjectsÕ attitudes toward the winning candidate two years after a given election
were strongly predicted by subjectsÕ general political orientation, regardless of
whether subjects were old enough to vote at the time of the election.
B) Subjects who were not old enough to vote in a given election held significantly
more positive attitudes towards the winning candidate two years later than they
held at the time of the election.
C) Subjects who voted in a given election held significantly more polarized attitudes
toward the winning candidate two years later than did subjects who were not old
enough to vote in that election.
D) Two years after a given election, subjects who voted and subjects who were not
old enough to vote were significantly more likely to express negative attitudes than
positive attitudes toward the winning candidate in that election.
10

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Test 3 Module 1 Q15
Given that stars and planets initially form from the same gas and dust in space,
some astronomers have posited that host stars (such as the Sun) and their planets
(such as those in our solar system) are composed of the same materials, with the
planets containing equal or smaller quantities of the materials that make up the
host star. This idea is also supported by evidence that rocky planets in our solar
system are composed of some of the same materials as the Sun.
Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the astronomersÕ claim?
A) Most stars are made of hydrogen and helium, but when cooled they are revealed
to contain small amounts of iron and silicate.
B) A nearby host star is observed to contain the same proportion of hydrogen and
helium as that of the Sun.
C) Evidence emerges that the amount of iron in some rocky planets is considerably
higher than the amount in their host star.
D) The method for determining the composition of rocky planets is discovered to be

less effective when used to analyze other kinds of planets.
11

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Test 3 Module 1 Q16
In the twentieth century, ethnographers made a concerted effort to collect Mexican

American folklore, but they did not always agree about that folkloreÕs origins.
Scholars such as Aurelio Espinosa claimed that Mexican American folklore derived
largely from the folklore of Spain, which ruled Mexico and what is now the
southwestern United States from the sixteenth to early nineteenth centuries.
Scholars such as AmŽrico Paredes, by contrast, argued that while some Spanish
influence is undeniable, Mexican American folklore is mainly the product of the
ongoing interactions of various cultures in Mexico and the United States.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support ParedesÕs argument?
A) The folklore that the ethnographers collected included several songs written in
the form of a dŽcima, a type of poem originating in late sixteenth-century Spain.
B) Much of the folklore that the ethnographers collected had similar elements from
region to region.
C) Most of the folklore that the ethnographers collected was previously unknown to
scholars.
D) Most of the folklore that the ethnographers collected consisted of corridosÑ

ballads about history and social lifeÑof a clearly recent origin.
12

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Test 4 Module 1 Q14
Biologist Valentina G—mez-Baham—n and her team have investigated two

subspecies of the fork-tailed flycatcher bird that live in the same region in
Colombia, but one subspecies migrates south for part of the year, and the other
doesnÕt. The researchers found that, due to slight differences in feather shape, the
feathers of migratory forked-tailed flycatcher males make a sound during flight that
is higher pitched than that made by the feathers of nonmigratory males. The
researchers hypothesize that fork-tailed flycatcher females are attracted to the
specific sound made by the males of their own subspecies, and that over time the
femalesÕ preference will drive further genetic and anatomical divergence between
the subspecies.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support G—mez-Baham—n and her teamÕs
hypothesis?
a) The feathers located on the wings of the migratory fork-tailed flycatchers

have a narrower shape than those of the nonmigratory birds, which allows
them to fly long distances.
b) Over several generations, the sound made by the feathers of migratory male
fork-tailed flycatchers grows progressively higher pitched relative to that
made by the feathers of nonmigratory males.
c) Fork-tailed flycatchers communicate different messages to each other
depending on whether their feathers create high-pitched or low-pitched
sounds.
d) The breeding habits of the migratory and nonmigratory fork-tailed
flycatchers remained generally the same over several generations.
13

