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GTE Model

1) The document provides instructions to examiners for evaluating answers on a Geotechnical Engineering exam, including focusing on understanding over exact wording and allowing for variation in figures. 2) It includes the exam questions and model answers relating to topics in geotechnical engineering, such as soil properties, rock formations, and applications of geo-technical engineering. 3) The questions cover a range of difficulty, from short definitions and drawings to longer explanations of concepts.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

234 views86 pages

GTE Model

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m7dm54uopm

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer 2017
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.)
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by the candidate and those in the model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit
for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and the model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 A Attempt any SIX of the following: 12

a) Explain the use of soil as a foundation material.

Ans. Soil is used as foundation material in the form of supporting soil to
support various foundations of civil engineering structures. 2 2
Depending upon the bearing capacity of soil , the type of foundation
can be decided as soil carries load of substructure and superstructure.

b) Define water content and voids ratio of soil.

Ans.
Water content- It is the ratio of weight of water to weight of soil 1
soilds which is measured in percentage called as water content. 2

Voids ratio – It is the ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids 1

called as voids ratio.

c)
Ans. Draw 3 – phase diagram for fully saturated soil.

2 2

Page No. 1 /19

e.
Ans. State any 2 types of fault.
Types of fault are as follows-
1. Translational fault
1
2. Rotational fault mark 2
3. Normal or gravity fault each
(any
4. Reverse or thrust fault Two)
5. Dextral fault
6. Sinistral fault
7. Strike fault
8. Dip fault
9. Oblique fault
10. Radial fault
11. Enechelon fault
12. Accurate or peripheral fault

f. Define term porosity.

Ans.
Porosity- It is the ratio of volume of voids to the total volume of soil , 2 2
measured in percentage is called as porosity.

g. State the classification of rocks on the basis of their mode of

origin.
Ans. 1. Igneous Rock
2 2
2. Sedimentary Rock
3. Metamorphic Rock

Page No. 2 /19

(B) Attempt any TWO of the following: 8

(a) Define outcrop, Dip , Strike and fold of Rocks.
1.Outcrop –The exposure of solid rock on the earth surface is known
Ans.
as outcrop. 1
2.Dip – It is the inclination of bedding plane of rock with horizontal is mark
called as Dip. each
3.Strike – It is the geographic direction in which bed, fault or joint 4
plane of rock occurs called as strike.
4.Fold – It is the bends or curvatures in rock formed due to action of
compressive forces on horizontal layers called as fold.

(b) Explain Different types of forms occurring in rock minerals.

Types of forms occurring in rock minerals-
Ans. 1. Tabular Form- In this type of form , minerals appears as slabs
of uniform thickness e.g. Feldspar.
1
2. Lamellar Form –Minerals appears as thin separable layers
mark
e.g. Vermiculite. each 4
3. Fibrous Form- Minerals exists in the form of separable or non (any
separable fine fibres e.g. Asbestos. four)
4. Bladed Form- Minerals are of rectangular lath shaped grains
eg. Kyanite.
5. Granular Form- In this , minerals appears in the form of
closely packed equal grains e.g. Chromite.
6. Reni Form- Minerals are available in the form of kidney
shaped or sub rounded shape e.g Hematite.
7. Mamillary Form- Minerals appear with large matually
interfering spheroidal surfaces e.g. Malachite.

Page No. 3 /19

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 b) 8. Prismatic form – Minerals are of independent elongated
crystals e.g. Quartz
9. Concretionary Form- Minerals consist of porous form made
of small irregular mass e.g. laterite
10. Nodular Form – Minerals appears in the form of irregular
shaped compact bodies with curved surfaces e.g. Limestone

c) Explain any four field of applications of Geotechnical Engineering

Knowledge.
Ans Field of applications of Geotechnical Engineering Knowledge-
1. Design of foundation- The knowledge of bearing capacity of
soil is useful to design of foundation for proposed structure.
The size , depth and type of foundation depends on type of soil
available.
2. Design of pavement- The flexible or rigid pavement can be
designed by knowing C.B.R ,shear strength and permeability
of subgrade soil. Geotechnical Engg. knowledge helps to know 1
these properties of soil to avoid future defects in pavement . mark
each 4
3. Design of Earth retaining structures- The geotech engg (any
knowledge provides information about earth pressure, slope four)
stability , density and moisture content of soil. It is useful to
design earth retaining structures like retaining wall and sheet
pile.
4. Design of water retaining structure- The water retaining
structure like dams,barrages and weirs requires knowledge of
index properties , particle size distribution , flow net, pore
pressure of soil Geotechnical Engg. Knowledge is also
applicable for complete design of percolation tank, contour
bunding etc.
5. Design of abutment- The abutment for bridges are designed
with the help of knowledge of shear strength, compaction,
frictional coefficient , angle of repose.
6. Design of underground structures- Geotechnical Engg.
knowledge in the form of density , compaction , permeability
and consolidation; requires to design underground structures
like pipe lines, tunnel etc

Page No. 4 /19

(a) Enlist various types of seismic waves and explain one.

Ans. Types of seismic waves-
1. Primary or Longitudinal Waves
1
2. Secondary or Traverse waves
3. Long or surface waves-Rayleigh waves and love waves
Primary Waves- (P-wave)- These waves propagates in longitudinal
direction and capable to pass through solids, liquid and gases . These
are fastest waves among all with speed of travel 8-13 km/s and hence
reach first to recording station on ground . These waves gives push or
pull or to and fro moment to particles of ground.
Secondary or Traverse waves (S-wave) – These waves moves in 4
perpendicular direction to direction of propagation of waves . It
passes through only solids . These waves has slow speed about 5 – 7
km/s . When secondary or shear waves moves horizontally during 3
propagation, then it is known as SH waves. But when it moves in
vertical plane, then it is SV waves.
Long waves (L-waves)-These waves travels along the surface or
earths crust to pass through solids and liquids. These surface waves
are slower with speed of 4-5 km/s confined to earth layers. These
waves gives major destruction during earthquake . these waves are
complex in nature having large amplitude.
(Note- Any one of the above explanation should be considered.)

(b) Define terms focus and epicenter related to earthquake.

Ans. Focus- The place or point of origin of an earth quake below ground 2
surface is termed as focus or hypocenter of earthquake. 4
Epicentre –The place or point on ground surface , where seismic
2
waves reaches firstly causing major damage is known as epicenter.

(c) State the types of earthquake based on their focus and richter
scale.
Ans.
Types of earthquake based on focus -
1. Shallow earthquake- Focus depth less than 60 km is taken as
shallow earthquake
1
2. Intermediate earthquake – Origin of earthquake is at a depth mark
in between 60 km to 300 km called as Intermediate each
earthquake. (any
two)
3. Deep earthquake – Focus is at depth in range of 300 km to
700 km such earthquake is considered as deep earthquake.

Page No. 5 /19

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 (c) Types of earthquake based on Richter Scale -

1. Minor or Instrumental Earthquake- Magnitude < 2 R.S.

2. Slight or feelable earthquake - Magnitude = 2 R.S. to 5 R.S.
1
3. Low or mild earthquake- Magnitude = 5 R.S. to 6 R.S. mark
4. Moderate or average earthquake- Magnitude = 6 R.S. to 7 each 4
R.S. (any
two)
5. Strong earthquake- Magnitude = 7 R.S. to 8 R.S.
6. Disastrous or destructive earthquake- Magnitude = 8 R.S. to
9 R.S.
7. Catastropic or extreme severe earthquake- Magnitude > 9
R.S.

(d) State the types of consistency limit and define any one.
Ans. Types of consistency limit-
1. Liquid limit
2. Plastic limit 2
3. Shrinkage limit
Liquid limit- It is minimum water content at which two separated
grooved soil parts mixed together under 25 blows of 4
2
casagrande’s liquid limit apparatus; is called as liquid limit. (any
Plastic limit –It is minimum water content at which soil begins to one)
crumble into parts when it is rolled into 3 mm diameter thread;
is known as Plastic limit.
Shrinkage limit- It is maximum water content at which there is no
reduction in volume of soil due to further decrease in water
content : is termed as shrinkage limit.

(e) Enlist two causes and two effects of earthquake.

Ans. Causes of earthquake-
1. Volcanic eruption 1
2. Technical movements mark
3. Natural disaster like landslide, tsunami each
(any
4. Massive civil structures like dams, reservoirs two)
5. High water flows
6. Manmade explosions

Page No. 6 /19

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer 2017
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 (e) Effects of earthquake-
1. Destruction of various Civil Engg. structures
2. Formation of irregularities (Unevenness) on ground 1
3. Sudden landslides along hill slopes mark
4. Change in river course each
5. Formation of new lakes, springs (any 4
6. Generation of high ocean tidal waves two)
7. Fire exposure due to short circuiting
8. Loss of human life and property
(f)
Explain the procedure of determination of liquid limit of soil.
Ans. Procedure of determination of liquid limit of soil-
1. Take 120 gm air dried soil passing through 425 µ IS sieve.
And add 20 ml water in it to prepare homogeneous soil paste
2. Fill this paste in brass cup of casagrande’s liquid limit
apparatus in horizontally leveled manner
3. Divide the soil centrally using grooving tool into two equal
parts as shown in figure No. 2-a
4. Now, rotate the handle at the rate of 2 rev/ s so that brass cup
will impact on hard rubber base through 10 mm dropping
height 3
5. Count the number of blows (N1) required to mix soil parts
together as shown in Fig No 2-b.
6. Take some soil from mixed grove and determine its water
content(w1%) using oven drying method
7. Repeat all above steps by increasing water in soil and record
number of blows N2, N3, N4, N5and corresponding water
content W2, W3, W4, W5.
8. Finally draw the graph of no of blows Vs water content as 4
shown Fig No. 2-c from graph , the water content at 25 blows
will be liquid limit of given soil.

Page No. 7 /19

Q.3 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16

a) Explain step by step procedure for determination of water content
of soil by oven dry method.
Ans. Procedure for determination of water content of soil by oven dry
method-
1.Take container with lid , measure the empty weight of container
with lid as W1 gm.
2. Put sufficient quantity of moist soil sample in the container and take
the weight of container , lid and moist soil as W2 gm.
3. Keep this assembly in the thermostat oven at a temperature 1050c
to1100c for 24 hrs. with lid at bottom; so that water should be 4
evaporated completely to give us dry soil . 4
4. Take out container from oven and cool it in dessicator .Then take
weight of container , lid and dry soil as W3 gm.
5.Calculate the percentage water content of given soil as-
W = (W2- W3)/( W3 - W1) x 100
6.Repeat above steps two more times to determine average water
content of given soil sample.

b) State different characteristics of flow net.

Ans. Characteristics of flow net are as follows-
1. The flow lines and equipotential lines in the flow net
intersects each other orthogonally
2. The area or field formed due to intersection of these lines is
approximately square
1
3. The quantity of water flowing through each channel is almost mark
same. each 4
4. Smaller dimensions of the field indicates greater hydraulic (any
gradient and more velocity of flow. four)
5. The potential drop between two adjacent equipotential lines is
same.

Page No. 8 /19

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 c) Define with sketch active and passive earth pressure.
Ans. Active earth pressure – The minimum earth pressure on retaining
wall which is developed due to movement of wall away from
backfill , is called as active earth pressure. 1

Diagram of Active earth pressure-

Passive earth pressure - The maximum earth pressure on retaining 1

wall which is developed due to movement of wall towards backfill
, is called as Passive earth pressure.

