Physics-2 Q4-Student S

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PHYSICS 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

QUARTER 4

Science Pocket Lesson 1 Electromagnetism 1


Science Pocket Lesson 2 Electromagnetic Induction 8
Worksheet 1 14
Science Pocket Lesson 3 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave 15
Science Pocket Lesson 4 Geometric Optic: Plane Mirror 20
Science Pocket Lesson 5 Geometric Optic: Spherical Mirror 24
Science Pocket Lesson 6 Geometric Optic: Spherical Lens 29
Worksheet 2 33
Science Pocket Lesson 7 The Special Theory of Relativity 34

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
PHYSICS 2
Electromagnetism

INSTANT TASK

Magnetism
Look for as many words as you can from the puzzle below that you think are related
to Magnetism.

1
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DIRECT TALK

The history of magnetism began thousands of years ago, when in a region of Asia Minor known as
Magnesia, rocks were found that could attract each other. These rocks were called ―magnets‖ after their place of
discovery. Not until the nineteenth century, however, was it seen that magnetism and electricity are closely
related. A crucial discovery was that electric currents produce magnetic effects (we will say ―magnetic fields‖) like magnets do.
All kinds of practical devices depend on magnetism, from compasses to motors, loudspeakers, computer memory, and electric
generators.

Magnets and Magnetic Field

You probably have observed a magnet attract paper clips, nails, and other objects made of
iron. Any magnet, whether it is in the shape of a bar or a horseshoe, has two ends or
faces, called poles, which is where the magnetic effect is strongest. If a bar magnet is
suspended from a fine thread, it is found that one pole of the magnet will always point
toward the north. It is not known for sure when this fact was discovered, but it is known
that the Chinese were making use of it as an aid to navigation by the eleventh century and
perhaps earlier. This is the principle of a compass. A compass needle is simply a bar
Figure 1.1 A horseshoe magnet magnet which is supported at its center of gravity so that it can rotate freely. The pole of a
attracts pins made of iron freely suspended magnet that points toward geographic north is called the north pole of
the magnet. The other pole points toward the south and is called the south pole.

It is a familiar observation that when two magnets are brought near one another, each
exerts a force on the other. The force can be either attractive or repulsive and can be felt
even when the magnets don’t touch. If the north pole of one bar magnet is brought near
the north pole of a second magnet, the force is repulsive. Similarly, if the south poles are
brought close, the force is repulsive. But when the north pole of one magnet is brought
near the south pole of another magnet, the force is attractive. These results are shown in
Fig. 1.2, and are reminiscent of the forces between electric charges: like poles repel, and
Figure 1.2 Like poles of two unlike poles attract. But do not confuse magnetic poles with electric charge. They are
magnets repel; unlike poles attract very different. One important difference is that a positive or negative electric charge can
easily be isolated. But an isolated single magnetic pole has never been observed. If a bar
magnet is cut in half, you do not obtain isolated north and south poles. Instead, two new
magnets are produced, Fig. 1.3, each with north (N) and south (S) poles. If the cutting
operation is repeated, more magnets are produced, each with a north and a south pole.
Physicists have searched for isolated single magnetic poles (monopoles), but no
magnetic monopole has ever been observed. Besides iron, a few other materials, such as
cobalt, nickel, gadolinium, and some of their oxides and alloys, show strong magnetic
effects. They are said to be ferromagnetic (from the Latin word ferrum for iron). Other
materials show some slight magnetic effect, but it is very weak and can be detected only
Figure 1.3 if you split a magnet, you
won’t get isolated north and south with delicate instruments.
poles; instead two new magnets are
produced, each with a north and In the previous modules, we used the concept of an electric field surrounding an electric
south pole. charge. In a similar way, we can picture a magnetic field surrounding a magnet. The
force one magnet exerts on another can then be described as the interaction between one
magnet and the magnetic field of the other. Just as we drew electric field lines, we can
Magnets do not attract all also draw magnetic field lines. They can be drawn, as for electric field lines, so that
metals
1. the direction of the magnetic field is tangent to a field line at any point, and
2. the number of lines per unit area is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.
Magnets field lines form
closed loops, unlike electric field
lines

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Figure 1.4 Visualizing magnetic field lines
around a bar magnet, using iron filings and
compass needles. The red end of the bar
magnet is its north pole. The N pole of a
nearby compass needle points away from
the north pole of the magnet. (b) Diagram
of magnetic field lines for a bar magnet.

The direction of the magnetic field at a given location can be defined as the direction that the north pole of a compass
needle would point if placed at that location. Figure 1.4a shows how thin iron filings (acting like tiny magnets) reveal the
magnetic field lines by lining up like the compass needles. The magnetic field determined in this way for the field
surrounding a bar magnet is shown in Fig. 1.4b. Notice that because of our definition, the lines always point out from the
north pole and in toward the south pole of a magnet (the north pole of a magnetic compass needle is attracted to the south
pole of the magnet). Magnetic field lines continue inside a magnet, as indicated in Fig. 1.4b. Indeed, given the lack of single
magnetic poles, magnetic field lines always form closed loops, unlike electric field lines that begin on positive charges and
end on negative charges.

Earth’s Magnetic Field

The Earth’s magnetic field is shown in Fig. 1.5, and is thought to be produced by
electric currents in the Earth’s molten iron outer core. The pattern of field lines is
almost as though there were an imaginary bar magnet inside the Earth. Since the
north pole (N) of a compass needle points north, the Earth’s magnetic pole which
is in the geographic north is magnetically a south pole, as indicated in Fig. 1.5 by
the S on the schematic bar magnet inside the Earth. Remember that the north
pole of one magnet is attracted to the south pole of another magnet. Nonetheless,
Earth’s pole in the north is still often called the ―north magnetic pole,‖ or
―geomagnetic north,‖ simply because it is in the north. Similarly, the Earth’s
southern magnetic pole, which is near the geographic south pole, is magnetically
a north pole (N). The Earth’s magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographic
poles, which are on the Earth’s axis of rotation. Figure 1.5 The Earth acts like a huge
magnet. But it’s magnetic poles are not
at the geographic poles (on the Earth’s
rotational axis)

Uniform Magnetic Field

The simplest magnetic field is one that is uniform—it doesn’t change in magnitude
or direction from one point to another. A perfectly uniform field over a large area is
not easy to produce. But the field between two flat parallel pole pieces of a
magnet is nearly uniform if the area of the pole faces is large compared to their
separation, as shown in Fig. 1.6. At the edges, the field ―fringes‖ out somewhat:
the magnetic field lines are no longer quite parallel and uniform. The parallel
evenly spaced field lines in the central region of the gap indicate that the field is
uniform at points not too near the edges, much like the electric field between two
parallel plates (from previous module)

Figure 1.6 Magnetic Field between two


wide poles of a magnet is nearly uniform,
except near the edges

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Figure 1.7 (a) Deflection of compass needles near a current-carrying wire, showing the presence and direction of the magnetic field. (b)
Iron filings also align along the direction of the magnetic field lines near a straight current-carrying wire. (c) Diagram of the magnetic field
lines around an electric current in a straight wire. (d) Right-hand rule for remembering the direction of the magnetic field: when the
thumb points in the direction of the conventional current, the fingers wrapped around the wire point in the direction of the magnetic field.
( B is the symbol for magnetic field.)

Electric currents produce Magnetic Fields

During the eighteenth century, many scientists sought to find a connection between
electricity and magnetism. A stationary electric charge and a magnet were shown to
have no influence on each other. But in 1820, Hans Christian Oersted (1777–1851)
found that when a compass is placed near a wire, the compass needle deflects if (and
only if) the wire carries an electric current. As we have seen, a compass needle is
deflected by a magnetic field. So Oersted’s experiment showed that an electric current
produces a magnetic field. He had found a connection between electricity and
Figure 1.8 Magnetic field lines due magnetism.
to a circular loop of wire
A compass needle placed near a straight section of current-carrying wire experiences
a force, causing the needle to align tangent to a circle around the wire, Fig. 1.7a.
Thus, the magnetic field lines produced by a current in a straight wire are in the form
of circles with the wire at their center, Figs.1.7b and c. The direction of these lines is
indicated by the north pole of the compasses in Fig. 1.7. There is a simple way to
remember the direction of the magnetic field lines in this case. It is called a right-
hand rule - 1: grasp the wire with your right hand so that your thumb points in the
direction of the conventional (positive) current; then your fingers will encircle the wire
in the direction of the magnetic field, Fig. 1.7d. The magnetic field lines due to a
circular loop of current-carrying wire can be determined in a similar way by placing a
compass at various locations near the loop. The result is shown in Fig. 1.8. Again the
Figure 1.9 Right-hand rule for
right-hand rule can be used, as shown in Fig. 1.9. Unlike the uniform field shown in
determining the direction of the
magnetic field relative to the Fig. 1.6, the magnetic fields shown in Figs. 1.7and 1.8 are not uniform—the fields are
current in a loop of wire. different in magnitude and direction at different locations.

Force on Electric Current in a Magnetic Field

In the previous section we learned that an electric current exerts a force on a magnet, such as a compass needle. In this
section, we will discuss, how a magnet can exert a force on a current-carrying wire as first observed by Oersted as well.

