GATE 2021 - Solution

fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
GATE 2021
Section - GA (General Aptitude)
Q1–Q5 Multiple Choice Question (MCQ), carry ONE mark each (for each wrong
answer: –1/3).
Q1. (i) Arun and Aparna are here
(ii) Arun and Aparna is here
(iii) Arun’s families is here
(iv) Arun’s family is here
Which of the above sentences are grammatically CORRECT?
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Ans.1: (b)
Solution: The first statement is correct because for plural subject we need plural verb. The fourth
statement is correct because a single person can have only one family.
Q2.
Y
PHYLAXIS
X
The mirror image of the above text about the X - axis is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Ans.2: (b)
Solution: In plane mirror there is lateral inversion of image. Hence word PHYLAXIS will looks
as
Q3. Two identical cube shaped dice each with faces numbered 1 to 6 are rolled
simultaneously. The probability that an even number is rolled out on each dice is:
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 12 8 4
Ans.3: (d)
Solution: The total number of outcomes when two dice are thrown is 6  6  36 .
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The number of ways in which an even an number is rolled on each dice is 3  3  9 .

9 1
Hence required probability  
36 4
Q4.  and  are two operators on numbers p and q such that
p  q  p  q , and p  q  p  q
Then,  9   6  7     7   6  5   
(a) 40 (b) 26 (c) 33 (d) 40

Ans.4: (d)
Solution:  9   6  7     7   6  5  
  9   6  7     7   6  5     9  42    7 1  33  7  40
Q5. Four persons P, Q, R and S are to be seated in a row. R should not be seated at the
second position from the left end of the row. The number of distinct seating arrangements
possible is:
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 18 (d) 24
Ans.5: (c)
Solution: Total number of sitting arrangements of four persons P, Q, R and S is 4!  24 . The
number of ways in which R is at the second position from the left end is
   
R
The permutations of three persons  3!  6
Hence the required number of ways  24  6  18
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Q6–Q10 Multiple Choice Question (MCQ), carry TWO marks each (for each wrong
answer: –2/3).
Q6. On a planar field, you travelled 3 units East from a point O . Next you travelled 4 units
South to arrive at point P . Then you travelled from P in the North-East direction such
that you arrive at a point that is 6 units East of point O . Next, you travelled in the North-
West direction, so that you arrive at point Q that is 8 units North of point P .
The distance of point Q to point O , in the same units, should be _________
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
Ans.6: (c)
Solution: The movement of the person is shown below by the arrowed diagram.
From the diagram we see that the distance between O and Q is
OQ  32  42  5 units Q
4
O
3 3
P
Q7. The author said, “Musicians rehearse before their concerts. Actors rehearse their roles
before the opening of a new play. On the other hand, I find it strange that many public
speakers think they can just walk on to the stage and start speaking. In my opinion, it is
no less important for public speakers to rehearse their talks.”
Based on the above passage, which one of the following is TRUE?
(a) The author is of the opinion that rehearsing is important for musicians, actors and
public speakers.
(b) The author is of the opinion that rehearsing is less important for public speakers than
for musicians and actors.
(c) The author is of the opinion that rehearsing is more important only for musicians than
public speakers.
(d) The author is of the opinion that rehearsal is more important for actors than musicians.
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Ans.7: (a)
Solution: Before discussing about the leaders the author gives much emphasis on rehearsals by
musicians and actor. Hence in author’s view public speakers should also rehearse before
their talk.
Q8. 1. Some football players play cricket
2. All cricket players play hockey
Among the options given below, the statement that logically follows from the two
statements 1 and 2 above, is:
(a) No football player plays hockey (b) Some football players play hockey
(c) All football players play hockey (d) All hockey players play football
Ans.8: (b)
Solution: From the Venn-diagram we can draw the definition conclusion that some football
Cricket
players play Hockey.
Football
Hockey
Q9. P Q
r
r
S r R
In the figure shown above, PQRS is a square. The shaded portion is formed by the
intersection of sectors of circles with radius equal to the side of the square and centers at
S and Q . The probability that any point picked randomly within the square falls in the
shaded area is________
 1  
(a) 4  (b) (c) 1 (d)
2 2 2 4
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Ans.9: (c)
 r2
Solution: Area within the square but lying below the shaded region  r 2 
4
 r2
Similarly, area within the square but lying above the shaded region  r 2 
4
 2  r2  2  r2  r2 2
Hence area of shaded region  r  2  r 
2
  r  2r 
2
 r
 4  2 2
  2
  1 r 
Hence required probability  
4 
2
 1
r 2
Q10. In an equilateral triangle PQR , side PQ is divided into four equal parts, side QR is
divided into six equal parts and side PR is divided into eight equal parts. The length of
each subdivided part in cm is an integer.
The minimum area of the triangle PQR possible, in cm 2 , is
(a) 18 (b) 24 (c) 48 3 (d) 144 3

Ans. : (d)
Solution: The minimum area of the equilateral triangle will occur when the side length is
minimum.
Under the given conditions the minimum side length is the LCM of 4, 6 and 8 .
Thus minimum side length  LCM  4, 6,8   24
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SECTION - PHYSICS
Q1 – Q9 Multiple Choice Question (MCQ), carry ONE mark each (for each wrong
answer: –1/3).
Q1. Choose the graph that best describes the variation of dielectric constant r  with
temperature ( T ) in ferroelectric material.

( TC is the Curie temperature)
(a) r (b) r
TC T TC T
r r
(c) (d)
TC T TC T
Ans. : (a)
Solution: The properties of these materials exist only below a definite phase conversion
temperature. Above this temperature, the material will become paraelectric materials.
That is, loss in spontaneous polarization. This definite temperature is called Curie
temperature (TC). Most of these materials above Tc will lose the piezoelectric property as
well. The variation of dielectric constant (  r ) by means of temperature (T) in the non-
polar, paraelectric state is shown by Curie-Weiss law as given below
  A
r 
T  TC
Thus the correct option is (a).
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Q2. A matter wave is represented by the wave function

  x, y, z, t   Aei 4 x 3 y 5 z 10 t 
where A is a constant. The unit vector representing the direction of the propagation of
this matter wave is
4 3 1 3 4 1
(a) xˆ  yˆ  zˆ (b) xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
5 2 5 2 2 5 2 5 2 5 2
1 3 1 1 4 3
(b) xˆ  yˆ  zˆ (d) xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
5 2 5 2 2 5 2 5 2 5 2
Ans. : (a)

