178.

PROFILE ON THE PRODUCTION OF

METALLIC SANITARY FIXTURES
 178-ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

I. SUMMARY 178-2

II. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION 178-2

III. MARKET STUDY AND PLANT CAPACITY 178-3

A. MARKET STUDY 178-3
B. PLANT CAPACITY & PRODUCTION PROGRAM 178-5

IV. MATERIALS AND INPUTS 178-6

A. RAW & AUXILIARY MATERIALS 178-6
B. UTILITIES 178-7

V. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING 178-8

A. TECHNOLOGY 178-8
B. ENGINEERING 178-8

VI. HUMAN RESOURCE & TRAINING REQUIREMENT 178-13

A. HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT 178-13
B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT 178-14

VII. FINANCIAL ANLYSIS 178-14

A. TOTAL INITIAL INVESTMENT COST 178-14
B. PRODUCTION COST 178-15
C. FINANCIAL EVALUATION 178-16
D. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BENEFITS 178-18
 178-iii

I. SUMMARY

This profile envisages the establishment of a plant for the production of metallic sanitary fixtures
with a capacity of 600 tons per annum. Metallic sanitary fixtures are fixtures used in bath rooms
and kitchens to control the flow of water in the same way as plastic sanitary fixtures.

The country`s requirement of metallic sanitary fixtures is met through import. The present (2012)
demand for metallic sanitary fixtures is estimated at 1,577 tons. The demand for the product is
projected to reach 2,540 tons and 5,446 tons by the years 2017 and 2025, respectively.

The principal raw materials required are aluminum alloy ingots/scraps, brass ingots and scrapes,
steel roads, seals and gasket and electroplating chemicals, which all have to be imported.

The total investment cost of the project including working capital is estimated at Birr 13.55
million. From the total investment cost the highest share (Birr 9.29 million or 68.56%) is
accounted by fixed investment cost followed by initial working capital (Birr 2.93 million or
21.65%) and pre operation cost (Birr 1.32 million or 9.79%). From the total investment cost Birr
2.33 million or 17.19% is required in foreign currency.

The project is financially viable with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 32.24% and a net present
value (NPV) of Birr 16.82 million discounted at 10%.

The project can create employment for 22 persons. The establishment of such factory will have
a foreign exchange saving effect to the country by substituting the current imports. The project
will also create forward linkage with the construction sector and also generates income for the
Government in terms of tax revenue and payroll tax.

II. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION

Metallic sanitary fixtures are fixtures used in bath rooms and kitchens usually made from
copper or alloys of copper like brass or sometimes from stainless steel or from plated cast iron
that serve to control the flow of water in the same way as plastic sanitary fixtures. Metallic
 178-iv

sanitary fixtures made from stainless steel are very durable, resistant to corrosion, able to
withstand shock and vibration and light in weight. Metallic sanitary fixtures being easy to clean
& sterilize, they are commonly used on bedside toiletries near hospital beds for patients. They
are also fixed on mobile houses and offices in kitchens and toiletries as they are able to withstand
vibrations .This project mainly considers the fixtures made from cast brass and aluminum ingots.

III. MARKET STUDY AND PLANT CAPACITY

A. MARKET STUDY

1. Past Supply and Present Demand

The country’s requirement of metallic sanitary ware is supplied through import. The quantity of
the product imported annually during the period 2002 - 2011 is presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1
IMPORT OF METALLIC SANITARY WARE (TON)

Year Import
2002 244
2003 411
2004 926
2005 593
2006 1,005
2007 1,379
2008 1,438
2009 1,888
2010 1,538
2011 1,306

Source: Ethiopian Revenue and Customs Authority.

As can be seen from Table 3.1, import of metallic sanitary ware fluctuates from year to year.
However, a general growth trend can be observed. The yearly average quantity imported during
the period 2003-2005 was around 643 tons. But during the period 2006 - 2008 and 2009 - 2011
the average amount supplied to the market has increased to about 1,274tons and 1,577 tons,
respectively.
 178-v

In estimating the present demand for the product it is assumed that the recent three years average
(2008 – 2011) is a reasonable approximate of current level of demand. Accordingly, current
(2012) demand is estimated at about 1,577 tones.

2. Demand Forecast

The demand for metallic sanitary ware is directly related with the growth in the construction
sector in general and the housing construction sub sector in particular which in turn depends on
the overall economic development of the country.

