This document provides an overview of the first lecture for the course EIE579 Advanced Telecommunication Systems. It introduces the course objectives, staff, reference books, assessment, and provides a high-level history of wireless communications including analog, digital signals and modulation/demodulation techniques. It also summarizes current and next-generation wireless systems such as 4G/5G cellular networks and discusses challenges in modern communication systems.
This document provides an overview of the first lecture for the course EIE579 Advanced Telecommunication Systems. It introduces the course objectives, staff, reference books, assessment, and provides a high-level history of wireless communications including analog, digital signals and modulation/demodulation techniques. It also summarizes current and next-generation wireless systems such as 4G/5G cellular networks and discusses challenges in modern communication systems.
This document provides an overview of the first lecture for the course EIE579 Advanced Telecommunication Systems. It introduces the course objectives, staff, reference books, assessment, and provides a high-level history of wireless communications including analog, digital signals and modulation/demodulation techniques. It also summarizes current and next-generation wireless systems such as 4G/5G cellular networks and discusses challenges in modern communication systems.
This document provides an overview of the first lecture for the course EIE579 Advanced Telecommunication Systems. It introduces the course objectives, staff, reference books, assessment, and provides a high-level history of wireless communications including analog, digital signals and modulation/demodulation techniques. It also summarizes current and next-generation wireless systems such as 4G/5G cellular networks and discusses challenges in modern communication systems.
Ø Hardware + software Ø Using cellular signals to sense the environment Ø Interested students can drop me an email with your CV and transcript in Semester I
2 Course Objectives
Category A: Professional/academic knowledge and skills
1. Understand the basic techniques of modern wireless communication systems 2. Understand the advanced communication network: 4G, 5G cellular systems
Category B: Attributes for all-roundedness
1. Solve problems using systematic approaches
3 Reference Books
q A. J. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
q D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, Cambridge University Press, 2005. q E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, and J. Skold, 4G: LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband. New York, NY, USA: Academic, 2013. q E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, and J. Skold, 5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Access Technology. New York, NY, USA: Academic Press, 2018.
q Ancient systems: smoke signals, carrier pigeons, …
q Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi (speed of light) q Many sophisticated military radio systems were developed during and after WW2 q Exponential growth in cellular use since 1988 Ø Message, voice in 1G, 2G Ø Internet in 3G Ø Broadband communication in 4G Ø Internet of things (IoT) in 5G q WiFi is also widely used for indoor communication q Bluetooth for smart wearables q Satellites are also important in communication: TV for Olympic games
6 Communication over Noisy Channels
q Received signal can be quite different from transmitted signal when noise is strong q Is it possible to achieve reliable communication over noisy channels?
7 Shannon Channel Capacity
Claude Shannon
"A Mathematical Theory of Communication", Bell
System Technical Journal, 1948
q Information theory Ø Reliable communication without error over noisy channel is possible Ø Channel capacity: I(x;y) bits per second per Hz Ø It proves that there exists a way to communicate without any error if the rate does not exceed the channel capacity; but it does not show what is this approach Ø Theoretical foundation of modern (digital) communication systems 8 Coding Technique to Approach Shannon Capacity
q Modulation: switching or keying the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a sinusoidal
carrier wave according to incoming digital data q Demodulation: recovering digital data based on received carrier wave
17 Digital Communication
18 19 Radio Spectrum
20 Revisit of Digital Communication
1010 1111 0000 1111 0000
1010 1110 0000 1111 0001
21 Important History Milestones
22 Challenges in Modern (Digital) Communication System
q Network/Radio challenges Ø Gbps data rate Ø Ultra-reliability and low latency Ø Energy efficiency q Device/Hardware challenges Ø Performance Ø Complexity BT Radio
GPS Ø Size (multiple antennas) Cellular Cog Ø Power Mem WiFi Ø Cost CPU mmW
23 Future Wireless Networks
q Next-generation cellular technology (6G) and WiFi (WiFi 7): connecting people q IoT: connecting devices Ø Smart home Ø Autonomous cars 24 What is Internet of Things
q IoT has a three-tier architecture
Ø Sensing + Data Communication + Data Processing