Solution: Propagation vector k  4 xˆ  3 yˆ  5 zˆ
The unit vector representing the direction of the propagation of this matter wave is

k 1 1 4 3 1
kˆ     4 xˆ  3 yˆ  5 zˆ    4 xˆ  3 yˆ  5 zˆ   xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
k 16  9  25 5 2 5 2 5 2 2
Q3. As shown in the figure, X - ray diffraction pattern is obtained from a diatomic chain of
atoms P and Q . The diffraction condition is given by a cos   n , where n is the order
of the diffraction peak. Here, a is the lattice constant and  is the wavelength of the
X - rays. Assume that atomic form factors and resolution of the instrument do not depend
on  . Then, the intensity of the diffraction peaks is
P Q a a/2
(a) Lower for even values of n , when compared to odd values of n
(b) Lower for odd values of n , when compared to even values of n
(d) Zero for odd values of n
(a) Zero for even values of n
Ans. : (b)
Solution: Intensity for even values of n is I  16  f P  f Q  , whereas,

2
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The Intensity for odd values of n is I  16  f P  fQ  . Where, f P & fQ are the atomic
2
scattering factor of atom P and atom Q.

Thus the intensity of diffraction peaks lower for odd values of n , when compared to even
values of n . Thus correct option is (b).
Q4. As shown in the figure, two metal-semiconductor junctions are formed between an n -
type semiconductor S and metal M . The work functions of S and M are  S and  M ,
respectively with  M   S .
M S M
The I  V characteristics (on linear scale) of the junctions is best represented by
I I
(a) (b)
V V
I I
(c) (d)
V V
Ans. : (a)
Q5. Consider a tiny current loop driven by a sinusoidal alternating current. If the surface
integral of its time-averaged Poynting vector is constant, then the magnitude of the time-

averaged magnetic field intensity, at any arbitrary position, r , is proportional to
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) r
r3 r2 r
Ans. 5: (c)
 1  1  1
Solution: If E  , B   S  2 .
r r r
 
Then  S .d a  constant
S
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Q6. Consider a solenoid of length L and radius R , where R  L . A steady-current flows

through the solenoid. The magnetic field is uniform inside the solenoid and zero outside.
0 L/2 L z
Among the given options, choose the one that best represents the variation in the
magnitude of the vector potential,  0, A , 0  at z  L / 2 , as a function of the radial
distance  r  in cylindrical coordinates.


Useful information: The curl of a vector F , in cylindrical coordinates is
   1 Fz F   Fr Fz  1    rF  Fr 

  F  r ,  , z   rˆ     ˆ     ˆ
z   
 r  z   z r  r   r  

A A
(a) (b)
R r R r
A A
(c) (d)
R r R r
Ans. 6: (c)
      
Solution: Since B    A  
line
A.dl   B.d a .
S
 
Given that B  constant (inside) and B  zero (outside)
 
For points inside r  R : A  2 r  Const   r 2  A  r
  1
For points outside r  R : A  2 r  Const   R 2  A 
r
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Q7. Assume that 13N  Z  7  undergoes first forbidden   decay from its ground state with
spin-parity J i , to a final state J f . The possible values for J i and J f , respectively, are
1 5 1 5 1 1 1 1
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Ans. : (b)
1
Solution: 13
7 N ; n  p   7  1s1/2 2 ,1 p3/4 2 ,1 p1/1 2  J i 
2
In first forbidden transition   yes, I  0, 1, 2
1 3 5
 Possible values of  f  ive ; I , ,
2 2 2
1 3 5
 J f  , ,
2 2 2
Q8. In an experiment, it is seen that an electric-dipole  E1 transition can connect an initial
nuclear state of spin-parity J i  2 to a final state J f . All possible values of J f are
(a) 1 , 2 (b) 1 , 2 ,3 (c) 1 , 2 (d) 1 , 2 ,3

Ans. : (d)
Solution: In E1 transition parity of the nuclei will change, so  f  ive
J i  2  J f  1 : L  1 , 2, 3

E1
J i  2  J f  2 : L 0 1 , 2

E1
J i  2  J f  3 : L  1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5

E1
So, option (d) is correct.
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Q9. Choose the correct statement from the following:

(a) Silicon is a direct band gap semiconductor.
(b) Conductivity of metals decreases with increase in temperature.
(c) Conductivity of semiconductor decreases with increase in temperature.
(d) Gallium Arsenide is an indirect band gap semiconductor.
Ans. 9: (b)
Solution: Silicon is indirect and GaAs is a direct bandgap semiconductor. The conductivity of the
semiconductor increases with temperature due to increase in carrier concentration. The
conductivity of metals decreases with increase in temperature due to increase in number
of phonons and hence electron-phonon scattering. Thus correct option is (b)
Q10-Q16 Multiple Select Question (MSQ), carry ONE mark each (no negative
marks).
Q10. A two-dimensional square lattice has lattice constant a . k represents the wavevector in
reciprocal space. The coordinates  k x , k y  of reciprocal space where band gap(s) can
occur are
  
(a)  0, 0  (b)   ,  
 a a
      
(c)   ,   (d)   ,  
 a 1.3a   3a a 
Ans. : (b), (c), (d)
Solution: The band structure of a two-dimensional photonic crystal with a square lattice shows
zero band gap at  0, 0  , while the band gap increases along  k x , k y  directions. Thus
correct options are (b), (c) and (d).
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Q11. As shown in the figure, an electromagnetic wave with intensity I I is incident at the
interface of two media having refractive indices n1  1 and n2  3 . The wave is
reflected with intensity I R and transmitted with intensity IT . Permeability of each
medium is the same. (Reflection coefficient R  I R / I I and Transmission coefficient
T  IT / I I ).
I R
n1
n2
T
Choose the correct statement(s)