The construction sector of the country has undergone tremendous changes and development in
recent years. The contribution of the construction sector to the GDP during the period 2001 –
2010 have been growing at annual average growth rate of 13 percent which is above the
average annual growth rate of real GDP during the period under consideration (11.4 %),
indicating a rise in the share of the construction sector within the overall economy. Moreover,
during the GTP period (2010 – 2015), the construction sector is expected to grow at annual
average growth rate of 20%.

On the other hand among the factors that influence the demand for metallic sanitary ware one of
the critical factor is identified to be economic growth leading to growth of the construction
sector. According to the government’s “Growth and Transformation Plan” during the period
2010 – 2015 the GDP of the country is expected to grow at a minimum average annual growth
rate of 11.2%.

Accordingly, based on the above discussion and in order to be conservative a growth rate of 10%
which is slightly lower than the expected growth rate of the country’s GDP during the GTP
period (2011 – 2015) is used.

Based on the above assumption and using the estimated present demand as a base the projected
demand for wood screw and rivets is shown in Table 3.2.
 178-vi

Table 3.2
FORECASTED DEMAND (TONS)

Year Projected
Demand

2013 1,735
2014 1,909
2015 2,100
2016 2,310
2017 2,540
2018 2,795
2019 3,074
2020 3,381
2021 3,719
2022 4,091
2023 4,501
2024 4,951
2025 5,446

3. Pricing and Distribution

The prices of metallic sanitary ware vary according to the type. The average CIF price of the
product in the recent two years (2010 and 2011) is Birr 25,125 per ton. Allowing 30% for import
duty and other clearing expenses, the factory gate price of the envisaged plant is estimate at Birr
32,663 per ton.

Currently the product is distributed mainly through building materials shops. The envisage plant
can also use the existing building materials shops or establish own distribution centers in major
urban areas.

B. PLANT CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION PROGRAM

1. Plant Capacity
 178-vii

By considering the market study and the available minimum economies of scale, a plant with a
capacity to produce 600 tones of sanitary fixtures per annum on a single shift basis is selected.

2. Production Program

Considering the production process involved and the time required for technical skill
development and market penetration the plant is assumed to reach at full capacity operation in
the third year and then after. During the first and second years it will operate at 75% and 85% of
its installed capacity (see Table 3.3).

Table 3.3
ANNUAL PRODUCTION PROGRAM

Type of product Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Sanitary fixtures(Ton ) 450 510 600
Capacity % 75 85 100

IV. RAW MATERIAL AND INPUTS

A. RAW AND AUXILIARY MATERIALS

The required raw materials for the production of metallic sanitary fixtures aluminum alloy
ingots/scraps, brass ingots and scrapes, steel roads, seals and gasket and electroplating chemicals,
which all have to be imported. The total cost of raw material is birr 12,088,000. The detail is
listed on Table 4.1.
 178-viii

Table 4.1
ANNUAL RAW MATERIALS REQUIREMENT AND COST ( in 000 Birr)

Sr. Raw Materials Annual input Unit Cost Total Cost

No. Units Quantity F.C L.C Total
1 Aluminum alloy ingots/scraps Tons 565 12 - 6,780
2 Brass ingots and scraps Tons 32 60 - 1,920
3 Steel roads Tons 10 25 - 250
4 Furnace oil Mt.Cu. 300 14 - 720
5 Screws Tons o.6 1.0 - 0.6
6 Seals and Gaskets Tons 1.0 2 - 2.0
7 Electroplating Chemicals Kg. 4.0 100 - 400
Total FOB - - 10,073 - 10,073
8 Duty, bank charge, inland - - -
2,015 2,015
transport etc (20% of FOB)
Grand - Total 10,073 2,015 12,088

B. UTILITIES

Electricity and water are the major utilities required by the plant. Annual cost of utilities is
estimated at Birr 72,456. The quantity required and corresponding cost at full capacity operation
is in indicated in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2
ANNUAL UTILITY REQUIREMENTS AND COST

Sr. Utility Unit Quantity Cost (Birr)

No.
1 Electricity kWh. 100,000 57,956
2 Water Meter cube 1,450 14,500
Total 72,456
 178-ix

V. TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

A. TECHNOLOGY

1. Process Description

The brass castings are melted in the oil fired crucible furnace; they are molded in the permanent
steel moulds to take the desired shapes of the products. The final products are machined on
special purpose capstan and turning lathes. Thread is also formed on the proper parts of the
fittings.