Suppose a straight wire is placed in the magnetic field between the poles of a horseshoe magnet as shown in Fig. 1.10,
where the vector symbol B represents the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field. When a current flows in the wire,
experiment shows that a force is exerted on the wire. But this force is not toward one or the other pole of the magnet.
Instead, the force is directed at right angles to the magnetic field direction, downward in Fig. 1.10a. If the current is reversed
in direction, the force is in the opposite direction, upward as shown in Fig. 1.10b. Experiments show that the direction of the
force is always perpendicular to the direction of the current and also perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field, B

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Figure 1.10 (a) Force on a current-carrying wire placed in a magnetic field, B (b) same, but current reversed; (c) right-hand rule for setup
in (b), with current I shown as if a vector with direction.

The direction of the force is given by another right-hand rule - 2, as illustrated in Fig. 1.10c. Orient your right hand until your
outstretched fingers can point in the direction of the conventional current I, and when you bend your fingers they point in the
direction of the magnetic field lines, B. Then your outstretched thumb will point in the direction of the force F on the wire.
This right hand rule describes the direction of the force. The force on wire carrying a current I with length l in a uniform
magnetic field B is given by

F = IlB sin 

Where the current is perpendicular to the field lines ( = 90° and sin 90° = 1), the force is strongest. When the wire is
parallel to the magnetic field lines ( = 0°), there is no force at all.

If the current’s direction is perpendicular to the field B ( = 90°), then the force is Fmax = IlB

The magnitude of B can be defined as B = Fmax /Il, where Fmax is the magnitude of the force on a straight length l of wire
carrying a current I when the wire is perpendicular to B

The SI unit for magnetic field B is the tesla (T). It also has other units like Wb/m 2,―weber per meter squared‖: 1 Wb/m2 = 1 T;
and the gauss (G): 1 G = 10-4 T

Example 1.1 Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire

A wire carrying a steady (dc) 30-A current has a length l = 12 cm between the pole
faces of a magnet. The wire is at an angle  = 60° to the field (Fig.1.11).The magnetic
field is approximately uniform at 0.90 T. We ignore the field beyond the pole pieces.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the force on the wire.
Given Solution:
I = 30 A
l = 12 cm Figure 1.11 Example 1.1
 = 60° F = IlB sin  = (30 A) (0.12 m)(0.90 T) (sin 60°) = 2.8 N
B = 0.90 T
Using right hand rule – 2, Hold your right hand flat, pointing your fingers in the direction of the current. Then
RTF: F bend your fingers (maybe needing to rotate your hand) so they point along Fig. 1.11.Your thumb then points
into the page, which is thus the direction of the force F.

On a diagram, when we want to represent an electric current or a magnetic field that is


pointing out of the page (toward us) or into the page, we use or X respectively.
The is meant to resemble the tip of an arrow pointing directly toward the reader,
whereas the X or x resembles the tail of an arrow pointing away. See Fig.1.12.

Figure 1.12 Representation of


electric current of magnetic
field on a diagram
5

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Force on an Electric Charge moving in a Magnetic Field

We have seen that a current-carrying wire experiences a force when placed in a


magnetic field. Since a current in a wire consists of moving electric charges, we
might expect that freely moving charged particles (not in a wire) would also
experience a force when passing through a magnetic field. Free electric charges are
not as easy to produce in the lab as a current in a wire, but it can be done, and
experiments do show that moving electric charges experience a force in a magnetic
field.

We use the equation F = qvB sin 

This equation gives the magnitude of the force exerted by a magnetic field on a
particle of charge q moving with velocity v at a point where the magnetic field has
magnitude B. The angle between v and B is . The force is greatest when the
particle moves perpendicular to B ( = 90°):

Fmax = qvB

The force is zero if the particle moves parallel to the field lines ( = 0°). The direction
Figure 1.13 Force on charged of the force is perpendicular to the magnetic field B and to the velocity v of the
particles due to a magnetic field is particle. For a positive charge, the force direction is given by another right-hand
perpendicular to the magnetic field rule - 3: you orient your right hand so that your outstretched fingers point along the
direction. If v is horizontal, then F is direction of the particle’s velocity (v) and when you bend your fingers they must point
vertical. The right-hand rule is along the direction of B. Then your thumb will point in the direction of the force. This
shown for the force on a positive
is true only for positively charged particles, and will be ―up‖ for the positive particle
charge, +q.
shown in Fig.1.13. For negatively charged particles, the force is in exactly the
opposite direction, ―down‖ in Fig.1.13.

Example 1.2 Magnetic force on a proton

A magnetic field exerts a force of 8.0 x 10-14 N toward the west on a proton moving
vertically upward at a speed of 5.0 x 106 m/s (Fig.1.14a).When moving horizontally in
a northerly direction, the force on the proton is zero (Fig.1.14b).Determine the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic field in this region.
(The charge on a proton is q = +e = 1.6 x 10-19 C)

Given Solution
F = 8.0 x 10-14 N
 = 90° Fmax = qvB
Figure 1.14 Example 1.2 v = 5.0 x 106 m/s
q = +e = 1.6 x 10-19 C F 8.0 x 10-14 N
B= = = 0.10 T
qv (1.6 x 10-19 C)(5.0 x 106 m/s)

RTF: B
Using the right hand rule – 3: your thumb and the
outstretched fingers of your right hand point upward
only when your bent fingers point north (into the page)

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FLASH CHECK
Read and answer the following.

1. A straight power line caries 30 A and is perpendicular to the Earth’s magnetic field of 0.50 x 10-4 T.
What magnitude force is exerted on 100 m of this power line?

2. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force on an electron traveling 7.75 x 105 m/s
horizontally to the east in a vertically upward magnetic field of strength 0.45T.

3. Determine the direction of magnetic field for each case in Fig.1.15, where F represents the
maximum magnetic force on a positively charged particle moving with velocity v.

Figure 1.15 Problem 3

QUICK CONNECT REFERENCES


https://www.travelandleisure.com/trip-ideas/nature-
Did you know that our Earth has a region in space known as the travel/iceland-when-to-see-northern-lights
magnetosphere?
A magnetosphere is the region around a planet dominated by the https://pickyourtrail.com/blog/6-best-places-to-see-the-
planet's magnetic field. Other planets in our solar system have southern-lights-in-new-zealand/
magnetospheres, but Earth has the strongest one of all the rocky
planets: Earth's magnetosphere is a vast, comet-shaped bubble, https://www.graphicsfactory.com/Clip-Art/Planner-
which has played a crucial role in our planet's habitability. Life on Stickers/reminder-digital-planner-sticker-409385.html
Earth initially developed and continues to be sustained under the
https://science.nasa.gov/heliophysics/focus-
protection of this magnetic environment. The magnetosphere areas/magnetosphere-ionosphere
shields our home planet from solar and cosmic particle radiation, as
well as erosion of the atmosphere by the solar wind - the constant Giancoli, D.C (2014). Physics, Principles with
flow of charged particles streaming off the sun. It is also the Applications. 7th Edition. USA. Smith.
magnetosphere that causes a phenomenon called the aurora
borealis.

Aurora Borealis or
Northern Lights

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
PHYSICS 2
Electromagnetic Induction

INSTANT TASK

The Number Game!


Use the number table to identify the terms in each number. These are the terms that
will be used all throughout this module.

1) 3 11 3 22 5 4 9 26 19 15 25 3 5 8 22 8 25 17 7 22 5 8 9 25

2) 3 11 3 22 5 4 9 26 9 5 8 23 3 16 9 4 22 3

3) 16 19 4 19 17 19 6 ' 18 11 19 2

4) 11 3 25 20 ' 18 11 19 2

5) 17 8 4 3 22 5 22 7 4 4 3 25 5

6) 19 11 5 3 4 25 19 5 8 25 15 22 7 4 4 3 25 5

7) 8 25 17 7 22 5 19 25 22 3

Table 2.1 Number Table

8
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DIRECT TALK

In the previous module, we discussed two ways in which electricity and magnetism are related: (1) an
electric current produces a magnetic field; and (2) a magnetic field exerts a force on an electric current or on a
moving electric charge. These discoveries were made in 1820–1821. Scientists then began to wonder: if electric
currents produce a magnetic field, is it possible that a magnetic field can produce an electric current? Ten years later the
American Joseph Henry (1797–1878) and the Englishman Michael Faraday (1791–1867) independently found that it was
possible. Henry actually made the discovery first. But Faraday published his results earlier and investigated the subject in more
detail. We now discuss this phenomenon and some of its world-changing applications including the electric generator.
Electromagnetic Induction Experiments

Electromagnetic Induction or Induction is a phenomenon that states that if the


magnetic flux through a circuit changes, an emf and a current are induced in the circuit.
In this section, we will discuss the experiments that lead to this conclusion.