(a) R  0 if  I  00 and polarization of incident light is parallel to the plane of incidence.
(b) T  1 if  I  600 and polarization of incident light is parallel to the plane of incidence
(c) R  0 if  I  600 and polarization of incident light is perpendicular to the plane of

incidence
(d) T  1 if  I  600 and polarization of incident light is perpendicular to the plane of
incidence
Ans. 11: (b)
n2
Solution: Brewester angle at interface is tan  B   3   B   I  600 .
n1
If polarization of incident light is parallel to the plane of incidence then R  0 and T  1 .
If polarization of incident light is perpendicular to the plane of incidence then R  0 and
T  1.
Q12. A material is placed in a magnetic field intensity H . As a result, bound current density
J b is induced and magnetization of the material is M . The magnetic flux density is B .
Choose the correct option(s) valid at the surface of the material
(a)   M  0 (b)   B  0 (c)   H  0 (d)   J b  0
Ans. 12: (b), (d)
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Q13. For a finite system of Fermions where the density of states increases with energy, the
chemical potential
(a) Decreases with temperature
(b) Increases with temperature
(c) Does not vary with temperature
(d) Corresponds to the energy where the occupation probability is 0.5
Ans. : (a), (d)
Solution: For fermionic system the chemical potential is equal to the fermi energy. The
probability function is written as
1 1
F (E)   E    / k BT
  E  EF  / k B T
e 1 e 1
At finite temperature the chemical potential and hence the fermi energy is written as
 1 k T 
2

  EF  EF0 1   B  
 12  EF0 
 
 
With increasing temperature, the chemical potential decrease and from probability
distribution function it is clear that is also corresponds to the energy where the occupation
probability is 0.5 . Thus correct options are (a) and (d).
Q14. Among the term symbols
4
S1 , 2D7 / 2 , 3S1 and 2 D5 / 2
Choose the option(s) possible in the LS coupling notation
(a) 4 S1 (b) 2 D7 / 2 (c) 3S1 (d) 2 D5 / 2
Ans. : (c), (d)
3
Solution: (a) 4 S1  M  2 S  1  4  S 
2
3
L0J 
2
So, 4S1 is not possible
(b) 3 D7 / 2  M  2S  1  3  S  1
L  2  J  1, 2,3
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So, 3 D7 / 2 is not possible
(c) 3 S1  S  1, L  0  J  1 so, 3 S1 is possible
1 3 5
(d) 2 D5/ 2  S  , L  2  J  , so, 2 D5/ 2 is possible
2 2 2
Q15. To sustain lasing action in a three-level laser as shown in the figure, necessary condition
(s) is (are)
2
1
0
(a) Lifetime of the energy level 1 should be greater than that of energy level 2
(b) Population of the particles in level 1 should be greater than that of level 0
(c) Lifetime of the energy level 2 should be greater than that of energy level 0
(d) Population of the particles in level 2 should be greater than that of level 1
Ans. : (a), (b)
Solution: (a) Level one should be metastable state for lasing action.
(b) It is necessary for population inversion.
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Q16. If yn  x  is a solution of the differential equation
y  2 xy  2ny  0

where n is an integer and the prime (' ) denotes differentiation with respect to x , then
acceptable plot(s) of  n  x   e  x yn  x  , is(are)

2
/2
2 2
n0 n0
(a) (b)
1 1
Ψn(x)
Ψn(x)
0 0
2 0 2 4 2 0 2 4
x x
1 1
2 2
2 2
n 1 n 1
(c) (d)
1 1
Ψn(x)
Ψn(x)
0 0
2 0 2 4 2 0 2 4
x x
1 1
2 2
Ans. : (b), (c)  0  x

Solution: It’s a Hermite Differential Equation
y  2 xy  2ny  0 , yn  x  is Hermite Polynomial
H 0  x   1, H1  x   2 x
 n  x   e x /2 yn  x 
2
x
for n  0 : 0  x   e  x (1)  e  x
2 2
1  x
/2 /2
For n  1 :  1  x   e x  2 x   2 xe x / 2
2 2
/2
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Q17-Q25 Numerical Answer Type (NAT), carry ONE mark each (no negative
marks).
Q17. The donor concentration in a sample of n - type silicon is increased by a factor of 100.
Assuming the sample to be non-degenerate, the shift in the Fermi level (in meV) at 300 K
(rounded off to the nearest integer) is____________
(Given: k BT  25meV at 300 K )
Ans. 17: 115.15
N   Nc   Nc 
Solution: EC  EF  kT ln  c  and EC  EF  kT ln    kT ln    kT ln 100 
 Nd   100 N d   Nd 
Thus shift is E  kT ln 100   25ln 100  meV  115.15 meV
Q18. Two observers O and O observe two events P and Q . The observers have a constant
relative speed of 0.5 c . In the units, where the speed of light, c , is taken as unity, the
observer O obtained the following coordinates:
Event P : x  5, y  3, z  5, t  3
Event Q : x  5, y  1, z  3, t  5
The length of the space-time interval between these two events, as measured by O , is L .
The value of L (in integer) is __________
Ans. : 2
Solution: L   x    y    z   c 2  t   0  22  22  12.22  2
2 2 2 2
Q19. A light source having its intensity peak at the wavelength 289.8 nm which is calibrated
as 10, 000 K which is the temperature of an equivalent black body radiation. Considering
the same calibration, the temperature of light source (in K ) having its intensity peak at
the wavelength 579.6 nm (rounded off to the nearest integer) is_________.
Ans. : 5000
Solution: Using Wein’s law to calculate Temperature of the black body.
maxT  b , b is known as Wein’s constant.
max1T1  max 2T2
289.8 10000
579.6  T  289.8  10000 , T  5000 K
579.6
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Q20. A hoop of mass M and radius R rolls without slipping along a straight line on a
horizontal surface as shown in the figure. A point mass m slides without friction along
thee inner surface of the hoop, performing small oscillations about the mean position.
The number of degrees of freedom of the system (in integer) is _______.
R M
Ans. : 2
Solution: Two independent motion one is pure rotation and other is pure translation in one
dimension. So degrees of freedom is two.
Q21. Three non-interacting bosonic particles of mass m each, are in a one-dimensional infinite
 2 2
potential well of width a . The energy of the third excited state of the system is x  .
ma 2
The value of x (in integer) is ________.
Ans. : 6
3 2 2  2 2 4 2 2 3 2  2
Solution: Ground state is first excited state is 2   1  
2ma 2 2ma 2 2ma 2 ma 2
 2 2 4 2 2 9 2  2
Second excited state is 1  2  
2ma 2 2ma 2 2ma 2
4 2 2 12 2  2  2 2
Third excited state is 3    6
2ma 2 2ma 2 ma 2
Q22. The spacing between two consecutive S -branch lines of the rotational Raman spectra of
hydrogen gas is 243.2 cm 1 . After excitation with a laser of wavelength 514.5 nm , the
Stoke’s line appeared at 17611.4 cm 1 for a particular energy level. The wavenumber
(rounded off to the nearest integer), in cm 1 , at which Stoke’s line will appear for the
next higher energy level is __________.
Ans. : 17368.2
Solution: The spacing between two consecutive S -branch lines of the rotational Raman spectra
4 B  243.2 cm 1
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The wavenumber of a stoke’s line for a particular energy level  17611.4 cm 1 .