Diagram of Passive earth pressure –

State the advantages of direct shear test and its any two
d)
limitations.
Ans. Advantages of direct shear test-
1. The direct shear test is simple and quick as compared to other
tests. 2
2. Quick drainage from soil takes place due to lesser thickness of
soil.
Page No. 9 /19
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer 2017
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 d) Dis-advantages of direct shear test-
1. The failure of soil along horizontal plane is not realistic in 1
nature. mark
2. The actual field loading condition is not considered in this test each 4
(any
3. The coarser particles along failure plane may give wrong
two)
results.
4. Pore pressure between soil particles cannot be measured which
generally affect the results.

A soil sample was tested in constant head permeameter, dia of

e)
sample is 4 cm and length is 10 cm under constant head 15 cm
discharge was found to be 70 cc in 10 mins. Find coefficient of
permeability.
Given , Find ,
Ans. D = 4 cm K= ?
L = 10 cm
H= 15 cm
Q = 70 cc
T = 10 min = 600 sec
Solution- 4
To find coefficient of permeability by constant head method
K = Q.L/(A.h.t) 1

Here, c/s Area of soil sample= A= Π/4 D2 = Π/4 x 42 = 12.566 cm2 1

K = 70 x 10/(12.566 x 15x 600) 1

K = 6.189 x 10-3 cm/sec 1

f) Calculate coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of curvature for

a soil sample for which D10 = 0.430 mm, D30 =0.790 and D60 =1.300
Ans. mm
Given, To find,
D10 = 0.430 mm Cu = ?
D30 =0.790 mm Cc = ?
D60 =1.300 mm

Cu = D60/ D10 = 1.300 / 0.430

1
Cu = 3.023 1 4

Cc = D302 / (D10 x D60) = 0.7902 / (0.430 x 1.300) 1

Cc = 1.116 1

Page No. 10 /19

(b) Differentiate between compaction and consolidation.

Ans. Sr. No Compaction Consolidation

1 Instant compression of Gradual compression of soil
soil under dynamic load is under steady load is called
called compaction. consolidation.
2 It is fast process. It is very slow process.
3 It is artificial process. It is natural process.
4 It is done to improve soil It takes place due to 1
properties like bearing structural load which does mark 4
capacity, shear strength, not improve soil properties. each
impermeability etc. (any
5 Settlement is prevented Settlement takes place due to four)
due to compaction. compaction.
6 Compaction is done Consolidation takes place
before construction of after construction of
structure. structure.

7 Pore water pressure is not Pore water pressure is very

important in compaction. important in compaction.
8 Compaction does not go Consolidation go
indefinitely. indefinitely.

Page No. 11 /19

d) State any four methods of soil stabilization and explain any one.
Ans. Methods of soil stabilization –
1.Mechanical Stabilization 2. Lime Stabilization ½
3. Cement Stabilization 4.Bitumen Stabilization mark
5.Fly ash Stabilization 6.Stabilization by chemicals each
7.Stabilization by heating 8.Stabilization by grouting (any
four)

Mechanical Stabilization- In this method, stabilization of soil is done

without adding any chemicals or admixtures . The procedure of 4
mechanical stabilization is described below-
1. Initially the soil is excavated using excavator and then it is
ground to finer particles using pulveriser.
2. In this pulverized soil , well graded aggregates are spread and
mixed till homogeneous mixture will form.
3
3. Then water is sprinkled which is optimum moisture content i.e.
OMC for getting maximum dry density i.e. MDD
4. The heavy roller (8-10 tonne capacity ) is used to compact soil
15-20 cm thickness as per type of soil available.
5. The compacted surface is curved sprinkling water on it ,
followed by compaction . The curing and compaction is done
alternatively for 7 days . Then the stabilized portion is allowed
for its further use.
(Note - Explanation of any other method from above should be
considered.)

Page No. 12 /19

f) Draw shear strength envelope for purely cohesive and cohesion

less soil with sketch.
1. purely cohesive soil-
Ans.

2. Cohesion less soil –

Page No. 13 /19

Find- Shrinkage limit Ws = ?

Solution-
1
Mass of wet soil = M= w2 - w1 = 43-13 = 30 gm
1
Mass of dry soil = M= w3 - w1 = 32.3-13 = 19.3 gm
2
By formula- Ws = {[(M-Md) –(V-Vd) γw] / Md} x 100
2
Ws ={[(30-19.3)-(20.7-10.3)x 1]/ 19.3} x 100
Ws = 0.01554 x 100
2
Ws = 1.554 %

b) Explain core cutter method with sketch to find dry unit weight of
field soil.
Ans.

Page No. 14 /19

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer 2017
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.5 b) Procedure-
1. Measure the internal dimension of core cutter and calculate its
volume V in cm3.
2. Take weight of empty core cutter without dolly as W1 gm.
3. Clean the ground by removing loose soil if any and keep the
core cutter vertically on ground with sharp edge at bottom. 8
4. Now, drive the core cutter into the ground using 13.5 – 14 kg 3
hammer, so that half of dolly will remain above the ground.
5. Remove the soil around the core cutter using pick axe and
shape take out the core cutter using pick axe and spade and
take out the core cutter safely filled with soil
6. Remove the dolly and excess soil from top of core cutter
7. Take weight of core cutter completely filled with soil as W2
gm
8. Calculate the bulk unit weight of field soil as γ = (W2- W1) / V 1
in gm /cm3.
9. Now, take the soil specimen from the core cutter and
determine its water content by oven drying method 1
10. Calculate the dry unit weight of field as
γ d = γ / (1+w) in gm /cm3. 1
11. Repeat above steps two more times to calculate average dry
unit weight of soil.

c) Draw particle size distribution curve. Explain mechanical sieve

analysis for grading of soil with a sketch.
Ans.
Mechanical sieve analysis -The process of analyzing the particle size
present in soil by using mechanical means, is known as mechanical
sieve Analysis. By performing mechanical sieve analysis, a particle
size distribution curve is plotted for grading of soil.

Page No. 15 /19

i) Arrange the set of I.S. sieves in descending order i.e. coarser sieve at top
and finer sieve at bottom.. The I.S sieve set must include sieves of size
4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µ,150µ,75µ.
ii) Take 500-1000gm oven dried soil sample and put it on topmost sieve.
Keep lid and pan at top and bottom respectively.
iii) Now, shake this assembly of sieve on mechanical sieve shaker for 10-15 4
minutes, so that soil sample will be sieved completely.
iv) Take the weight of soil mass retained on each sieve separately in gms.

v) Calculate % finer for each sieve using following tabular format.

Sieve
Mass Cumulative mass % Cumulative % Finer or
size
retained(gm) retained(%) mass retained (%) passing (%)
(mm)

vi) Finally, plot the particular size distribution curve on a semi log graph
paper as sieve size versus % finer of soil to classify soil as shown in
Fig.6(b) 8

vii) From above graph, soil is classified based on grading curves as follows-
a) Well graded soil
b) Poorly or gap graded soil
c) Fine grained soil
d) Coarse grained soil
e) Uniformly graded soil

Page No. 16 /19

2. Phreatic line indicates zone of seepage through earth dam at

which hydrostatic pressure acting is zero. Below phreatic line, soil is
always in fully saturated condition.
3.When phreatic line ends at down-stream side of earthen dam, then
there are chances of hydraulic failure of earthen dam in the form of
piping. Therefore, a hearting is provided to break the flow zone of 3
phreatic line.
4.When phreatic line ends at toe of earthen dam, then there may be
sloughing of toe material. Hence, a rock toe is necessary to avoid
removal of toe portion of dam.

ii)Explain different methods of field compaction of soil.

Ans. Methods of field compaction of soil-
i) Rolling- In this method, soil is compacted by using 6-8 tonne
heavy rollers. The rollers are selected as per type of soil. Due to
heavy weight, compression of soil takes place. 2
marks 4
ii) Ramming or Tamping- In this method, soil is compacted by each
using suitable rammers or tampers. Rammers may be flat footed and (any
tampers have spiny projection. It is done manually, which becomes two)
time consuming.
iii) Vibration- In this method, soil gets compacted under vibrational
energy produced by vibratory compactors. Vibrations of large
amplitude, rearrange the soil particles together and hence overall
compaction takes place.

Page No. 17 /19

c) Explain the step by step procedure for determination of plate load

test with sketches.

Ans.

Page No. 18 /19

Page No. 19 /19

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer 2018
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.)
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by the candidate and those in the model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit
for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and the model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 1 (A) Attempt any SIX: 12

(a) Define the following branches of Geology.

(i) Stratigraphy
(ii) Rock Mechanics
Ans. (i) Stratigraphy: This branch deals with the study in the geologic 1
history of an area, origin, composition, proper sequence and 2
correlation of the rock strata of sedimentary rocks.
(ii)Rock Mechanics: Petrology is study of formation of various types 1
of rocks, their mode of occurrence, composition, texture and
structures, distribution on the earth.

(b) Give the most common classification of the Metamorphic Rocks

based on the basis of foliation.
Ans. i) Foliated rocks 1 each 2
ii) Non Foliated rocks

2 2

Page | 1
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer 2018
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 1 (d) Define with neat labeled sketches the following.
Ans. (i) Asymmetrical Fold (ii) Recumbent Fold
(i) Asymmetrical Fold: The fold in which the axial plane is not
vertical but it is inclined is called as asymmetrical fold.

(ii) Recumbent Fold: These are extreme type of overturned folds in

which the axial plane acquires an almost horizontal position in such
folds one limb lies vertically above the other.
1

(e) Draw three phase diagram for Dry Conditions with neat labelled
diagrams and explain all the notations used therein.
Ans.

Wa= Weight of air Va= Volume of air 1

Ws= Weight of soil solids Vs= Volume of Soil solids
W= Total weight of soil V= Total Volume of Soil

(f) Define (i) Denundation (ii) Deflation.

Ans. (i) Denundation: Denudation involves the processes that cause the 1
wearing away of the earth's surface by moving water, by ice, by wind
and by waves, leading to a reduction in elevation and in relief of
landforms and of landscapes. 2

(ii) Deflation: Deflation is erosion by wind of loose material from

flat areas of dry, uncemented sediments such as those occurring in 1
deserts, dry lake beds, floodplains, and glacial outwash plains.

Page | 2
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer 2018
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 1 (g) State any four field applications of Geotechnical Engineering.
Ans. Field of applications of Geotechnical Engineering -
i. Design of foundation ½
ii. Design of pavement each
iii. Design of Earth retaining structures (any 2
iv. Design of water retaining structure four)
v. Design of abutment
vi. Design of underground structures

(h) Soil is called as three phase system, why? Explain with a neat
sketch with the meanings of all notations used therein.
Ans.

Wa= Weight of air Va= Volume of air

Ws= Weight of soil solids Vs= Volume of Soil solids
Ww= Weight of water Vw= Volume of water ½
W= Total weight of soil V= Total Volume of Soil

Page | 3
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer 2018
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 1 (B) Attempt any Two: 8

(a) Draw neat labelled internal structure of Earth.

Ans.

4 4

(Note : 3 marks for sketch and 1 mark for labeling)

(b) State two types of folds and joints each and explain any one fold.
Ans. Types of folds are as follows:
i. Symmetrical folds ½
ii. Asymmetrical folds each
iii. Overturned folds (any
iv. Fan folds two)
v. Recumbent fold
vi. Isoclinal folds

Types of joints are as follows: ½

i. Strike Joint each
ii. Dip Joint (any 4
iii. Oblique Joint two)
iv. Tension Joint
v. Shear Joint

i. Asymmetrical Fold: The fold in which the axial plane is not

vertical but it is inclined is called as asymmetrical fold. The 2
ascending and descending limb of asymmetrical fold are not
parallel about the axial plane.