In Fig. 2.2a, a coil of wire is connected to a galvanometer. When the nearby magnet is
stationary, the meter shows no current. This isn’t surprising; there is no source of emf in
the circuit. But when we move the magnet either toward or away from the coil, the meter
shows current in the circuit, but only while the magnet is moving (Fig. 2.2b). If we keep Figure 2.1 A coil is a length of rope,
the magnet stationary and move the coil, we again detect a current during the motion. hair, or wire, arranged into a series
We call this an induced current, and the corresponding emf required to cause this of circles, one above or outside the
current is called an induced emf. In Fig. 2.2c we replace the magnet with a second coil other.
connected to a battery. When the second coil is stationary, there is no current in the first
coil. However, when we move the second coil toward or away from the first or move the
first toward or away from the second, there is current in the first coil, but again only while Electrical Measuring
one coil is moving relative to the other. Finally, using the two-coil setup in Fig. 2.2d, we Instruments include
keep both coils stationary and vary the current in the second coil, either by opening and
closing the switch or by changing the resistance of the second coil with the switch closed Ammeters – measures the current;
Galvanometer – measure small
(perhaps by changing the second coil’s temperature). We find that as we open or close
amounts of current
the switch, there is a momentary current pulse in the first circuit. When we vary the Voltmeter – measures potential
resistance (and thus the current) in the second coil, there is an induced current in the first difference or voltage;
circuit, but only while the current in the second circuit is changing. Ohmmeter – measures resistance.

To summarize:
1. When there is no current in the electromagnet, so that B = 0, the galvanometer
shows no current. Changing magnetic field, not
2. When the electromagnet is turned on, there is a momentary current through the magnetic field itself, induces current
meter as B increases.
3. When B levels off at a steady value, the current drops to zero, no matter how
large B is.
4. The faster we carry out any of these changes, the greater the current.
5. If all these experiments are repeated with a coil that has the same shape but Relative motion ―magnet
or coil moving induces current
different material and different resistance, the current in each case is inversely
proportional to the
total circuit resistance.
This shows that the
induced emfs that are
causing the current do
not depend on the
material of the coil but
only on its shape and
the magnetic field.

Figure 2.2 Demonstrating the phenomenon of induced current. 9

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The common element in all these experiments is changing magnetic flux through the coil connected to the
galvanometer. In each case the flux changes either because the magnetic field changes with time or because the coil
is moving through nonuniform magnetic field.

Magnetic flux, is a measurement of the total magnetic field which passes through a given area. To calculate the
magnetic flux through a surface we use the equation,

Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of magnetic flux is equal to the unit of magnetic field (T) times the unit area
(m2). The unit is called weber (1 Wb), in honor of the German physicist Wilhelm Weber (1804-1891).

In Gauss’s law the total electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the total electric charge enclosed by the
surface. For example, if the closed surface encloses an electric dipole, the total electric flux is zero because the total charge
is zero. By analogy, if there were such a thing as a single magnetic charge (magnetic monopole), the total magnetic flux
through a closed surface would be proportional to the total magnetic charge enclosed. But we have mentioned that no
magnetic monopole has ever been observed, despite intensive searches. We conclude that the total magnetic flux
through a closed surface is always zero.

Faraday’s Law

We can summarize all of the kinds of experiments described in the first section in a law called Faraday’s Law which states
that:

In symbols, Faraday’s law is

If the circuit contains N loops that are closely wrapped so the same flux passes through each, the emfs induced in each loop
add together, so the total emf is

Example 2.1 A loop of wire in a magnetic field

A square loop of wire of side l = 5.0 cm is in a uniform magnetic field B = 0.16 T. What is the magnetic flux in the loop
(a) when B is perpendicular to the face of the loop and (b) when B is at an angle of 30° to the area of the loop?
(c) What is the magnitude of the average current in the loop if it has a resistance of 0.012  and it is rotated from
position (b) to position (a) in 0.14s?
Given Solution
l = 5 cm a) l2
B = 0.16 T 0°)
 = 30°
R = 0.012 
t = 0.14 s Before and after the loop rotates, when it is at
b) l2 rest, the emf is zero. The current in the wire
RTF: 0°) loop (Ohm’s Law) while it was rotating is
a)
b) c)
c) I In order to get the current in the wire loop, let’s
I=
calculate first the induced emf using Faraday’s
law during the 0.14 s time interval:

10

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The minus signs in Faraday’s Law equations are there to remind us in which direction the induced
emf acts. Experiments show that

a current produced by an induced emf moves in a direction so that the magnetic field created by that
current opposes the original change in flux.

This is known as Lenz’s law.

Be aware that we are now discussing two distinct magnetic fields: (1) the changing magnetic field or flux that induces
the current, and (2) the magnetic field produced by the induced current (all currents produce a magnetic field). The second
(induced) field opposes the change in the first. Lenz’s law can be said another way, valid even if no current can flow (as
when a circuit is not complete):
An induced emf is always in a direction that opposes the original change in flux that caused it.

In other words, the minus sign is a simple consequence of Lenz’s law, safe to ignore in calculations but included in the equation to show
that the induced emf opposes the change of flux.

Let us apply Lenz’s law to the relative motion between a


magnet and a coil, Fig. 2.3. The changing flux through the
coil induces an emf in the coil, producing a current. This
induced current produces its own magnetic field. In Fig.
2.3a the distance between the coil and the magnet
decreases. The magnet’s magnetic field (and number of
field lines) through the coil increases, and therefore the
flux increases. The magnetic field of the magnet points
upward. To oppose the upward increase, the magnetic
field produced by the induced current needs to point
downward inside the coil. Thus, Lenz’s law tells us the Figure 2.3 Relative motion between a magnet and a coil
current moves as shown in Fig. 2.3a (use the right-hand
rule-1). In Fig.2.3b, the flux decreases (because the
magnet is moved away and B decreases), so the induced
current in the coil produces an upward magnetic field
through the coil that is “trying” to maintain the status quo.
Thus the current in Fig. 2.3b is in the opposite direction
from Fig. 2.3a. It is important to note that an emf is
induced whenever there is a change in flux through the
coil, and we now consider some more possibilities. Figure 2.4 Changing the coil’s area
Magnetic flux has 3 factors based on its definition:
Magnetic Field B, Area A and the angle  between them.
Soan emf can be induced in three ways: (1) By a changing
magnetic field; (2) by changing the area of the loop in a
field and (3) by changing the loop’s orientation with
respect to the field. Figure 2.3 case (1). Cases (2) and (3)
are illustrated in Figures 2.4 and 2.5
Figure 2.5 Changing the coil’s orientation by rotating the coil in a
magnetic field
Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field

We have seen that a changing magnetic flux induces an emf. In a closed loop of wire there will also be an induced current,
which implies there is an electric field in the wire causing the electrons to start moving. Indeed, this and other results
suggest the important conclusion that a changing magnetic flux produces an electric field. This result applies not only
to wires and other conductors, but is a general result that applies to any region in space. Indeed, an electric field will be
produced (= induced) at any point in space where there is a changing magnetic field.
We can get a simple formula for E from B for the case of electrons moving in a conductor. Electric field is defined as
the force per unit charge, E = F/q, and for the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field, F = qvB. Therefore

11

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Alternating Current vs Direct Current

When a battery is connected to a circuit, the current moves steadily in one direction.
This is called a direct current, or dc. Electric generators at electric power plants,
however, produce alternating current, or ac. (Sometimes capital letters are used, DC
and AC.) An alternating current reverses direction many times per second and is
commonly sinusoidal, Fig. 2.6.The electrons in a wire first move in one direction and
then in the other. The current supplied to homes and businesses by electric
companies is ac throughout virtually the entire world.

Transformers
Figure 2.6 (a) Direct current and
(b) alternating current as functions A transformer is a device for increasing or decreasing an ac voltage. Transformers are
of time found everywhere: on utility poles (Fig. 2.7) to reduce the high voltage from the
electric company to a usable voltage in houses (120 V or 240 V), in chargers for cell
phones, laptops, and other electrical devices, in a car to give the needed high voltage
to the spark plugs, and in many other applications. A transformer consists of two coils
of wire known as the primary and secondary coils. Here’s how a transformer works.
The ac source causes an alternating current in the primary, which sets up an
alternating flux in the core; this induces an emf in each loop, in accordance with
Faraday’s law. The induced emf in the secondary gives rise to an alternating current
in the secondary, and this delivers energy to the device to which the secondary is
connected. Why use ac instead of dc in a transformer? Because direct current are
steady current and can’t generate a changing magnetic flux which can produce an
induced emf on the other coil. This mechanism of transformers is an application of
Figure 2.7 A step-down transformer inductance.
in a utility pole
Inductance

Mutual Inductance

If two coils of wire are near one another, like in a transformer, a changing current in
one will induce an emf in the other.

Self – Inductance

Self-Inductance or Inductance (L) can occur also in a single coil. When a changing
current passes through a coil, a changing magnetic flux is produced inside the coil,
and this in turn induces an emf.

Figure 2.8 Inside a transformer Inductors

If we take a length of wire and coil it up like a spool of thread: that, in essence, is an
inductor. Note that an inductor is still a conducting path--it has no resistance (if we
assume that it is made with a perfect conductor), and current can flow through it,
unlike in a capacitor. Because the inductor has multiple loops, it produces a larger
magnetic field for a given current than does a single loop. An inductor is like a
capacitor in that it stores energy--in this case, the inductor stores the energy in the
form of the magnetic field (rather than by accumulating charge in the case of the
capacitor, which effectively stores energy in the form of the electric force or field).

An inductor can be included in a circuit. If a circuit has an inductor and a resistor, we


call it an L-R Circuit; if it contains an inductor and a capacitor, we call it L-C Circuit;
and if it has inductor, resistor and capacitor connected in series, it is called L-R-C
Series Circuit.
Figure 2.9 Some of the
different types of Inductors
12

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
FLASH CHECK

Read and answer the following.