The handles and some parts of the fittings are also produced by the pressure die casting machine
using aluminum ingots. The final shaped products are polished ready for electroplating. The
plated products are assembled in each unit before packing.

2. Environmental Impact

The production process does not have an adverse negative impact on the environment. However
the liquid discharge from the electroplating plant has to be treated before it is released to the
municipal line. The smoke from the oil furnace is minimized by using efficient and well serviced
chimney and burner in order not to discharge smoke in the neighborhood. The cost of effluent
treatment system, chimney and burner is included in the cost of machinery and equipment.
Moreover, the treating chemical for the discharge liquid is incorporated in the raw material cost.

B. ENGINEERING

1. Machinery and Equipment

Total cost of machinery and equipment is Birr 2,796,000 of which Birr 2,330,000 is required in
foreign currency. The necessary machinery and equipment with their corresponding cost are
given in Table 5.1.
 178-x

Table 5.1
REQUIRED MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND COST ( in 000 Birr)

Unit Cost Total

cost
Sr. No. Machine Qty. F.C L.C
Hot chamber Pressure die
1 casting machine 1 290 290
2 Oil fired Crucible Furnace 1 185 185
3 Capstan lathe 1 190 190
4 Pillar Drilling machine 2 90 90
5 Fly wheel Press 1 20 20
6 Turning Lathe 1 180 180
7 Pipe threading machine 2 60 60
8 Polishing and tumbling barrel 1 50 50
Pedestal Grinding, buffing
9 m/c 3 15 15
10 Moulds for various models 4 400 400
11 Dies for washer& Gaskets 3 300 300
12 Electroplating Plant 1 250 250
Material handling
13 Equipments 1 50 50
14 Effluent treatment system Set 250 250
Total FOB 2,330 2,330
Duty, bank charge, inland
15 transport etc (20% of FOB) 466 466
Grand - Total 2,330 466 2,796

2. Land, Building and Civil Work

The total area of the plant, including provision for open space, is 1,000 m 2 out of which 750 m2 is
a built-up area. Therefore, the cost of building at a rate of Birr 5,000 per m 2 is estimated at Birr
3.75 million.

According to the Federal Legislation on the Lease Holding of Urban Land (Proclamation No
721/2004) in principle, urban land permit by lease is on auction or negotiation basis, however,
 178-xi

the time and condition of applying the proclamation shall be determined by the concerned
regional or city government depending on the level of development.

The legislation has also set the maximum on lease period and the payment of lease prices. The
lease period ranges from 99 years for education, cultural research health, sport, NGO , religious
and residential area to 80 years for industry and 70 years for trade while the lease payment
period ranges from 10 years to 60 years based on the towns grade and type of investment.

Moreover, advance payment of lease based on the type of investment ranges from 5% to
10%.The lease price is payable after the grace period annually. For those that pay the entire
amount of the lease will receive 0.5% discount from the total lease value and those that pay in
installments will be charged interest based on the prevailing interest rate of banks. Moreover,
based on the type of investment, two to seven years grace period shall also be provided.

However, the Federal Legislation on the Lease Holding of Urban Land apart from setting the
maximum has conferred on regional and city governments the power to issue regulations on the
exact terms based on the development level of each region.

In Addis Ababa, the City’s Land Administration and Development Authority is directly
responsible in dealing with matters concerning land. However, regarding the manufacturing
sector, industrial zone preparation is one of the strategic intervention measures adopted by the
City Administration for the promotion of the sector and all manufacturing projects are assumed
to be located in the developed industrial zones.

Regarding land allocation of industrial zones if the land requirement of the project is below
5,000 m2, the land lease request is evaluated and decided upon by the Industrial Zone
Development and Coordination Committee of the City’s Investment Authority. However, if the
land request is above 5,000 m2, the request is evaluated by the City’s Investment Authority and
passed with recommendation to the Land Development and Administration Authority for
decision, while the lease price is the same for both cases.

Moreover, the Addis Ababa City Administration has recently adopted a new land lease floor
price for plots in the city. The new prices will be used as a benchmark for plots that are going to
 178-xii

be auctioned by the city government or transferred under the new “Urban Lands Lease Holding
Proclamation.”