(Note:- Explanation of any one of the above should be considered)

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Q. 1 (c) State any four applications of soil as construction material and
foundation bed.
Ans. Applications of soil as construction material are as follows:
i. Soil is more suitable in embankment fills and retaining pond
beds after their construction. ½
ii. For plinth filling soil can be used as a construction material. each
iii. Pervious and impervious soil can be used in earthen dams.
iv. Soil is used for brick manufacturing and these bricks are used 4
for building construction.

Applications of soil as foundation bed are as follows:

i. Soil is also suitable for foundation but require compactions as ½
without compaction structure may collapse each
ii. Soil provides the moderate support for all types of foundations.
iii. Soil cement mixture can be used for sub grades.
iv. For Water Bound Macadam roads soil is used as a binder
material. 16
Q. 2
Attempt any FOUR:
(a)
Ans. State any four effects of weathering on rocks.
Effects of weathering on rocks are as follows:
1. The rock surface is disintegrated into many smaller pieces due to 1 each 4
weathering.
2. By the chemical change of decomposition, new rocks are formed
whose chemical composition is different.
3. Due to weathering, erosion of bed rock takes place depending upon
rock structure.
4. Due to weathering disintegrated loose particles get transported and
deposited in the form of soil.
(b)
Ans. State particle size classification of soils.
Particle size classification of soils: 4 4
i. Clay: less than 2 micron
ii. Silt: 2 micron to 75 micron
iii. Sand: 75 micron to 4.75 mm
iv. Gravel: 4.75 mm to 80 mm
v. Pebbles: 80 mm to 300 mm
vi. Boulders: more than 300 mm
(c)
Ans. Describe Seismic Waves.
Seismic Waves: During each earthquake the elastic waves are
generated which are travel in each directions are termed as seismic
waves.
Types of seismic waves are as follows:
1. Primary or Longitudinal Waves
2. Secondary or Traverse waves
3. Long or surface waves-Rayleigh waves and love waves

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Q. 2 1. Primary Waves (P - wave):
These waves propagates in longitudinal direction and capable to pass
through solids, liquid and gases .These are fastest waves among all
with speed of travel 8-13 km/s and hence reach first to recording
station on ground . These waves gives push or pull or to and fro
moment to particles of ground.

2. Secondary or Traverse waves (S - wave):

These waves move in perpendicular direction to direction of
propagation of waves. It passes through only solids .These waves has 4 4
slow speed about 5 –7 km/s. When secondary or shear waves moves
horizontally during propagation, then it is known as SH waves. But
when it moves in vertical plane, then it is SV waves.

3. Long waves (L - wave):

These waves travel along the surface or earth’s crust to pass through
solids and liquids. These surface waves are slower with speed of 4-5
km/s confined to earth layers. These waves give major destruction
during earthquake. These waves are complex in nature having large
amplitude.

(d) State any four effects of earthquake.

Ans. Effects of earthquake are as follows:
i. Destruction of various Civil Engineering structures.
ii. Formation of irregularities (unevenness) on ground. 1 each
iii. Sudden landslides along hill slopes. (any 4
iv. Change in river course. four)
v. Formation of new lakes springs.
vi. Generation of high ocean tidal waves.
vii. Fire exposure due to short circuiting.
viii. Loss of human life and property.

(e) Explain any two types of weathering.

Ans. 1. Mechanical Weathering:
In this process the rock surface is broken into smaller pieces without
any chemical change. The smaller broken rock pieces are deposited at
and over the parent rock on the flat surface and these are accumulated
at the end of sloping surface. The main agents of physical weather in
are ice, water wind and temperature. 2 each
(any 4
2. Chemical Weathering: two)
In this process the rock surface is broken into smaller pieces by
chemical decay of minerals it is chemical reaction between the
atmospheric gases and the surface of rock. The main agencies are
responsible for chemical weathering is oxidation, hydration and
carbonation.

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Q. 2 3. Spheroidal Weathering:
If joints and fractures in rock beneath the surface form a 3D network
the rock will be broken into cube like pieces separated by the
fractures.

4. Biological Weathering:
Plants and animals play an important role in the breakdown and decay
of rock, indeed their part in soil formation is of major significance.

(f) Explain Determination of dry density by core cutter method.

Ans. Procedure:
1. Measure the internal dimension of core cutter and calculate its
volume (V) in cm3.
2. Take weight of empty core cutter without dolly as W1 gm.
3. Clean the ground by removing loose soil if any and keep the
core cutter vertically on ground with sharp edge at bottom.
4. Now, drive the core cutter into the ground using 13.5 – 14 kg
hammer, so that half of dolly will remain above the ground.
5. Remove the soil around the core cutter using pick axe and
shape take out the core cutter using pick axe and spade and 4 4
take out the core cutter safely filled with soil.
6. Remove the dolly and excess soil from top of core cutter.
7. Take weight of core cutter completely filled with soil as W 2
gm.
8. Calculate the bulk unit weight of field soil as γ = (W2- W1) / V
in gm /cm3.
9. Now, take the soil specimen from the core cutter and
determine its water content by oven drying method.
10. Calculate the dry unit weight of field as
11. γd = γ / (1+w) in gm /cm3.
12. Repeat above steps two more times to calculate average dry
unit weight of soil.

Q. 3 Attempt any Four: 16

(a) Calculate the coefficient of uniformity (Cu) and coefficient of

curvature (CC) for a soil sample for which,
(i)D10 = 0.0019 mm (ii) D30 = 0.030 mm (iii) D60= 0.49 mm
Ans. Coefficient of uniformity
D 0.49
Cu = 60 =
D10 0.0019
Cu = 257.89 2
Coefficient of curvature

Cc =
 D30 2 =
 0.0302 4
D10 ×D60 0.0019×0.49
Cc = 0.966
2
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Q. 3 (b) State any four factors affecting the permeability of soil.
Ans. Following are the factors which affect the permeability of soil.
i. Grain size
ii. Shape of particles 1 each
iii. Properties of pore fluid (any 4
iv. Temperature four)
v. Void ratio
vi. Stratification of soil
vii. Entrapped air and organic impurities
viii. Degree of saturation

(c) In a falling head permeability test on a sample 12.2 cm length and

44.41 cm2 in cross-sectional area, the water level in stand pipe of
6.25 mm internal diameter dropped from a height of 75 cm
through 24.7 cm in 15 minutes. Find the coefficient of
permeability.
Ans. Area of stand pipe ,
 2
a = 4 x (0.625) = 0.307 cm2,
t2 – t1 = t = 15 minutes = 15  60 = 900 sec. 1
h1 = 75 cm, h2 = (75 – 24.7) = 50.3
4
Co-efficient of permeability ,
aL h1 1
 K = 2.303 At log10 h
2
0.307  12.2  75 
K = 2.303  log10 50.3
44.41  900  
K = 3.74 10-5cm/sec 2

State any two advantages and disadvantages each of direct shear

(d)
test of soil.
Advantages of direct shear test:
Ans.
1. Test is simple and convenient. The sample preparation is easy.
1 each
2. Drainage is quick due to less thickness of sample and pore water
(any
pressure dissipates very rapidly.
two)
3. It is suitable for conducting drained test on a cohesionless soil.
4
Disadvantages of direct shear test:
1. Failure of soil specimen is always along a horizontal plane,
1 each
which may not be very realistic.
(any
2. If any large soil particles or stones etc. are present at failure
two)
plane, it will give wrong results.
3. The stress distribution on failure plane is not uniform.
4. Measurement of pore pressure is not possible.

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Q. 3 (e) State any four characteristic of flownet.
Ans. 1. In a flow-net, flow lines and equipotential lines intersect each other
at right angles.
2. The quantity of water flowing through each flow channel is the
same. 1 each 4
3. The drop of head, or the potential drop between any two
successive equipotential lines is the same.
4. The fields are approximately squares.

(f) Explain different types of earth pressure with the help of neat
labeled sketches.
Ans. (a) Lateral earth pressure:
Soil in contact with any vertical or inclined face of structure exerts 1
force on structure which is known as lateral earth pressure.

(b) Active earth pressure:

Active earth pressures defined as pressure exerted on retaining wall
resulting from slight movement of wall away from filling.

1½

(c) Passive earth pressure :

Passive earth pressure is pressure when the movement of the
sretaining wall is such that the soil tends to compress horizontally.
1½

Q. 4 Attempt any Four: 16

(a) State and explain factors affecting bearing capacity of soil. (any
four)
Ans. Following are the factors which affecting bearing capacity of soil
i. Soil type.
ii. Grain size.
iii. Degree of compaction.

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Q. 4 iv. Stratification of soil.
v. Presence of water table.
vi. Types of foundation.

i. Soil type: soil type and its values of cohesion ‘c’ and
internal friction or angle of internal friction ‘’ will play an
important role in the bearing capacity. Any ordinary soil resists
the load by a combination of internal friction and cohesion. 1 each
ii. Grain size: The bearing capacity generally decreases as (any 4
the grain size increases. Fine grained soils have more bearing four)
capacity.
iii. Degree of compaction: The amount of compaction also
affects the bearing capacity. As compared to rammer, rollers
give more degree of compaction. Therefore more density
achieved using rollers, thus bearing capacity increased.
iv. Stratification of soil: If the stratification is perpendicular
to the direction of load coming on the soil, the bearing capacity
is maximum.
v. Presence of water table: The bearing capacity for soils
decreases with the presence of water table. Higher the water
table, lesser is the bearing capacity
vi. Types of foundation: Bearing capacity of soil for shallow
foundations is less than that of deep foundations.

(b) State any four assumptions made by Rankine’s theory of earth

pressure.
Ans. Assumptions of the Rankine’s theory:
i. The soil mass is semi infinite, homogeneous dry and
cohesionless.
ii. The ground surface is plane which may be horizontal or
inclined.
iii. The back of wall is vertical is smooth. 1 each
iv. The wall yields about the base thus satisfies deformation (any
condition for plastic equilibrium. four) 4
v. The soil element is in state of plastic equilibrium i.e. on verge of
failure.

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Q. 4 (c) Differentiate on any four points between compaction and
consolidation.
Ans.
Sr. Compaction Consolidation
No.
i. Takes place before building Takes place
1 after building 1 each
of structure. of structure (any 4
ii. Fast process Very slow2 process. four)
iii. Settlement is prevented due Settlement
3 takes place due
to compaction. to consolidation
iv. Artificial process. Natural 4process.
v. Does not go on indefinitely. Goes on5indefinitely.
vi. It takes places due to It occurs6 due to static
. dynamic loading. loading.

(d) Explain standard Proctor test to obtain OMC and MDD values
for given soil.
Ans. Standard Proctor test procedure :
(1) Clean the mould and take weigh of it as W1 gm.
(2) Apply grease to inside of mould, base plate and collar.
(3) Assemble the mould and base plate together on the floor.
(4) Take one part of sample and fill the mould in 3 layers giving 25
blows to each layer with the 2.6 kg hammer dropping from 310
mm.
(5) Scratch with spatula each layer before putting in the next layer.
(6) Remove the collar and trim the compacted soil flush with the top
of mould with a straight edge.
(7) Weigh the mould with the soil as W2 gm. Extract the soil from
mould with the extruder.
(8) Middle part soil sample is taken for water content determination. 3
(9) Determine the water content by oven drying method as w%.
(10) Calculate bulk density.
W -W
γ = 2 1 in gm/cc,
V
Where, V = Volume of proctor mould.

