How To Install NGINX On Ubuntu 22.

04
In 3 Quick Steps
Installing NGINX on Ubuntu 22.04 is often a core requirement for SaaS applications and
internal projects that need a reverse proxy server.

NGINX is an open-source lightweight server that performs equally well as a web server and a
reverse proxy. It also manages email protocols (IMAP, POP3, and SMTP) and inbox
operations.

This versatile server package powers almost 35% of websites today. This gives you an idea of
NGINX’s flexibility and customizability to your projects.

In this article, we’ll discuss how to install NGINX on Ubuntu in simple steps that you can
easily follow on your Ubuntu 22.04 server.

But before that, we’ll briefly introduce NGINX so that you can understand the benefits
NGINX brings to your projects.

Contents
A Short Introduction to NGINX.......................................................................................................1
Prerequisites to Setting Up NGINX on Ubuntu 22.04....................................................................2
Install NGINX on Ubuntu 22.04.......................................................................................................2
Manage the NGINX Process.............................................................................................................5
Setting Up Server Blocks...................................................................................................................6
Step # 1: Create the Required Directories.......................................................................................6
Step # 2: Assign Proper Permissions................................................................................................6
Step # 3: Create Configuration Files................................................................................................7
Step # 4: Configure the Server Block...............................................................................................7
Important NGINX Files and Directories.........................................................................................8

A Short Introduction to NGINX

NGINX, pronounced “engine-x,” is a feature-packed and lightweight web server well-known
for its speed, effectiveness, and expandability. Because of its capacity to manage heavy
traffic loads with minimum resource consumption, developers prefer it as the go-to option for
hosting websites and serving online applications.

NGINX has an event-driven architecture that can handle multiple requests in a single thread.
In contrast, Apache (its closest competitor) creates a thread for each request. As a result of
this multiple requests – single thread design, NGINX maintains a sustained response
performance as the volume of user requests increases. In some evaluations, NGINX
outperforms Apache by a factor of 2.5 with a similar resource consumption profile.

Now that you know that NGINX is a great choice for your projects let’s see the prerequisites
for installing NGINX on Ubuntu.

Prerequisites to Setting Up NGINX on Ubuntu 22.04

You need the following before you can install NGINX on your Ubuntu server.

1. A server with Ubuntu 22.04

2. A non-root account with sudo privilege

Install NGINX on Ubuntu 22.04

Now that you’ve fulfilled the prerequisites let’s go into the details of how you can install
NGINX on your Ubuntu server.

Step # 1: Install the NGINX Package

The good news is that NGINX is included in the default Ubuntu package index. So, you only
need to update the APT package index to get the latest NGINX package from Ubuntu’s
default repositories.

Start the process by updating the APT package index with the following command:
#sudo apt update

When the command finishes, we have the latest NGINX package on the server. Next, we’ll
install the NGINX server with the following command:

sudo apt install nginx

Step # 2: Check Firewall Status

Now that you have installed NGINX on the Ubuntu server, the next step is configuring the
server firewall to allow traffic to the NGINX process.

Since NGINX is a popular server package, installation usually registers the NGINX service
with the system’s firewall.

However, you should always verify that the NGINX service is indeed registered with the
firewall and that it allows incoming traffic to the NGINX service.

For this, use the following command:

sudo ufw app list

Next, get the service status with the following command that highlights the NGINX service
status.

sudo ufw status

Step # 3: Check the Web Server

Ubuntu’s default behavior for starting services like NGINX during installation and server
boot is relatively consistent across versions. However, in most Ubuntu installations, the
NGINX web server doesn’t start automatically at the end of the installation process.

So, you need to start the NGINX service manually with the following command:

sudo systemctl start nginx

To check the status of a service managed by the systemd init system (including NGINX), use
the following command:

systemctl status nginx

Once NGINX is installed and running on your Ubuntu server, you can access the default
NGINX landing page to confirm that it works properly. For this, access the landing page in
your browser by entering the following URL in the address bar:

http://your_server_ip

If you can see something similar to the following, NGINX is properly installed on your
Ubuntu server.

Manage the NGINX Process

Now that you have installed NGINX on your Ubuntu server, you can manage the NGINX
process to perform housekeeping and management activities.

You’ll notice that many of these commands use the systemctl command, which interacts with
the systemd init system.

Check NGINX Service Status

Check the status of the NGINX service with the following command:

sudo systemctl status nginx

Start the NGINX Process

Use the following command to start the NGINX process:

sudo systemctl start nginx

Restart the NGINX Process

Use the following command to restart the NGINX process:

sudo systemctl restart nginx

Reload the NGINX Process

Use the following command to restart the NGINX process. Note that during restart, the
command reloads all configurations without dropping connections.

sudo systemctl reload nginx

Enable NGINX Service on Server Boot

Use the following command to start the NGINX process when the server starts or reboots:

sudo systemctl enable nginx

Stop the NGINX Service

Use the following command to stop the NGINX service:

sudo systemctl stop nginx

Disable the NGINX Service on Server Boot

Use the following command to disable the NGINX service on server boot:

sudo systemctl disable nginx

Note that whenever you change NGINX server config files, you should always reload rather
than restart the NGINX service. This refreshes the server configuration by preserving existing
connections without disrupting the user experience.

Setting Up Server Blocks

Setting up server blocks (also known as “virtual hosts” and “vHosts” in other web servers) in
NGINX allows you to host multiple websites or applications on the same server. Each
website can have its own domain and/or IP address.

Here’s a step-by-step guide to set up server blocks in NGINX on Ubuntu:

Step # 1: Create the Required Directories

Create a directory for each website you want to host.