The new regulation classified the city into three zones. The first Zone is Central Market District
Zone, which is classified in five levels and the floor land lease price ranges from Birr 1,686 to
Birr 894 per m2. The rate for Central Market District Zone will be applicable in most areas of the
city that are considered to be main business areas that entertain high level of business activities.
The second zone, Transitional Zone, will also have five levels and the floor land lease price
ranges from Birr 1,035 to Birr 555 per m2 .This zone includes places that are surrounding the city
and are occupied by mainly residential units and industries.

The last and the third zone, Expansion Zone, is classified into four levels and covers areas that
are considered to be in the outskirts of the city, where the city is expected to expand in the future.
The floor land lease price in the Expansion Zone ranges from Birr 355 to Birr 191 per m 2 (see
Table 5.2).

Table 5.2
NEW LAND LEASE FLOOR PRICE FOR PLOTS IN ADDIS ABABA

Floor
Zone Level Price/m2
1st 1686
2nd 1535
Central Market
3rd 1323
District
4th 1085
5th 894
1st 1035
2nd 935
Transitional zone 3rd 809
4th 685
5th 555
1st 355
2nd 299
Expansion zone
3rd 217
4th 191
 178-xiii

Accordingly, in order to estimate the land lease cost of the project profiles it is assumed that all
new manufacturing projects will be located in industrial zones located in expansion zones.
Therefore, for the profile a land lease rate of Birr 266 per m 2 which is equivalent to the average
floor price of plots located in expansion zone is adopted.

On the other hand, some of the investment incentives arranged by the Addis Ababa City
Administration on lease payment for industrial projects are granting longer grace period and
extending the lease payment period. The criterions are creation of job opportunity, foreign
exchange saving, investment capital and land utilization tendency etc. Accordingly, Table 5.3
shows incentives for lease payment.

Table 5.3
INCENTIVES FOR LEASE PAYMENT OF INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS
Payment
Grace Completion Down
Scored Point Period Period ayment
Above 75% 5 Years 30 Years 10%
From 50 - 75% 5 Years 28 Years 10%
From 25 - 49% 4 Years 25 Years 10%

For the purpose of this project profile, the average i.e. five years grace period, 28 years payment
completion period and 10% down payment is used. The land lease period for industry is 60
years.

Accordingly, the total land lease cost at a rate of Birr 266 per m 2 is estimated at Birr 266,000 of
which 10% or Birr 26,600 will be paid in advance. The remaining Birr 239,400 will be paid in
equal installments with in 28 years i.e. Birr 8,550 annually.
 178-xiv

VI. HUMAN RESOURCE AND TRAINING REQUIREMENT

A. HUMAN RESOURCE AND REQUIREMENT

The plant requires a total of 22 workers. Annual cost of labor, including employees benefit is
estimated at Birr 591,450. The required human resource required by type of job as well as
monthly and annual salary is given in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1
HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT AND ANNUAL SALARY
Sr. Salary (Birr)
Description No.
No. Monthly Annual
A. Administration
1 Plant Manager 1 5,000 60,000
2 Secretary 1 2,500 30,000
3 Accountant 1 2,500 30,000
4 Salesman/purchaser 1 2,500 30,000
5 Clerk 1 1,500 18,000
6 Cashier 1 2,000 24,000
7 General Service 3 800 28,800
Sub -Total 9 220,800
B. Production
8 Foreman/ 1 2,500 30,000
9 Machinery Operators 8 2,000 192,000
10 Assistant Operators 1 1,500 18,000
11 Quality controller 1 1,500 18,000
12 Laborers 2 800 16,200
Sub- Total 13 - 274,200
Total 495,000
Employee's Benefit (25% Of Basic
- - 96,450
Salary)
Grand Total 22 - 591,450
 178-xv

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT

On the job training of the operators would be enough for workers with technical back ground.
But for the production of specific item new demonstration would be required which can be done
by the level of the foreman. For two weeks training Birr 20,000 is required.