(11) Calculate dry density using following expression,


d = 1 + w in gm/cc
(12) Repeat steps 4 to 11 by taking 2 to 3% more water than
preceding test.
(13) For all repetition, record the readings and plot moisture content
against corresponding dry density.
(14) From the compaction curve, maximum value of dry density is
taken as Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and corresponding
water content should be taken as Optimum Moisture Content
(OMC).

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Q. 4

1 4

(e) Enlist methods of soil stabilization and shear failure.

Ans. Methods of soil stabilization:
Following are two methods used for soil stabilization:

1) Without adding admixers (Mechanical stabilization):

Mechanical stabilization is done using rammers, tampers,
vibrators and rollers

2) With adding admixers :

i. Soil-lime stabilization 2
ii. Soil-cement stabilization
iii. Soil-bitumen stabilization
iv. Soil-fly ash stabilization
v. Electrical stabilization
vi. Magnetic stabilization 4
vii. Chemical stabilization

Methods of soil shear failure :

Shear strength of soil can be determine by following test
i. General shear failure 2
ii. Local shear failure
iii. Punching shear failure

(f) Define CBR Value and explain the test along with neat sketch.
Ans. Definition of CBR: It is the ratio of the force per unit area required to
penetrate a soil mass with a circular plunger of 50 mm diameter at the 1
rate of 1.25 mm/minute to that required for corresponding penetration
in a standard material.

Test Procedure:
i. The CBR test is conducted in the laboratory on a prepared
specimen in a mould.
ii. CBR mould of 150 mm diameter with a base plate and collar, a
loading frame with the cylindrical plunger of 50 mm diameter
and dial gauges for measuring penetration values.

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Q. 4

iii. A cylindrical plunger of 50 mm diameter to penetrate in a soil

specimen at rate of 1.25 mm/minute. The load values are noted
corresponding to penetration values of
0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,5,7.5,10.0and 12.5 mm.
iv. The load penetration graph is plotted.
v. Sometimes curve with initial upward concavity is obtained
indicating the necessity of correction. The corrected origin is
established by drawing a tangent from the steepest point on the 2
curve. The load values corresponding to 2.5 and 5.0 mm
penetration values from the corrected graph are noted as Test
load.

CBR% = ( Test load / Standard load ) X 100

Normally the CBR value at 2.5 mm penetration which is higher than

that at 5.0 mm penetration recorded.

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Q. 5 Attempt any TWO: 16

(a) Calculate void ratio, porosity and degree of saturation for soil
mass of bulk density 1.76, specific gravity of soil grains 2.7 and
water content as 30%.
Ans.
γ 1.76
γd = = =1.35gm/cc 2
1+ w  30 
1+  
 100 

G.γ w 1
γd =
1+e
2.7×1
1.35=
1+e
2.7×1
1+e =
1.35
e = 2-1 1
e =1

e 1
n=
e+1 8
1
n=
1+1
n = 0.5 1
n =50%

w.G 1
Sr =
e
0.3×2.7
Sr =
1
Sr = 0.81
1
Sr =81%

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Q. 5 (b) Draw neat labeled sketch to explain stepwise procedure to
determine bulk density by sand replacement method.
Ans.

i. Fill the sand pouring cylinder with clean sand so that the
level of the sand in the cylinder is within about 10 mm
from the top. Find out the initial weight of the cylinder plus
sand (W1) and this weight should be maintained constant
throughout the test for which the calibration is used.
ii. Allow the sand of volume equal to that of the calibrating 2
container to run out of the cylinder by opening the shutter,
close the shutter and place the cylinder on the glass sand
takes place in the cylinder close the shutter and remove the 8
cylinder carefully. Weigh the sand collected on the glass
plate. Its weight (W2) gives the weight of sand filling the
cone portion of the sand pouring cylinder.
Repeat this step at least three times and take the mean
weight (W2) Put the sand back into the sand pouring
cylinder to have the same initial constant weight (W1).
Determination of Bulk Density of Soil
iii. Determine the volume (V) of the container be filling it with
water to the brim. Check this volume by calculating from
the measured internal dimensions of the container.
iv. Place the sand poring cylinder centrally on the calibrating
container making sure that constant weight (W1) is 2
maintained. Open the shutter and permit the sand to run
into the container. When no further movement of sand is
seen close the shutter, remove the pouring cylinder and
find its weight (W3).
v. The following calculations should be made to determine
bulk density of given soil sample:
a) The weight of sand (Wa) in gm, required to fill the calibrating
container should be calculated from the formula,
Wa = W1 – W3 - W2

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Q. 5 b) The bulk density of sand (ϒs) in kg/m3 should be calculated
from the formula,
ϒs = (Wa /V) x 1000
c) The weight of sand (Wb) in gm, required to fill the excavated
hole should be calculated from the formula, 2
Wb = W1 – W4 - W2
d) The bulk density (ϒb), that is, the weight of the weight soil per
cubic meter should be calculated from the formula,
ϒb = (Ww / Wb) x ϒs kg/m3

(c) Explain Atterberg’s limits of consistency and mechanical sieve

analysis of soil.
Ans. The Atterberg’s limit is a basic measure of the critical water content of
a fine grained soil, by its shrinkage limit, plastic limit and liquid limit. 1
In each state the consistency and behaviour of a soil is different and
consequently so its engineering properties.

Types of consistency limit:

i. Liquid limit
ii. Plastic limit
iii. Shrinkage limit

i. Liquid limit: It is minimum water content at which two

separated grooved soil parts mixed together under 25 1
blows of Casagrande’s liquid limit apparatus; is called as
liquid limit.

ii. Plastic limit: It is minimum water content at which soil 1

begins to crumble into parts when it is rolled into 3 mm
diameter thread; is known as plastic limit.

iii. Shrinkage limit: It is maximum water content at which 1

there is no reduction in volume of soil due to further
decrease in water content is termed as shrinkage limit.

Mechanical sieve analysis: The process of analyzing the particle size

present in soil by using mechanical means is known as mechanical 1
sieve analysis. By performing mechanical sieve analysis, a particle
size distribution curve is plotted for grading of soil.

Procedure:
i) Arrange the set of I.S. sieves in descending order i.e. coarser sieve
at top and finer sieve at bottom. The I.S sieve set must include sieves
of size 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 μ, 150 μ, 75 μ.
ii) Take 500-1000gm oven dried soil sample and put it on topmost
sieve. Keep lid and pan at top and bottom respectively. 2
iii) Now, shake this assembly of sieve on mechanical sieve shaker for
10-15 minutes, so that soil sample will be sieved completely.

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Q. 5 iv) Take the weight of soil mass retained on each sieve separately in
grams.
v) Calculate % finer for each sieve using following tabular format.

Sieve Mass Cumulative % Cumulative % Finer or

size Retained mass mass retained passing
retained
(mm) (gm) (%) (%) (%)

vii) From above graph, soil is classified based on grading curves as

follows:

a) Well graded soil

b) Poorly or gap graded soil
c) Fine grained soil
d) Coarse grained soil
e) Uniformly graded soil

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Q. 6 Attempt any TWO: 16

(a) Write step by step procedure for determination of permeability of

soil by falling head method permeability test. Explain with neat
sketch.
Ans.

i. Open the valves in the standpipe and the bottom outlet. Ensure that
the soil sample is fully saturated without any entrapping of air bubble
before starting the test.
ii. Fill the standpipe with water keeping the valves V1 and V2 open
and allow the water to flow out through the outlet pipe for some time
and then close the valves.
iii. Select in advance the heights h1 and h2 for the water to fall and 4 8
determine the height √h1h2 and mark this height on the stand pipe.
iv. Open the valves and fill the standpipe with water up to height h1
and start the stopwatch.
v. Record the time intervals for water to fall from height h1 to √h1h2
and from √h1h2 to h2. These two time intervals will be equal if a steady
flow condition has been established.
vi. Repeat the step (e) at least after changing the heights h1 and h2.
vii. Calculate the coefficient of permeability of given soil using
equation.

a×L h 
K = 2.303× ×log10×  1 
A×t  h2  2
Where,
a = Area of burette pipe
L = Length of soil sample

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Q. 6 A = c/s area of soil sample
t = Time required to fall water level from h1 to h2.
h1 = Initial head
h2 = Final head

viii. Repeat all above steps two more times to calculate average
coefficient of permeability of given soil.

(b) Explain with neat sketch plate load test as per IS 1888 by
1. Gravity loading PLAN
2. Gravity loading SECTION
3. Graph to show limitations of plate load test. (any two)

Ans.

Procedure:
i) The site where testing is to be done is selected. A test pit, at least 5
times the diameter or width of the plate, and upto the depth of
proposed foundation level, is dug.
ii) The plate is seated firmly at the centre of the pit. The dead load of
all equipment ball and socket, steel plate loading column, jackets is
recorded before applying the load increments.
iii) A minimum seating pressure of 70 gm/cm2 is applied and removed 4
before starting the load test. A minimum load is applied to soil, in
cumulative increment upto 1kg/cm2 or 1/5th of the estimated ultimate
bearing capacity, whichever is lower.
iv) The settlement is observed after each load increment at 1, 2.25, 4,
6.25, 9, 16, 30 minutes and thereafter at hourly intervals, and is
recorded.

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Q. 6 v) The recording is stopped when the increase in settlement is only
0.02 mm. The procedure is repeated after every increment in load
vi) The observation is plotted on a log scale. The settlement in mm is
plotted on Y axis and load in kg/m2 is plotted on X-axis.

vii) From this plot, the ultimate bearing capacity is determined. The
plate load test setup is or gravity type of loading.

Limitations of plate load test:

i) Size effect: The actual settlement may vary from the plate weather ½
same pressure is applied. each
ii) Time effect: As duration of test is small it does not give the (any
ultimate settlement with respect long time. two)
iii) Layer effect: If foundation is large accurate result cannot be
obtained by test.

(c) State any four equipments used for field compaction giving their
suitability for different soils.
Ans. Types of Compaction Equipment:

1) Compaction by rolling:

a) Smooth wheel rollers :

Suitability: These rollers best suitable for subgrade or base coarse
compaction of cohesion less soils.

b) Pneumatic tyred rollers:

Suitability: Pneumatic tyred rollers are effective for compacting
cohesive as well as cohesion less soils. Light rollers are effective for
compacting soil layers of small thickness.

c) Sheep foot roller:

Suitability: Suitable only for fine grained soil i.e. cohesive soil

Page | 20
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer 2018
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 1 2) Compaction by Rammers: Ramming equipments consists of three
types: dropping weight type, internal combustion type and pneumatic
type. Rammers or tampers are used to compact the soil of light to
medium structure i.e. for plinth filling, PCC etc.
Suitability: Suitable for all types of soil.

3) Compaction by vibratory compactors :

The vibrating equipment, mounted on screeds, plates or rollers are of
two types: 8 8
a) Dropping weight type and
b) Pulsating hydraulic type.
By giving vibration to soil, soil particles are packed together and
compaction of subgrades and base course of both flexible and rigid
pavement.
Suitability: Suitable for compacting granular soils. With no fines in
layer up to 1 m.

4) Compaction by Tamping: Tamping rod is used to compact coarse

grained cohesion less soils of lesser thickness.

(Note : 1 mark for equipment and 1 mark for suitability)

Page | 21
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter 2017
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.)
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by the candidate and those in the model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit
for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and the model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 (a) Attempt any SIX of the following: (12M)
i) State any Four importance of Geology.
Ans.
1. It is used to study different properties of rocks.
2. For any heavy construction project study of geology is
required.
3. Geology provides a systematic knowledge of construction
materials, their structure and properties.
½
4. The knowledge of erosion, transportation and deposition mark
of surface water helps in soil conservation, river control, each 2M
coastal and harbor works. (any
5. The knowledge about the nature of the rocks is very four )
necessary in tunneling, constructing roads and in
determining the stability of cuts and slopes.
6. The foundation problems of dams, bridges and buildings
are directly related with geology of the area where they are
to be built.