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Test 4 Module 2 Q11
A student performs an experiment testing her hypothesis that a slightly acidic soil
environment is more beneficial for the growth of the plant Brassica rapa
parachinensis (a vegetable commonly known as choy sum) than a neutral soil
environment. She plants sixteen seeds of choy sum in a mixture of equal amounts of
coffee grounds (which are highly acidic) and potting soil and another sixteen seeds
in potting soil without coffee grounds as the control for the experiment. The two
groups of seeds were exposed to the same growing conditions and monitored for
three weeks.
Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the studentÕs hypothesis?
A) The choy sum planted in the soil without coffee grounds were significantly taller
at the end of the experiment than the choy sum planted in the mixture of soil and
coffee grounds.
B) The choy sum grown in the soil without coffee grounds weighed significantly less
at the end of the experiment than the choy sum grown in the mixture of soil and
coffee grounds.
C) The choy sum seeds planted in the soil without coffee grounds sprouted
significantly later in the experiment than did the seeds planted in the mixture of
soil and coffee grounds.
D) Significantly fewer of the choy sum seeds planted in the soil without coffee
grounds sprouted plants than did the seeds planted in the mixture of soil and coffee
grounds.
14

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Test 4 Module 2 Q14
Linguist Deborah Tannen has cautioned against framing contentious issues in

terms of two highly competitive perspectives, such as pro versus con. According to
Tannen, this debate-driven approach can strip issues of their complexity and, when
used in front of an audience, can be less informative than the presentation of
multiple perspectives in a noncompetitive format. To test TannenÕs hypothesis,
students conducted a study in which they showed participants one of three different
versions of local news commentary about the same issue. Each version featured a
debate between two commentators with opposing views, a panel of three
commentators with various views, or a single commentator.
Which finding from the studentsÕ study, if true, would most strongly support
TannenÕs hypothesis?
A) On average, participants perceived commentators in the debate as more

knowledgeable about the issue than commentators in the panel.
B) On average, participants perceived commentators in the panel as more

knowledgeable about the issue than the single commentator.
C) On average, participants who watched the panel correctly answered more

questions about the issue than those who watched the debate or the single
commentator did.
D) On average, participants who watched the single commentator correctly

answered more questions about the issue than those who watched the debate did.
15

lOMoARcPSD|35533043
Section 1 Ð Inference
Test 1 Module 1 Q17
Herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs could grow more than 100 feet long and weigh up
to 80 tons, and some researchers have attributed the evolution of sauropods to such
massive sizes to increased plant production resulting from high levels of
atmospheric carbon dioxide during the Mesozoic era. However, there is no evidence
of significant spikes in carbon dioxide levels coinciding with relevant periods in
sauropod evolution, such as when the first large sauropods appeared, when several
sauropod lineages underwent further evolution toward gigantism, or when
sauropods reached their maximum known sizes, suggesting that ______
a) fluctuations in atmospheric carbon dioxide affected different sauropod lineages

differently.
b) the evolution of larger body sizes in sauropods did not depend on increased
atmospheric carbon dioxide.
c) atmospheric carbon dioxide was higher when the largest known sauropods lived
than it was when the first sauropods appeared.
d) sauropods probably would not have evolved to such immense sizes if atmospheric
carbon dioxide had been even slightly higher.
16

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Test 1 Module 1. Q18
In documents called judicial opinions, judges explain the reasoning behind their
legal rulings, and in those explanations they sometimes cite and discuss historical
and contemporary philosophers. Legal scholar and philosopher Anita L. Allen
argues that while judges are naturally inclined to mention philosophers whose
views align with their own positions, the strongest judicial opinions consider and
rebut potential objections; discussing philosophers whose views conflict with judgesÕ
views could therefore _______
A) allow judges to craft judicial opinions without needing to consult philosophical

works.
B) help judges improve the arguments they put forward in their judicial opinions.
C) make judicial opinions more comprehensible to readers without legal or

philosophical training.
D) bring judicial opinions in line with views that are broadly held among
philosophers.
17