1. The magnetic field between the poles of the electromagnet is uniform at any time, but its
magnitude is increasing at the rate of 0.020 T/s. The area of the conducting loop in the field is 120
cm2 and the total circuit resistance is 5.0. Find the induced emf and the induced current in the
circuit.

2. An 18.5-cm-diameter loop of wire is initially oriented perpendicular to a 1.5-T magnetic field. The
loop is rotated so that its plane is parallel to the field direction in 0.20 s. What is the average
induced emf in the loop?

QUICK CONNECT REFERENCES


https://www.graphicsfactory.com/Clip-Art/Planner-Stickers/reminder-
As the magnetic stripe moves through the card reader, the coded digital-planner-sticker-409385.html
pattern of magnetization in the stripe causes a varying magnetic
flux and hence an induced current in the reader’s circuits. If the https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-do-credit-cards-now-have-
chips#:~:text=EMV%20cards%20are%20designed%20to,and%20redu
card does not move, there is no induced emf or current and none of ce%20credit%20card%20fraud.&text=When%20an%20EMV%20card
the credit card’s information is read. %20is,are%20also%20hard%20to%20clone.

https://www.123rf.com/photo_133432583_stock-vector-metal-spring-
While magnetic stripe cards were cutting-edge technology for many set-spiral-coil-flexible-icon-wire-elastic-or-steel-spring-bounce-
years, criminals learned how to steal the information stored on the pressure-object-desig.html
magnetic stripe and use it to create counterfeit cards. So they https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/coil
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EMV cards are more secure https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/watch-


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because of the inclusion of a
computer chip. On a magnetic https://www.universalclass.com/articles/science/electronics/what-are-
stripe card, all the data about the inductor-circuits.html

cardholder's account is contained in Giancoli, D.C (2014). Physics, Principles with Applications. 7th
an unchanging format on that Edition. USA. Smith.
magnetic stripe and can be easily Freedman, R.A. (2012). University Physics With Modern Physics. 13th
copied. Edition. SF California: Smith

13

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
WORKSHEET 1

Read answer the following.

1. Two iron bars attract each other no matter which ends are placed close together. Are both magnets?
Explain.
2. Indicate which of the following will produce a magnetic field:
(a) A magnet
(b) The Earth
(c) An electric charge at rest
(d) A moving electric charge
(e) An electric current
(f) The voltage of a battery not connected to anything
(g) An ordinary piece of iron
(h) A piece of any metal
3. A straight wire carries a current directly toward you. In what direction are the magnetic field lines
surrounding the wire?
4. A North needle of a compass points toward the geographical North pole of the earth. Explain why this
doesn’t violate the “like poles repel” rule.
5. What is the direction of the force in current carrying wire as shown in the figure.
6. What is the difference between magnetic flux and magnetic field?
7. Suppose you are holding a circular ring of wire in front of you and (a) suddenly
thrust a magnet, south pole first, away from you toward the center of the circle.
Is a current induced in the wire? (b) Is a current induced when the magnet is
held steady within the ring?(c) Is a current induced when you withdraw the
magnet? Explain your answers. Problem 5
8. A 16-cm-diameter circular loop of wire is placed in a 0.50-T magnetic field. (a) When the plane of the loop
is perpendicular to the field lines, what is the magnetic flux through the loop? (b) The plane of the loop is
rotated until it makes a 42° angle with the field lines. What is the angle  for this situation? (c) What is the
magnetic flux through the loop at this angle?
9. (a) What is the force per meter of length on a straight wire carrying a 6.40-A current when perpendicular to
a 0.90-T uniform magnetic field? (b) What if the angle between the wire and field is 35.0°?

REFERENCES:

Freedman, R.A. (2012). University Physics With Modern Physics. 13th Edition. SF California: Smith
Giancoli, D.C (2014). Physics, Principles with Applications. 7th Edition. USA. Smith

14

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
PHYSICS 2
Light as an Electromagnetic Wave

INSTANT TASK

Eye-experiment
Light is important in our everyday life. It enables us to see things and do things. Try
these eye-experiments and see how your brain reacts with light.

I. Do you have a blind-spot?

1. Hold this module at eye level about an arm’s length away. Make
sure that the cross is on the right.
2. Close your right eye and look directly at the cross with your left
eye. Notice that you can also see the dot.
3. Focus on the cross, but be aware of the dot as you slowly bring
the module toward your face. What happens to the dot as you
move the module towards your face?
4. This time, close your left eye and look directly at the dot with
your right eye. Bring the module slowly toward your face. What
happens to the cross as you move the module towards your
face?
II. Which eye do you use more?

To test which you favor, hold a finger up at arm’s length.


With both eyes open, look past it at a distant object. Now
close your right eye. What happens to your finger? Does it
appear to jump on the right side?

15
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
DIRECT TALK

Light had been shown to behave like a wave. But nobody knew what kind of wave it was. What is it that is
oscillating in a light wave? James Clerk Maxwell argued that light must be an electromagnetic wave. This idea
soon came to be generally accepted by scientists, but not fully until after EM (Electromagnetic) waves were
experimentally detected. EM waves were first generated and detected experimentally by Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) in 1887,
eight years after Maxwell’s death. These waves were later shown to travel at the speed of light, 3.00 x108 m/s, and to exhibit all
the characteristics of light such as reflection, refraction, and interference. The only difference was that they were not visible.

The wavelengths of visible light were measured in the first decade of the nineteenth
The wavelength of a wave is century, long before anyone imagined that light was an electromagnetic wave. The
simply the length of one complete wave wavelengths were found to lie between 4.0 x 10–7 m and 7.5 x 10–7 m, or 400 nm to
cycle. It is measured in meters (m). 750 nm. (1 nm = 10-9 m). The frequencies of visible light can be found using the
equation
The Wave frequency or frequency is
the number of waves that pass a fixed
point in a given amount of time. It is
measured in hertz (Hz).
Where f and  (lambda- read as “lamduh”) are the frequency and wavelength,
respectively, of the wave. Here, c is the speed of light, 3.00 x 108 m/s.

The sense of sight is extremely important to us, for it provides us with a large part of our information about the world. We see
an object in one of two ways: (1) the object may be a source of light, such as a lightbulb, a flame, or a star, in which case we
see the light emitted directly from the source; or, more commonly, (2) we see an object by light reflected from it.

When light strikes the surface of an object, some of the light is reflected. The rest can be absorbed by the object (and
transformed to thermal energy) or, if the object is transparent like glass or water, part can be transmitted through. For a very
smooth shiny object such as a silvered mirror, over 95% of the light may be reflected.

Index of Refraction

The speed of light in a vacuum is c = 2.99792458 x 108 m/s which is usually rounded
off to 3.00 x108 m/s.

In air, the speed is only slightly less. In other transparent materials, such as glass
and water, the speed is always less than that in vacuum. For example, in water light
travels at about ¾c. The ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed v in a
given material is called the index of refraction, n, of that material:

The index of refraction is never less than 1, and values for various materials are
Table 3.1 Indices of Refraction given in Table 3.1

When a wave passes from one material into a second material with larger index of refraction, so that n2 > n1 the wave speed
decreases. The wavelength in the second material is then shorter than the wavelength in the first material. If instead the
second material has a smaller index of refraction than the first material, so that n2 < n1, then the wave speed increases. Then
the wavelength in the second material is longer than the wavelength in the first material.

The wavelength of light in a material can be found using the equation

is the wavelength of light in a material and 0 is the wavelength of light in a vacuum.

16

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
Refraction: Snell’s Law

When light passes from one transparent medium into another with a different index of refraction, some or all of the
incident light is reflected at the boundary. The rest passes into the new medium. If a ray of light is incident at an angle to
the surface (other than perpendicular), the ray changes direction as it enters the new medium. This change in direction, or
bending, of the light ray is called refraction.

Figure 3.1a shows a ray passing from air into water. Angle 1 is the angle the incident ray makes with the normal
(perpendicular) to the surface and is called the angle of incidence. Angle 2 is the angle of refraction, the angle the
refracted ray makes with the normal to the surface. Notice that the ray bends toward the normal when entering the water.
This is always the case when the ray enters a medium where the speed of light is less (and the index of refraction is
greater). If light travels from one medium into a second where its speed is greater, the ray bends away from the normal;
this is shown in Fig.3.1b for a
ray traveling from water to air.

*When a light wave strikes a smooth interface


separating two transparent materials (such as
air and glass or water and glass), the wave is
in general partly reflected and partly refracted
(transmitted) into the second material.

Figure 3.1 Refraction. (a) Light refracted


when passing from air into water. (b) Light
refracted when passing from water into air

Refraction is responsible for a number of common optical illusions. For


example, a person standing in waist-deep water appears to have shortened
legs (Fig.3.2). The rays leaving the person’s foot are bent at the surface. The
observer’s brain assumes the rays to have traveled a straight-line path
(dashed red line), and so the feet appear to be higher than they really are.
Similarly, when you put a straw in water, it appears to be bent (Fig.3.3). This
also means that water is deeper than it appears. That’s why depth indicators
are important in swimming pools

Snell’s Law

The angle of refraction depends on the speed of light in the two media and on
the incident angle. An analytic relation between 1 and 2 in Fig. 3.1 was
arrived at experimentally about 1621 by Willebrord Snell (1591–1626). Known
as Snell’s law, it is written:

n1 sin1 = n2 sin2
Figure 3.2 (a) photograph (b) ray
1 is the angle of incidence and 2 is the angle of refraction; n1 and n2 are the diagram showing why a person’s leg
respective indices of refractions in the materials. See Fig. 3.1. The incident look shorter standing in water
and refracted rays lie in the same plane, which also includes the perpendicular
to the surface. Snell’s law is the law of refraction.