Page No. 1 /25

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 (a)
ii) Define dip and folds.
Ans.
Dip – It is the inclination of bedding plane of rock with horizontal is 1M
called as Dip. 2M
Fold – It is the bends or curvatures in rock formed due to action of
1M
compressive forces on horizontal layers called as fold.

iii) Define focus and epicenter

Ans.
Focus- The place or point of origin of an earth quake below ground 1M

surface is termed as focus or hypocenter of earthquake. 2M

1M
Epicentre –The place or point on ground surface , where seismic
waves reaches firstly causing major damage is known as epicenter.

iv) State any four importance of soil in civil engineering.

Ans. 1. Soil is more suitable in embankment fills and retaining
pond beds after their construction.
2. Soil is also suitable for foundation but require
compactions as without compaction structure may collapse. ½
mark
3. Soil provides the moderate support for all types of 2M
each
foundations. (any
4. Improper study of soil may lead to failure of structure. four)
5. For plinth filling soil can be used as a construction
material.
6. Soil cement mixture can be used for sub grades.
7. Pervious and impervious soil can be used in earthen
dams.
8. For Water bound macadam roads soil is used as a binder
material.

Define voids ratio and porosity.

v)
Ans. Voids ratio – It is the ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids 1M
called as voids ratio. 2M
Porosity- It is the ratio of volume of voids to the total volume of soil, 1M
measured in percentage is called as porosity

Page No. 2 /25

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 (a)
vi) Define permeability and Phreatic Line.
Ans. Permeability
“It is defined as the properly of soli which permits the seepage of
1M
fluid through interconnecting voids under gravity
2M
Phreatic Line:
The topmost seepage line in an earthen dam at which hydrostatic
pressure is zero, is called as Phreatic line. 1M

vii) Define safe bearing capacity and allowable bearing pressure.

Ans. Safe bearing capacity (qs): It is the maximum pressure which the soil 1M
can carry without risk of shear failure is called as safe bearing
capacity. OR
Sometimes the safe bearing capacity is also referred to as the ultimate
bearing capacity qu divided by factor of safety.
qu= qs / FOS 2M

Allowable bearing pressure:

The net loading intensity at which neither the soil fails in shear nor 1M
there is excessive settlement of structure, is called as Allowable
bearing pressure.

viii)
State any two purpose of compaction.
Ans.
Purpose of compaction
1. To increase density and thereby shear strength and bearing capacity
of soil, this is required in case of slope stability improvement. 1
Mark
2.To decrease the permeability of soil, this is required for earth dam
each
3. To reduce settlement of structure after the construction. (any 2M
4. To reduce danger of piping, this is required for seepage control of two)
earth dam.
5. To increase resistance towards erosion of soil by rain and other
causes.

Page No. 3 /25

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 (b) Attempt any TWO of the following: (8M)
(i) State physical properties of minerals depending on light and state
of aggregates.
½
Ans. Properties of minerals depending on light:
mark
i) Luster
each
ii) Streak
iii) Transparency
iv) Fluorescence
Properties of minerals depending on State of aggregates: 4M
i) Colour ½
ii) Hardness mark
iii) Cleavage each
iv) Fracture (any
v) Tenacity Four)
vi) Structure (form)
vii) Specific gravity

(ii) List types of joints with sketches.

Ans. Types of joints are-
1. Strike Joint
2. Dip Joint
3. Oblique Joint 1
4. Tension Joint mark
5. Shear Joint each
4M
(any
four)

Page No. 4 /25

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 (iii) List any four field applications of Geotechnical Engineering.
Ans. Field applications of Geo Tech Engineering are as follows:
1. Design of foundation for various structures. 1
2. Design of pavement for various roads. mark
3. Design of earth retaining structures i.e. retaining wall, sheet pile. each 4M
4. Design of water retaining structures i.e. Dam, weir etc. (any
5. Design of abutments of bridge. four)
6. Design of underground structures i.e. Pipeline, tunnels etc.

Q.2 Attempt any FOUR of the following: (16M)

(a) Explain classification of rock based on mode of origin(genesis).
Ans. Classification of rock based on mode of origin(genesis)
1.Igneous Rock
Igneous rocks are of volcanic origin and are formed as a result of
solidification of molten mass lying below or above the earth’s surface
.The inner layer of the earth are at a high temperature causing the
masses of silicates to melt. This molten mass called magma is forced
up as volcanic eruption and spreads over the surface of the earth
where it solidifies forming basalt and trap. If the magma solidifies
below the surface of earth the solid crystalline rock is formed.
2.Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition and consolidation of
new sediments in layers over the preexisting rocks. The new
sediments are infact ,eroded away from some old rocks by weathering 4M 4M
and are then transported by agents like wind ,water ,ice etc. These
eroded sediments after travelling some distance may get deposited
over some existing rocks which on consolidation will result in the
formation of what are known as sedimentary rocks.
3.Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic rocks are formed from igneous or sedimentary rocks as
a result of the action of the earth movements, temperature changes and
liquid pressure.

(b) Define fault and list its types.

Ans. Fault: It is defined as the rupture / fracture along which there is a
relative movement of beds. The movement may vary from few 2M
centimeters to many km. depending upon nature and magnitude of
stresses and resistance offered by rock.
Types of fault :
1) Based on position of fault plane.
(a) Normal Fault
(b) Reverse Fault

Page No. 5 /25

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 (b) 2) Based on their genesis
a) Gravity fault
b) Thrust fault ½ 4M
mark
c) Strike / slip fault
each
3)Horst and Graben (any
4)Step fault four)
5)Bedding fault
6)Dip fault
7)Strike fault

(c) Give salient features of earthen dam in Maharashtra (any two).

Ans. Salient features of earthen dam in Maharashtra:

Sr.No Features Name of the Dam

Panshet Chaskaman Urmodi
1 River Ambi Bhima Urmodi
2 Nearest City Velhe Khed Satara
3 Height above 63.56 46.28 32.00
lowest foundation
(m) 2
Mark 4M
4 Length of dam(m) 1039 1045 1575
each
5 Volume content of 4190 2903 1283 (any
dam(103 m3) two)
6 Gross storage 303000 318.17 82.94
capacity(103 m3)
7 Reservoir area (103 15645 18218 26
m3 )
8 Effective storage 294000 210.99 76.72
capacity(103 m3)
9 Purpose Irrigation Irrigation & Irrigation
& water power
supply generation

Page No. 6 /25

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 (d) Explain with sketch soil as a three phase system.
Ans.

4M
3 phase diagram of soil
As natural soil contains solid soil particles and water and air present in
its voids such complex nature of soil sample is difficult to analyze its
physical properties hence it is simplify and presented in its equivalent
3 phase diagram as shown in fig. Depending upon three phase diagram
of soil its is classified in three categories- 1. Dry soil 2. Partially
saturated soil 3. Fully saturated soil. However if we take a dry soil 2M
mass, the voids are filled with air only. In case of perfectly saturated
soil the voids are filled completely with water. In case of partially
saturated soil, both air and water are present in the voids.

(e) Explain practical procedure of determining water content by oven

drying method.
Ans. Procedure for determination of water content of soil by oven
drying method-
1. Take container with lid, measure the empty weight of container
with lid as W1 gm.
2. Put sufficient quantity of moist soil sample in the container and take
the weight of container, lid and moist soil as W2 gm.
3. Keep this assembly in the thermostat oven at a temperature 1050c 4M 4M
to1100c for 24 hrs. with lid at bottom; so that water should be
evaporated completely to give us dry soil .
4. Take out container from oven and cool it in dessicator .Then take
weight of container, lid and dry soil as W3 gm.
5.Calculate the percentage water content of given soil as-
W = (W2- W3)/( W3 - W1) x 100
6. Repeat above steps two more times to determine average water
content of given soil sample.
Page No. 7 /25
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter 2017
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 (f) List assumptions made by Terzaghi’s analysis for soils bearing
capacity.
Ans. Assumptions of Terzaghi’s bearing capacity theory:
1. Soil behaves like ideally plastic material. 1
2.Soil is homogeneous , isotropic and its shear strength is represented mark
4M
by coloumbs equation. each
3. The total load on footing is vertical and uniformly distributed. (any
four)
4. The footing is long enough with L/B = ∞ .
5.The shear strength above base of footing is neglected and taken as
uniform surcharge γ Df.
6.The elastic zones developed has straight boundaries inclined at ψ =
φ.

Q.3 Attempt any FOUR of the following: (16M)

(a) State Information and classification of soils.
Ans. Soil – The hard parenting rock undergoes weathering and produces 1M
unconsolidated granular particles of varying sizes , such formation is
known as Soil.
Classification of soil- The soil is classified using most simplest
geological classification. In this soil is classified in two categories-
1. Residual soil – The soils which are resting on its parent rock
1½ M
without ant transportation, is termed as residual soils.
These soils does not have any stratification, but it shows well
distinguished soil profile.
4M
Example. Red soil, Black soil
2. Transported soils-The soils which are transported and get
deposited in depressions on ground, is known as transported
soils.
1½ M
Due to high velocity winds or water flow, loose soil particles
transported along with organic and inorganic impurities.
finally deposition of soil gives variety of transported soils.
Example. Colluvial soils , Alluvial soils, Glacial soils, Eolian
soils.

Page No. 8 /25

Page No. 9 /25

1M
Co-efficient of curvature Cc=
= (4.75)2/ (20 x0.16) 1M
Cc = 7.05
4M

Co-efficient of uniformity Cu= 1M

= 20/0.16
Cu = 125 1M

d) A saturated clayey soil weighing 1600 gms weights 1200 gms after
oven drying. if its dry density in 1350kg/m3. Determine its water
content, void ratio, porosity and degree of saturation.
Assume G =2.50 and ϒw = 12 kN/m3
Ans. Given
W= 1600 gm
Ws=1200 gm
ϒd = 1350 kg/m3 = 1.35 gm/cc
G= 2.50
ϒw = 12 kN/m3 = 1.2 gm/cc

To find
W =?
e =?
ɳ =?
S or Sr =?

W = WW / Ws = (W - Ws) / Ws
= (1600-1200) / 1200 = 0.3333
= 0.3333 x 100 = 33.33%
OR

Page No. 10 /25

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 d)

V=
V=888.89 cc
ϒ=

=
ϒ= 1.80 gm/cc

Now, ϒd=

w=
1M
w = 0.333 = 0.3333 x 100 = 33.33 %

using
ϒd=

1.35=

e=
e = 1.22 1M

4M
we know that,

ɳ = 1.22 / (1.22 + 1)
ɳ = 0.5495 X 100 = 54.95% 1M

S or Sr =

Sr = 2.5 X 33.33) / 1.22

1M
Sr = 0.6829 = 68.29 %

Page No. 11 /25

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 e) Explain with sketch plate load test.
Ans.

Fig. Plate load test

Procedure-
i) Excavate a pit of depth equal to 5 times to that of breath of proposed
footing.
ii) Keep the suitable bearing plate of specified size (30, 45, 60, 75cm
square in plan) on soil. Arrange the loading column on it as shown in
2M
fig. no.8. above.
iii) Now apply the load on test plate above soil using sand bags or
reaction truss loading at a rate of (1/5)th to (1/10)th of total estimated
load.
iv) Note down the settlements after 1,5,10,20,40,60 minutes at
corresponding applied loads.
v) Loading should be continued till 25mm total settlement or soil
failure, whichever is achieved earlier.
vi) Finally plot a graph of load vs. settlement to find out load before
failure as bearing capacity of soil.