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Although military veterans make up a small proportion of the total population of

the United States, they occupy a significantly higher proportion of the jobs in the
civilian government. One possible explanation for this disproportionate
representation is that military service familiarizes people with certain
organizational structures that are also reflected in the civilian government
bureaucracy, and this familiarity thus _______
A) makes civilian government jobs especially appealing to military veterans.
B) alters the typical relationship between military service and subsequent career
preferences.
C) encourages nonveterans applying for civilian government jobs to consider

military service instead.
D) increases the number of civilian government jobs that require some amount of
military experience to perform.
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Birds of many species ingest foods containing carotenoids, pigmented molecules

that are converted into feather coloration. Coloration tends to be especially
saturated in male birdsÕ feathers, and because carotenoids also confer health
benefits, the deeply saturated colors generally serve to communicate what is known
as an honest signal of a birdÕs overall fitness to potential mates. However,
ornithologist Allison J. Shultz and others have found that males in several species
of the tanager genus Ramphocelus use microstructures in their feathers to
manipulate light, creating the appearance of deeper saturation without the birds
necessarily having to maintain a carotenoid-rich diet. These findings suggest that
_______
A) individual male tanagers can engage in honest signaling without relying on

carotenoid consumption.
B) feather microstructures may be less effective than deeply saturated feathers for
signaling overall fitness.
C) scientists have yet to determine why tanagers have a preference for mates with
colorful appearances.
D) a male tanagerÕs appearance may function as a dishonest signal of the

individualÕs overall fitness.
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Test 2 Module 1 Q16
Scholars have noted that F. Scott FitzgeraldÕs writings were likely influenced in
part by his marriage to Zelda Fitzgerald, but many donÕt recognize Zelda as a writer
in her own right. Indeed, Zelda authored several works herself, such as the novel
Save Me the Waltz and numerous short stories. Thus, those who primarily view
Zelda as an inspiration for F. ScottÕs writings ______
A) overlook the many other factors that motivated F. Scott to write.
B) risk misrepresenting the full range of ZeldaÕs contributions to literature.
C) may draw inaccurate conclusions about how F. Scott and Zelda viewed each
otherÕs works.
D) tend to read the works of F. Scott and Zelda in an overly autobiographical light.
Test 2 Module 1 Q17
Among social animals that care for their young, such as chickens, macaque
monkeys, and humans, newborns appear to show an innate attraction to faces and
face-like stimuli. Elisabetta Versace and her colleagues used an image of three
black dots arranged in the shape of eyes and a nose or mouth to test whether this
trait also occurs in Testudo tortoises, which live alone and do not engage in parental
care. They found that tortoise hatchlings showed a significant preference for the
image, suggesting that ______
A) face-like stimuli are likely perceived as harmless by newborns of social species

that practice parental care but as threatening by newborns of solitary species
without parental care.
B) researchers should not assume that an innate attraction to face-like stimuli is

necessarily an adaptation related to social interaction or parental care.
C) researchers can assume that the attraction to face-like stimuli that is seen in
social species that practice parental care is learned rather than innate.
D) newly hatched Testudo tortoises show a stronger preference for face-like stimuli
than adult Testudo tortoises do.
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Test 2 Module 1 Q18
Compiled in the late 1500s largely through the efforts of Indigenous scribes,
Cantares Mexicanos is the most important collection of poetry in Classical Nahuatl,
the principal language of the Aztec Empire. The poems portray Aztec society before
the occupation of the empire by the army of Spain, and marginal notes in Cantares
Mexicanos indicate that much of the collectionÕs content predates the initial
invasion. Nonetheless, some of the poems contain inarguable references to beliefs
and customs common in Spain during this era. Thus, some scholars have concluded
that ______
A) while its content largely predates the invasion, Cantares Mexicanos also contains
additions made after the invasion.
B) although those who compiled Cantares Mexicanos were fluent in Nahuatl, they
had limited knowledge of the Spanish language.
C) before the invasion by Spain, the poets of the Aztec Empire borrowed from the
literary traditions of other societies.
D) the references to beliefs and customs in Spain should be attributed to a

coincidental resemblance between the societies of Spain and the Aztec Empire.
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Test 2 Module 1 Q19
In a study of the cognitive abilities of white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus

imitator), researchers neglected to control for the physical difficulty of the tasks
they used to evaluate the monkeys. The cognitive abilities of monkeys given
problems requiring little dexterity, such as sliding a panel to retrieve food, were
judged by the same criteria as were those of monkeys given physically demanding
problems, such as unscrewing a bottle and inserting a straw. The results of the
study, therefore, blank Which choice most logically completes the text?
A)
could suggest that there are differences in cognitive ability among the monkeys
even though such differences may not actually exist.
B)
are useful for identifying tasks that the monkeys lack the cognitive capacity to
perform but not for identifying tasks that the monkeys can perform.
C)
should not be taken as indicative of the cognitive abilities of any monkey species
other than C. imitator.
D)
reveal more about the monkeysÕ cognitive abilities when solving artificial problems
than when solving the problems encountered in the wild
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Test 3 Module 1 Q17
In the early nineteenth century, some Euro-American farmers in the northeastern