Snell’s law shows that if n2 > n1, then 2 <1. Thus, if light enters a medium
where n is greater (and its speed is less), the ray is bent toward the normal.
And if n2 < n1, then 2 > 1, so the ray bends away from the normal. See Fig.
3.1

Figure 3.3 A straw on water looks


bent even when it isn’t.
17

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
Example 3.1 Refraction through flat glass

Light traveling in air strikes a flat piece of uniformly thick glass at an incident
angle of 60.0°, as shown in Fig. 3.4. If the index of refraction of the glass is
1.50, (a) what is the angle of refraction A in the glass; (b) what is the angle B
at which the ray emerges from the glass?

Given Solution
n1 = 1.00 (air) We apply Snell’s law twice: at the first surface, where the
n2 = 1.50 (water) light enters the glass, and again at the second surface
where it leaves the glass and enters the air.
RTF: (a) 1 = 60°, 2 = A
a) A n1 sin1 = n2 sin2 = (1.00)sin 60°) = (1.50) sin A
b) B 1.00
sin A = sin 60° = 0.5774 and A = 35.3°
1.50

(b) Since the faces of the glass are parallel, the incident angle at the second
Figure 3.4 Example 3.1 surface is also A (geometry), so sin A = 0.5774. At this second interface,
n1 = 1.50 and n2 = 1.00. and thus the ray re-enters the air at an angle given
by
1.50
sin B = sin A = 0.866 and B = 60°
1.00
The direction of a light ray is thus unchanged by passing through a flat piece of glass of
uniform thickness.
Total Internal Reflection

We have indicated that light is partially reflected and partially


transmitted at an interface between two materials with different indices
of refraction. Under certain circumstances, however, all of the light can
be reflected back from the interface, with none of it being transmitted,
even though the second material is transparent.
Figure 3.5 Since n2 < n1, light rays are totally
When light passes from one material into a second material where the
internally reflected if the incident angle 1 > C, as
index of refraction is less (say, from water into air), the refracted light
for ray L. If 1 < C, as for rays I and J, only a part of
the light is reflected, and the rest is refracted.
ray bends away from the normal, as for rays I and J in Fig. 3.5. At a
particular incident angle, the angle of refraction will be 90°, and the
refracted ray would skim the surface (ray K). The incident angle at
which this occurs is called the critical angle, C.
For any incident angle less than C, there will be a refracted ray,
although part of the light will also be reflected at the boundary.
However, for incident angles greater than C, there is no refracted ray
at all, and all of the light is reflected, as for ray L in Fig. 3.5 This effect
is called total internal reflection. Total internal reflection occurs only
when light strikes a boundary where the medium beyond has a lower
index of refraction.
Figure 3.6 White light passing through a prism is
spread out into its constituent colors
Dispersion of Light

A prism can separate white light into a rainbow of colors, as shown in


Fig. 3.6. This happens when the index of refraction of a material
depends on the wavelength. White light is a mixture of all visible
wavelengths, and when incident on a prism, as in Fig. 3.7, the
different wavelengths are bent to varying degrees. Because the index
of refraction is greater for the shorter wavelengths, violet light is bent
the most and red the least, as shown in Fig. 3.7. This spreading of
white light into the full spectrum is called dispersion. Rainbows are a
Figure 3.7 White light dispersed by a spectacular example of dispersion – by drops of water.
prism into the visible spectrum.
18

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
FLASH CHECK

Read and answer the following.

1. The wavelength of the red light from a helium-neon laser is 633 nm in air but 474 nm in the
aqueous humor inside your eyeball. Calculate the index of refraction of the aqueous humor and
the speed and frequency of the light in it. (assume 0 = air)

2. A diver shines a flashlight upward from beneath the water at a 35.2° angle to the vertical. At what
angle does the light leave the water? Draw a diagram for your answer.

3. Rays of the Sun are seen to make a 36.0° angle to the vertical beneath the water. At what angle
above the horizon is the Sun? Draw a diagram for your answer.

QUICK CONNECT REFERENCES


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of the ever changing trend in technology, telegraphs, telephones Wave#:~:text=The%20wavelength%20of%20a%20wave,of%20one%20complet
e%20wave%20cycle.&text=The%20wavelength%20can%20be%20measured,n
and now, the internet arises. Still the trend continues, and we now ext%20cycle%20of%20the%20wave.
have the fastest way of communication/data transfer – Fiber Optics.
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broadband.html

Freedman, R.A. (2012). University Physics With Modern Physics. 13th Edition.
SF California: Smith

Giancoli, D.C (2014). Physics, Principles with Applications. 7th Edition. USA.
Smith.

Hewitt, P.G. (2006). Conceptual Physics. 10th Edition. USA. Pearson Education
Inc

19

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
PHYSICS 2
Geometric Optics: Plane Mirror

INSTANT TASK

Mirror Messages
Mirrors are very useful in our everyday life. Use a plane/flat mirror in order to read the
messages in each number. Just place the mirror beside the numbers perpendicular to
the page. Rewrite the messages in your notebook.

Mirror
Module

20
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
DIRECT TALK

Your reflection in the mirror, the view of the moon through a telescope, the patterns seen in a kaleidoscope—all
of these are examples of images. In each case the object that you’re looking at appears to be in a different place
than its actual position: Your reflection is on the other side of the mirror, the moon appears to be much closer
when seen through a telescope, and objects seen in a kaleidoscope seem to be in many places at the same time. In each
case, light rays that come from a point on an object are deflected by reflection or refraction (or a combination of the two), so
they converge toward or appear to diverge from a point called an image point. Our goal in this module is to see how this is
done and to explore the different kinds of images that can be made with simple optical devices

Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface


Optics is a branch of Physics
Before discussing what is meant by an image, we first need the concept of object as it is that studies the behavior and
used in optics. By an object we mean anything from which light rays radiate. This light properties of Light.
could be emitted by the object itself if it is self-luminous, like the glowing filament of a
light bulb. Alternatively, the light could be emitted by another source (such as a lamp or
the sun) and then reflected from the object; an example is the light you see coming from
the pages of this module. Figure 4.1 shows light rays radiating in all directions from an
object at a point P. For an observer to see this object directly, there must be no
obstruction between the object and the observer’s eyes.

The object in Fig. 4.1 is a point object that has no physical extent. Real objects with
length, width, and height are called extended objects.
Figure 4.1 Light rays radiate from a
point object P in all directions
Suppose some of the rays from the object strike a smooth, plane reflecting surface (Fig.
4.2). According to the law of reflection, all rays striking the surface are reflected at
an angle from the normal equal to the angle of incidence. Since the surface is plane,
the normal is in the same direction at all points on the surface, and we have specular
reflection (a reflection from a very smooth surface). After the rays are reflected, their
directions are the same as though they had come from point P’. We call point P an
object point and point P’ the corresponding image point, and we say that the reflecting
surface forms an image of point P. If the surface in Fig. 4.2 is not smooth, the reflection
will be a diffuse reflection (reflection from a rough surface). In this case there would not
be a definite image point.

An image is also formed by a plane refracting surface, as shown in Fig. 4.3. Rays coming Figure 4.2 Light rays from the
from point P are refracted at the interface between two optical materials. When the object at point P are reflected from
angles of incidence are small, the final directions of the rays after refraction are the same a plane mirror. The reflected rays
as though they had come from point P’, and again we call P’ as shown, an image point. entering the eye look as though
they had come from image point
In both Figs. 4.2 and 4.3 the rays do not actually pass through the image point Indeed, if P’.
the mirror in Fig. 4.2 is opaque, there is no light at all on its right side. If the outgoing rays
don’t actually pass through the image point, we call the image a virtual image. Later we
will see cases in which the outgoing rays really do pass through an image point, and we
will call the resulting image a real image. The images that are formed on a projection
screen, on the photographic film in a camera, and on the retina of your eye are real
images.

Figure 4.3 Light rays from the object


at point P are refracted at the plane
interface. The refracted rays entering
the eye look as though they had
come from image point P’.
Figure 4.4 Law of Reflection
21
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
Image Formation by a Plane Mirror

To find the precise location of the virtual image that a plane mirror forms
of an object at P, we use the construction shown in Fig. 4.5. The figure
shows two rays diverging from an object point P at a distance s to the left
of a plane mirror. We call s the object distance. The ray PV is incident
normally on the mirror (that is, it is perpendicular to the mirror surface),
and it returns along its original path.

The ray PB makes an angle with PV. It strikes the mirror at an angle of
incidence and is reflected at an equal angle with the normal. When we
extend the two reflected rays backward, they intersect at point P’, at a
distance s’ behind the mirror. We call s’ the image distance. The line
Figure 4.5 Construction for determining the between P and P’ is perpendicular to the mirror. The two triangles PVB
location of the image formed by a plane and P’VB are congruent, so P and P’ are at equal distances from the
mirror.
mirror and s and s’ have equal magnitudes. The image point P’ is located
exactly opposite the object point P as far behind the mirror as the object
point is from the front of the mirror.
Sign Rules
Let’s introduce some general sign rules. These rules will be applicable to all situations we will encounter later.