The wavenumber of the stoke’s line for the next higher energy level
 17611.4  4B  17611.4  243.2  17368.2 cm 1
Q23. The transition line, as shown in the figure, arises between 2 D3/ 2 and 2 P1/ 2 states without
any external magnetic field. The number of lines that will appear in the presence of a
weak magnetic field (in integer) is________.
2
D3 / 2
2
Ans. : 6 to 6 P1/ 2
3 1
Solution: j1  , j2 
2 2
j1  j2
n  2 j  1 j  min  j1 , j2 
1
n  2   1  2
2
nTotal  3n  3  2  6
n  6  2  4
Q24. Consider the atomic system as shown in the figure, where the Einstein A coefficients for
spontaneous emission for the levels are A21  2  107 s 1 and A10  108 s 1 . If 1014
atoms/ cm3 are excited from level 0 to level 2 and a steady state population in level 2 is
achieved, then the steady state population at level 1 will be x  1013 cm 3 . The value of x
(in integer) is __________
2
1
0
Ans. : 2
dN1 N 2 N1
Solution: N 2  1014 atoms / cm3 ;    A21 N 2  A10 N1
dt  2 1
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dN1
In steady state 0
dt
1 1014
N1  A21 N 2  8  2 107  2 1013 cm 1
A10 10
   
Q25. If a and b are constant vectors, r and p are generalized positions and conjugate
   
momenta, respectively, then for the transformation Q  a  p and P  b  r to be
 
canonical, the value of a  b (in integer) is________.
Ans. : –1
     
Solution: Q, P   1   a  p, b  r   1  a.b  1  a.b  1
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Q26-Q41 Multiple Choice Question (MCQ), carry Two marks each (for each wrong
answer: –2/3)
Q26.
The above combination of logic gates represents the operation

(a) OR (b) NAND (c) AND (d) NOR
Ans. 26: (b)
A
Solution: Y  A  B  AB
Y
B
Q27. In a semiconductor, the ratio of the effective mass of hole to electron is 2 :11 and the
ratio of average relaxation time for hole to electron is 1: 2 . The ratio of the mobility of
the hole to electron is
(a) 4 : 9 (b) 4 :11 (c) 9 : 4 (d) 11: 4
Ans. 27: (d)
qth qt
Solution: h  *
and e  *e .
mh me
h th me* me* th
Thus     .
e mh* te mh* te
h 11 1 11
   
e 2 2 4
1 2  i 
Consider a spin S   / 2 particle in the state   
3  2 
Q28. . The probability that a
measurement finds the state with S x    / 2 is
(a) 5 /18 (b) 11/18 (c) 15 /18 (d) 17 /18
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Ans. : (d)
 0 1  1  1
Solution: S x    the eigen state corresponds to eigen value S x    / 2 is u1   
2 1 0  2  1
2
1 1
u1 
2 . 4  i
3 2 17
P   / 2   
 1 18
Q29. An electromagnetic wave having electric field E  8cos  kz  t  yV

ˆ cm 1 is incident at
900 (normal incidence) on a square slab from vacuum (with refractive index n0  1.0 ) as
shown in the figure. The slab is composed of two different materials with refractive
indices n1 and n2 . Assume that the permeability of each medium is the same. After
passing through the slab for the first time, the electric field amplitude, in V cm 1 , of the
electromagnetic wave, which emerges from the slab in region 2 , is closest to
3
n2  1.1 z
4 2 y
x
450 n1  2.2
1
11 11 11 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1.6 3.2 25.6 13.8
Ans. 29: (a)
Solution: Critical angle at the interface of two slab is
n2 1.1 1 3
sin C     C  300
n1 2.2 2
n2  1.1
I2 I3
Since incident angle at the interface is  I  45  C  30 ,
0 0 4
I1 2
so there is total internal reflection at interface. Thus I 2  I1 . 450 n1  2.2
1 n0  0
1 1
I 0  c 0 E02  I 0  c 0  8   32c 0 V / cm I0
2
2 2
2
n n 
At interface 1; R1   0 1 
 n0  n1 
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 1  2.2   1.2 
2 2
9 9 55 55
 R1        T1  1  R1  1    I1  T1 I 0  I0  I2
 1  2.2   3.2  64 64 64 64
2
 n n 
At interface 2; R2   1 0 
 n1  n0 
 2.2  1 
2
9 9 55 55 55 55
 R2      T2  1  R2  1    I 3  T2 I 2  I2   I0
 2.2  1  64 64 64 64 64 64
1 55 55 1 55 55 1
I 3  c 0 E032   I 0  c 0 E032    32c 0  c 0 E032
2 64 64 2 64 64 2
55 11
 E03   8  E03 
64 1.6
Q30. Consider a point charge Q of mass m suspended by a massless, inextensible string of
length l in free space (permittivity  0 ) as shown in the figure. It is placed at a height
d  d  l  over an infinitely large, grounded conducting plane. The gravitational potential
energy is assumed to be zero at the position of the conducting plane and is positive above
the plane.
 l
d
z m,  Q
if  represents the angular position and p its corresponding canonical momentum, then
the correct Hamiltonian of the system is
p2 Q2
(a)   mg  d  l cos  
2ml 2 16 0  d  l cos  
p2 Q2
(b)   mg  d  l cos  
2ml 2 8 0  d  l cos  
p2 Q2
(c)   mg  d  l cos  
2ml 2 8 0  d  l cos  
p2 Q2
(d)   mg  d  l cos  
2ml 2 16 0  d  l cos  
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Ans. : (d)
Solution: Potential energy due to gravitation mg (d  l cos  )
1 Q 2
Potential energy due to conducting plate is . ( we can use a concept of
4 0 4(d  l cos  )
image problem )
p2
Kinetic energy is .
2ml 2
p2 Q2
So Hamiltonion is H    mg  d  l cos  
2ml 2 16 0  d  l cos  
Q31. Consider two concentric conducting spherical shells as shown in thee figure. The inner
shell has a radius a and carries a charge Q . The outer shell has a radius b and carries a
charge Q . The empty space between them is half-filled by a hemispherical shell of a
dielectric having permittivity 1 . The remaining space between the shells is filled with air
having the permittivity  0 .
b
0 Q 1
a
Air
Q
The electric field at a radial distance r from the center and between the shells  a  r  b 
is
Q rˆ
(a) everywhere
2   0  1  r 2
Q rˆ Q rˆ
(b) on the air side and on the dielectric side
4 0 r 2
41 r 2
Q rˆ Q rˆ
(c) on the air side and on the dielectric side
2 0 r 2
21 r 2
Q rˆ
(d) everywhere
4   0  1  r 2
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Ans. : (a)
 