United States used agricultural techniques developed by the Haudenosaunee
(Iroquois) people centuries earlier, but it seems that few of those farmers had
actually seen Haudenosaunee farms firsthand. Barring the possibility of several
farmers of the same era independently developing techniques that the
Haudenosaunee people had already invented, these facts most strongly suggest that
_______
A) those farmers learned the techniques from other people who were more directly
influenced by Haudenosaunee practices.
B) the crops typically cultivated by Euro-American farmers in the northeastern

United States were not well suited to Haudenosaunee farming techniques.
C) Haudenosaunee farming techniques were widely used in regions outside the

northeastern United States.
D) Euro-American farmers only began to recognize the benefits of Haudenosaunee

farming techniques late in the nineteenth century.
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Test 3 Module 1 Q18
If some artifacts recovered from excavations of the settlement of Kuulo Kataa, in

modern Ghana, date from the thirteenth century CE, that may lend credence to
claims that the settlement was founded before or around that time. There is other
evidence, however, strongly supporting a fourteenth century CE founding date for
Kuulo Kataa. If both the artifact dates and the fourteenth century CE founding date
are correct, that would imply that _______
A) artifacts from the fourteenth century CE are more commonly recovered than are
artifacts from the thirteenth century CE.
B) the artifacts originated elsewhere and eventually reached Kuulo Kataa through
trade or migration.
C) Kuulo Kataa was founded by people from a different region than had previously
been assumed.
D) excavations at Kuulo Kataa may have inadvertently damaged some artifacts

dating to the fourteenth century CE.
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Test 3 Module 1 Q19
A team of biologists led by Jae-Hoon Jung, Antonio D. Barbosa, and Stephanie

Hutin investigated the mechanism that allows Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)
plants to accelerate flowering at high temperatures. They replaced the protein
ELF3 in the plants with a similar protein found in another species (stiff brome)
that, unlike A. thaliana, displays no acceleration in flowering with increased
temperature. A comparison of unmodified A. thaliana plants with the altered plants
showed no difference in flowering at 22¡ Celsius, but at 27¡ Celsius, the unmodified
plants exhibited accelerated flowering while the altered ones did not, which
suggests that _______
A) temperature-sensitive accelerated flowering is unique to A. thaliana.
B) A. thaliana increases ELF3 production as temperatures rise.
C) ELF3 enables A. thaliana to respond to increased temperatures.
D) temperatures of at least 22¡ Celsius are required for A. thaliana to flower
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Test 4 Module 1 Q18
Several artworks found among the ruins of the ancient Roman city of Pompeii
depict a female figure fishing with a cupid nearby. Some scholars have asserted that
the figure is the goddess Venus, since she is known to have been linked with cupids
in Roman culture, but University of Leicester archaeologist Carla Brain suggests
that cupids may have also been associated with fishing generally. The fact that a
cupid is shown near the female figure, therefore, _______
A) is not conclusive evidence that the figure is Venus.
B) suggests that Venus was often depicted fishing.
C) eliminates the possibility that the figure is Venus.
D) would be difficult to account for if the figure is not Venus
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Test 4 Module 2 Q16
Many of William ShakespeareÕs tragedies address broad themes that still appeal to
todayÕs audiences. For instance, Romeo and Juliet, which is set in the Italy of
ShakespeareÕs time, tackles the themes of parents versus children and love versus
hate, and the play continues to be read and produced widely around the world. But
understanding ShakespeareÕs so-called history plays can require a knowledge of
several centuries of English history. Consequently, _______
A) many theatergoers and readers today are likely to find ShakespeareÕs history
plays less engaging than the tragedies.
B) some of ShakespeareÕs tragedies are more relevant to todayÕs audiences than

twentieth-century plays.
C) Romeo and Juliet is the most thematically accessible of all ShakespeareÕs