1. Sign rule for the object distance: When the object is on the same side of the reflecting or refracting surface as
the incoming light, the object distance s is positive; otherwise, it is negative.
2. Sign rule for the image distance: When the image is on the same side of the reflecting or refracting surface as
the outgoing light, the image distance s’ is positive; otherwise, it is negative.

*The object and image distance s and s’ is related simply by:


s = ― s’ (plane mirror)
3. Sign rule for the radius of curvature of a spherical surface: When the center of curvature C is on the same
side as the outgoing light, the radius of curvature is positive; otherwise, it is negative.

Image of an Extended Object: Plane Mirror

Next we consider an extended object with finite size. For simplicity we


often consider an object that has only one dimension, like a slender arrow,
oriented parallel to the reflecting surface; an example is the arrow PQ in
Fig. 4.6. The distance from the head to the tail of an arrow oriented in this
way is called its height; in Fig. 4.6 the height is y. The image formed by
such an extended object is an extended image; to each point on the
object, there corresponds a point on the image. Two of the rays from Q are
shown; all the rays from Q appear to diverge from its image point Q’ after
Figure 4.6 Construction for determining the reflection. The image of the arrow is the line P’Q’ with height y’. Other
height of the image formed by reflection at points of the object PQ have image points between P’ and Q’. The triangles
a plane reflecting surface PQV and P’Q’ V are congruent, so the object PQ and image P’Q’ have the
same size and orientation, and y = y’.
The ratio of image height to object height, y’/y, in any image-forming situation is called the lateral magnification m; that is
𝑦′
m=
𝑦

Thus for a plane mirror the lateral magnification m is unity. When you look at yourself in a plane mirror, your image is the
same size as the real you.
In Fig. 4.6 the image arrow points in the same direction as the object arrow; we say that the image is erect. In this
case, y and y’ have the same sign, and the lateral magnification m is positive. The image formed by a plane
mirror is always erect, so y and y’ have both the same magnitude and the same sign; the lateral magnification of
a plane mirror is always m =+1. Later we will encounter situations in which the image is inverted; that is, the image
arrow points in the direction opposite to that of the object arrow. For an inverted image, y and y’ have opposite
signs, and the lateral magnification m is negative.
22

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
FLASH CHECK

Read and answer the following.

1. A candle 4.85 cm tall is 39.2 cm to the left of a plane mirror. Where is the image formed by the
mirror, and what is the height of this image? Explain your answer.

2. A pencil that is 9.0 cm long is held perpendicular to the surface of a plane mirror with the tip of the
pencil lead 12.0 cm from the mirror surface and the end of the eraser 21.0 cm from the mirror
surface. (a) What is the length of the image of the pencil that is formed by the mirror? (b) Which
end of the image is closer to the mirror surface: the tip of the lead or the end of the eraser? Explain
your answer.

REFERENCES
QUICK CONNECT https://www.graphicsfactory.com/Clip-Art/Planner-Stickers/reminder-
digital-planner-sticker-409385.html
The word AMBULANCE is written inverted because if it is
seen through a mirror in the vehicles ahead the drivers see it https://www.ecomparemo.com/info/ambulance-what-to-do
as AMBULANCE without inversion and hence give way https://www.physicscentral.com/experiment/physicsathome/reversing-
ambulance without any delay. The Physics concept behind arrows.cfm
this is that plane mirrors tend to produce images that are https://brainly.in/question/1177913#:~:text=Answer%20Expert%20Veri
laterally inverted, where the right side of the object appears fied&text=The%20word%20AMBULANCE%20is%20written,way%20a
mbulance%20without%20any%20delay.
on the left side behind the mirror.
https://www.clickview.co.uk/curriculum-libraries/video-
details/?id=31096366&cat=34620606&library=secondary&title=Lateral
+Inversion+in+a+Plane+Mirror#:~:text=A%20plane%20mirror%20see
ms%20to,left%20side%20behind%20the%20mirror.

Giancoli, D.C (2014). Physics, Principles with Applications. 7th


Edition. USA. Smith.

Freedman, R.A. (2012). University Physics With Modern Physics. 13th


Edition. SF California: Smith

Hewitt, P.G. (2006). Conceptual Physics. 10th Edition. USA. Pearson Education
Inc

23

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
PHYSICS 2
Geometric Optics: Spherical Mirror

INSTANT TASK

Physics in a Spoon

Spoon is usually used for eating, but let’s see how Physics work in a spoon.

1. Get a clean spoon.


2. Hold the spoon so that its back is facing you.
3. Look at yourself in the spoon. Describe the image that you see.
4. Move the spoon away from you. What happens to the image?
5. Now hold the spoon so that its front is facing you.
6. Look at yourself in the spoon. Describe the image that you see.
7. Move the spoon away from you. What happens to the image?

24
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
DIRECT TALK

Reflecting surfaces can also be curved, usually spherical, which means they form a section of a sphere. A
spherical mirror is called convex if the reflection takes place on the outer surface of the spherical shape so that
the center of the mirror surface bulges out toward the viewer, Fig. 5.1a. A mirror is called concave if the reflecting
surface is on the inner surface of the sphere so that the mirror surface curves away from the viewer (like a “cave”), Fig. 5.1b.
Concave mirrors are used as shaving or cosmetic mirrors (magnifying mirrors), Fig. 5.2a, because they magnify. Convex
mirrors are sometimes used on cars and trucks (rearview mirrors) and in shops (to watch for theft), because they take in a
wide field of view, Fig. 5.2b

Figure 5.2
(a) A concave cosmetic mirror gives a magnified image. (b) A convex mirror in a store reduces
image size and so includes a wide field of view.

Image Formation by a Concave Mirror


Figure 5.1 mirrors with convex and
Before we discuss the image formation of a concave mirror, let us identify first the parts concave spherical surfaces
of a concave mirror.
If a concave mirror were thought of as being a slice of a sphere, then there would be a
line passing through the center of the sphere and attaching to the mirror in the exact
center of the mirror. This line is known as the principal axis. The point in the center
of the sphere from which the mirror was sliced is known as the center of curvature
and is denoted by the letter C in the diagram below. The point on the mirror's surface
where the principal axis meets the mirror is known as the vertex and is denoted by
the letter A in the diagram below. The vertex is the geometric center of the mirror.
Midway between the vertex and the center of curvature is a point known as the focal
point; the focal point is denoted by the letter F in the diagram below. The distance
from the vertex to the center of curvature is known as the radius of curvature
(represented by R). The radius of curvature is the radius of the sphere from which the Figure 5.3 Parts of a Concave
mirror was cut. Finally, the distance from the mirror to the focal point is known as the Mirror
focal length (represented by f). Since the focal point is the midpoint of the line
segment adjoining the vertex and the center of curvature, the focal length would be
one-half the radius of curvature.
𝑅
f=
2

Image formation can be determined by drawing three particular


rays. These are the rays labeled 1, 2, and 3 in Fig. 5.4 and we
draw them leaving object point O’ as follows:
Ray 1 is drawn parallel to the axis; therefore after reflection it
must pass along a line through F, Fig.5.4a. Ray 2 leaves O’ and
is made to pass through F (Fig. 5.4b); therefore it must reflect so
it is parallel to the axis. Ray 3 is drawn along a radius of the
spherical surface (Fig. 5.4c) and is perpendicular to the mirror, so
it is reflected back on itself and passes through C, the center of
curvature.
Figure 5.4 Image formation using
Ray Diagrams
25
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
All three rays leave a single point O’ on the object. After reflection from a (small) mirror, the point at which these rays
cross is the image point I’. All other rays from the same object point will also pass through this image point. To find the
image point for any object point, only these three types of rays need to be drawn. Only two of these rays are needed, but
the third serves as a check.

Mirror Equation and Magnification

Image points can be determined by drawing the three rays. However,


this method has limitations. For more accurate results, we will use an
equation that gives the image distance if the object distance and the
radius of curvature of the mirror are known. We call this equation the
mirror equation:

1 1 1
+ = Figure 5.5 Construction for determining the
𝑠 𝑠′ 𝑓 position, orientation, and height of an image formed
by a concave spherical mirror.
For the lateral magnification m
If m is positive, the image is erect in comparison to the object; if m is negative, the
image is inverted relative to the object. Erect/inverted is the orientation of the image.
𝑦′ 𝑠′
m= =− Lateral magnification can also give the size of the image. If the absolute value of m is
𝑦 𝑠
less than 1, the image is smaller than the object; if its greater than 1, the image is
larger than the object; and if its equal to 1, then the image has the same size as the
object

Example 5.1 Image formation by a concave mirror I

A concave mirror forms an image, on a wall 3.00 m in front of the mirror, of a headlamp filament 10.0 cm in front of the
mirror. (a) What are the radius of curvature and focal length of the mirror? (b) What is the lateral magnification? (c) What is
the image height if the object height is 5.00 mm?
Given Solution (b) for the lateral magnification;
s' = 3.00 m = 300 cm (a) Remember that f = R/2; m= =−
𝑦′ 𝑠′
s = 10.0 cm 1 1 2
+ =
𝑦 𝑠
𝑠′ 300 𝑐𝑚
y = 5.00 mm 𝑠 𝑠′ 𝑅 m =− =― = ― 30
1 1 −1 𝑠 10 𝑐𝑚
R=2 +
𝑠 𝑠′
RTF 1 1 −1 The height of the image is 30 times the height
(a) R and f R=2 + = 19.4 cm of the object or ―30 x 5.00 mm = ―150 m
10 𝑐𝑚 300 𝑐𝑚
(b) m
(c) y’ f = R/2 = 9.7 cm The negative means that the image is inverted.