VII. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

The financial analysis of the metallic sanitary fixtures project is based on the data presented in
the previous chapters and the following assumptions:-

Construction period 1 year

Source of finance 30 % equity & 70% loan
Tax holidays 3 years
Bank interest 10%
Discount cash flow 10%
Accounts receivable 30 days
Raw material imported 120 days
Work in progress 1 day
Finished products 30 days
Cash in hand 5 days
Accounts payable 30 days
Repair and maintenance 5% of machinery cost

A. TOTAL INITIAL INVESTMENT COST

The total investment cost of the project including working capital is estimated at Birr 11.87
million (see Table 7.1). From the total investment cost the highest share (Birr 9.29 million or
7.72%) is accounted by fixed investment cost followed by initial working capital (Birr 2.93
million or 24.71%) and pre operation cost (Birr 1.22 million or 10.25%). From the total
investment cost Birr 2.33 million or 19.62% is required in foreign currency.
 178-xvi

Table 7.1

INITIAL INVESTMENT COST ( ‘000 Birr)

Sr. Local Foreign Total %

No Cost Items Cost Cost Cost Share
1 Fixed investment
1.1 Land Lease 26.60 26.60 0.22
1.2 Building and civil work 3,750.00 3,750.00 31.58
1.3 Machinery and equipment 466.00 2,330.00 2,796.00 23.55
1.4 Vehicles 900.00 900.00 7.58
1.5 Office furniture and equipment 250.00 250.00 2.11
Sub total 5,392.60 2,330.00 7,722.60 65.04
2 Pre operating cost *
2.1 Pre operating cost 439.80 439.80 3.70
2.2 Interest during construction 776.75 776.75 6.54
Sub total 1,216.55 1,216.55 10.25
3 Working capital ** 2,934.02 2,934.02 24.71
Grand Total 9,543.17 2,330.00 11,873.17 100

* N.B Pre operating cost include project implementation cost such as installation, startup,
commissioning, project engineering, project management etc and capitalized interest during
construction.

** The total working capital required at full capacity operation is Birr 4.21 million. However,
only the initial working capital of Birr 2.93 million during the first year of production is
assumed to be funded through external sources. During the remaining years the working
capital requirement will be financed by funds to be generated internally (for detail working
capital requirement see Appendix 7.A.1).

B. PRODUCTION COST

The annual production cost at full operation capacity is estimated at Birr 15.89 million (see Table
7.2). The cost of raw material account for 76.07% of the production cost. The other major
components of the production cost are depreciation, financial cost, administration cost, and labor,
and cost of marketing and distribution which account for 6.31%, 4.70%, 3.15%, 4.72%, and
3.11%, respectively. The remaining 1.94% is the share of utility, repair and maintenance, and
labor overhead. For detail production cost see Appendix 7.A.2.

Table 7.2
 178-xvii

ANNUAL PRODUCTION COST AT FULL CAPACITY (year three)

Items Cost
(000 Birr) %
Raw Material and Inputs
12,088 76.07
Utilities
72 0.46
Maintenance and repair
140 0.88
Labor direct
495 3.11
Labor overheads
96 0.61
Administration Costs
500 3.15
Land lease cost
0 0.00
Cost of marketing and distribution
750 4.72
Total Operating Costs
14,142 88.99
Depreciation
1,002 6.31
Cost of Finance
748 4.70
Total Production Cost
15,891 100.00

C. FINANCIAL EVALUATION

1. Profitability

Based on the projected profit and loss statement, the project will generate a profit throughout its
operation life. Annual net profit after tax will grow from Birr 2.67 million to Birr 3.69 million
during the life of the project. Moreover, at the end of the project life the accumulated net cash
flow amounts to Birr 35.71 million. For profit and loss statement and cash flow projection see
Appendix 7.A.3 and 7.A.4, respectively.

2. Ratios
 178-xviii

In financial analysis, financial ratios and efficiency ratios are used as an index or yardstick for
evaluating the financial position of a firm. It is also an indicator for the strength and weakness of
the firm or a project. Using the year-end balance sheet figures and other relevant data, the most
important ratios such as return on sales which is computed by dividing net income by revenue,
return on assets (operating income divided by assets), return on equity (net profit divided by
equity) and return on total investment (net profit plus interest divided by total investment) has
been carried out over the period of the project life and all the results are found to be satisfactory.

3. Break-even Analysis

The break-even analysis establishes a relationship between operation costs and revenues. It
indicates the level at which costs and revenue are in equilibrium. To this end, the break-even
point for capacity utilization and sales value estimated by using income statement projection are
computed as followed.