Solution: From Gauss Law:  D.d a  Q fenc
S
Let us find the electric field at a radial distance r from the center and between the shells
 a  r  b  . Draw a Gaussian sphere of radius r , then
4 r 2 4 r 2  Q rˆ
0E   1 E  Q  E 
2 2 2   0  1  r 2
Q32.
0 , 2 , 4 23/ 2 
1200
1000
19 / 2 
800
E(keV)
2
600
15/ 2 
400
11/ 2 
200
0 7 / 2
0
Set I Set II
For the given sets of energy levels of nuclei X and Y whose mass numbers are odd and
even, respectively, choose the best suited interpretation
(a) Set I: Rotational band of X (b) Set I: Rotational band of Y
Set II: Vibrational band of Y Set II: Vibrational band of X
(c) Set I: Vibrational band of X (d) Set I: Vibrational band of Y
Set II: Rotational band of Y Set II: Rotational band of X
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Out of these two is rotational band and other is vibrational band I . For even-even
nuclei, the ground state is always O  and first excited state is 2 for vibrational and
rotational bands. However, in case of vibrational band, next excited states are O  , 2 , 4 .
So, set I represents vibrational band of even Y nuclei.
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Q33. Consider a system of three distinguishable particles, each having spin S  1/ 2 such that
S z  1/ 2 with corresponding magnetic moments  z    . When the system is placed
in an external magnetic field H pointing along the z -axis, the total energy of the system
is  H . Let x be the state where the first spin has S z  1/ 2 . The probability of having
the state x and the mean magnetic moment (in the  z direction) of the system in state x
are
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1
(a) ,  (b) ,  (c) ,  (d) , 
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Ans.: (a)
Solution:
State index r Quantum Numbers Total magnetic Total Energy
m1 , m2 , m3 moment
1  3 3 H
2    H
3    H
4    H
5   H
6   H
7   H
8  3 3 H
Accessible states 5,6,7. State 5 is the x state. The probability of having the state x and
1 1
the mean magnetic moment (in the  z direction) of the system in state x are , .
3 3
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Q34. Consider a particle in a one-dimensional infinite potential well with its walls at x  0 and
x  L . The system is perturbed as shown in the figure.
 
V  L   V0
V  0  0
x0 xL
The first order correction to the energy eigenvalue is
V0 V0 V0 V0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2 5
Ans. : (c)
2 2 n x
L
V
Solution: En1   V0 sin dx  0
0
L L 2
Q35. Consider a state described by   x, t    2  x, t    4  x, t  , where  2  x, t  and  4  x, t 
are respectively the second and fourth normalized harmonic oscillator wave functions and
 is the angular frequency of the harmonic oscillator. The wave function   x, t  0 
will be orthogonal to   x, t  at time t equal to
   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2  4 6
Ans. : (a)
  c4 2   
Solution: t  1
cos   2   cos 1  1 
E4  E2  c  2  2
 2 
Q36. Consider a single one-dimensional harmonic oscillator of angular frequency  , in
equilibrium at temperature T   k B   . The states of the harmonic oscillator are all non-
1
 1
degenerate having energy En   n    with equal probability, where n is the
 2
quantum number. The Helmholtz free energy of the oscillator is
 
(a)   1 ln 1  exp      (b)   1 ln 1  exp      
2 2

(c)   1 ln 1  exp       (d)  1 ln 1  exp      
2
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Ans. : (b)
 1
Solution: For 1D Harmonic Oscillator En   n   
 2
5
2
3
2

2

 3  5  
   e 2
Z e 2
e 2
e 2
 ..........  Z 
1  e   
Helmholtz free energy
  2    
  F  k T ln e 2  ln 1  e    
F  k BT ln Z  F  k BT ln 
e
 1  e     B   
   
 
   
 F   k BT 
2  k BT 

 k BT ln 1  e    
 2

 ln 1  e   

 
Q37. A system of two atoms can be in three quantum states having energies 0,  and 2  . The
system is in equilibrium at temperature T   k B   . Match the following Statistics with

1
the Partition function.

Statistics Partition function
CD: Classical (distinguishable particles) Z1: e    e2    e 3 
CI: Classical (indistinguishable particles) Z2: 1  e    2e2    e3   e4  
FD: Fermi-Dirac Z3: 1  2e    3e2    2e3   e 4  
BE: Bose-Einstein 1    3 2   3   1 4  
Z4: e  e e  e
2 2 2
(a) CD: Z1, CI: Z2, FD: Z3, BE: Z4 (b) CD: Z2, CI: Z3, FD: Z4, BE: Z1
(c) CD: Z3, CI: Z4, FD: Z1, BE: Z2 (d) CD: Z4, CI: Z1, FD: Z2, BE: Z3
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: Two particles, Quantum states 0,  , 2
CD: Classical distinguishable  A, B 
2 AB B A B A
AB B A A B

AB A B A B
O
Z  1  e  2  e  4  2e   2e   2  2e  3
Z  1  2e    3e   2  2e   3  e   4
CD  Z 3
CI : Classical Indistinguishable Particles
Z
 Z 3  1  e   3 e  2  e  3  1 e  4
2! 2 2 2
CI  Z 4
FD : Fermi Dirac, means they follow Pauli exclusive principle
A A
2
A A

