TITLE CHM420 LAB REPORT

SEMESTER OCT 2022

EXPERIMENT 8
NAME SITI NURANIS RUQAYYAH BINTI ZAINUDDIN
STUDENT ID 2022646624
PROGRAME AS222
GROUP 1
TYPE OF FILE WORD
PAGE CONTENT
2 TABLE OF CONTENT
3 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
4 RESULT
5 DISCUSSION
7 CONCLUSIONS AND QUESTIONS
8 REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
 1. Graham’s Law
Graham’s law was formulated by Thomas Graham who found experimentally that the rate of
diffusion of two people different gasses is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass
of its particles. This formula can be written as:

Rate 1 √ M 1
=
Rate 2 √ M 2

where, Rate 1 is the rate of diffusion of the first gas, Rate 2 is the rate of diffusion for the
second gas. M1 is the molar mass of gas 1, M2 is the molar mass of gas 2.
In this experiment you will determine the relative rate of diffusion of hydrogen chloride
and ammonia gases by measuring the distance travelled by the two gases in the same time
period. For a given period of time, a lighter gas should diffuse farther than a heavier gas. In this
experiment, the two gasses will diffuse through the tube toward each other. As the gasses meet
and react, a white ring of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl(s) will appear in the tube.
HCl(g) + NH3(g) NH4Cl(s)
The position of this white ring along the length of the tube can be used to determine which of
the two gases has diffused farther.
2. Molar Mass of Volatile Liquid
The ideal gas law; PV = nRT, is directly related to the quantity (mol) of gas in the sample. For a
given container of fixed volume at a particular temperature and pressure, only one possible
quantity of ideal gas can be present in the container:
n = PV/RT
where,
P = pressure, V = volume, n = number of moles, R = ideal gas constant (8.21 × 10-2 L atm mol-1K-
1
), T = absolute temperature (i.e., temperature in Kelvin)

By careful measurement of the mass of the gas sample under study in the container, the molar
mass of the gas sample can be calculated, since the molar mass, M represents the number of
grams, g, of the volatile substance per mol.
Number of moles = n = g/M
In this experiment, a small amount of easily volatilized liquid will be placed in a flask of
known volume. The flask will be heated in a water bath and will be equilibrated with
atmospheric pressure. From the volume of the flask used, the temperature of the water bath,
and the atmospheric pressure, the number of moles of gas contained in the flask may be
calculated. Form the mass of liquid required to fill the flask with vapour when it is in the water
bath, the molar mass of the liquid may be calculated.

OBJECTIVE
1. To verify Graham’s law by measuring the distances travelled during the same period of
time by two different gases of known molecular mass.
2. To determine the molar mass of a volatile liquid by measuring the mass of vapour
needed to fill a flask of known volume at a particular temperature and pressure.
RESULT
Part A
Observation of NH4Cl appearance: White ring

Trial 1 Trial 2
Start time 0 sec 0 sec
Finish time (first visible smoke) 721 sec 724 sec
Distance travelled by NH3 62.0 cm 62.5 cm
Distance travelled by HCl 38.0 cm 38.2 cm
Ammonia diffusion rate (cm/sec) 0.086 0.086
HCl diffusion rate (cm/sec) 0.053 0.053

Part B
Unknown liquid number or litter: Acetone, C3H6O
Mass of flask, foil, boiling chips and condensed vapor: 73.5870 g
Mass of flask, boiling chips and foil: 73.2610 g
Mass of condensed vapor (mass of vapor): 0.326 g
Temperature of vapor: 65◦C
Barometric pressure (pressure of vapor): 760 mmHg (Torr)
Volume of flask (volume of vapor): 152 mL

DISCUSSION
Part A
The reaction that occurs:
ammonia + hydrogen chloride ammonia chloride
NH4 (g) + HCl (g) NH4Cl(s)
The size of the tube, how much solution is poured to the cotton wool wads, or the
temperature of the room will all affect how long it takes for the ring to develop. Because
hydrogen chloride diffuses more slowly than ammonia, the ring typically forms closer to the
hydrochloric acid end of the tube. This is due to the fact that hydrogen chloride has a molecular
weight that is almost two times that of ammonia and that the rate of diffusion is inversely
related to the square root of the gas's molecular mass. Because ammonia is less dense and
moves more slowly than hydrogen chloride, the rate of diffusion for the gases varied despite
the fact that they were under the identical conditions. Provided that the formula for rate is
given as distance/time, ammonia diffused at a higher rate than HCl because it moved a longer
distance. The purpose of the glass tube is to eliminate air currents and to see if the gas
molecules will move on their own.

