EC 401

COUNTERING ILL EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING

HISTORY OF TOBACCO TIMELINE

 6,000 BC – Native Americans first start cultivating the tobacco plant.

 1492 – Christopher Columbus first encounters dried tobacco leaves. They were given to him as a gift by the American Indians. Tobacco
plant and smoking introduced to Europeans.
 1531 – Europeans start cultivation of the tobacco plant in Central America.
 1571 – European doctors start publishing works on healthy properties of the tobacco plant, claiming it can cure a myriad of diseases, from
toothache to lockjaw and cancer.
 1602 – King James I condemns tobacco in his treatise A Counterblast to Tobacco.
 1614 – Tobacco shops open across Britain, selling the Virginia blend tobacco.
 1624 – Popes ban use of tobacco in holy places, considering sneezing (snuff) too close to sexual pleasures.
 1633 – Turkey introduces a death penalty for smoking but it doesn’t stay in effect for long and is lifted in 1647.
 1650 – Tobacco arrives in Africa – European settlers grow it and use it as a currency.
 1700 – African slaves are first forced to work on tobacco plantations, years before they become a workforce in the cotton fields.
 1730 – First American tobacco companies open their doors in Virginia.
 1753 – Tobacco genus named by a Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus – nicotiana rustica and nicotiana tabacum named for the first time.
 1847 – Philip Morris opens their first shop in Great Britain, selling hand-rolled Turkish cigarettes.
 1961 – First American cigarette factory produces 20 million cigarettes.
 1902 – Philip Morris starts selling cigarettes in the US – one of the brands offered is Marlboro.
 1912 – First reported connection between smoking and lung cancer.
 1925 – Philip Morris starts marketing to women, tripling the number of female smokers in just 10 years.
 1950 – 50% of a cigarette now consists of the cigarette filter tip.
 1970 – Tobacco manufacturers legally obliged to print a warning on the labels that smoking is a health hazard.
 1997 – For the first time in history a tobacco company CEO admits on trial that cigarettes and related tobacco products cause cancer. His
name was Bennett Lebow.
 1990 – 2000 – Bans on public smoking come into effect in most states in America, as well as in other countries in the world.

HISTORY OF TOBACCO IN THE PHILIPPINES

Tobacco was introduced in the Philippines in the late 16th century during the era of Spanish colonization when the Augustinians brought
cigar seeds to the colony for cultivation. In 1686, William Dampier visited Mindanao and observed that smoking was a widespread custom. It had
also become an article of foreign trade with the Dutch from Tidore and Ternate buying rice, beeswax and tobacco from the Spanish colony.

Tobacco monopoly

The tobacco monopoly in the Philippine islands during the Spanish era was established by Governor-General José Basco y Vargas on
March 1, 1782 with the aim of increasing government revenue. Spearheaded by the Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País (Economic Societies
of Friends of the Country), tobacco was cultivated under strict government control confined to the Cagayan Valley, the Ilocos provinces, Nueva
Ecija and Marinduque. The tobacco farmers were given quotas each year and the entire crop was then bought by the government. The tobacco leaves
were then brought to Manila and made into cigars and cigarettes in government-owned factories, later to be shipped out for export. Tobacco became
a major commodity in the galleon trade.

The tobacco monopoly made the colony self-sustaining and profit-earning. In 1808, the government realized a net profit of P500,000.00.
These profits increased in subsequent years, reaching $3,000,000 in 1881. As a consequence of the monopoly, the Philippines became the biggest
tobacco-producing country in Asia. However, it led to abuses by government officials who wanted to enrich themselves. The farmers abhorred the
crop as they were at the mercy of government agents who cheated on its price, and they did not have the liberty to raise other crops for themselves
and their families. The monopoly also encouraged bribery and smuggling due to the desire to evade strict government regulations. The tobacco
monopoly was abolished in 1882.

WHAT IS TOBACCO?

Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being put in tobacco products. Tobacco contains nicotine, an
ingredient that can lead to addiction, which is why so many people who use tobacco find it difficult to quit. There are also many other potentially
harmful chemicals found in tobacco or created by burning it.

WHAT IS NICOTINE?

Nicotine is a highly addictive chemical compound present in a tobacco. Nicotine is a stimulant drug that speeds up the messages travelling
between the brain and body. It is the main psychoactive ingredient in tobacco products. Products such as cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, chewing
tobacco, and wet and dry snuff and the dried leaves from the tobacco plant all contain nicotine. Electronic cigarettes (also known as vapes) do not
contain dried tobacco leaves, but they may still contain nicotine.