Brake Even Sales Value = Fixed Cost + Financial Cost = Birr 8,230,320
Variable Margin ratio (%)

Brake Even Capacity utilization = Break even Sales Value X 100 = 28.24%
Sales revenue
4. Pay-back Period

The pay- back period, also called pay – off period is defined as the period required for recovering
the original investment outlay through the accumulated net cash flows earned by the project.
Accordingly, based on the projected cash flow it is estimated that the project’s initial investment
will be fully recovered within 3 years.

5. Internal Rate of Return

 178-xix

The internal rate of return (IRR) is the annualized effective compounded return rate that can be
earned on the invested capital, i.e., the yield on the investment. Put another way, the internal rate
of return for an investment is the discount rate that makes the net present value of the
investment's income stream total to zero. It is an indicator of the efficiency or quality of an
investment. A project is a good investment proposition if its IRR is greater than the rate of return
that could be earned by alternate investments or putting the money in a bank account.
Accordingly, the IRR of this project is computed to be 32.24% indicating the viability of the
project.

6. Net Present Value

Net present value (NPV) is defined as the total present (discounted) value of a time series of cash
flows. NPV aggregates cash flows that occur during different periods of time during the life of a
project in to a common measuring unit i.e. present value. It is a standard method for using the
time value of money to appraise long-term projects. NPV is an indicator of how much value an
investment or project adds to the capital invested. In principal a project is accepted if the NPV is
non-negative.

Accordingly, the net present value of the project at 10% discount rate is found to be Birr 16.82
million which is acceptable. For detail discounted cash flow see Appendix 7.A.5.

D. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BENEFITS

The project can create employment for 22 persons. The project will generate Birr 9.90 million in
terms of tax revenue. The establishment of such factory will have a foreign exchange saving
effect to the country by substituting the current imports. The project will also create forward
linkage with the construction sector and also generates income for the Government in terms of
payroll tax.
 178-xx

Appendix 7.A
FINANCIAL ANALYSES SUPPORTING TABLES
 178-20

Appendix 7.A.1
NET WORKING CAPITAL ( in 000 Birr)

Items Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11
2,115.4 2,719.8 3,022.0 3,022.0 3,022.0 3,022.0 3,022.0 3,022.0 3,022.0 3,022.0
Total inventory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1,066.8 1,178.4 1,178.4 1,179.1 1,179.1 1,179.1 1,179.1 1,179.1 1,179.1
Accounts receivable 843.68 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9

Cash-in-hand 11.97 15.39 17.10 17.10 17.22 17.22 17.22 17.22 17.22 17.22
2,971.0 3,802.0 4,217.5 4,217.5 4,218.4 4,218.4 4,218.4 4,218.4 4,218.4 4,218.4
CURRENT ASSETS 5 7 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1

Accounts payable 37.03 47.61 52.90 52.90 52.90 52.90 52.90 52.90 52.90 52.90
CURRENT
LIABILITIES 37.03 47.61 52.90 52.90 52.90 52.90 52.90 52.90 52.90 52.90
TOTAL WORKING 2,934.0 3,754.4 4,164.6 4,164.6 4,165.5 4,165.5 4,165.5 4,165.5 4,165.5 4,165.5
CAPITAL 2 6 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1
 178-21

Appendix 7.A.2
PRODUCTION COST ( in 000 Birr)

Item Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11

Raw Material and Inputs 8,462 10,879 12,088 12,088 12,088 12,088 12,088 12,088 12,088 12,088

Utilities 51 65 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72

Maintenance and repair 98 126 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140

Labour direct 347 446 495 495 495 495 495 495 495 495

Labour overheads 68 87 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96

Administration Costs 350 450 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

Land lease cost 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9

Cost of marketing
and distribution 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750

Total Operating Costs 10,124 12,803 14,142 14,142 14,150 14,150 14,150 14,150 14,150 14,150

Depreciation 1,002 1,002 1,002 1,002 1,002 175 175 175 175 175

Cost of Finance 0 854 748 641 534 427 320 214 107 0

Total Production Cost 11,126 14,659 15,891 15,785 15,686 14,752 14,646 14,539 14,432 14,325
 178-22

Appendix 7.A.3
INCOME STATEMENT ( in 000 Birr)

Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year
Item 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
13,71 17,63 19,59 19,59 19,59 19,59 19,59 19,59
Sales revenue 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 19,596 19,596
12,05 13,39 13,39 13,39 13,39 13,39 13,39
Less variable costs 9,374 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 13,392 13,392