Part B
The relationships between temperature, pressure, volume, and amount (number of moles) of
all gases under normal circumstances can be expressed by combining these relationships into a
single equation. The ideal gas law is the equation: PV=nRT. The possible sources of error are
first, inaccuracy in timing due to cotton swabs not inserted simultaneously and the time is
recorded too soon. Inconsistency with volume of ammonia and hydrochloric acid used.

CONCLUSION
The reaction which is taking place in part A is ammonia + hydrogen chloride produced
ammonium chloride. NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s), the equation used in part B is the ideal gas
law= pV/nRT and the molar mass of the volatile liquid is 57.71 g/mol.

QUESTIONS
Part A
(a) Calculate the rate of diffusion for NH3 and HCl.
From trial 1
o Rate of diffusion of NH3
 Distance travelled by NH3 = 62.0 cm
Time required = 721 sec
Rate of diffusion
= 62.0 cm/721 sec
= 0.086 cm/sec

o Rate of diffusion of HCl

Distance travelled by HCl = 38.0 cm
Time required = 721 sec
= 38.0 cm/721 sec
= 0.053 cm/sec
From trial 2
o Rate of diffusion of NH3
Distance travelled by NH3 = 62.5 cm
Time required = 724 sec
Rate of diffusion
= 62.5 cm/724 sec
= 0.086 cm/sec

o Rate of diffusion of HCl

Distance travelled by HCl = 38.2 cm
Time required = 724 sec
= 38.2 cm /724 sec
= 0.053 cm/sec

Average rate of diffusion of NH3: 0.0862 cm/sec

Average rate of diffusion of HCl: 0.0527 cm/sec
(b) Calculate the ration of the rate of diffusion of NH3 to the rate of diffusion of HCl.
Trial 1
Rate of difussion NH 3 0.086 cm/sec
= = 1.622
Rate of difussion HCl 0.053 cm/sec

Trial 2
Rate of difussion NH 3 0.086 cm/sec
= = 1.622
Rate of difussion HCl 0. 053 cm/sec

Ratio = 1:1
 (c) Using the molecular masses of NH3 and HCl, calculate the theoretical ration of rates of
diffusion of these gases.
Molecular mass NH3 = 17.034
Molecular mass HCl = 36.4681

Rate 1/Rate 2 =
√ M HCl
M NH 3

=
√
36.4681
17.034
= 1.46
(d) Calculate the % error in your experimentally determined value for the ratio of the rates
of diffusion of NH3 and HCl. Use the theoretical ratio calculated in question 1 (c) as the
accepted value for the ratio.
[% error = absolute value of (theoretical ratio – experimental ratio/theoretical ratio)] ×
100%

Trial 1
1.622−1.46
= × 100 %
1.46
= 11%

Trial 2
1.622−1.46
= × 100 %
1.46
= 11%

Part B
Calculate the molecular weight of the unknown liquid. Show your calculations, and include units
of the different quantities in your calculations.
pV = nRT
n = Pv/RT
number of moles = (1 atm × 0.152 L) / (0.08206 LatmK-1mol-1 × 338.15 K)
= 0.0054 mol
Molar mass
Mass = 0.326 g
Molar mass = (0.326 g / 0.0054 mol) = 66.60 g/mol
REFERENCES

Ebbing, D. D., & Gammon, S. D. (2017). General chemistry. Cengage Learning.

‌Casparian, A. S., & Gergely Sirokman. (2015). Chemistry for Environmental
Engineering. Momentum Press.

The Kinetic Molecular Theory. (n.d.). Chemed.chem.purdue.edu.

https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/kinetic4.htm
l

Khan Academy. (2008). What is the ideal gas law? Khan Academy.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/temp-kinetic-
theory-ideal-gas-law/a/what-is-the-ideal-gas-law