A A
O
Z  e   e  2  e   3 FD : Z1
BE : Bose – Einstein  AA  AA A A
2
Z  1  e  2  e  4  e   e  2  e   3
AA A A
Z  1  e    e   2  e  3  e  4 
A A
BE  Z 2 AA
O
CD : Z 3, CI : Z 4; FD : Z1, BE : Z 2
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Q38. The free energy of a ferromagnet is given by F  F0  a0 T  TC  M 2  bM 4 , where
F0 , a0 , and b are positive constants, M is the magnetization, T is the temperature, and
TC is the Curie temperature. The relation between M 2 and T is best depicted by
M2 M2
(a) (b)
T T
TC TC
M2 M2
(b) (d)
T T
TC TC
Ans. : (b)
F
Solution:  0  2a0 T  TC  M  4bM 3
M
F
Minimising free energy of ferromagnet occurs when 0
M
F
 0  2a0 T  TC  M  4bM 3  0
M
 2a T  T   4bM  M  0
0 C
2
Since M can not be zero therefore, first part must be zero

2a0 T  TC   4bM 2  0
2a0 T  TC  2a0TC 2a0

M2    T
4b 4b 4b
Thus graph (b) correctly represent the variation of M 2 vs temperature.
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Q39. Consider a spherical galaxy of total mass M and radius R , having a uniform matter
distribution. In this idealized situation, the orbital speed v of a star of mass m  m  M 
as a function of the distance r from the galactic centre is best described by

( G is the universal gravitational constant)
v v
(a) GM (b) GM
R R
R r R r
v v
GM GM
R R
(c) (d)
R r R r
Ans. 39: (a)
Solution: Gravitational field of galaxy can be given by
 GM
 3 r , r  R
E r    R
 GM , r  R
 r 2
mv 2 GMm
For r  R ;  rvr
r R3
mv 2 GMm 1
For r  R ;  2 v
r r r
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Q40. Consider the potential U  r  defined as
e  r
U  r   U 0
r
where  and U 0 are real constants of appropriate dimensions. According to the first
Born approximation, the elastic scattering amplitude calculated with U  r  for a (wave-
vector) momentum transfer q and   0 , is proportional to

 q
(Useful integral:  sin  qr  e r dr  )
0   q2
2
(a) q 2 (b) q 1 (c) q (d) q 2

Ans. : (a)
Solution: Scattering amplitude is given by
 
2m 2 m  e  r 
f         sin  qr  dr
 2 q 0  2 q 0 
rV r sin qr dr  r 
 0
U
r 
2U 0 m   r iqr 
  
2U 0 m  r
 2  e sin qrdr 
2i 2 q  0 0
 r  iqr
 e e dr  e e dr 
q 0 
U 0 m    r iq  
 
 2 e dr   e   dr 
 r   iq
i q  0 0 
U 0 m   r  iq   U m 1
 
1 
f    2 
e dr   e  r  iq  dr   02   
i q  0 0  i q    iq   iq 
U 0 m    iq    iq  2mU 0
 2   2 2
i q    q     q 
2 2 2
2mU 0 1
f       0  f    2
   q 
2 2 2
q
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Q41. As shown in the figure, inverse magnetic susceptibility ( 1/  ) is plotted as a function of

temperature (T ) for three different materials in paramagnetic states.
1
1

3
0
0 T
(Curie temperature of ferromagnetic material  TC
Neel temperature of antiferromagnetic material  TN )

Choose the correct statement from the following
(a) Material 1 is paramagnetic, 2 is antiferromagnetic ( T  TN ), and 3 is ferromagnetic
( T  TC )
(b) Material 1 is antiferromagnetic ( T  TN ), 2 is paramagnetic, and 3 is ferromagnetic
( T  TC )
(c) Material 1 is ferromagnetic ( T  TC ), 2 is antiferromagnetic ( T  TN ), and 3 is

paramagnetic
(d) Material 1 is ferromagnetic ( T  TC ), 2 is paramagnetic, and 3 is antiferromagnetic
( T  TN )
Ans. : (b)
Solution: The magnetic susceptibility for various material is written as
C 1 T
1. For paramagnetic:     , thus graph 2 is for paramagnetic materials
T  C
C 1 T  TC
2. For Ferromagnetic:     , thus graph 3 is for ferromagnetic
T  TC  C
material.
C 1 T  TN
3. For antiferromagnetic:     , thus the graph 1 is for
T  TN  C
antiferromagnetic material.
The correct option is (b)
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Q42-Q46 Multiple Select Question (MSQ), carry TWO mark each (no negative
marks).
Q42. A function f  t  is defined only for t  0 . The Laplace transform of f  t  is

L  f ; s    e  st f  t  dt
0
whereas the Fourier transform of f  t  is


f     f  t  e  it dt
0
The correct statement(s) is(are)

(a) The variable s is always real.
(b) The variable s can be complex.
(c) L  f ; s  and f   can never be made connected.
(d) L  f ; s  and f   can be made connected
Ans. : (b), (d)


Solution: h  s    f  t e  st dt , where s is a complex number, can be complex or real.
0

f     f  t e  it dt (for t  0 )
0
 If s  j , then h  s   f  
So, L  f , s  and f   can be related.
Q43. P and Q are two Hermitian matrices and there exists a matrix R , which diagonalizes
both of them, such that RPR 1  S1 and RQR 1  S 2 , where S1 and S2 are diagonal
matrices. The correct statement(s) is (are)
(a) All the elements of both matrices S1 and S2 are real
(b) The matrix PQ can have complex eigenvalues.

(c) The matrix QP can have complex eigenvalues.
(d) The matrices P and Q commute
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Ans. : (a), (d)

Solution: P   P, Q  Q
S1  RPR 1 , S2  RQR 1
S1 , S2 are diagonal matrices of P and Q
As P and Q are Hermitian matrices, their eigenvalues are always Real. Hence their
diagonal matrix will only have Real elements.
 S1 , S2 All elements of S1 , S2 are real.
 P and Q are Simultaneously diagonal, they both commute
P  R 1S1 R, Q  R 1S2 R
PQ  R 1S1 RR 1S2 R  R 1S1S 2 R as S1S2  S2 S1
QP  R 1S2 RR 1S1 R  R 1S2 S1 R because diagonal matrices commute
PQ  QP   PQ   0
P and Q commute.
 As PQ  R 1S1S2 R, QP  R 1S2 S1 R
S1S2 , S2 S1 are diagonal matrix of PQ, QP
 S1S2 have real elements then S1S2 and S2 S1 also have real elements.
Hence PQ and QP have Real eigenvalues NOT complex.
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Q44. A uniform block of mass M slides on a smooth horizontal bar. Another mass m is
connected to it by an inextensible string of length l of negligible mass, and is constrained
to oscillate in the X - Y plane only. Neglect the sizes of the masses. The number of
degrees of freedom of the system is two and the generalized coordinates are chosen as x
and  , as shown in the figure. x
M
0
X

m
Y
If px and p are the generalized momenta corresponding to x and  , respectively, then
the correct option(s) is (are)
(a) px   m  M  x  ml cos  (b) p  ml 2  ml cos  x
(c) px is conserved (d) p is conserved