25 Internet of Things
q There will be more than 75 billion IoT devices in 2025
26 Current/Next-Gen Wireless Systems
q Current wireless systems q Next-generation wireless systems
Ø 4G cellular systems (LTE-Advanced) Ø 5G cellular systems (NR) Ø WiFi 6 Ø Ad hoc/mesh wireless networks Ø Satellite systems Ø Cognitive radio networks Ø Bluetooth Ø Wireless sensor and actuator networks Ø ZigBee Ø Energy-constrained radios
27 Cellular Networks
q Base stations are connected together using a high-speed wireline network to the Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs) q MSCs are connected together and to the Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN) 28 Cellular Networks
q 1940s @ Bell labs, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones
q 1970s @ Bell labs, proposed frequency reuse and handoff q 1975, Motorola, radio telephone system (US3906166, Cooper et al) q 1970s @ AT&T, commercialized the cellular concepts
29 Evolution of Cellular Networks
30 Evolution of Cellular Networks
q First mobile phone service in 1946
Ø Dispatch radio, e.g. ambulances, police, taxis, etc Ø High transmission power, poor quality Ø Limited Spectrum q Cellular Concepts in the 50s and 60s Ø Mature of Solid State Technology (Miniaturization) Ø Handsets to public, Analog Cellular Phones Ø e.g. AMPS approved by FCC in the US in 1983 Ø e.g. E-TACS, JTACS in Europe and Japan, resp. Ø e.g. cordless phone and CT2 in mid-80s
31 2G Cellular Networks
q Success of AMPS and Pager
Ø Increases demand for wireless communications q Digital Cellular (DC) Systems Ø Carrier Frequency: ~800MHz (US), ~900MHz (Europe, HK) Ø e.g. CT-2, GSM, USDC, JDC, CDMA (IS-95), PHS Ø Low transmission power, smaller handset, cellular structure, more reliable coverage, more portable q Personal Communication System (PCS) Band Ø Carrier Frequency: ~1800MHz (US), ~1900MHz (Europe, HK) Ø Smaller cells, cheaper handset and/or service charge, voice & data services, other value- added features q Both DC and PCS are known as 2nd Generation (2G) Systems 32 3G Cellular Networks
Ø 4G: 50-100 Mbps peak rates Ø 3G: 384 Kbps peak rates q Data rate (bps) = bandwidth (Hz) Ð spectrum efficiency (bps/Hz) Ø More bandwidth over 3G § Flexible use of up to 100 MHz of spectrum Ø Greater spectrum efficiency § Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) § Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
34 WiFi Networks q No base stations q Multimedia everywhere, without wires Ø Gbps data rates Ø Usually indoor communication
Wireless HDTV and Gaming Wireless Router
35 WiFi Networks
q IEEE 802 is a standard developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) to deal with both local area networks and metropolitan area networks.
q IEEE 802.11 is a working group (WG) under IEEE 802 that mainly deal with wireless local area networks (WLAN).
q Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is the name of the certification given by the Wi-Fi Alliance – a global non-profit industry association to ensure the compatibility of IEEE 802.11 products.
36 WiFi Standards q IEEE 802.11b Ø Up to 11 Mbps, Operating at 2.4 GHz q IEEE 802.11g (3rd Gen., 2002-2006) Ø Up to 54 Mbps, Operating at 2.4 GHz q IEEE 802.11n (4th Gen., 2007-2011) Ø Up to 150 Mbps, operating at both 2.4 and 5 GHz Ø Support Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO) – 4 streams Ø Larger coverage / Higher transmission rates q IEEE 802.11ac (5th Gen., 2012 – present) Ø Up to 866.7 Mbps (per antenna), operating at 5 GHz, supports Multi-user (MU) MIMO (8 streams, max 6.93 Gbps) q WiFi 6 Ø Support 4K 8K video 37 WiFi Basics q A router keeps broadcasting a BEACON message to its surrounding periodically. The BEACON message contains information such as Ø Beacon interval – The frequency of the broadcasting § Too short – yield a responsive association process, but will reduce throughput § Too long – save energy, but will prolong the association process Ø Service set identification (SSID) – the name of your network Ø Supported data rates and other radio parameters (e.g. channel number, 1 out of 14)
BEACON
38 WiFi Basics q A client will scan (listen to) all the channels and collect the BEACON messages from different routers Ø The strength of a signal will attenuate with the communication distance. Channels with weak signals are more susceptible to noise and interference q To join a network, the client configure its Wi-Fi adaptor using the information obtained from the BEACON message of the targeted router. It will then send an association request to the router
Asso Req
39 Why is WiFi Performance Poor
Carrier Sense Multiple Access:
if another WiFi signal detected, random backoff
q The WiFi standard lacks good mechanisms to mitigate interference, especially in dense AP deployments Ø Multiple access protocol (CSMA) from 1970s Ø Static channel assignment, power levels, and sensing thresholds Ø In such deployments WiFi systems exhibit poor spectrum reuse and significant contention among APs and clients § Result is low throughput and a poor user experience Ø Multiuser MIMO will help each AP, but not interfering APs 40 Satellite Systems q Cover very large areas q Different orbit heights Ø Orbit height trades off coverage area for latency q TV multicasting q Global Positioning System (GPS) ubiquitous Ø Satellite signals used to pinpoint location Ø Popular in cell phones and navigation devices