Page No. 12 /25

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 f) Define with sketch active and passive earth pressure.
Ans. Active earth pressure – The minimum earth pressure on retaining wall
which is developed due to movement of wall away from backfill , is 1M
called as active earth pressure.

Diagram of Active earth pressure-

Active earth pressure

Passive earth pressure - The maximum earth pressure on retaining wall

which is developed due to movement of wall towards backfill , is called 1M
as Passive earth pressure.

Diagram of Passive earth pressure –

Passive earth pressure

Page No. 13 /25

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.4 Attempt any FOUR of the following: (16M)
a) Define dry unit weight and saturated unit weight with formulas.
Ans.
Dry Unit Weight :
The dry unit weight (ϒd) is defined as the weight of the solids per 1M
unit volume.

1M
4M
Saturated Unit Weight :
The saturated unit weight (ϒsat) is the bulk unit weight per unit
1M
volume when the soil is fully saturated.
Or
It is define as weight of fully saturated soil per unit volume.
1M
ϒsat = Wsat / V

b) Explain with sketch specific gravity determination by

pcynometer.
Ans.
Determination of specific gravity by pycnometer test:
Precedure :-
1. Dry the pycnometer and weigh it with its cap (W1)
2. Take about 200 g to 300 g of oven dried soil passing through
4.75mm sieve into the pycnometer and weigh again(W2)
3. Add water to cover the soil and screw on the cap.
4. Shake the pycnometer well and connect it to the vaccum
pump to remove entrapped air for about 10 to 20 minutes. 2M
5. After the air has been removed, fill the pycnometer with
water and weigh it (W3).
6. Clean the pycnometer by washing thoroughly.
7. Fill the cleaned pycnometer completely with water up to its
top with cap screw on.
8. Weigh the pycnometer after drying it on the outside
thoroughly (W4).

Page No. 14 /25

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.4 b) 4M

Where, W1 = Empty weight of pycnometer

W2 = Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil
W3 = Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil + water
W4 = Weight of pycnometer + water full

c) In falling head permeability test on sample 15 cm high and 45 cm 2

in cross section area, the water level in stand pipe of 8 mm internal
diameter dropped from a height of 75 cm to 25 cm in 15 min. Find
the coefficient of Permeability.
Ans.
Given,
L= 15cm
A = 45 cm2
d= 8mm
h1= 75cm
h2= 25 cm
t = 15 min = 900 sec.

To find:-
k=?

a = π/ 4 x d2 = π/ 4 x 0.82 = 0.50 1M
1M 4M
1M
1M
k = 2.034 x 10-4 cm/sec

Page No. 15 /25

e) State any four factors affecting compaction with their effect.

Ans. Following the different factors affecting compaction of soil with
their effect:
Water content :
When water content is less i.e. dry soil , compaction is not better , but
when water content is excessive , compaction is not possible.
Therefore water content should be optimum to get better degree of
compaction.
Amount of compaction:
When amount of compaction is more , one can achieve better degree of 1 4M
compaction in soil even with less water content . but when amount of Mark
compaction is less , we cannot get MDD even at OMC. each
Types of soil : (any
For the same compactive effort, the MDD of cohesion less soil is more Four)
at less OMC. But MDD of cohesive soil is less even at high OMC.
Methods of soil compaction:
When compaction is done manually using rolling, ramming or
tamping, then soil gets partially compacted but due to mechanical
compaction using various compaction equipment like rollers, vibrators
etc. soil can be compacted to higher density.
Use of admixtures :
The compaction of soil can be increased by adding suitable admixtures
like lime, fly ash, bitumen, rise husk ash etc. these admixture densify
the soil by increasing bonding between soil particles.

Page No. 16 /25

f) Differentiate between compaction and consolidation.(any four

points).
Ans.

Sr. No Compaction Consolidation

1 Instant compression of Gradual compression of soil

soil under dynamic load is under steady load is called
called compaction. consolidation. 1
Mark
each
2 It is fast process. It is very slow process. 4M
(any
3 It is artificial process. It is natural process. four)

4 It is done to improve soil It takes place due to

properties like bearing structural load which does
capacity, shear strength, not improve soil properties.
impermeability etc.

5 Settlement is prevented Settlement takes place due to

due to compaction. compaction.

6 Compaction is done Consolidation takes place

before construction of after construction of
structure. structure.

7 Pore water pressure is not Pore water pressure is very

important in compaction. important in compaction.

8 Compaction does not go Consolidation go

indefinitely. indefinitely.

Page No. 17 /25

b) Give any four causes and effects of earthquakes.

Ans. Causes of earthquake -
1. Volcanic eruption
2. Technical movements 1
3. Natural disaster like landslide, tsunami mark
4. Massive civil structures like dams, reservoirs each
5. High water flows (any
6. Manmade explosions two)
Effects of earthquake - 4M
1. Destruction of various Civil Engg. structures
2. Formation of irregularities (Unevenness) on ground
3. Sudden landslides along hill slopes 1
4. Change in river course mark
5. Formation of new lakes, springs each
(any
6. Generation of high ocean tidal waves
two)
7. Fire exposure due to short circuiting
8. Loss of human life and property

Page No. 18 /25

Page No. 19 /25

e) Explain with sketch flow net

Ans. Flow Net: The grid, mesh or net formed by intersection of
equipotential line and flow lines is called as flow net.
In a flow net, flow lines and equipotential lines intersect each other at
right angles. The quantity of water flowing through each flow channel 2M
is the same. The drop of head, or the potential drop between any two
successive equipotential lines is the same. The fields are
approximately squares. The flow net is representative of the flow
pattern and dissipation of the hydraulic head. 4M

Page No. 20 /25

Q.6 Attempt any FOUR of the following: (16M)

a) Explain with sketch concept of zero air voids line.
Ans. Zero Air Void Line:
If the soil is assumed to be 100% saturated and different dry densities
are calculated for 100% saturation, then the resulting line on the
compaction curve is called the 100% saturation line or zero air void
line. 2M
OR
The line which shows the relation between water content – dry density
for the compacted soil having a constant percentage of air voids is
knows as zero air void line.
2) The zero air void line is drawn across compaction curve and gives
direct indication of percentage air voids or degree of saturation
existing at different points of curve.
Significance of Zero Air Void Line:-
The actual dry density with respect to water content cannot reach its 1M 4M
theoretical value even after applying heavy compaction.

Page No. 21 /25

c) State any four methods of soil stabilization and explain any one.
Ans. Methods of soil stabilization –
1. Mechanical Stabilization 2. Lime Stabilization ½
3. Cement Stabilization 4.Bitumen Stabilization mark
5.Fly ash Stabilization 6.Stabilization by chemicals each
7.Stabilization by heating 8.Stabilization by grouting (any
four)
Mechanical Stabilization- In this method, stabilization of soil is done
without adding any chemicals or admixtures. The procedure of
mechanical stabilization is described below-
1. Initially the soil is excavated using excavator and then it is ground 4M
to finer particles using pulveriser.
2. In this pulverized soil , well graded aggregates are spread and
mixed till homogeneous mixture will form.
3. Then water is sprinkled which is optimum moisture content i.e.
2M
OMC for getting maximum dry density i.e. MDD
4. The heavy roller (8-10 tonne capacity) is used to compact soil 15-
20 cm thickness as per type of soil available.
5. The compacted surface is cured by sprinkling water on it , followed
by compaction . The curing and compaction is done alternatively for 7
days. Then the stabilized portion is allowed for its further use.
(Note- Explanation of any other method from above should be
considered.)

Page No. 22 /25

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter 2017
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6
d) Give necessity of site investigation and sub soil explorations.
Ans. Necessity of Site investigation –
1. To determine bearing capacity of soil 1
2. To select suitable construction techniques mark
3.To select the type and depth of foundation for given structure each
4.To investigate safety of existing structures and to suggest the (any
remedial measures two)
5. To predict lateral earth pressure against retaining walls &
foundation of abutments
4M
6. To establish ground water level and to determine the properties of
water.
Necessity of sub-soil exploration -
1. To know stratification below ground surface
2. To determining index properties of soil like bulk density, voids
ratio, water content, permeability, bearing capacity, compressibility 1
mark
etc.
each
3. To determine safe bearing capacity for design of foundation of (any
proposed structure two)
4. To control the seepage and rise of ground water below surface
5. To decide size , depth and type of foundation for the proposed
structure
6. To know grain size distribution by sampling undistributed soil
sample and classify soil accordingly
7. To decide suitability of soil for proposed structure.
e) Explain with sketch Mohr-Coulomb failure theory.
Ans. Mohr presented a theory for rupture in materials. The failure along a
plane in a material occurs by a critical combination of normal and
shear stresses, and not by normal or shear stress alone. The functional
relation between normal and shear stress on the failure plane can be
given by
S=ƒ(σ)……………………………………(1)
Coulomb defined the function as
S=C+ σ tanΦ …………………………..(2)
Where c is cohesion and Φ is the angle of friction of the soil equation
2) is generally referred to as the Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria. 3M 4M
If data from several tests, carried out on different samples up to failure
is available, a series of Mohr circles can be plotted. It is convenient to
show only the upper half of the Mohr circle. A line tangential to the
Mohr circles can be drawn, and is called the Mohr-Coulomb failure
envelope.

Page No. 23 /25

f) Explain with sketch mechanical sieve analysis.

Ans. Mechanical sieve analysis –
The process of analyzing the particle size present in soil by using
mechanical means, is known as mechanical sieve Analysis. By 1M
performing mechanical sieve analysis, a particle size distribution
curve is plotted for grading of soil.
Procedure-
i) Arrange the set of I.S. sieves in descending order i.e. coarser sieve
at top and finer sieve at bottom.. The I.S sieve set must include sieves
of size 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µ,150µ,75µ.
ii) Take 500-1000gm oven dried soil sample and put it on topmost
sieve. Keep lid and pan at top and bottom respectively.
iii) Now, shake this assembly of sieve on mechanical sieve shaker for
10-15 minutes, so that soil sample will be sieved completely. 4M
iv) Take the weight of soil mass retained on each sieve separately in
gms.
v) Calculate % finer for each sieve using following tabular format.
2M
Sieve Cumulative % Cumulative % Finer
Mass
size mass mass retained or passing
retained(gm)
(mm) retained(%) (%) (%)
vi) Finally, plot the particular size distribution curve on a semi log
graph paper as sieve size versus % finer of soil to classify soil as
shown in Fig.6(b)
vii) From above graph, soil is classified based on grading curves as
follows-
a) Well graded soil b) Poorly or gap graded soil
c) Fine grained soil d) Coarse grained soil
e) Uniformly graded soil

Page No. 24 /25

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 f)

4.75mm

300 mm
20 mm

80 mm
0.002

0.075

0.425

2mm
Fine Medium Coarse Fine Coarse

Boulder
Cobble
Clay Silt
sand Gravel

Page No. 25 /25

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.)
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by the candidate and those in the model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit
for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and the model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 (A) Attempt any SIX of the following: (12)
(a) State four branches of Geology.
Ans. 1. Physical Geology
2. Geomorphology ½
3. Mineralogy each
4. Petrology (any 2
5. Structural geology four)
6. Stratigraphy
7. Palaeontology
(b)
State types of rocks based on their genesis (mode of origin).
Ans. 1. Igneous Rocks
2. Sedimentary Rocks 2 2
3. Metamorphic Rocks

(c) Define faults and state any two types of it.