Using any tobacco product can lead to nicotine addiction. This is because nicotine can change the way the brain works, causing cravings
for more of it. Some tobacco products, like cigarettes, are designed to deliver nicotine to the brain within seconds, making it easier to become
dependent on nicotine and more difficult to quit. While nicotine naturally occurs in the tobacco plant itself, some tobacco products contain additives
that may make it easier for your body to absorb more nicotine.
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COUNTERING ILL EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING
TYPES OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

There is no safe form of tobacco use. All forms contain nicotine and can cause addiction and health problems.

1. Hookah - is a pipe used to smoke Shisha, a combination of tobacco and fruit or vegetable that is heated and the smoke is filtrated through
water. The Hookah consists of a head, body water bowl and hose. The tobacco or Shisha is heated in the hookah usually using charcoal.

According to a World Health Organization advisory, a typical one-hour session of hookah smoking exposes the user to 100 to 200 times the
volume of smoke inhaled from a single cigarette. Even after passing through water, tobacco smoke still contains high levels of toxic
compounds, including carbon monoxide, heavy metals and cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens). Hookah smoking also delivers
significant levels of nicotine — the addictive substance in tobacco.

Hookah smoking has been associated with lung, mouth and other cancers, heart disease and respiratory infections. The substances used to
heat the tobacco also produce carbon monoxide, heavy metals and cancer causing chemicals, creating it own health hazards. Sharing the
mouthpiece of the Hookah has been associated with mouth and other infections including herpes, tuberculosis and hepatitis. Hookah
smoking is no safer than other forms of tobacco use.

2. Bidis (pronounced "bee-dees") - are small, thin hand-rolled cigarettes imported to the United States primarily from India and other
Southeast Asian countries. They consist of tobacco wrapped in a tendu or temburni leaf (plants native to Asia), and may be secured with a
colorful string at one or both ends. Bidis can be flavored (e.g., chocolate, cherry, mango) or unflavored.

Bidi smoking is associated with an increased risk for oral, lung, stomach, and esophageal cancer and an increased risk for coronary heart
disease and heart attacks, and risk for chronic bronchitis.

Bidis are carcinogenic. There is no evidence to indicate that bidis are safer than conventional cigarettes. They have higher concentrations of
nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide than conventional cigarettes sold in the United States, so are even more addictive than cigarettes

3. Kreteks - (pronounced "cree-techs") are sometimes referred to as clove cigarettes. Kreteks are imported from Indonesia, and typically
contain a mixture consisting of tobacco, cloves, and other additives. As with bidis, standardized machine-smoking analyses indicate that
kreteks deliver more nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar than conventional cigarettes.

Kretek smoking is associated with an increased risk for acute lung injury, especially among susceptible individuals with asthma or
respiratory infections. Research shows that regular kretek smokers have 13−20 times the risk for abnormal lung function compared with
nonsmokers. There is no evidence to indicate that kreteks are safe alternatives to conventional cigarettes.

4. Pipe - are often reusable and consist of a chamber or bowl, stem and mouthpiece. Tobacco is placed into the bowl and lit. The smoke is
than drawn through the stem and mouthpiece and inhaled. Pipe smoking has been shown to cause gum disease and tooth loss, cancer of the
mouth, lip, tongue, throat, larynx, lung, pancreas, kidney, bladder, colon, and cervix as well as leukemia and diseases such as chronic
obstructive lung disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Pipe smoking can also cause "hairy tongue," furry-looking bumps on the
tongue that can become stained by tobacco, making the tongue look discolored or black.

5. Dissolvable Tobacco - This type of tobacco is finely processed to dissolve on the tongue or in the mouth. Varieties include strips,
sticks,orbs and compressed tobacco lozenges. They are smoke and spit free, are held together by food-grade binders and look similar to a
breath mint or candy. Since this product is very new to the market, research has not been conducted on the health effects. This product does
contain nicotine. Smokeless tobacco products are known to cause significant health risks and are not a safe substitute for smoking tobacco.

6. Smokeless Tobacco - The two main types of smokeless tobacco in the United States are chewing tobacco and snuff. Chewing tobacco
comes in the form of loose leaf, plug, or twist. Snuff is finely ground tobacco that can be dry, moist, or in sachets (tea bag-like pouches).

Although some forms of snuff can be used by sniffing or inhaling into the nose, most smokeless tobacco users place the product in their
cheek or between their gum and cheek. Users then suck on the tobacco and spit out the tobacco juices, which is why smokeless tobacco is
often referred to as spit or spitting tobacco. The nicotine in this tobacco is absorbed primarily through the skin in the mouth.