Example 5.2 Image formation by a concave mirror II

A 1.50-cm-high object is placed 20.0 cm from a concave mirror with radius of curvature 30.0 cm. Determine (a) the position
of the image, and (b) its size.

Solution (b) for the lateral magnification;


Given m= =−
𝑦′ 𝑠′
(a) Remember that f = R/2;
R = 30.0 cm 1 1 2
𝑦 𝑠
s = 20.0 cm + = m =−
𝑠′
=―
60 𝑐𝑚
= ― 3.00
𝑠 𝑠′ 𝑅 𝑠 20 𝑐𝑚
y = 1.50 cm 1 2
= ―
1
𝑠′ 𝑅 𝑠
1 2 1 1 The height of the image is 3 times the height of
RTF = − =
𝑠′ 30.0 𝑐𝑚 20.0 𝑐𝑚 60 the object or ―3.00 x 1.50 cm = ―4.50 m
(a) s’
(b) m s' = 60.0 cm The negative means that the image is inverted.
Because s’ is positive, the image is 60 cm in
front of the mirror, or the same side as the
object
26

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
Image Formation by a Convex Mirror

The analysis used for concave mirrors can be applied to convex mirrors. Even the mirror equation holds for a convex mirror,
although the quantities involved must be carefully defined. When applying the mirror equation and the lateral magnification,
it is crucially important to follow the sign convention. When the object, image, or focal point is on the reflecting side of the
mirror the corresponding distance is positive. If any of these points is behind the mirror the corresponding distance is
negative. The image height is positive if the image is upright/erect, and negative if inverted, relative to the object (y is
always taken as positive).

Note that the center of curvature and the focal point are located on the side of
the mirror opposite the object - behind the mirror. Behind the Mirror

Example 5.3 Image formation by a convex mirror

An external rearview car mirror is convex with a radius of curvature of 16.0 m.


Determine the location of the image and its magnification for an object 10.0 m
from the mirror. Figure 5.6 Parts of a Convex Mirror

Given RTF
R = ―16.0 m (a) s’
s = 10.0 m (b) m

Solution
(a) Remember that f = R/2;
1 1 2
+ =
𝑠 𝑠′ 𝑅
1 2 1
= ―
𝑠′ 𝑅 𝑠
1 2 1 9
= − =―
𝑠′ ―16.0 𝑚 10.0 𝑚 40 𝑚

s' = ―4.44 m
Figure 5.7 Example 5.3
Because s’ is negative, the image is
4.44 m behind the mirror, or the same side as the object

(b) for the lateral magnification;


𝑦′ 𝑠′
m= =− Real Images are formed in
𝑦 𝑠
𝑠′ (−4.44 𝑚) front of the mirror while virtual
m =− = ― = + 0.44 m images are formed behind the
𝑠 10.0 𝑚
mirror.
The lateral magnification is positive which means that the image is
upright/erect; it is less than 1 which means its size is smaller than the
object

As you can see from the example, the distance of the image from the mirror is smaller than the distance of the object from
the mirror. This contradicts the warning as shown in the Start Up. The real reason the object seems farther away is that its
image in the convex mirror is smaller than it would be in a plane mirror, and we judge distance of ordinary objects such as
other cars mostly by their size.

27

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
FLASH CHECK

Read and answer the following.

1. Santa checks himself for soot, using his reflection in a silvered


Christmas tree ornament 0.750 m away .The diameter of the
ornament is 7.20 cm. We estimate his height to be 1.6 m. Where and
how tall is the image of Santa formed by the ornament? Is it erect or
inverted?

2. An object 0.600 cm tall is placed 16.5 cm in front of a concave


spherical mirror having a radius of curvature of 22.0 cm. Determine
the position, size, orientation, and nature (real or virtual) of the
image.

REFERENCES
QUICK CONNECT https://www.graphicsfactory.com/Clip-Art/Planner-Stickers/reminder-
digital-planner-sticker-409385.html
Convex and Concave Mirrors are very useful in our everyday
lives. One of the most common applications of convex mirror https://www.liveabout.com/replace-broken-outside-rear-view-mirror-
281356
is the one that we see in convenience stores and in
intersections. Since Convex Mirror always produces images https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refln/Lesson-3/The-
Anatomy-of-a-Curved-Mirror
that are smaller than the object, they broaden the reflected
field of vision, allowing the observers to see a large section https://www.convexmirror.com.au/indoor-outdoor-general-purpose-
convex-mirrors
of the store/road.
https://eclats-antivols.fr/en/mirror/16604-convex-mirror-panoramic-
frame-pvc-cap-45cm-field-of-view-of-180-0707708210037.html

Giancoli, D.C (2014). Physics, Principles with Applications. 7th


Edition. USA. Smith.

Freedman, R.A. (2012). University Physics With Modern Physics. 13th


Edition. SF California: Smith

Hewitt, P.G. (2006). Conceptual Physics. 10th Edition. USA. Pearson Education
Inc

28

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
PHYSICS 2
Geometric Optics: Spherical Lenses

INSTANT TASK

Physics in a Glass

What to Do!

1. Fill your glass/plastic bottle with water


2. Draw a horizontal arrow on the piece of paper
3. Put the paper behind the glass of water and slowly
move the paper back and forth. Look through the
glass from the front and observe the arrow. What
appears to happen to it?

29
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
DIRECT TALK

The most familiar and widely used optical device (after the plane mirror) is the lens. A lens is an optical system
with two refracting surfaces. The simplest lens has two spherical surfaces close enough together that we can
neglect the distance between them (the thickness of the lens); we call this a thin lens. If you wear eyeglasses or
contact lenses while reading, you are viewing these words through a pair of thin lenses. In this module we will study how
images are formed in lenses using different equations

Properties of a Lens

A lens of the shape shown in Fig. 6.1 has the property that when a beam of
rays parallel to the axis passes through the lens, the rays converge to a point
F2 (Fig. 6.1a) and form a real image at that point. Such a lens is called a
converging lens. Similarly, rays passing through point F1 emerge from the
lens as a beam of parallel rays (Fig. 6.1b). The points F1 and F2 are called
the first and second focal points, and the distance f (measured from the
center of the lens) is called the focal length. As for a concave mirror, the
focal length of a converging lens is defined to be a positive quantity, and such
a lens is also called a positive lens.

The central horizontal line in Fig. 6.1 is called the optic/principal axis, as
with spherical mirrors. The centers of curvature of the two spherical surfaces
lie on and define the optic axis. The two focal lengths in Fig. 6.1, both labeled
f, are always equal for a thin lens, even when the two sides have different
curvatures.

Behind the lens


Left of the lens

Figure 6.1 Converging Lens

Figure 6.2 Image


Formation by a
Converging lens

Image formation by spherical lens

Like a spherical mirror, a spherical lens can form an image of an object. We will use the following equation in order to identify
the characteristics of an image formed by a converging lens.

1 1 1 𝑠′ 𝑦′
+ = m= − = *they’re exactly the same as the mirror equation
𝑠 𝑠′ 𝑓 𝑠 𝑦

Sign Rules

1. The focal length is positive for converging lenses and negative for diverging lenses.
2. The object distance is positive if the object is on the side of the lens from which the light is coming otherwise, it is
negative.

30

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
3. The image distance is positive if the image is on the opposite
side of the lens from where the light is coming; if it is on the
same side, s’ is negative. Equivalently, the image distance is
positive for a real image and negative for a virtual image
4. The height of the image, y’, is positive if the image is upright,
and negative if the image is inverted relative to the object. (y is
always taken as upright and positive.)

Diverging lenses always produce an upright virtual image for any real
object, no matter where that object is. Converging lenses can produce
real (inverted) images, or virtual (upright) images, depending on object
position.

Example 6.1 Image formation by a converging lens

What is (a) the position, and (b) the size, of the image of a 7.6-cm-high leaf
placed 1.00 m from a +50.0 mm-focal-length camera lens?
Figure 6.3 Diverging Lens

Given Solution
y = 7.6 cm 1 1 1
(b) m = −
𝑠′ 𝑦′
(a) + = =
s = 1.00 m 𝑠 𝑠′ 𝑓 𝑠 𝑦
f = +50.0 mm 1 1 1
= − 𝑠′ 5.26 cm
𝑠′ 𝑓 𝑠 m= − = ―
RTF 1 1 1 𝑠 100 cm
(a) s’
= −
𝑠′ 5.00 cm 100 cm
(b) y’ m = ―0.0526
s' = 5.26 cm
y’= my = (―0.0526)(7.6 cm) = ― 0.40 cm

The image distance came out positive, so the image is behind the lens. The image height is y’ = ― 0.40 cm; the minus sign
means the image is inverted.