Ans. Fault: It is defined as the rupture / fracture along which there is a
relative movement of beds. 1
Types of fault :
1. Based on position of fault plane. 2
i. Normal Fault
ii. Reverse Fault ½
2. Based on their genesis. each
i. Gravity fault (any
ii. Thrust fault two)
iii. Strike / slip fault

Page No. 1 /21

(d) Define :
i. Void ratio
ii. Water content.
Ans.
i. Void Ratio: It is the ratio of volume of voids to the volume of 1
solids. 2
ii. Water content: It is the ratio of the weight of water (Ww) to 1
the weight of solids (Ws).

(e) Define soil as per IS.

Ans Soil is the sediment or other unconsolidated accumulation of solid 2 2
particles produced by physical and chemical disintegration of rock.

(f) State any two situations where knowledge of soil mechanics is

required.
Ans. ½
1. Design of foundation for various structures. each 2
2. Design of pavement for various roads. (any
3. Design of earth retaining structures i.e. retaining wall, sheet four)
pile.
4. Design of water retaining structures i.e. dam, weir etc.
5. Design of abutments of bridge.
6. Design of underground structures i.e. pipeline, tunnels etc.

(g) Define permeability.

Ans. Permeability:
It is defined as the property of soil which permits the seepage of fluid 2 2
through interconnecting voids under gravity.

(h) Define weathering of rocks.

Ans. Weathering of rock :
The process, by which the rock is decayed, disintegrated and
decomposition with the action of the distractive mechanical or 2 2
chemical action of the physical agent of atmosphere like wind, water
and ice is called a Weathering.

Page No. 2 /21

(B) Attempt any TWO of the following: (8)

(a) State any four types of minerals with properties depending on
light and state of aggregation.
Ans.
Minerals Gypsum Kyanite Talc Quartzc
State Colour White, White, Brown, Red,
of Yellow, Pale, White, Green,
aggre Dark, Blue, Green Blue,
gation Grey. Grey Colourless
Lustre Vitreous Vitreous Greasy Vitreous 4 4
silky silky pearly silky
Fracture Conchoidal Uneven Uneven Conchoidal
Light Streak White White White White

State any four types of folds and explain any one.

(b) Types of Folds:
Ans. 1. Based on appearance in cross section.
i. Anticline fold
ii. Syncline fold
2. Based on position of axial plane.
i. Symmetrical fold
ii. Asymmetrical fold
iii. Overturned fold
iv. Isoclinal fold
v. Recumbent fold ½ 4
3. Based on mode of occurrence. each
i. Anticlinorium fold (any
ii. Synclinorium fold four)
iii. Dome fold
iv. Basin fold
4. Based on Degree of compression.
i. Open fold
ii. Closed fold
5. Based on position of axis.
i. Non plunging fold
ii. Plunging fold

Page No. 3 /21

(Note: Explanation of any other method from above should be considered.)

(c) State and explain any four field applications of Geotechnical

Engineering.
Ans. Field applications of Geotechnical Engineering are as follows:
1. Design of foundation for various structures:
Foundation is required to transfer the load of super structure to
foundation soil and to give stability to the super structure. The
size and type of foundation is affected by the bearing capacity
of soil. The GTE helps in design of foundation by
investigating bearing capacity of soil.
2. Design of pavement for various roads:
A pavement constructed with various material placing in layer
in compact, dense form which support to vehicle wheel loads.
The wheel load is repetitive and varying in magnitude. The
thickness of each layer for type road, nature, climate condition 1 4
and bearing capacity of soil on which pavement is constructed each
is varying. The GTE is applicable in pavement layer design i.e. (any
thickness. four)
3. Design of earth retaining structures i.e. retaining wall,
sheet pile:
The sloping ground is to be leveled by constructing earth
retaining st. and Filling natural soil behind it.The GTE is
helpful to ensure stability of such structure by studying earth
pressure.
4. Design of water retaining structures i.e. Dam, weir etc.
The construction of earthen dam requires permealile and
impermeable soil. The position each soil, their function is
different. The section of dam should be stable against water
pressure, seepage pressure, which can be studied under GTE.
5. Design of underground structures i.e. Pipeline, tunnels etc.
The shape of tunnel depends on the type of soil, geological
stability of beds. GTE is necessary to study shear strength,
permeability of soil for such structure.

Page No. 4 /21

(a) Explain three phase system of soil.

Ans.

Fig. Three Phase System of Soil 4

As natural soil contains solid soil particles and water and air present in
its voids such complex nature of soil sample is difficult to analyze its
physical properties hence it is simplify and presented in its equivalent
three phase diagram as shown in figure above. Depending upon three
phase diagram of soil is classified in three categories. 1. Dry soil 2. 2
Partially saturated soil 3. Fully saturated soil. However if we take a
dry soil mass, the voids are filled with air only. In case of perfectly
saturated soil the voids are filled completely with water. In case of
partially saturated soil, both air and water are present in the voids.

(b) Explain the causes of an earthquake.

Ans. Causes of earthquake:
1. Volcanic eruption:
Earthquakes may also occur in volcanic regions and are caused by
the movement of magma in volcanoes.
2. Tectonic movements:
Most naturally occurring earthquakes are related to the tectonic
nature of the earth. Such earthquakes are called tectonic 1 4
earthquakes. each
3. Natural disaster like landslide, tsunami: (any
Some earthquakes have anthropogenic sources such as extraction four)
of minerals and fossil fuel from the earth’s crust the removal or
injection of fluids into the crust, reservoirs induced seismicity,
massive explosion and collapse of large buildings.

Page No. 5 /21

(c) Explain formation process of soil and any two types of soil in
India.
Ans. Soil formation:
Soil formation mainly takes place due to mechanical disintegration or
chemical decomposition of rocks whenever rock get exposed to 2
atmosphere, it is acted by various weathering agencies and it gets
transportated,eroded and deposited in to small particles and then it is
converted soil.
Types of soil available in India. 4
1. Residual soil:
i. Red soil
ii. Laterite soil
2. Transported soil: 2
i. Colluvial soil
ii. Alluvial soil
iii. Glacial soil
iv. Lacustrine soil
v. Eolian soil

(d) Classification of earthquake based on origin and focus.

Ans. Classification of earthquake based on focus:
i. Shallow earthquake: Focus depth less than 60 km. is taken as
shallow earthquake.
ii. Intermediate earthquake: Origin of earthquake is at a depth in
between 60 km. to 300 km. called as intermediate earthquake. 2
iii. Deep earthquake: Focus is at depth in range of 300 km. to 700 km.
such earthquake.
Classification of earthquake based on origin:
i. Tectonic Earthquake: This occurs due to movement of tectonic 4
plates.
ii. Volcanic Earthquake: This occurs due to volcanic eruption.
iii. Collapse Earthquake: This occurs due to seismic waves produced
by explosion of rock on the surface. 2

Page No. 6 /21

(e) Define
i. Seismology
ii. Focus
iii. Epicenter
iv. Intensity
Ans. i. Seismology: A branch of geophysical science dealing with to 1
study the causes and effects of the earthquakes and to make
predictions of their occurrence in the future.
ii. Focus: It is a point within the earth where earthquake originates. 1 4
Focus may be point or zone of disturbances.
iii. Epicenter: This is the point on the earth’s surface which is 1
vertically above the focus.
iv. Intensity: It is a quantitative measure of the actual shaking at 1
the location during an earthquake and is assigned as Roman
capital letters.

(f) Explain procedure for determination of plastic limit of soil.

Ans.
i. Take 20 to 25 gm. air dried soil sample passing through 425
micron IS sieve.
ii. Add distilled water in soil and mix it thoroughly for 10 to 15
minutes till soil becomes plastic enough, so that it can be
moldable. (It is recommended to keep clayey soils about 24
hours for its maturity.)
iii. Make the balls of soil paste and roll it on non-porous glass or 4 4
marble plate using figure pressure till it becomes soil thread of
3mm diameter.
iv. Continue the rolling process till soil starts crumbling and it
resembles a uniform thread.
v. Compare the prepared soil thread with metal rod of same
diameter and then stop the rolling; where soil thread crumbles
into different parts.
vi. Determine the water content of crumbled soil parts by oven
drying method as w %.
vii. Repeat all above steps two more times to get average water
content as plastic limit (WP) given soil sample.

Page No. 7 /21

Fig. Particle Size Distribution Curve

Particle size distribution curve (PSDC) is the semi log graph drawn as 4
sieve size versus % finer of given soil sample. The PSDC is useful for
grading of soil i.e. classification of soil based on its particle sizes
available. Thus the outcome of sieve analysis is PSDC gives following
types of soil as shown in figure above.
From above graph soil is classified based on grading curves as
follows. 2
1. Fine grained soil: When line cuts Y-axis indicate more
amount of fine particles.
2. Well graded soil: When PSDC is S-shaped indicates soil
contains all particle sizes.
3. Uniformly graded soil: When line is almost vertical indicates
particles of same sizes.
4. Coarse grained soil: When line cuts X-axis indicates more
amount coarse particles available.
5. Gap graded soil: When graph is of wavy nature indicating
particles of only specific size and deficiency of other sizes.

(b) Explain determination of coefficient of permeability by constant

head method.
Ans. Procedure
i. Take 2.5 Kg air dried soil sample passing through 9.5mm IS
sieve.
ii. Add the water in soil equals to its optimum moisture content
(OMC) to get required density.

Page No. 8 /21

Fig. Constant Head Method

Page No. 9 /21

Normal stress (N/mm2 ) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Shear stress (N/mm2 ) 0.9 1.15 1.4 1.65

Plot failure envelop and find value of angle of shearing resistance and
cohesion.
Ans.

4
Angle of shearing resistance:   26.56
2
Cohesion C  0.4 N / mm2

State characteristics of flow-net.

(d)
Characteristics of flow net are as follows:
Ans.
i. The flow lines and equipotential lines in the flow net intersect
each other orthogonally.
ii. The area or field formed due to intersection of these lines are
approximately square.
1 4
iii. The quantity of water flowing through each channel is almost
each
same.
(any
iv. Smaller dimensions of the field indicate greater hydraulic
four)
gradient and more velocity of flow.
v. The potential drop between two adjacent equipotential lines is
same.

Page No. 10 /21

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 (e) Explain briefly direct shear test of shear strength of soil.
Ans. Procedure
1. Take 2.5 Kg. air dried soil sample passing through 4.75 mm and
retained on 2.36mm IS sieve.
2. Measure the internal dimensions of the shear box. Also
determine the average thickness of the grid plates.
3. Fix the upper part of the box to the lower part using the locking
screws. Attach the base plate to the lower part.
4. For performing a UU test, plain toothed grids (without
perforations) are used at the top and bottom faces of samples.
Shear force is applied immediately after applying the normal
load. Place the grid plate in the shear box keeping the serrations
of the grid at right angles to the direction of shear. Place the
porous stone over the grid plate.
5. Weigh the shear box with base plate, grid plate and porous
stone.
6. Place the soil specimen in the box. Tamp it directly in the shear
box at the required density. When the soil in the top half of the
shear box is filled.
7. Weigh the box with soil specimen. 4 4
8. Weigh the box inside the box contained and fix the loading pad
on the box. Mount the box contained on the loading frame.
9. Bring the upper half of the box in contact with the proving ring.
Check the contact by giving a slight movement.
10. Fill the container with water if the soil is to be saturated,
otherwise omit this step.
11. Mount the loading yoke on the ball placed on the loading pad.
12. Mount the dial gauge on the loading yoke to record the vertical
displacement and another dial gauge on the container to record
the horizontal displacement.
13. Place the weights on the loading yoke to apply a normal stress.
Allow the sample to consolidate under the applied normal stress.
Note the reading of the vertical displacement dial gauge.
14. Remove the locking screws. Using the spacing screws, raise the
upper part slightly above the lower part such that the gap is
slightly larger than the maximum particle size. Remove the
spacing screws.