For example, the following commands create separate directories for two websites,
example.com and another-site.com:

sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com

sudo mkdir -p /var/www/another-site.com

Step # 2: Assign Proper Permissions

You should ensure the NGINX user (often www-data) has the necessary permissions to
access the website directories. For this, use the following commands:

sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/example.com

sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/another-site.com
Step # 3: Create Configuration Files
Next, navigate to NGINX’s sites-available directory:

cd /etc/nginx/sites-available
In this directory, create a new configuration file for each site you want to host. We
recommend using the site’s domain name as the filename.

For example:

sudo nano example.com

Step # 4: Configure the Server Block

Here’s a basic server block configuration file for the example.com site. You can use this as a
template and adjust it according to your needs, and don’t forget to replace example.com with
your actual domain name:

server {
listen 443 ssl default_server;
listen [::]:443 ssl default_server;
root /var/www/example.com/html;
index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;

ssl_certificate "/usr/local/share/ca-certificates/example.crt";
ssl_certificate_key "/usr/local/share/ca-certificates/private.key";
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
ssl_session_timeout 10m;

server_name _;

location / {
# First attempt to serve request as file, then
# as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}

When you’re finished, remember to save and close the file.

Step # 5: Create a Symbolic Link

Use the following command to create a symbolic link to the sites-enabled directory to enable
the server block:

sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

Step # 6: Disable the Default Configuration

By default, NGINX comes with a default configuration file. If you don’t need it, we highly
recommend disabling it to avoid any conflicts among the config files:

sudo unlink /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default

Step # 7: Test Configuration and Restart NGINX Service

Before using the new configuration file, it is critical that you test the NGINX configuration
file for syntax errors:

sudo nginx -t

If the test is successful, restart NGINX to apply the changes:

sudo systemctl restart nginx

Step # 8: Repeat for Additional Sites

Repeat steps 3 to 7 for each additional website you want to host on the same server.

Remember to update the DNS settings for each domain to point to your server’s IP address.
Once the server blocks are set up, and DNS is properly configured, NGINX will route
incoming requests to the appropriate server block based on the domain name in the HTTP
Host header.

Important NGINX Files and Directories

Knowing the critical files and directories that contain the configuration files and related data
is an important aspect of working with NGINX.

Here are the key NGINX files and directories you should be aware of:

The Main NGINX Configuration File

File path: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

This is the main NGINX configuration file. It includes directives related to global settings,
worker processes, error logging, and other essential configurations.

NGINX Sites Configuration Directory

Directory path: /etc/nginx/sites-available

This directory contains individual configuration files for each server block (virtual host)
defined on the server. These files define the settings for various websites or applications
hosted on the server.

NGINX Enabled Sites Directory

Directory path: /etc/nginx/sites-enabled

This directory contains symbolic links to the configuration files in the sites-available
directory. NGINX stores the configuration files in this directory, and it is used to turn specific
server blocks on or off.

NGINX HTML Root Directory

Directory path: /var/www/html

This is the default root directory where the web files for the default server block are stored.
When you access the server’s IP address directly, NGINX serves files from this location.

NGINX Modules Directory

Directory path: /etc/nginx/modules-available

NGINX modules are installed and managed from this directory. Each module typically has its
configuration file in this directory.

Nginx Logs Directory

Directory path: /var/log/nginx

NGINX stores the log files in this directory. It contains access and error logs, essential for
troubleshooting and monitoring the web server.

FastCGI Cache Directory

Directory path: /var/cache/nginx

NGINX stores cached data in this directory if the FastCGI caching feature is enabled.
FastCGI caching can significantly improve the performance of dynamic websites.

NGINX PID File

File path: /run/nginx.pid

This file contains the primary NGINX process’s process ID (PID). System tools and
processes use this information to manage and control the NGINX process.

Conclusion

NGINX is a powerful and widely-used web server widely popular for its performance,
scalability, and versatility. Developers typically use it as a reverse proxy, load balancer, and
HTTP cache, in addition to its role as a web server. Its event-driven, asynchronous
architecture allows it to handle many concurrent connections efficiently, making it suitable
for high-traffic websites and applications.
FAQs

Q. What is NGINX?

NGINX is a popular and widely-used web server software that can also be used as a reverse proxy,
load balancer, and HTTP cache. It is known for its high performance and scalability.

Q. What operating systems support NGINX?

NGINX runs on various operating systems, including Linux, Windows, macOS, and Unix variants. It
is most commonly used on Linux distributions for web hosting.

Q. How do I use NGINX as a web server?

A: To use NGINX as a web server, you will need to configure it to serve your web content. This
involves creating configuration files and making necessary changes to them. You can find detailed
tutorials on how to configure NGINX as a web server on the official NGINX website.

Q. How do I install NGINX on Ubuntu 22.04?

To install NGINX on Ubuntu 22.04, you can follow the step-by-step guide above.

Q. Can I install NGINX on Ubuntu 20.04?

Yes, you can install NGINX on Ubuntu 20.04 using the same installation process as mentioned for
Ubuntu 22.04.

Q. How can I manage NGINX on Ubuntu 22.04?

To manage NGINX on Ubuntu 22.04, you can use various commands like starting, stopping, and
restarting the service. For example, to start the NGINX service, you can run: sudo service nginx start

Q. What can I use NGINX for besides serving static content?

NGINX is versatile and can be used as a reverse proxy, load balancer, HTTP cache, and more. It is
often employed as a front-end proxy to distribute client requests across multiple back-end servers.

Q. What is a server block in Nginx?

A server block, or a virtual host, is a configuration block in NGINX that defines settings for a specific
website or application. You can set up multiple server blocks to host numerous sites on a single
server, each with its domain or IP address.

Q. How do I allow NGINX in the firewall?

To allow NGINX in the firewall, you need to configure the firewall rules. You can use the command:
sudo ufw allow ‘Nginx HTTP’