VARIABLE MARGIN 4,343 5,583 6,204 6,204 6,204 6,204 6,204 6,204 6,204 6,204
in % of sales revenue 31.66 31.66 31.66 31.66 31.66 31.66 31.66 31.66 31.66 31.66
Less fixed costs 1,752 1,752 1,752 1,752 1,761 934 934 934 934 934

OPERATIONAL MARGIN 2,591 3,831 4,452 4,452 4,444 5,271 5,271 5,271 5,271 5,271
in % of sales revenue 18.89 21.72 22.72 22.72 22.68 26.90 26.90 26.90 26.90 26.90
Financial costs 854 748 641 534 427 320 214 107 0
GROSS PROFIT 2,591 2,977 3,705 3,811 3,910 4,844 4,950 5,057 5,164 5,271
in % of sales revenue 18.89 16.88 18.90 19.45 19.95 24.72 25.26 25.81 26.35 26.90
Income (corporate) tax 0 0 0 1,143 1,173 1,453 1,485 1,517 1,549 1,581
NET PROFIT 2,591 2,977 3,705 2,668 2,737 3,390 3,465 3,540 3,615 3,690
in % of sales revenue 18.89 16.88 18.90 13.61 13.97 17.30 17.68 18.06 18.45 18.83
 178-23

Appendix 7.A.4
CASH FLOW FOR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ( in 000 Birr)

Item Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Scrap
TOTAL CASH INFLOW 8,162 17,465 17,647 19,601 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 7,219
Inflow funds 8,162 3,748 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Inflow operation 0 13,717 17,636 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 0
Other income 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,219
TOTAL CASH
OUTFLOW 8,162 13,872 15,556 16,373 16,994 16,926 17,099 17,024 16,949 16,874 15,731 0
Increase in fixed assets 8,162 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Increase in current assets 0 2,971 831 416 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Operating costs 0 9,374 12,053 13,392 13,392 13,400 13,400 13,400 13,400 13,400 13,400 0
Marketing and
Distribution cost 0 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 0
Income tax 0 0 0 0 1,143 1,173 1,453 1,485 1,517 1,549 1,581 0
Financial costs 0 777 854 748 641 534 427 320 214 107 0 0
Loan repayment 0 0 1,068 1,068 1,068 1,068 1,068 1,068 1,068 1,068 0 0
SURPLUS (DEFICIT) 0 3,593 2,091 3,228 2,602 2,670 2,497 2,572 2,647 2,722 3,865 7,219
CUMULATIVE CASH
BALANCE 0 3,593 5,683 8,912 11,514 14,184 16,681 19,254 21,900 24,622 28,487 35,706
 178-24

Appendix 7.A.5
DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ( in 000 Birr)

Year Year Year Year Year Scra

Item Year 1 2 Year 3 4 Year 5 6 Year 7 8 Year 9 10 Year 11 p
TOTAL CASH INFLOW 0 13,717 17,636 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 7,219
Inflow operation 0 13,717 17,636 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 19,596 0
Other income 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,219

TOTAL CASH OUTFLOW 11,096 10,945 13,213 14,142 15,286 15,323 15,603 15,635 15,667 15,699 15,731 0
Increase in fixed assets 8,162 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Increase in net working capital 2,934 820 410 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Operating costs 0 9,374 12,053 13,392 13,392 13,400 13,400 13,400 13,400 13,400 13,400 0

Marketing and Distribution cost 0 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 0
Income (corporate) tax 0 0 0 1,143 1,173 1,453 1,485 1,517 1,549 1,581 0

NET CASH FLOW -11,096 2,772 4,423 5,454 4,310 4,273 3,993 3,961 3,929 3,897 3,865 7,219
36,99
CUMULATIVE NET CASH FLOW -11,096 -8,324 -3,901 1,554 5,864 10,136 14,129 18,090 22,018 25,915 29,779 8
Net present value -11,096 2,520 3,656 4,098 2,944 2,653 2,254 2,032 1,833 1,653 1,490 2,783
16,81
Cumulative net present value -11,096 -8,576 -4,921 -823 2,121 4,774 7,028 9,061 10,893 12,546 14,036 9

NET PRESENT VALUE 16,819

INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN 32.24%
NORMAL PAYBACK 3 years