Example 6.2 Image formation by a diverging lens

Where must a small insect be placed if a 25-cm-focal-length diverging lens is to form a virtual image 20 cm from the lens, on
the same side as the object?

Given Solution
s’ = ― 20 cm 1
+
1
= ;
1 1
=
1

1
𝑠 𝑠′ 𝑓 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠′
f = ―25 cm
1 1 1
RTF: s 𝑠
= ― 25 cm − ―20 cm

s = 100 cm So the object must be 100 cm in front of the lens

31

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
FLASH CHECK

Read and answer the following.

1. A sharp image is located 391 mm behind a 215-mm focal-length converging lens. Find the
distance of the object.

2. A converging lens forms an image of an 8.00-mm-tall real object. The image is 12.0 cm to the left
of the lens, 3.40 cm tall, and erect. (a) What is the focal length of the lens? (b) Where is the object
located?

QUICK CONNECT REFERENCES


https://www.graphicsfactory.com/Clip-Art/Planner-Stickers/reminder-
How do our eyes work? Vision begins with light passing digital-planner-sticker-409385.html
through the cornea and the lens, which combine to produce
https://www.brainfacts.org/thinking-sensing-and-
a clear image of the visual world on a sheet of photoreceptors behaving/vision/2012/vision-processing-information
called the retina. As in a camera, the image on the retina is
Giancoli, D.C (2014). Physics, Principles with Applications. 7th
inverted. The information from the retina — in the form of Edition. USA. Smith.
electrical signals — is sent via the optic nerve to other
Freedman, R.A. (2012). University Physics With Modern Physics. 13th
parts of the brain, which ultimately process the image and Edition. SF California: Smith
allow us to see. So why don’t we see inverted images? That’s
because of how the brain processes the image.

32

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
WORKSHEET 2

Read answer the following.

1. An object is placed along the principal axis of a spherical mirror. The magnification of the object is –2.0.
(a) Is the image real or virtual, inverted or upright? (b) Is the mirror concave or convex? (c) On which side
of the mirror is the image located?

2. Which of the two lenses shown in Fig. 2.1 is converging, and which is diverging?

3. Figure 2.2 is a photograph of an eyeball with the image of a boy in a doorway.


Is the eye here acting as a lens or as a mirror? Explain.

4. You look at yourself in a shiny 8.8-cm-diameter Christmas tree ball. If your face
is 25.0 cm away from the ball’s front surface, (a) where is your image?
(b) Is it real or virtual? (c) Is it upright or inverted?
Figure 2.1 Problem 2
5. A shaving or makeup mirror is designed to magnify your face by a factor of
1.40 when your face is placed 20.0 cm in front of it. (a) What type of mirror is it?
(b) Describe the type of image that it makes of your face.
(c) Calculate the required radius of curvature for the mirror.

6. A stamp collector uses a converging lens with focal length 28 cm to view a


stamp 16 cm in front of the lens. (a)Where is the image located?
(b) What is the magnification?
Figure 2.2 Problem 3

REFERENCES:

Giancoli, D.C (2014). Physics, Principles with Applications. 7th Edition. USA. Smith

33

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
PHYSICS 2
The Special Theory of Relativity

INSTANT TASK

Usnacrmlbe Me!
Unscramble the letters in each word in order to get the right word in each number.

1. RELTAB STNEEINI
2. AYTLEVTIRI
3. ETMI ODINTALI
4. GLENHT CNCOONATRIT
5. EDEDPS FO GIHLT

34
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
DIRECT TALK

Physics as it was known at the end of the nineteenth century is referred to as classical physics. The new
physics that grew out of the great revolution at the turn of the twentieth century is now called modern physics.
In this Module, we present the special theory of relativity, which was first proposed by Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
in 1905.
Special Theory of Relativity

Special Theory of Relativity was introduced by Albert Einstein. The special theory of relativity has made wide-ranging changes
in our understanding of nature, but Einstein based it on just two simple postulates.

Let’s take a look at the two postulates that make up the special theory of relativity. Both postulates describe what is seen by an
observer in an inertial frame of reference. The theory is “special” in the sense that it applies to observers in such special
reference frames.

Einstein’s first postulate, called the principle of relativity, states:


The laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference.

If the laws differed, that difference could distinguish one inertial frame from the others or make one frame somehow more
“correct” than another. Here are two examples. Suppose you watch two children playing catch with a ball while the three of you
are aboard a train moving with constant velocity. Your observations of the motion of the ball, no matter how carefully done,
can’t tell you how fast (or whether) the train is moving. This is because Newton’s laws of motion are the same in every inertial
frame. When we say inertial frame of reference, these are reference frames where Newton’s Law works. That means if no
external force is acting on a body it will stay at rest or remain in uniform motion.

During the 19th century, most physicists believed that light traveled through a hypothetical medium called the ether, just as
sound waves travel through air. If so, the speed of light measured by observers would depend on their motion relative to the
ether and would therefore be different in different directions. This leads to his second postulate:

The speed of light in vacuum is the same in all inertial frames of reference and is independent of the motion of the source.

Einstein’s second postulate immediately implies the following result: It is impossible for an inertial observer to travel at c,
the speed of light in vacuum.

There are several consequences that arose from these postulates but we will deal only with consequences: Time –Dilation and
Length Contraction.

Time Dilation

Time Dilation, as a consequence of the Special Theory of Relativity, is a phenomenon which states that as an object moves
with relativistic speeds a "strange" thing seems to happen to its time as observed by "us" the stationary observer (observer in
an inertial reference frame). What we see happen is that the "clock" in motion slows down according to our clock, therefore we
read two different times. Which time is correct??? well they both are because time is not absolute but is relative, it depends on
the reference frame.

Length Contraction

We have discussed the effects of relativistic speeds on time now let's have a look on its effect on length. To get straight to the
point the length of an object will contract (in the direction parallel to its motion) when traveling at relativistic speeds.

35
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
FLASH CHECK

Read and answer the following.

1. Give an example of inertial frame of reference.


2. What do you think is the importance of the Special Theory of Relativity?
3. What do you think might happen if an object travels faster than the
speed of light?

QUICK CONNECT REFERENCES


https://www.graphicsfactory.com/Clip-Art/Planner-Stickers/reminder-
The answer to this question may seem obvious, but it could digital-planner-sticker-409385.html
depend on which person had traveled to a distant planet at
https://www.phy.olemiss.edu/HEP/QuarkNet/time.html
relativistic speeds. Imagine that a 20-year-old woman had
given birth to a child and then immediately left on a 100-light-
Giancoli, D.C (2014). Physics, Principles with Applications. 7th
year trip (50 light-years out and 50 light-years back) at 99.5% Edition. USA. Smith.
the speed of light. Because of time dilation for the traveler,
Freedman, R.A. (2012). University Physics With Modern Physics. 13th
only 10 years would pass, and she would be 30 years old Edition. SF California: Smith
when she returned, even though 100 years had passed by for
people on earth. Meanwhile, the child she left behind at home
could have had a baby 20 years after her departure, and this
grandchild would now be 80 years old!

36

SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
SPL 1 – Electromagnetism
START UP – Answer on Direct Talk SPL 7 – Special Theory of Relativity
INSTANT TASK – Answers may vary START UP – Answer is on Quick Connect
FLASH CHECK: INSTANT TASK
1. F = 0.15 N 1. Albert Einstein
2. F = 5.6 x 10-14 N, towards page/into the module 2. Relativity
3. (a) east; (b) down; (c) toward page 3. Time Dilation
4. Length Contraction
SPL 2 – Electromagnetic Induction
5. Speed of Light
START UP – Answer on Quick Connect
INSTANT TASK
1. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
2. ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
3. FARADAY’S LAW
4. LENZ’S LAW
5. DIRECT CURRENT
6. ALTERNATING CURRENT
7. INDUCTANCE
FLASH CHECK
1. (a)  = 2.4 x 10 -4 V; I = 0.048 mA
2.  = 0.2 V
SPL 3 – Light as an Electromagnetic Wave
START UP – Answer on Quick Connect
INSTANT TASK – answers may vary
FLASH CHECK
1. (a) N = 1.34 ;(b) v= 2.25 x 108 m/s (c) f = 4.74 x 10 14 Hz
2.  = 50.05°
3.  = 38.6°
SPL 4 –Geometric Optics: Plane Mirror
START UP – Answer on Quick Connect
INSTANT TASK
1. Get up every morning and remind yourself, “I can do this”
2. Don’t let what you cannot do interfere with what you can
do.
3. You’re braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, and
smarter than you think.
4. Mistakes are proof that you are trying.
5. Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow
belongs to those who prepare for it today.
FLASH CHECK
1. s’ = -39.2cm; y’ = 4.8cm
2. (a) 9 cm
3.
SPL 5 – Geometric Optics: Spherical Mirror
START UP – Answer on Direct Talk
INSTANT TASK – Answers may vary
FLASH CHECK
1. s' = - 1.76 cm; y’ = 3.8 cm; m = 0.0234
2. s' = 33 cm; y’ = 1.20 cm
3.
SPL 6 – Geometric Optics: Spherical Lenses
START UP – Answer is on Quick Connect
INSTANT TASK –Answers may vary
FLASH CHECK
1. s = 478 mm
2. f = 3.69 cm; (b) s = 2.83 cm to the left of the lens
ANSWER KEY

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