q Short range (10m, extendable to 100m) q 2.4 GHz band (crowded) q 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels, up to 3 Mbps q Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics companies q Few applications beyond cable replacement
42 ZigBee
q Low-rate low-power low-cost radio for short-range communication
Ø Complementary to WiFi and Bluetooth (bandwidth is more important) q Frequency bands: 784, 868, 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz q Data rates: 20Kbps, 40Kbps, 250 Kbps (much lower than WiFi and Bluetooth) q Range: 10-100m line-of-sight q Support for large mesh networking or star clusters q Support for low latency devices q CSMA-CA channel access q Applications: light switches, electricity meters, traffic management, and other low-power sensors
43 Current/Next-Gen Wireless Systems
q Current wireless systems q Next-generation wireless systems
Ø 4G cellular systems (LTE-Advanced) Ø 5G cellular systems (NR) Ø WiFi 6 Ø Ad hoc/mesh wireless networks Ø Satellite systems Ø Cognitive radio networks Ø Bluetooth Ø Wireless sensor and actuator networks Ø ZigBee Ø Energy-constrained radios
44 5G Cellular Networks q 3GPP defined three main use cases for 5G technology Ø Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) Ø Massive machine-type communications (mMTC) new in 5G Ø Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) Internet of Things (IoT)
AR/VR 4K Video E-Learning, Online Conferencing
Smart Wearable Smart Transportation
Smart City Industry
Automation
45 5G Milestones
46 Enhanced Mobile Broadband in 5G
q Key performance indicators (KPIs)
Ø Peak data rate: 20 Gbps Ø Experienced data rate: 0.1 Gbps q Applications Ø AR, VR Ø 4K video q Challenges: bandwidth, spectrum efficiency data rate (bps) = bandwidth (Hz) Ð spectrum efficiency (bps/Hz)
47 Massive MIMO and mmWave
q mmWaves have large non-monotonic path loss
Ø Channel model poorly understood q For asymptotically large arrays with channel state information, no attenuation, fading, interference or noise q mmWave antennas are small: perfect for massive MIMO q Bottlenecks: channel estimation and system complexity
48 Cloud Radio Access Network
q Previously, base stations encode/decode
messages locally q Cloud radio access network (C-RAN) Ø Relay-like base stations Ø Central processor encodes/decodes messages Ø Fronthaul networks (e.g., fibers) to connect base stations and cloud q Benefit: reduced cost to rent sites q Challenge: fronthaul techniques
49 Massive Machine-Type Communications in 5G
q KPIs Ø 1 million devices per km2 q Applications Ø Smart city Ø Smart home q Challenges Ø Energy issue for sensors: a battery lifetime of 10 years or more Ø Coverage issue for sensors: tens of kilometers from base station Ø How to accommodate so many IoT devices
50 Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) Network
51 Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT)
q Why narrowband? Ø Low SNR regime: bandwidth dose not affect user throughput greatly
Ø Making use of re-farmed 2G GSM spectrum
52 Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications in 5G
q KPIs Ø Delay: 1 ms Ø Reliability: 99.999% q Applications: wireless control Ø Autonomous cars Ø Unmanned aerial vehicles Ø Smart factories q Challenges: delay and reliability are contradictory
53 Ad-Hoc Networks
q Peer-to-peer communications Ø No backbone infrastructure or centralized control (more reliable, but less efficient) q Routing can be multi-hop q Topology is dynamic q Challenges Ø Resource allocation (power, rate, spectrum, etc.) Ø Routing 54 Cognitive Networks
q Cognitive radios support new users in existing crowded spectrum
Ø Primary users: users owning the spectrum Ø Secondary users: users who want to use the spectrum not belonging to them q Challenges Ø Spectrum sensing: if spectrum is not used by primary users currently, secondary users can use it opportunistically Ø Interference control: if spectrum is used by primary users currently, secondary users should control interference to primary users
primary user secondary user 55 Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN)
q Widely used in industry automation
Ø Sensors: collect data Ø Actuators: react based on sensing data q Challenges: Ø Latency Ø Reliability Ø Routing
56 Energy-Constrained Radios
q Wireless communication must consider both transmit and processing/circuit energy
Ø Sophisticated encoding/decoding not always energy-efficient. Ø MIMO techniques not necessarily energy-efficient Ø Long transmission times not necessarily optimal q Where does energy come from Ø Batteries (sometimes hard to charge or replace batteries) Ø Energy harvesting (intermittent and random energy arrivals) Ø Wireless power transfer (poorly understood, especially for long-range transfer)