Ans. : (a), (c)
Solution: L 
1
2
1

Mx 2  m x 2  l 2 2  2 xl
2

  cos   mgl cos 
L
x is cyclic coordinates  0  px is constant.
x
 
px  Mx  m x  l cos  or px   m  M  x  ml cos 
Q45. The Gell-Mann-Okuba mass formula defines the mass of baryons as

 1 
M  M 0  aY  b  I  I  1  Y 2  , where M 0 , a and b are constants, I represents the
 4 
isospin and Y represents the hypercharge. If the mass of  hyperons is same as that of
 hyperons, then the correct option(s) is(are)
(a) M  I  I  1 (b) M  Y
(c) M does not depend on I (d) M does not depend on Y

Ans. : (b), (c)
Solution: Isospin I  1 for hyperons; Y  0
Isospin I  0 for  ; Y  0
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As isospin for  and hyperons are different, but their mass is same. So according to
given formula, mass of Baryons is independent of I .
As hypercharge Y  0 for both  and hyperons, and their mass is also same. So, one can
conclude that mass M is dependent of Y only according to given formula.
Q46. The time derivative of a differentiable function g  qi , t  is added to a Lagrangian
L  qi , q1 , t  such that
d
L  L  qi , qi , t   g  qi , t 
dt
where qi , qi , t are the generalized coordinates, generalized velocities and time,
respectively. Let pi be the generalized momentum and H the Hamiltonian associated
with L  qi , qi , t  . If pi and H  are those associated with L , then the correct option(s)
is(are)
(a) Both L and L satisfy the Euler-Lagrange’s equations of motion

(b) pi  pi  g  qi , t 
qi
(c) If pi is conserved, then pi is necessarily conserved
d
(d) H   H  g  qi , t 
dt
Ans. : (a), (b)
g
 
Solution: L qi , q i , t  L  qi , qi , t  
d
dt
g  qi , t   L  qi , qi , t  
qi
qi 
dg
dt
 g   g 
  q    q   g 
g
L d L L d L q  d 
     t  t
q d
   
q dt q q dt q q dt q q dt q
L d L  2 g d g  2 g d
   2 q    0
q dt q q dt q qt dt
L d L  2 g  2 g  2 g   2 g L d L
   q   2 q    
q dt q q   q t q  q t q dt q
Which is equivalent to Euler Lagrange’s equation.
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g
 
L qi , q i , t  L  qi , qi , t  
d
dt
g  qi , t   L  qi , qi , t  
qi
qi 
dg
dt
 L  L g g
pi       pi 
 q  q qi qi
Q47-Q55 Numerical Answer Type (NAT), carry TWO mark each (no negative
marks).
Q47. A linear charged particle accelerator is driven by an alternating voltage source operating
at 10 MHz . Assume that it is used to accelerate electrons. After a few drift-tubes, the
electrons attain a velocity 2.9 108 ms 1 . The minimum length of each drift-tube, in m ,
to accelerate the electrons further (rounded off to one decimal place) is______.
Ans. : 14.0 to 15.0
Solution: The length of the drift tube should be
 v v 2.9 108
L     14.5m
2 2c 2 f 2  10  106
Q48. The Coulomb energy component in the binding energy of a nucleus is 18.432 MeV . If the
radius of the uniform and spherical charge distribution in the nucleus is 3 fm , the
corresponding atomic number (rounded off to the nearest integer) is _________
e2
(Given:  1.44 MeV fm )
4 0
Ans. : 8
e2 3Z 2 3Z 2 18.432  5
Solution: EC   18  432  1.44 Z  8
4 0 5R 5 3 1.44
Q49. For a two-nucleon system in spin singlet state, the spin is represented through the Pauli
matrices  1 ,  2 for particles 1 and 2, respectively. The value of  1   2  (in integer) is
__________
Ans. : –3
  1   2
2 2 2
 
Solution:  1   2 
2
  033
For singlet state   0,  1  3,  2  3   1. 2   3
2 2
2
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Q50. A contour integral is defined as

dz
I n  
 z  n 2
C 2
where n is a positive integer and C is the closed contour, as shown in the figure,
consisting of the line from 100 to 100 and the semicircle traversed in the counter-
clockwise sense. y
z  x  iy
x
100 0 100

5
The value of I (in integer) is __________
n 1 n
Ans.: 5
dz
Solution: I n  
 z  n   2
2
dz
I n  
 z  n  i  z  n  i 
100 100
Poles z  n  i , n  i
z  n  i is NOT allowed outside the contour.
Only one Pole: z   n  i  . It is a simple pole.
1 1 1
lim  z   n  i    
z  n  i  z   n  i    z   n  i    n  i    n  i   2i
1
I n  2 i  1
2 i
5
I1  I 2  I 3  I 4  I 5  1   I n  1  1  1  1  1  5
n 1
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Q51. The normalized radial wave function of the second excited state of hydrogen atom is
R r  
1
24
 a 3/ 2   e  r / 2 a 
r
a
where a is the Bohr radius and r is the distance from the center of the atom. The
distance at which the electron is most likely to be found is y  a . The value of y (in
integer) is _________
Ans. : 4
Solution: Probability density   r   R  r  r 2

2
d  r  d r 4 exp  r / a 
For most probable distance 0  0  r  4a so y  4
dr dr
Q52. Consider an atomic gas with number density n  1020 m3 , in the ground state at 300 K .
The valence electronic configuration of atoms is f 7 . The paramagnetic susceptibility of
the gas   m  1011 . The value of m (rounded off to two decimal places) is_________.
(Given : Magnetic permeability of free space 0  4 107 Hm 1
Bohr magneton  B  9.274 1024 Am 2
Boltzmann constant k B  1.3807  1023 JK 1 )

Ans. : 5.48
n0  B2 2
Solution: The magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic gas is   p , where
3k BT
p  g J ( J  1) , is
called effective number of Bohr magneton and g is Lande-g factor.