tragedies.
D) experts in English history tend to prefer ShakespeareÕs history plays to his other
works.
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Test 4 Module 2 Q17
Ancestral Puebloans, the civilization from which present-day Pueblo tribes

descended, emerged as early as 1500 B.C.E. in an area of what is now the
southwestern United States and dispersed suddenly in the late 1200s C.E.,
abandoning established villages with systems for farming crops and turkeys. Recent
analysis comparing turkey remains at Mesa Verde, one such village in southern
Colorado, to samples from modern turkey populations in the Rio Grande Valley of
north central New Mexico determined that the latter birds descended in part from
turkeys cultivated at Mesa Verde, with shared genetic markers appearing only after
1280. Thus, researchers concluded that _______
A) conditions of the terrains in the Rio Grande Valley and Mesa Verde had greater
similarities in the past than they do today.
B) some Ancestral Puebloans migrated to the Rio Grande Valley in the late 1200s
and carried farming practices with them.
C) Indigenous peoples living in the Rio Grande Valley primarily planted crops and
did not cultivate turkeys before 1280.
D) the Ancestral Puebloans of Mesa Verde likely adopted the farming practices of
Indigenous peoples living in other regions.
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Test 4 Module 2 Q18
One challenge when researching whether holding elected office changes a personÕs
behavior is the problem of ensuring that the experiment has an appropriate control
group. To reveal the effect of holding office, researchers must compare people who
hold elected office with people who do not hold office but who are otherwise similar
to the office-holders. Since researchers are unable to control which politicians win
elections, they therefore _______
A) struggle to find valid data about the behavior of politicians who do not currently
hold office.
B) can only conduct valid studies with people who have previously held office rather
than people who presently hold office.
C) should select a control group of people who differ from office holders in several
significant ways.
D) will find it difficult to identify a group of people who can function as an

appropriate control group for their studies.
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Key
Command of Evidence
Test 1 Module 1 Q13 A Test 3 Module 1 Q15 C
Test 1 Module 1 Ð Q16 C Test 3 Module 1 Q16 D
Test 1 Module 2 Ð Q14 A Test 4 Module 1 Q14 B
Test 1 Module 2 Ð Q16 C Test 4 Module 2 Q11 A
Test 2 Module 1 Q15 C Test 4 Module 2 Q14 C
Test 2 Module 2 Q12 A
Test 2 Module 2 Q13 C
Test 2 Module 2 Q14 D
Test 2 Module 2 Q15 C
Inference
Test 1 Module 1 Q17 B Test 2 Module 1 Q19 A
Test 1 Module 1. Q18 B Test 3 Module 1 Q17 A
Test 1 Module 2 Ð Q17 A Test 3 Module 1 Q18 B
Test 1 Module 2 Ð Q18 D Test 3 Module 1 Q19 C
Test 2 Module 1 Q18 A Test 4 Module 2 Q17 B
Test 4 Module 2 Q18 D
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Q14

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1b 2b 3d 4b 5a 6a 7c 8d

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Q5

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Q6
Q7

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Q8

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Q9

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Q10
Q11

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Q16

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Q18
Q19

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Q21

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Q23

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1. B 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. D 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. A 18. B

19. C 20. C 21. D 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. B

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1. B 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. D 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. A 18. B

19. C 20. C 21. D 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. B

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business english (Trường Đại học Hùng Vương)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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DIGITAL SAT - KHAN ACADEMY

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A researcher conducted an experiment inspired by studies suggesting that people

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Newspaper Total revenue change ($ in Percentage Newspaper

Los Angeles 93,966 12.5 large

The New York 235,788 20 large

The Denver Post -3,765 -1 small

Sun Sentinel -24,899 -11.9 small

Chicago Tribune 94,492 19 large

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Region (Overall) Provisioning (75%) Regulating (21%) Cultural (4%)

West 73% 27% 0%

North 88% 12% 0%

East 83% 6% 11%

Central 33% 67% 0%

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Area of Three Glaciers In the 2016 Swiss Glacier Inventory

To monitor changes to glaciers in Switzerland, the government periodically

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Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

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Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

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Which choice most logically completes the text?

Which choice most logically completes the text?

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Which choice most logically completes the text?

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Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

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Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

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