Smokeless tobacco is a significant health risk and is not a safe substitute for smoking cigarettes. Smokeless tobacco contains 28 cancer-
causing agents (carcinogens). It increases the risk of developing cancer of the oral cavity, is strongly associated with leukoplakia (a lesion
of the soft tissue in the mouth that consists of a white patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off) and recession of the gums. Using
smokeless tobacco can lead to nicotine addiction and dependence and is not a safe alternative to smoking.

7. Cigarettes - A cigarette is a combination of cured and finely cut tobacco, reconstituted tobacco and other additives rolled or stuffed into a
paperwrapped cylinder. Many cigarettes have a filter on one end. When burned, cigarettes create more than 7,000 chemicals. Among these
are more than 60 chemicals that are known to cause cancer. Studies have proven that smoking cigarettes causes cancers of the bladder, oral
cavity, pharynx, larynx (voice box), esophagus, cervix, kidney, lung, pancreas, and stomach, and causes acute myeloid leukemia. It also
causes heart disease and stroke.

Here are a few of the chemicals in tobacco smoke and other places they are found:

 Acetone—found in nail polish remover

 Acetic acid—an ingredient in hair dye
 Ammonia—a common household cleaner
 Arsenic—used in rat poison
 Benzene—found in rubber cement and gasoline
 Butane—used in lighter fluid
 Cadmium—active component in battery acid
 Carbon monoxide—released in car exhaust fumes
 Formaldehyde—embalming fluid
 Hexamine—found in barbecue lighter fluid
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COUNTERING ILL EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING
 Lead—used in batteries
 Naphthalene—an ingredient in mothballs
 Methanol—a main component in rocket fuel
 Nicotine—used as an insecticide
 Tar—material for paving roads
 Toluene—used to manufacture paint

8. Cigars, Cigarillos and Little Cigars - Most cigars are made up of a single type of air-cured or dried tobacco. Cigar tobacco leaves are first
aged for about a year and then fermented in a multi-step process that can take from 3 to 5 months. Fermentation causes chemical and
bacterial reactions that change the tobacco. This is what gives cigars a different taste and smell from cigarettes.

Regular cigars are larger than cigarettes and do not have a filter. Little cigars or cigarillos are very similar in size and shape of cigarettes,
have filters and are filled with pipe tobacco. Little cigars are often flavored (e.g., chocolate, cherry, apple, mango). They are sold in packs
of 20 just like cigarettes or singly.

Cigars contain higher level of nicotine than cigarettes. For those cigar smokers who inhale, the nicotine is absorbed through the lungs as
quickly as it is with cigarettes. For those who do not inhale, the nicotine is absorbed more slowly through the lining of the mouth. Studies
have shown that cigar smoking is linked to cancers of the mouth, lips, tongue, throat, larynx, lung, pancreas and bladder cancer. Cigar
smoking, like cigarette smoking, is also linked to gum disease, where the gums shrink away from the teeth. It also raises your risk that teeth
will actually fall out. A study completed in 2000 found cigar smoking, like cigarette smoking, is linked to sexual impotence in men (an
inability to get an erection, known as erectile dysfunction).

9. Electronic cigarette or E- cigarette (nicotine delivery system) - The e-cigarette is a battery-powered device that contains a cartridge filled
with nicotine, flavor and other chemicals. The ecigarrette is not a tobacco product but a nicotine delivery system. The e-cigarette turns the
nicotine and other chmicals into a vapor that is then inhaled by the user. The user will puff on it, similar to a cigarette, and receive a
vaporized solution of propylene glycol/nicotine. There is no tobacco or burning of tobacco involved and the e-cigarette produces no smoke.
It does produce a fine, heated mist.

The e-cigarette often looks like a real cigarette and some have a glowing tip. Other models look similar to a ball point pen. Most electronic
cigarettes are reusable.

Re-fillable and replaceable cartridges are available with different nicotine levels and flavors such as menthol, cherry, chocolate, mint,
and orange. There are also cartridges available that state they contain no nicotine, although the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
conducted studies showing that these cartridges do contain nicotine.

This product is often marketed as an alternative to smoking or an aid in quitting but the World Health Organization claims there are no
studies showing that the electronic cigarette is a safe and effective nicotine replacement therapy and no scientific evidence to confirm the
product's safety. Recent studies by the FDA show that the e-cigarette contains known carcinogens and toxic chemicals that are harmful to
the user.