LECTURE 10

Unix / Linux - User Administration

In this chapter, we will discuss in detail about user administration in Unix.

There are three types of accounts on a Unix system −

Root account
This is also called superuser and would have complete and unfettered
control of the system. A superuser can run any commands without any
restriction. This user should be assumed as a system administrator.

System accounts
System accounts are those needed for the operation of system-specific
components for example mail accounts and the sshd accounts. These
accounts are usually needed for some specific function on your system, and
any modifications to them could adversely affect the system.

User accounts
User accounts provide interactive access to the system for users and groups
of users. General users are typically assigned to these accounts and usually
have limited access to critical system files and directories.

Unix supports a concept of Group Account which logically groups a number

of accounts. Every account would be a part of another group account. A
Unix group plays important role in handling file permissions and process
management.

Managing Users and Groups

There are four main user administration files −

 /etc/passwd − Keeps the user account and password information. This file
holds the majority of information about accounts on the Unix system.
 /etc/shadow − Holds the encrypted password of the corresponding account.
Not all the systems support this file.
 /etc/group − This file contains the group information for each account.
 /etc/gshadow − This file contains secure group account information.

Check all the above files using the cat command.

The following table lists out commands that are available on majority of
Unix systems to create and manage accounts and groups −

Sr.No. Command & Description

1 Useradd

Adds accounts to the system

2 Usermod

Modifies account attributes

3 Userdel

Deletes accounts from the system

4 Groupadd

Adds groups to the system

5 groupmod

Modifies group attributes

6 groupdel

Removes groups from the system

You can use Manpage Help to check complete syntax for each command
mentioned here.

Create a Group
We will now understand how to create a group. For this, we need to create
groups before creating any account otherwise, we can make use of the
existing groups in our system. We have all the groups listed
in /etc/groups file.
All the default groups are system account specific groups and it is not
recommended to use them for ordinary accounts. So, following is the
syntax to create a new group account −
groupadd [-g gid [-o]] [-r] [-f] groupname

The following table lists out the parameters −

Sr.No Option & Description

.

1 -g GID

The numerical value of the group's ID

2 -o

This option permits to add group with non-unique GID

3 -r

This flag instructs groupadd to add a system account

4 -f

This option causes to just exit with success status, if the specified group
already exists. With -g, if the specified GID already exists, other
(unique) GID is chosen

5 groupname

Actual group name to be created

If you do not specify any parameter, then the system makes use of the
default values.

Following example creates a developers group with default values, which is

very much acceptable for most of the administrators.
$ groupadd developers
Modify a Group
To modify a group, use the groupmod syntax −
$ groupmod -n new_modified_group_name old_group_name

To change the developers_2 group name to developer, type −

$ groupmod -n developer developer_2

Here is how you will change the financial GID to 545 −

$ groupmod -g 545 developer

Delete a Group
We will now understand how to delete a group. To delete an existing group,
all you need is the groupdel command and the group name. To delete
the financial group, the command is −
$ groupdel developer

This removes only the group, not the files associated with that group. The
files are still accessible by their owners.

Create an Account
Let us see how to create a new account on your Unix system. Following is
the syntax to create a user's account −
useradd -d homedir -g groupname -m -s shell -u userid accountname

The following table lists out the parameters −

Sr.No. Option & Description

1 -d homedir

Specifies home directory for the account

2 -g groupname

Specifies a group account for this account

3 -m
 Creates the home directory if it doesn't exist

4 -s shell

Specifies the default shell for this account

5
-u userid

You can specify a user id for this account

6 accountname

Actual account name to be created

If you do not specify any parameter, then the system makes use of the
default values. The useradd command modifies
the /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, and /etc/group files and creates a
home directory.

Following is the example that creates an account mcmohd, setting its

home directory to /home/mcmohd and the group as developers. This
user would have Korn Shell assigned to it.
$ useradd -d /home/mcmohd -g developers -s /bin/ksh mcmohd

Before issuing the above command, make sure you already have
the developers group created using the groupadd command.

Once an account is created you can set its password using

the passwdcommand as follows −
$ passwd mcmohd20
Changing password for user mcmohd20.
New UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

When you type passwd accountname, it gives you an option to change

the password, provided you are a superuser. Otherwise, you can change
just your password using the same command but without specifying your
account name.
Modify an Account
The usermod command enables you to make changes to an existing
account from the command line. It uses the same arguments as
the useraddcommand, plus the -l argument, which allows you to change
the account name.

For example, to change the account name mcmohd to mcmohd20 and to

change home directory accordingly, you will need to issue the following
command −
$ usermod -d /home/mcmohd20 -m -l mcmohd mcmohd20

Delete an Account
The userdel command can be used to delete an existing user. This is a
very dangerous command if not used with caution.

There is only one argument or option available for the command .r, for
removing the account's home directory and mail file.

For example, to remove account mcmohd20, issue the following command

−
$ userdel -r mcmohd20

If you want to keep the home directory for backup purposes, omit the -
roption. You can remove the home directory as needed at a later time.