Page No. 11 /21

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3
15. Adjust all the dial gauges to read zero. The proving ring should
also read zero.
16. Apply the horizontal shear load at a constant rate of strain of
0.2mm/minute.
17. Record the reading of the proving ring, the vertical displacement
dial gauge and the horizontal displacement dial gauge at regular
time intervals. Take the first few readings at closer intervals.
18. Continue the test till the specimen fails or till a strain of 20% is
reached.
19. At the end of the test, remove the specimen from the box and
take a representative sample for water content determination.
20. Repeat the test on identical specimens under the normal stresses
of 50, 100, 200, 400 kN/mm2 etc. (The range of stresses selected
should correspond to the actual field stress conditions.)
21. Plot the graph by taking the value normal stress as abscissa and
the maximum shearing stress as ordinate to find shear strength
as   c   tan 
(f) Explain effect of water table on bearing capacity of soil.
Ans. Effect of water table on bearing capacity of soil:
i. The rise in water table from below the foundation results in
decrease in granular soil.
ii. When the water table reaches the ground where the depth is
greater footing the bearing capacity is reduced by 50% or more.
iii. The bearing capacity is not affected for purely cohesive soil. 1 4
iv. The bearing capacity for non-granular soil decreases with each
presence of water table. (any
v. Presence of water table for shallow depth give poor bearing four)
capacity as compared for larger depth foundation.
vi. When water table is above base of footing-submerged weight of
soil should be considered for bearing capacity.
vii. When water table is somewhat below the base of footing-elastic
wedge is partially saturated soil should be considered.
viii. When water table is at a depth D equal to width of footing
below the base of footing-a linear interpolation in reduction
factor should be made for bearing capacity calculations.
ix. As ground water table rises accordingly bearing capacity of soil
decreases.

Page No. 12 /21

Fig. Active Earth Pressure

Passive earth pressure:
The maximum earth pressure on retaining wall which is developed 1
due to movement of wall towards backfill is called as passive earth
pressure.

Fig. Passive Earth Pressure

(b) State assumption made in Rankine’s theory of earth pressure for

non-cohesive soils.
Ans. Assumption of Rankines Theory:
i. The soil is semi-infinite, homogenous, dry and cohesion less. 1 4
ii. The soil element is in the state of plastic equilibrium. each
iii. The ground surface is plane which may be horizontal or (any
inclined. four)
iv. The back of is vertical and smooth.
v. The wall yield about the base thus satisfies deformation
condition for plastic equilibrium.
Page No. 13 /21
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.4 (c) Distinguish between compaction and consolidation of soil (any four
points).
Ans.
Sr. Compaction Consolidation
No.
1 Instant compression of Gradual compression of soil
soil under dynamic load is under steady load is called
called compaction. consolidation.
2 It is fast process. It is very slow process. 1 4
3 It is artificial process. It is natural process. each
4 It is done to improve soil It takes place due to structural (any
properties like bearing load which does not improve four)
capacity, shear strength, soil properties.
impermeability etc.
5 Settlement is prevented Settlement takes place due to
due to compaction. compaction.
6 Compaction is done Consolidation takes place after
before construction of construction of structure.
structure.
7 Pore water pressure is not Pore water pressure is very
important in compaction. important in compaction.
8 Compaction does not go Consolidation goes
indefinitely. indefinitely.

(d) State any four methods of soil stabilization. Explain any one.
Ans. Methods of soil stabilization:
1. Mechanical Stabilization 2. Lime Stabilization
3. Cement Stabilization 4.Bitumen Stabilization 2
5.Fly ash Stabilization 6.Stabilization by chemicals
7.Stabilization by heating 8.Stabilization by grouting
Mechanical Stabilization:
In this method, stabilization of soil is done without adding any
chemicals or admixtures. The procedure of mechanical stabilization is 4
described below.
i. Initially the soil is excavated using excavator and then it is ground
to finer particles using pulveriser.
ii. In this pulverized soil, well graded aggregates are spread and
mixed till homogeneous mixture will form.
iii. Then water is sprinkled which is optimum moisture content i.e. 2
OMC for getting maximum dry density i.e. MDD.
iv. The heavy roller (8 to10 tone capacity) is used to compact soil 15
to 20 cm thickness as per type of soil available.
v. The compacted surface is cured sprinkling water on it, followed
by compaction. The curing and compaction is done alternatively
for seven days.

Page No. 14 /21

(e) Explain modified proctor test with sketch.

Procedure:
Ans. i. Take about 5 Kg. of de-aired soil passing through sieve 20 mm
in tray.
ii. Add about 4% water (approximately 120 ml.) to the soil and mix
thoroughly with trowel and cover it with moist cloth for 24
hours to ensure thorough mixing of water with soil.
iii. Note the dimension of proctor mould, collar and base plate.
iv. Take the empty weight of the mould (without collar and base
plate).
v. Apply a thin film of grease on inside of the mould.
vi. Fix the mould to the base plate with the help of wing nuts, place
collar on the mould.
vii. To determine the Proctor density till the soil in mould in three
equal layers and give 25 blows to each layer using standard
hammer. Scrap the top surface of compacted layer before
placing the next layer of a soil. Ensure that after compaction of
the third layer, the level of compacted soil slightly above the top
of the mould.
viii. Remove the collar trim the soil with a straight edge, disconnect 3 4
the mould from base plate and weigh it.
ix. Extrude the compaction soil from the mould.
x. Collect sample from middle of the mould for water content
determination.
xi. Repeat step 5 to 10 taking fresh sample of same soil with
addition of 3 to 4 % more water than previously added water.
Repeat these steps for no. of times till a decrease in the weight
of a soil is observed for at least two successive reading.
xii. Calculate bulk density of compacted soil for each test.
xiii. Determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content corresponding to the standard proctor compaction by
plotting graph water content v/s. dry density. Also plot constant
degree of saturation lines for 100%, 90%, 80% degree of
saturation on same graph. Calculate the degree of saturation
corresponding to the maximum dry density as OMC and MDD
of given soil sample.

Page No. 15 /21

Mould Rammer
Fig. Modified Proctor Test

(f) Explain the necessity of sub-soil exploration.

Ans. Necessity of sub-soil exploration:

i. To know stratification below ground surface.

ii. To determining index properties of soil like bulk density, voids
ratio, water content, permeability, bearing capacity,
1 4
compressibility etc.
each
iii. To determine safe bearing capacity for design of foundation of
(any
proposed structure.
four)
iv. To control the seepage and rise of ground water below surface
v. To decide size, depth and type of foundation for the proposed
structure.
vi. To know grain size distribution by sampling undistributed soil
sample and classify soil accordingly.
vii. To decide suitability of soil for proposed structure.

Page No. 16 /21

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter-2018
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 17420
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following: (16)
(a) Define specific gravity of soil. Explain the stepwise procedure of
determination of specific gravity of soil by pycnometer.
Ans. Specific Gravity: It is ratio of unit weight in air of a given volume of
soil solids at a specific temperature to unit weight in air of an equal 2
volume of distilled water at same temperature.
Determination of specific gravity by pycnometer test:
Procedure:
i. Clean the pycnometer bottle and dry it. Take the weight of empty
pycnometer with conical cap as ‘W1’ gm.
ii. Oven dry the given soil sample passing through 4.75 mm and
retained on 75 micron IS sieve, in oven at temperature 105-1100C
for 24 hours to get dry soil.
iii. Place this soil sample about 150-200 gms in the pycnometer and
take its weight as ‘W2’ gm. 4 8
iv. Now add the distilled water to half of height of pycnometer and
stirrer it using glass rod, so that entrapped air will be removed
from soil.
v. Fill the distilled water up to top of conical cap using pipette.
vi. Take the weight of pycnometer filled with distilled water as ‘W3’
gm.
vii. Remove all content from the pycnometer bottle. Wash and clean it
with water.
viii. Fill the pycnometer bottle with distilled water only up to top of
conical cap.
ix. Take the weight of pycnometer completely filled with water as
W4 gm.
x. Calculate the specific gravity G, as

G
W2  W1  1

W4  W1   W3  W2 
xi. Repeat all above steps two more times to calculate average
specific gravity of given soil sample.

Page No. 17 /21

Ans. Atterberg’s Limit of consistency:

Liquid limit (WL): It is minimum water content at which two
separated grooved soil parts mixed together under 25 blows of 2
casagrande’s liquid limit apparatus; is called as liquid limit.

Plastic limit (Wp): It is minimum water content at which soil

begins to crumble into parts when it is rolled into 3 mm diameter
thread; is known as plastic limit. 2

Shrinkage limit (Ws): It is maximum water content at which there

is no reduction in volume of soil due to further decrease in water
content is termed as shrinkage limit. 2 8

(c) Explain I.S. classification of soil.

Ans. I.S. classification of soil:
The soils are classified by Indian standard code i.e. IS 1498:1970
into three categories.
1. Coarse grained soil:
In these soils, more than half of total soil by weight is larger
than 75 micron I S. sieve size.
The coarse grained soil is further classified as follows. 4 8
i. Boulders having particle size more than 300 mm.
ii. Cobble having particle size between 80mm to 300mm.
iii. Coarse gravel having size 20mm to 80 mm.
iv. Fine gravel having size 4.75mm to 20 mm.
v. Coarse sand having size 2mm to 4.7mm.

Page No. 18 /21

Page No. 19 /21

(b) Explain method of improving bearing capacity of soil and state

typical values for SBC for Black Cotton soil and Hard Moorum.
Ans. Methods of improving bearing capacity of soil.
i. By increasing depth of foundation:
At deeper depths the over burden pressure on soil is higher
hence soil is more compacted at deeper depth. As a result it
shows higher bearing capacity.
ii. By draining sub soil water:
With increase in percentage of water content of soil the bearing
capacity decreases.
iii. By compacting soil: 8 8
If we compact soil using appropriate method then there will be
increase in its density and shear strength. As a result bearing
capacity also increases.
iv. By increasing width of foundation:
By increasing width of foundation the intensity of load is
decreases and on the same soil can take more loads.
v. By confining soil:
In this method soils are enclosed with the help of sheet piles.
This confined soil is further compacted to get more strength.

Page No. 20 /21

(c) State the factors affecting compaction. State four equipments used
for field methods of compaction. Also state its suitability.
Ans. Factors affecting compaction:
½
i) Type of soil
each
ii) Amount of compaction
(any
iii) Water content
four)
iv) Admixtures
v) Method of compaction
Equipment used for compaction with suitability.
i) Compaction by Rolling:
a) Smooth wheel rollers:
Suitability: These rollers best suitable for subgrade or
base coarse compaction of cohesion less soils.
b) Pneumatic tyred rollers:
Suitability: Pneumatic tyred rollers are effective for
compacting cohesive as well as cohesion less soils.
6 8
Light rollers are effective for compacting soil layers of
small thickness.
c) Sheep foot roller:
Suitability: Suitable only for fine grained soil.
ii) Compaction by Rammers:
Suitability: Suitable for all types of soil.
iii) Compaction by vibratory compactors:
The vibrating equipment, mounted on screeds, plates or
rollers are of two types.
a) Dropping weight type.
b) Pulsating hydraulic type.
Suitability: Suitable for compacting granular soils
with no fines in layer up to 1 m thickness.
(Note: 4 marks equipment and 2 marks suitability.)

Page No. 21 /21

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