According to Hund’s rule  3  2 1 0 1  2  3
S= =
L = -3-2-1+0+1+2+3 = 0
J = L+S = ( f shell is more than half filled)
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Thus
Given,   m 1011 , n  1020 m 3 , T  300 K , 0  4 107 Hm 1 ,
 B  9.274 1024 Am 2 and k B  1.3807 1023 JK 1
1020  4  107  (9.274 1024 ) 2

 
2
m 1011  3 7  8.697 1013  63  5.48 1011
3  1.3807 1023  300
5.48  1011
m  5.48
1011
Q53. Consider a cross-section of an electromagnet having an air-gap of 5cm as shown in the
figure. It consists of a magnetic material (   20000 0 ) and is driven by a coil having
N I  104 A , where N is the number of turns and I is the current in Ampere.
  20000 0
3cm
17 cm
Air gap
5 cm
3cm
3cm 3cm
3cm
9 cm

Ignoring the fringe fields, the magnitude of the magnetic field B (in Tesla, rounded off to
two decimal places) in the air-gap between the magnetic poles is ________.
Ans. : 0.25
Bc Bg  1 1 
Solution: N I  H clc  H g lg  NI  lc  lg  N I   lc  l B let Bc  Bg .
c g  c  g g  g

lc and lg are core and gap length. c  200000 and  g  0 .
l l   47  102 m 5  102 
Thus N I   c  g  Bg  104 A    B
 c  g 
 2  10 0 0  g
4
 
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 47 106 m 
 Bg  104  0    5  102 
 2 
104  0 104  4  107 0.4  3.14

 Bg   B    0.25 Tesla
5  102 5  102
g
5
  
Q54. The spin S and orbital angular momentum L of an atom precess about J , the total
 
angular momentum J precesses about an axis fixed by a magnetic field B1  2 B0 zˆ ,

where B0 is a constant. Now the magnetic field is changed to B2  B0 xˆ  2 yˆ  zˆ .  
Given the orbital angular momentum quantum number l  2 and spin quantum number
 
s  1/ 2,  is the angle between B1 and J for the largest possible values of total angular
quantum number j and its z -component jz . The value of  (in degree, rounded off to
the nearest integer) is ________.
Ans. : 92 to 93
0
Q55. The spin-orbit effect splits the 2P  2 S transition (wavelength,   6521A ) in Lithium
0
into two lines with separation of   0.14 A . The corresponding positive value of
energy difference between the above two lines, in eV, is m  105 . The value of m
(rounded off to the nearest integer) is _________
(Given: Planck’s constant, h  4.125  1015 eVs , Speed of light, c  3  108 ms 1 )
2
Ans. : 4.08 P3/ 2
Solution: 2P
2
P1/ 2
 1 2
2
2S S1/ 2
hc hc 1.24 106  ev  m 
E  E       0.14  1010 m
   652110 
2 2
10
m
 E  4.08 105 eV
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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fiziks

The number of ways in which an even an number is rolled on each dice is 3  3  9 .

(a) 40 (b) 26 (c) 33 (d) 40

  9   6  7     7   6  5     9  42    7 1  33  7  40

(a) 18 (b) 24 (c) 48 3 (d) 144 3

Thus minimum side length  LCM  4, 6,8   24

temperature ( T ) in ferroelectric material.

Q2. A matter wave is represented by the wave function

Solution: Intensity for even values of n is I  16  f P  f Q  , whereas,

scattering factor of atom P and atom Q.

Q6. Consider a solenoid of length L and radius R , where R  L . A steady-current flows

distance  r  in cylindrical coordinates.

   1 Fz F   Fr Fz  1    rF  Fr 

nuclear state of spin-parity J i  2 to a final state J f . All possible values of J f are

(a) 1 , 2 (b) 1 , 2 ,3 (c) 1 , 2 (d) 1 , 2 ,3

Q9. Choose the correct statement from the following:

correct options are (b), (c) and (d).

interface of two media having refractive indices n1  1 and n2  3 . The wave is

reflected with intensity I R and transmitted with intensity IT . Permeability of each

medium is the same. (Reflection coefficient R  I R / I I and Transmission coefficient

Choose the correct statement(s)

(c) R  0 if  I  600 and polarization of incident light is perpendicular to the plane of

So, 3 D7 / 2 is not possible

(c) 3 S1  S  1, L  0  J  1 so, 3 S1 is possible

Q16. If yn  x  is a solution of the differential equation

y  2 xy  2ny  0

acceptable plot(s) of  n  x   e  x yn  x  , is(are)

Ans. : (b), (c)  0  x

The wavenumber of a stoke’s line for a particular energy level  17611.4 cm 1 .

The above combination of logic gates represents the operation

measurement finds the state with S x    / 2 is

(a) 5 /18 (b) 11/18 (c) 15 /18 (d) 17 /18

Q29. An electromagnetic wave having electric field E  8cos  kz  t  yV

d  d  l  over an infinitely large, grounded conducting plane. The gravitational potential

having the permittivity  0 .

Q35. Consider a state described by   x, t    2  x, t    4  x, t  , where  2  x, t  and  4  x, t 

will be orthogonal to   x, t  at time t equal to

system is in equilibrium at temperature T   k B   . Match the following Statistics with

the Partition function.

CD: Classical distinguishable  A, B 

Q38. The free energy of a ferromagnet is given by F  F0  a0 T  TC  M 2  bM 4 , where

F0 , a0 , and b are positive constants, M is the magnetization, T is the temperature, and

TC is the Curie temperature. The relation between M 2 and T is best depicted by

Since M can not be zero therefore, first part must be zero

2a0 T  TC  2a0TC 2a0

as a function of the distance r from the galactic centre is best described by

Q40. Consider the potential U  r  defined as

vector) momentum transfer q and   0 , is proportional to

(a) q 2 (b) q 1 (c) q (d) q 2

Q41. As shown in the figure, inverse magnetic susceptibility ( 1/  ) is plotted as a function of

Neel temperature of antiferromagnetic material  TN )

(b) Material 1 is antiferromagnetic ( T  TN ), 2 is paramagnetic, and 3 is ferromagnetic

(c) Material 1 is ferromagnetic ( T  TC ), 2 is antiferromagnetic ( T  TN ), and 3 is

whereas the Fourier transform of f  t  is

The correct statement(s) is(are)

(d) L  f ; s  and f   can be made connected

Ans. : (b), (d)

So, L  f , s  and f   can be related.

(b) The matrix PQ can have complex eigenvalues.